Project on the theme: "Medieval city." Project on the topic: "Medieval city" Presentation on the topic of the formation of medieval cities
Lesson No.
Subject: General History Class:_______ Date___________
LESSON TOPIC: Formation of medieval cities. Urban craft
Goals: introduce the reasons for the decline of ancient cities and the emergence of new ones, and the signs of handicraft production.
Planned results:
subject : learn to explain the reasons for the decline of ancient cities and the revival of new cities; apply the conceptual apparatus of historical knowledge and methods of historical analysis to reveal the essence and meaning of events and phenomena;
meta-subject UUD: independently organize educational interaction in a group; determine your own attitude to the phenomena of modern life; formulate your point of view; listen and hear each other; express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication; independently discover and formulate an educational problem; choose means of achieving the goal from those proposed, and also look for them yourself; give definitions of concepts; analyze, compare,
classify and generalize facts and phenomena; carry out analysis of objects highlighting essential and non-essential features; prepare thematic reports and projects using additional sources of information;
personal UUD : develop analysis skills; comprehend the social and moral experience of previous generations.
Equipment: map “Development of crafts and trade in Europe in the 14th century”; textbook illustrations; multimedia presentation.Lesson type: discovery of new knowledge.
During the classes
Organizing time
Motivational-target stage
Rules of the Paris City Council in the 12th century. the following was prescribed: the width of the streets should be such that a donkey walking in the middle could grab, shaking its head, a tuft of grass from the low fences on each side. In the city of Edinburgh (Scotland) there was a “street of cows”, in Strasbourg (Germany) there was a “street of bulls”. How do these facts characterize cities? We will try to discuss these issues in our lesson.
Updating knowledge
Have cities always existed?
Were there cities in the Ancient World?
Which civilizations of the ancient world had a large number of cities?
Where did these cities arise, what did their inhabitants do?
Which cities survived the German conquest of Europe?
(Students' answers.)
Today in the lesson we will talk about medieval cities.
Guess what questions we should discuss in class.
(As you answer, the “Tree of Goals” is filled in.)
Announcement of the topic, educational results and progress of the lesson (presentation)
Lesson topic: “Formation of medieval cities. Urban craft."
(Introduction to the lesson plan.)
Lesson Plan
Reasons for the emergence of new medieval cities.
The struggle of cities with lords.
Urban artisan workshop.
Workshops and the development of crafts.
Formulation of problematic questions for the lesson. Why did cities strive to free themselves from the power of the lords? Why did artisans unite into guilds?
Work on the topic of the lesson
1 . Reasons for the emergence of new medieval cities
In the first centuries of the Middle Ages there were few cities in Europe, but withX- XIcenturies their number began to grow. Let's make sure of this.
Exercise: compare historical maps of the Frankish state. life in the 5th - mid-9th century." and “Europe XIV-XV centuries.”
What conclusions can you draw from the comparison?
(Students complete the task.)
What explains the increase in the number of cities in the second period of the Middle Ages?
Exercise: read the historical document and complete the tasks for it.
Historical document
From the 11th century with population growth, the areas occupied by forests and swamps decreased. By the 12th century. Many cities appeared in Europe. There were reasons for this. The fact is that people learned to process iron well and came up with more advanced tools, for example, a heavy wheeled plow. He could plow the soil better and cultivate it better. This contributed to the production of more agricultural products. To make iron tools, more metal was needed, so iron ore mining is increasing in Europe, and blacksmithing is actively developing. Specialists are required to make new, more complex tools. Among the peasants, craftsmen stand out. Similar changes are occurring in other crafts as well. People who know how to make something only mind their own business, and exchange their products for food. This is what they live by. This is how crafts are separated from agriculture. What does this lead to? Because people need to exchange products somewhere.
Exercise: find in the text the consequences of success in economic development in medieval Europe in the 11th century-XII centuries and identify the causes of urban regeneration.
(Checking the completion of the task and drawing up a diagram (see p. 86).)
How did this happen?
Exercise: Let's get acquainted with the process of the emergence of a medieval city using the example of the fate of one of the artisans, using the technique of dramatization.
Additional material
The young carpenter Jean had long planned to leave his native village in which his grandfather and father lived. Jean did not value his plot of land; his craft could support him. Pulling a box of simple tools onto his back, he left the house. All summer Jean wandered from castle to castle, making furniture to order from their owners. But it was impossible to wander endlessly. And then Jean remembered the monastery, which was located on the banks of a navigable river. For a long time, a market, well known in the area, was held there on major holidays.
Approaching the monastery, Jean did not recognize a familiar place: right next to the road there was a blacksmith shop, its owner shoed the horses of numerous visitors for a fee. On the other side of the road, some enterprising person opened an inn for visitors. And right next to the wall, like swallows’ nests, were the houses of artisans. Jean found among them comrades in the craft. There was no shortage of raw materials; they could always be bought from visiting merchants. The inhabitants of the monastery and people who came here from neighboring villages and castles ordered and bought products
The village of artisans grew quickly - more and more fugitives from the estates arrived. A settlement of traders arose on the banks of the river, and all poor people huddled there, earning their living by working on the pier.
But the peaceful life of the village was soon interrupted. In the dead of autumn night, a detachment of knights attacked the village. The residents of the village took refuge behind the walls of the monastery, but everything that they did not manage to take with them became the property of the robbers. Returning to their plundered homes, the artisans gathered for a gathering and decided to strengthen the village. They dug it in with a ditch, poured an earthen rampart, and placed a wooden palisade on it. This is how a fortified settlement - a city - was formed.
- Cities arose in various places. As the story progresses, mark on the hag the cities in question.
Cities appeared:
In place of the old onesancient cities. As a rule, the residences of bishops and some large secular feudal lords have been located there since the times of the Roman Empire. Many people always lived around them - courtiers, military men, servants, artisans. In addition, ancient cities were built in places convenient for trade - on the banks of the seas and large rivers, at the crossroads of major roads. Almost all Italian cities, as well as Paris (formerly Lutetia), Cologne (former Roman colony of Agrippina), Basel (Basilia), London (Londinium) and many other provincial cities of the Western Roman Empire trace their history back to ancient times and experienced a rebirth in the era late Middle Ages.
On the site of ancient barbariansmilitary fortifications (burgs). Over time, they turned into the residences of counts, the centers of their possessions. But the presence of a military camp alone was, as a rule, not enough for the emergence of a city.
In places that were located near crossings, river routes and were at more or less the same distance from several surrounding villages. Residents gathered here to exchange the products they produced and purchase necessary things: tools, clothing, jewelry. There you could also meet merchants from distant countries. Such places where trade was constantly carried out were called markets.
(Checking the completion of the task.)
Riddle question. The first houses and streets of the city of Arles in the south of France were located on a smooth, table-like area that had a regular oval shape. Along the edges of this oval there were stone steps covered with sand, encircling the settlement in a wide semicircle.
- How can you explain such a peculiar place of origin of the city of Arles? What are your guesses about the original size of the settlement?
(Checking the completion of the task.)
2. The struggle of cities with lords
It was no coincidence that the medieval city was a fortress, enemiesatthere was a lot of it. But over time, the lord became his worst enemy. Why? Remember the meaning of the medieval proverb “There is no land without a lord.”
(Students' answers.)
Problem task. The lord of Strasbourg in Germany was a bishop. His people judged the townspeople, appointed guild foremen, collected taxes and duties, were in charge of minting coins, and received
money for the use of city weights and measures. The townspeople annually served a five-day corvee in favor of the bishop, artisans were obliged to supply him with a certain amount of goods, and merchants carried out his orders on trips.
How did the power of the lord interfere with the development of crafts and trade in the city?
(Checking the completion of the task.)
What was the consequence of the struggle between cities and lords?
Exercise: working with the text of paragraph 3 § 13, determine the consequences
this struggle and present your conclusions graphically.
In the XII-XIII centuries. many peasants received new professions in the city and gained freedom.
PHYSMINUTE
Urban Craftsman's Workshop
Under what conditions did artisans work in the city?Exercise: study the illustrations “Artisan Workshops”
and answer the questions.
What room is the workshop located in?
What tools are used in it?
Are there any mechanisms in the workshop that are driven by any force other than the human hand?
Who is the owner of the workshop and why?
Is he an employee?
What position does the worker sitting by the window occupy in the workshop?
What are the boys doing?
(Checking the completion of the task and drawing up a diagram.)
The apprentices received payment from the master for their work. They lived in the master's house and ate at the same table with him, and often married the master's daughters. After saving money to set up their own workshop and passing exams, apprentices usually became masters.
- What was the duality of the position of apprentices?
(Checking the completion of the task.)
Exercise: Compare the situation of a dependent peasant and an urban artisan and fill out the table.
Comparison QuestionsDependent Peasant
Urban Craftsman
What was the farm like (small, large)? What did you own?
Who did you depend on?
What were the products made for?
What do the dependent peasant and the urban artisan have in common? What are the differences between them?
(Checking the completion of the task.)
Workshops and craft development
In conditions of feudal fragmentation, master craftsmen of the same specialty united into guilds.
Exercise: Working with the text of paragraphs 5, 6 of § 13, answer the questions and complete the tasks.
Name and explain the reasons for the formation of workshops.
What are workshops?
What tasks did the workshops perform?
Who managed the work of the workshop and how?
Give examples from the life of the workshop.
How did the guilds contribute to the development of crafts?
How did they hinder the growth of industrial production in cities?
Is there any contradiction in these questions? How to resolve this contradiction?
(Checking the completion of the task.)
Summing up the lesson
Why did the saying “City air makes you free” arise in the Middle Ages?
Who worked in the craft workshop?
Why did medieval cities manage to free themselves from the power of the lords several centuries earlier than the peasants?
(Checking the completion of the task and summing up the lesson.)
Reflection
What new did you learn in the lesson?
What skills and abilities did you practice?
What new terms did you become familiar with?
What did you like and what didn’t you like about the lesson?
What conclusions did you draw?
Homework (differentiated)
For strong students - § 13, prepare a project on the topic “The history of the emergence of medieval cities.”
For intermediate students - § 13, create a logical chain “Causes of the emergence of cities and changes in society.”
For weak students - § 13, answer the question: how has the meaning of the word “masterpiece” changed in our days?
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Slide captions:
§ 13 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL CITIES
What changes in the economy of medieval Europe led to the emergence of cities? Exercise
Separation of crafts from agriculture. X–XI centuries growth of cities Reasons for the emergence of cities
Page 103-104, 104-105 V: Harvests have increased, products have become more diverse. Successes in the development of agriculture Prove it! Separation of crafts from agriculture Why?
near large monasteries and castles at the intersection of roads near river crossings near sea harbors. The city is a type of settlement - it is a center of crafts and trade. City dwellers are a layer of society. The emergence and growth of cities is a natural consequence of the separation of crafts from agriculture. Places of appearance of cities Why?
Page 105, 106 Where did the first cities appear? How did the townspeople defend their city?
TOWNSHIP'S STRUGGLE WITH THE SENIORS.
Why did cities fight for their independence? Exercise
Cities arose on the land of the feudal lord. At first, the lords exempted new residents from paying taxes. Why? But with the growth of cities, the lords sought to get more income from them. R: uprising of the townspeople free farming
Liberated cities became communes. Cities paid taxes to the king. City Council (self-government) Elected by the townspeople, in charge of the treasury, court, troops Mayor (burgomaster) Head of the Council The townspeople were freed from personal dependence.
“City air makes you free” “Year and Day”
Craftsman's Workshop Master Apprentice Apprentices Page 109 How did the position of a student and an apprentice differ?
Craft workshop Workshop: (from German “feast”) - a union of artisans of the same specialty Page. 110
The role of workshops in the life of the city. Page 111
Trade and banking
Prove that trade destroyed the subsistence nature of the economy and contributed to the development of market relations. Exercise
Traders did business at their own peril and risk. The roads were bad, goods fell from the carts and legally became the spoils of the landowner. “What fell from the cart. It’s gone.” They were attacked by pirates and robbers. To protect their business, merchants united in guilds. They hired guards for their caravans.
Why? Page 114 Trade with the East was considered especially profitable. Hansa - “union”, “partnership”
Fairs and banks. Fairs became the center of trade in Europe. They gathered 1-2 times a year and merchants from many countries came to them. Artists performed at fairs and news was exchanged. It was very profitable to hold a fair in the city, because... it brought in huge income.
Merchants from different countries needed foreign currency and money changers appeared at fairs. They took a certain percentage for the exchange and quickly became rich. Soon the money changers became moneylenders - i.e. lent money at interest rates. Bankers emerged from them. Huge amounts of money were concentrated in their hands.
Homework § 13
Municipal state educational institution Korzhevskaya secondary school
Project on:
Medieval city.
6th grade
Head: Maskova Yu.N.,
history and social studies teacher
School phone number: 88424177555
2016 - 2017 academic year
Introduction.
II.Main resource
- The emergence of medieval cities as centers of crafts and trade
Population of cities
How did the townspeople live?
III.Conclusion.
IV. Bibliography
Introduction.
Subject Medieval city.
This topic attracted me relevance because In the modern city, contacts between different peoples are actively developing. And in the past, during the era of feudalism, the city was the center of ethnocultural processes, an active participant in the formation of folk culture in all its diversity. There was, perhaps, not a single significant area of folk culture to which the townspeople did not make a contribution. But if the role of the city and the urban population in the development of the spiritual culture of the people has long been recognized by researchers, then the material culture of the townspeople until recently was not yet studied enough by ethnographers to make such generalizations in this area. At the same time, the material culture of the city is an integral part of folk culture.
Goals:
Determine the place of the city in feudal society, its essence.
Determine the prerequisites for the formation of a feudal city.
Z adachi :
View resources on this topic.
Hypothesis: A feudal city is a specific settlement with a relatively high population density, a fortified settlement with special rights and legal privileges, concentrating not agrarian production, but social functions associated with small-scale commodity production and the market.
Item work - Medieval city.
Practical significance This research is to use this material in class hours, additional information in history lessons of the Middle Ages.
Research methods :
Searching for reliable sources of information using documents, books, and the use of computer technology;
Stages of the project:
Preparatory: - selection of a topic and its specification (relevance - determination of goals and formulation of tasks).
Search and research: - appeal to parents with a request to join the project; - correction of deadlines and schedules - carrying out search and research activities.
Translation and design: - work on the presentation - design of the project - pre-defense of the project
Finalization of the project taking into account comments and suggestions: - writing a script for defending the project - preparing for publication of the project. 5.Final: defense of the project.
Chapter 1. The emergence of medieval cities as centers of crafts and trade.
The first of these was the production of products to order from the consumer, when the material could belong to both the consumer-customer and the artisan himself, and payment for labor was made either in kind or in money. Such a craft could exist not only in the city; it was also widespread in the countryside, being an addition to the peasant economy. However, when a craftsman worked to order, commodity production did not yet arise, because the product of labor did not appear on the market. The next stage in the development of the craft was associated with the artisan’s entry into the market. This was a new and important phenomenon in the development of feudal society.
A craftsman specially engaged in the manufacture of handicraft products could not exist if he did not turn to the market and did not receive there the agricultural products he needed in exchange for his products. But by producing products for sale on the market, the artisan became a commodity producer. Thus, the emergence of crafts, isolated from agriculture, meant the emergence of commodity production and commodity relations, the emergence of exchange between city and countryside and the emergence of opposition between them.
Craftsmen, who gradually emerged from the mass of the enslaved and feudally dependent rural population, sought to leave the village, escape from the power of their masters and settle where they could find the most favorable conditions for selling their products and running their own independent craft economy. The flight of peasants from the countryside led directly to the formation of medieval cities as centers of crafts and trade.
Peasant artisans who left and fled from the village settled in different places depending on the availability of favorable conditions for practicing their craft (possibility of selling products, proximity to sources of raw materials, relative safety, etc.). Craftsmen often chose as their place of settlement precisely those points that played the role of administrative, military and church centers in the early Middle Ages. Many of these points were fortified, which provided the artisans with the necessary security. The concentration of a significant population in these centers - feudal lords with their servants and numerous retinues, clergy, representatives of the royal and local administration, etc. - created favorable conditions for artisans to sell their products here. Craftsmen also settled near large feudal estates, estates, and castles, the inhabitants of which could become consumers of their goods. Craftsmen also settled near the walls of monasteries, where many people flocked on pilgrimage, in settlements located at the intersection of important roads, at river crossings and bridges, at river mouths, on the banks of bays, bays, convenient for ships, etc. Despite the differences in the places where they arose, all these settlements of artisans became centers of population engaged in the production of handicrafts for sale, centers of commodity production and exchange in feudal society.
Chapter 2.Population of cities.
personal dependence
Craftsmen of a certain profession united within each city into special unions - workshops. In Italy, guilds arose already in the 10th century, in France, England, Germany and Czech Republic- from the 11th-12th centuries, although the final registration of the guilds (receipt of special charters from kings, recording of guild charters, etc.) occurred, as a rule, later. In most cities, belonging to a guild was a prerequisite for practicing a craft. The workshop strictly regulated production, and through specially elected officials ensured that each master - a member of the workshop - produced products of a certain quality. For example, a weaving guild prescribed what width and color the fabric produced should be, how many threads should be in the base, what tools and materials should be used, etc. The guild regulations strictly limited the number of journeymen and apprentices that one master could have, they prohibited work at night and on holidays, limited the number of machines per artisan, and regulated stocks of raw materials. In addition, the workshop was also an organization of mutual assistance for artisans, which provided assistance to its needy members and their families in the event of illness or death of a member of the workshop through the entrance fee to the workshop, fines and other payments. The workshop also acted as a separate combat unit of the city militia in case of war.
In almost all cities of medieval Europe in the 13th-15th centuries there was a struggle between craft guilds and a narrow, closed group of urban rich people ( patrician). The results of this struggle were different. In some cities, primarily those where craft prevailed over trade, guilds won ( Cologne, Augsburg, Florence). In other cities, where merchants played the leading role, craft guilds were defeated ( Hamburg,Lubeck, Rostock).
In many old cities of Western Europe, there have been Jewish communities. Jews lived in special quarters ( ghetto), more or less clearly separated from the rest of the city. They were usually subject to a number of restrictions.
Chapter 3.How did the townspeople live?.
The houses were built in two or three floors, the upper floors hanging over the lower ones. The house was not only a home, but for many also a place of work: on the ground floor there was a workshop or shop. Medieval houses did not have numbers; they were replaced by bas-reliefs indicating the occupation of the owner - a boot or shoe for a shoemaker, a pretzel for a baker. Most of the houses in the city were wooden, covered with thatch or tiles. During frequent fires, entire neighborhoods burned out.
For a long time, the cities of Western Europe did not have pavements, street lighting, water supply or sewerage. Garbage and slops were usually thrown directly onto the street. The accumulated sewage was rarely removed from the streets. Drainage ditches and waste removal by carts only became commonplace in large cities in the 14th century.
City streets began to be paved with stone first of all by order of the king in the cities of France, but in most European cities there were no pavements. When it rained, there were such puddles here that you could drown in them.
Due to crowded conditions, dirt, and crowds of people in cities, epidemics of various diseases broke out, from which many people died. The only spacious place in the city was the market square. The city scales stood here. The townspeople took water from the fountain in the square. Not far from it stood the main city church - the cathedral, usually the most beautiful building in the city. On the market square, the townspeople built the town hall - the building of the city council. On top it was crowned by a tower with a city clock and an alarm bell. Its alarm bell could herald disasters: a fire, the beginning of an epidemic, an enemy attack. The town hall housed the city treasury, prison and arsenal.
Later, other public buildings began to be erected in cities: covered markets, commercial warehouses, hospitals, and educational institutions.
conclusions.
Around the X-XI centuries. In Europe, all the necessary conditions appeared for the separation of crafts from agriculture. At the same time, the craft, small industrial production based on manual labor, separated from agriculture, went through a number of stages in its development.
Cities played a vital role in the development of the internal market under feudalism. Expanding, albeit slowly, handicraft production and trade, they drew both master's and peasant economies into commodity circulation and thereby contributed to the development of productive forces in agriculture, the emergence and development of commodity production in it, and the growth of the internal market in the country.
The main population of medieval cities were artisans. They were peasants who ran away from their masters or went to the cities on the condition of paying quitrent to the master. Becoming city dwellers, they gradually freed themselves from personal dependence from the feudal lord. If a peasant who fled to the city lived in it for a certain period of time, usually one year and one day, then he became free. A medieval proverb said: “City air makes you free.” Only later did merchants appear in the cities. Although the bulk of the townspeople were engaged in crafts and trade, many city residents had their own fields, pastures and vegetable gardens outside the city walls, and partly within the city limits. Small livestock (goats, sheep and pigs) often grazed right in the city, and the pigs ate garbage, food scraps and sewage, which were usually thrown directly into the street.
Compared to the modern city, the population of the medieval city was small. Usually it did not exceed 5–6 thousand people, and often it was even less: 1–2 thousand. Only a few cities in Western Europe, such as London or Paris, had several tens of thousands of inhabitants.
Although the main occupations of the townspeople were crafts and trade, the city residents did not break with agriculture for a long time. Cultivated fields, orchards and orchards stretched out in front of the city walls, and herds grazed in the pastures. And small livestock (goats, pigs) often grazed right in the city.
The townspeople were cramped in a small space, sandwiched by rings of walls. The streets were narrow, like cracks. The width of the main streets did not exceed 7–8 meters, and the side streets – 1–2 meters. In Brussels, one of the streets was called “One Man Street” - two people could not pass each other on it.
Conclusion.
At all times, cities have been the centers of the economic, political and spiritual life of the people, and have been the main engines of progress. Cities did not arise suddenly; the process of their formation was long.
The medieval city stood out so much from the rest of the world that it resembled a “civilization within a civilization.” Nature does not know cities where everything is man-made: houses, cathedrals, city walls, water pipes, stained glass windows, pavements... Here, like nowhere else, the transformative will, mind and hand of man is felt. In the city, man-made habitats prevail over natural ones.
The city is a meeting place for people of different nationalities, beliefs, and cultures. It is open to connections with the outside world: for trade, science, art, exchange of experience. People of dozens of professions and occupations lived in the cities: artisans and traders, scientists and students, guards and officials, homeowners and day laborers, feudal lords and their servants... feudal lords and clergy who moved to the cities, and fugitive peasants found themselves in the whirlpool of city life and were influenced by the world of money and profit, became familiar with the habits and lifestyle of the townspeople.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, the former centers of the medieval world - the castle and the monastery - gave way to cities. The city became the center of small-scale commodity production - trade, crafts, and money circulation. The city established the existence and significance of small and medium-sized property, based not on the ownership of land, but on personal labor and commodity exchange. The city became the center, the focus of wage labor and new categories of labor - administrative, intellectual, service and others.
From the point of view of many historians, it was cities that gave the unique originality of Western European civilization.
Bibliography.
Textbook History of the Middle Ages, 6th grade;
