What year was Alexander born? Alexander the Great - short biography
Where and when was the great Russian commander Alexander Suvorov born?
- Look on Wikipedia
- Is it bad luck to look on Wikipedia?
- Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was born (13) November 24, 1729 (according to other sources, 1730) in Moscow, into the family of a nobleman. His father was a general in the Russian army, who strictly monitored the upbringing and education of his son, who studied well and spoke seven languages.
In 1742, Alexander, according to the custom of that time, was enrolled as a private in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment. He began active service at the age of seventeen as a corporal. From that moment on, Suvorov's entire life was subordinated to military service.
Possessing relatively poor health, Suvorov constantly strengthened himself physically. He received his baptism of fire during the Seven Years' War. In six years, he rose from junior officer to colonel and was praised by many Russian military leaders for his composure and courage on the battlefield.
Suvorov's emergence as a commander took place during the two Russian-Turkish wars in the victorious age of Empress Catherine II. A particularly striking victory was the storming of the considered impregnable Turkish fortress of Izmail in 1790. This event entered the annals of Russian history along with the Battles of Poltava and Borodino.
The next stage of his military biography was the command of Russian troops against the Polish Confederates (1794). Suvorov's arrival in Poland immediately turned the tide in favor of the Russians, and the Confederates capitulated.
Suvorov, ahead of his time, was able to develop and enrich the best traditions of Russian military art. They were embodied in Suvorov’s famous instruction in the book The Science of Victory, written by him in 1796.
After Catherine’s death in 1796, her son Paul I ascended the Russian throne, with whom the commander’s relationship was not easy. In 1797 Suvorov was sent into exile to the Konchanskoye estate. But after the aggravation of the political situation in Europe and the successes of the French army, the old military leader was remembered and returned to service. A series of victories over the French followed.
The final stage of the field marshal's military leadership was the Swiss campaign of 1799 and the famous crossing of the Alps. The successful outcome of the entire enterprise became the crown of Suvorov’s lifetime glory. He was granted the highest military rank of generalissimo.
Suvorov died upon arrival in St. Petersburg (6) on May 18, 1800 and was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
(5) On May 17, 1801, the monument to the great Russian commander, Prince of Italy, Count A.V. Suvorov was inaugurated on the Champ de Mars in St. Petersburg. At the opening ceremony, in addition to a large audience, the new Russian Emperor Alexander I, the capital's generals and the commander's son were present.
- Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was born (13) November 24, 1729 (according to other sources, 1730) in Moscow, into the family of a nobleman. His father was a general in the Russian army, who strictly monitored the upbringing and training of his son.
Most people live simple and unremarkable lives. After their death, they leave practically nothing behind, and the memory of them quickly fades. But there are also those whose name is remembered for centuries, or even millennia. Even if some people do not know about the contribution of these individuals to world history, their names are forever preserved in it. One of these people was Alexander the Great. The biography of this outstanding commander is still full of gaps, but scientists have done a lot of work to reliably reproduce the story of his life.
Alexander the Great - briefly about the deeds and life of the great king
Alexander was the son of the Macedonian king Philip II. His father tried to give him the best and raise a reasonable, but at the same time decisive and unshakable person in his actions, in order to keep in submission all the peoples that he would have to govern in the event of the death of Philip II. And so it happened. After his father died, Alexander, with the support of the army, was elected as the next king. The first thing he did when he became ruler was to brutally deal with all claimants to the throne in order to guarantee his safety. After this, he suppressed the rebellion of the rebel Greek city-states and defeated the armies of nomadic tribes that threatened Macedonia. Despite such a young age, twenty-year-old Alexander gathered a significant army and went to the East. Within ten years, many peoples of Asia and Africa submitted to him. A sharp mind, prudence, ruthlessness, stubbornness, courage, bravery - these qualities of Alexander the Great gave him the opportunity to rise above everyone else. The kings were afraid to see his army near the borders of their possessions, and the enslaved peoples meekly obeyed the invincible commander. The empire of Alexander the Great was the largest state formation of the time, spanning three continents.
Childhood and early years
How did you spend your childhood, what kind of upbringing did young Alexander the Great receive? The biography of the king is full of secrets and questions to which historians have not yet been able to give a definite answer. But first things first.
Alexander was born into the family of the Macedonian ruler Philip II, who was from the ancient Argead family, and his wife Olympias. He was born in 356 BC. e. in the city of Pella (at that time it was the capital of Macedonia). Scholars debate the exact date of Alexander's birth, with some saying July and others preferring October.
Since childhood, Alexander was interested in Greek culture and literature. In addition, he showed interest in mathematics and music. As a teenager, Aristotle himself became his mentor, thanks to whom Alexander fell in love with the Iliad and always carried it with him. But above all, the young man proved himself to be a talented strategist and ruler. At the age of 16, due to the absence of his father, he temporarily ruled Macedonia, while managing to repel the attack of barbarian tribes on the northern borders of the state. When Philip II returned to the country, he decided to take another woman named Cleopatra as his wife. Angry at such a betrayal of his mother, Alexander often quarreled with his father, so he had to leave with Olympias to Epirus. Soon Philip forgave his son and allowed him to return back.
New king of Macedonia
The life of Alexander the Great was filled with the struggle for power and maintaining it in his own hands. It all started in 336 BC. e. after the assassination of Philip II, when it was time to choose a new king. Alexander gained the support of the army and was eventually recognized as the new ruler of Macedonia. In order not to repeat the fate of his father and to protect the throne from other contenders, he brutally deals with everyone who could pose a threat to him. Even his cousin Amyntas and the little son of Cleopatra and Philip were executed.
By that time, Macedonia was the most powerful and dominant state among the Greek city-states within the Corinthian League. Hearing about the death of Philip II, the Greeks wanted to get rid of the influence of the Macedonians. But Alexander quickly dispelled their dreams and, using force, forced them to submit to the new king. In 335, a campaign was organized against the barbarian tribes threatening the northern regions of the country. The army of Alexander the Great quickly dealt with the enemies and ended this threat forever.
At this time they rebelled and rebelled against the power of the new king of Thebes. But after a short siege of the city, Alexander managed to overcome the resistance and suppress the rebellion. This time he was not so lenient and almost completely destroyed Thebes, executing thousands of citizens.
Alexander the Great and the East. Conquest of Asia Minor
Philip II also wanted to take revenge on Persia for past defeats. For this purpose, a large and well-trained army was created, capable of posing a serious threat to the Persians. After his death, Alexander the Great took up this matter. The history of the conquest of the East began in 334 BC. e., when Alexander's 50,000-strong army crossed to Asia Minor, settling in the city of Abydos.
He was opposed by an equally large Persian army, the basis of which was united formations under the command of the satraps of the western borders and Greek mercenaries. The decisive battle took place in the spring on the eastern bank of the Grannik River, where Alexander’s troops destroyed enemy formations with a swift blow. After this victory, the cities of Asia Minor fell one after another under the onslaught of the Greeks. Only in Miletus and Halicarnassus did they encounter resistance, but even these cities were eventually captured. Wanting to take revenge on the invaders, Darius III gathered a large army and set out on a campaign against Alexander. They met near the city of Issus in November 333 BC. e., where the Greeks showed excellent preparation and defeated the Persians, forcing Darius to flee. These battles of Alexander the Great became a turning point in the conquest of Persia. After them, the Macedonians were able to subjugate the territories of the huge empire almost unhindered.
Conquest of Syria, Phenicia and the campaign against Egypt
After a crushing victory over the Persian army, Alexander continued his victorious campaign to the South, subjugating the territories adjacent to the Mediterranean coast to his power. His army encountered virtually no resistance and quickly subjugated the cities of Syria and Phenicia. Only the inhabitants of Tire, which was located on an island and was an impregnable fortress, were able to give a serious rebuff to the invaders. But after a seven-month siege, the city’s defenders had to surrender it. These conquests of Alexander the Great were of great strategic importance, as they made it possible to cut off the Persian fleet from its main supply bases and protect themselves in the event of an attack from the sea.
At this time, Darius III twice tried to negotiate with the Macedonian commander, offering him money and lands, but Alexander was adamant and rejected both offers, wanting to become the sole ruler of all Persian lands.
In the autumn of 332 BC. e. Greek and Macedonian armies entered Egyptian territory. The inhabitants of the country greeted them as liberators from the hated Persian power, which Alexander the Great was pleasantly impressed with. The biography of the king was replenished with new titles - pharaoh and son of the god Amon, which were assigned to him by the Egyptian priests.
The death of Darius III and the complete defeat of the Persian state
After the successful conquest of Egypt, Alexander did not rest for long; already in July 331 BC. e. his army crossed the Euphrates River and moved towards Media. These were to be the decisive battles of Alexander the Great, in which the winner would gain power over all Persian lands. But Darius learned about the plans of the Macedonian commander and came out to meet him at the head of a huge army. Having crossed the Tigris River, the Greeks met the Persian army on a vast plain near Gaugamela. But, as in previous battles, the Macedonian army won, and Darius left his army in the midst of the battle.
Having learned about the flight of the Persian king, the inhabitants of Babylon and Susa submitted to Alexander without resistance.
Having placed his satraps here, the Macedonian commander continued the offensive, pushing back the remnants of the Persian troops. In 330 BC. e. They approached Persepolis, which was held by troops of the Persian satrap Ariobarzanes. After a fierce struggle, the city surrendered to the onslaught of the Macedonians. As was the case with all places that voluntarily did not submit to Alexander's authority, it was burned to the ground. But the commander did not want to stop there and went in pursuit of Darius, whom he overtook in Parthia, but already dead. As it turned out, he was betrayed and killed by one of his subordinates named Bess.
Advancement into Central Asia
The life of Alexander the Great has now changed radically. Although he was a big fan of Greek culture and the system of government, the permissiveness and luxury with which the Persian rulers lived conquered him. He considered himself the rightful king of the Persian lands and wanted everyone to treat him like a god. Those who tried to criticize his actions were immediately executed. He did not even spare his friends and loyal comrades.
But the matter was not over yet, because the eastern provinces, having learned about the death of Darius, did not want to obey the new ruler. Therefore, Alexander in 329 BC. e. again set out on a campaign - to Central Asia. In three years he managed to finally break the resistance. Bactria and Sogdiana offered him the greatest resistance, but they also fell before the might of the Macedonian army. This was the end of the story describing the conquests of Alexander the Great in Persia, the population of which completely submitted to his power, recognizing the commander as the King of Asia.
Trek to India
The conquered territories were not enough for Alexander, and in 327 BC. e. he organized another campaign - to India. Having entered the territory of the country and crossed the Indus River, the Macedonians approached the possessions of King Taxila, who submitted to the King of Asia, replenishing the ranks of his army with his people and war elephants. The Indian ruler hoped for Alexander's help in the fight against another king named Porus. The commander kept his word, and in June 326 a great battle took place on the banks of the Gadispa River, which ended in favor of the Macedonians. But Alexander left Porus alive and even allowed him to rule his lands, as before. On the sites of the battles, he founded the cities of Nicaea and Bucephala. But at the end of the summer, the rapid advance stopped near the Hyphasis River, when the army, exhausted from endless battles, refused to go further. Alexander had no choice but to turn south. Having reached the Indian Ocean, he divided the army into two parts, half of which sailed back on ships, and the rest, together with Alexander, advanced overland. But this was a big mistake for the commander, because their path ran through hot deserts, in which part of the army died. The life of Alexander the Great was in danger after he was seriously wounded in one of the battles with local tribes.
The last years of life and the results of the actions of the great commander
Returning to Persia, Alexander saw that many satraps had rebelled and decided to create their own powers. But with the return of the commander, their plans collapsed, and all those who disobeyed faced execution. After the massacre, the King of Asia began strengthening the internal situation in the country and preparing for new campaigns. But his plans were not destined to come true. June 13, 323 BC e. Alexander dies of malaria at the age of 32. After his death, the commanders divided among themselves all the lands of the huge state.
This is how one of the greatest commanders, Alexander the Great, passed away. The biography of this person is filled with so many bright events that sometimes you wonder - can an ordinary person do this? The young man with extraordinary ease subjugated entire nations who worshiped him as a god. The cities he founded have survived to this day, recalling the deeds of the commander. And although the empire of Alexander the Great fell apart immediately after his death, at that time it was the largest and most powerful state, which stretched from the Danube to the Indus.
Dates of Alexander the Great's campaigns and places of the most famous battles
- 334-300 BC e. - conquest of Asia Minor.
- May 334 BC e. - a battle on the banks of the Grannik River, victory in which made it possible for Alexander to easily subjugate the cities of Asia Minor.
- November 333 BC e. - a battle near the city of Issus, as a result of which Darius fled from the battlefield, and the Persian army was completely defeated.
- January-July 332 BC e. - the siege of the impregnable city of Tire, after the capture of which the Persian army found itself cut off from the sea.
- Autumn 332 BC e. - July 331 BC e. - annexation of Egyptian lands.
- October 331 BC e. - battle on the plains near Gaugemal, where the Macedonian army was again victorious, and Darius III was forced to flee.
- 329-327 BC e. - campaign in Central Asia, conquest of Bactria and Sogdiana.
- 327-324 BC e. - trip to India.
- June 326 BC e. - battle with the troops of King Porus near the Gadis River.
More detailed information about the biography of Alexander the Great can be obtained from the articles listed below - in the block “More on the topic...”
Alexander the Great - the greatest conqueror of all time, the son of King Philip II and Olympias, daughter of the Epirus king Neoptolemus, was born in 356 BC, died in 323. Alexander's tutor from the age of 13 was Aristotle, who awakened in his pupil that idea of greatness, that strength and rigor of thinking that ennobled the manifestations of Alexander's passionate nature, and taught him to show strength moderately and consciously. Alexander treated his teacher with the greatest respect; he often said that he owed his life to his father, and to Aristotle that he lived with dignity. The ideal of Alexander the Great was the hero of the Trojan War, Achilles. Full of energy and desire for action, Alexander often complained during his father’s victories that he would not leave anything for him to do. In gymnastics and other competitions, Alexander had no equal; While still a boy, he tamed the wild horse Bucephalus, who later served as his war horse. The Battle of Chaeronea (338) was won thanks to Alexander's personal bravery.
Philip II was proud of his son and saw in him the fulfillment of his wildest assumptions and hopes. Subsequently, however, Philip's removal of Alexander's mother, his marriage to Cleopatra and a whole series of humiliations experienced by Alexander himself disrupted the good relationship between father and son; rumor even attributed to Alexander participation in the murder of Philip. At the very moment of Alexander’s accession to the throne (in the fall of 336), he had to endure a struggle with the conspiracy of Attalus, Cleopatra’s uncle, who wanted to elevate the latter’s son to the throne, and with the Greeks, who were preparing an uprising against Macedonian hegemony. Attalus, Cleopatra and her son were killed, and Alexander hastily launched a campaign against the Greeks in Thessaly, passed Thermopylae and entered Thebes. The Athenians asked for peace, which was granted to them and all the Greeks by Alexander. The envoys of the Greek cities gathered in Corinth, where Alexander, among other things, met with Diogenes and where the general war against Persia was decided, and Alexander the Great was recognized as the supreme leader of all Hellenes; Only the Spartans refused to join the alliance.
After the death of Darius, all the peoples of Persia looked to Alexander the Great as their rightful ruler. Only the northeastern provinces continued to resist, and Alexander, having occupied Hyrcania and marched along the Caspian Sea to Zadrakarta (present-day Astrabad), headed to Bactria, where he gathered his army and took the title of king Bess. The uprising in Aria, however, forced Alexander to deviate to the south. Having suppressed the uprising and founded a city here, Alexander decided, in order to cut off Bess’s path to the south, to occupy Arachosia and Drangiana, which he succeeded without much difficulty. The luxury with which he surrounded himself here, unusual for the old soldiers of Alexander the Great, and the lack of any advantages for the Macedonians in comparison with Asian subjects, caused displeasure in Alexander’s army. In the fall of 330, a conspiracy was discovered, after the discovery of which Alexander ordered the murder of the old commander Philip, Parmenion, whose son Philotas was suspected of participating in the conspiracy. Despite the extreme cold, Alexander moved from Arachosia, where he also founded Alexandria, to Bactria, crossing the snow-covered mountain passes of the Hindu Kush. Bessus cleared Bactria without resistance. Alexander the Great then occupied Marakanda (Samarkand) and moved forward to Cyropol, and he had to overcome a new uprising that engulfed many provinces; At this time, Alexander also made his famous campaign in the country of the Scythians. Alexander then set up his luxurious court in Maracanda and celebrated his marriage to Roxana with great pomp. Alexander showed more and more traits of an oriental despot. Previously, Cleitus, who saved his life, was killed by Alexander during a dispute, and Aristotle’s nephew and student Callisthenes and two noble young men were executed for refusing to perform the rite of kneeling before Alexander.
The desire to bring satisfaction to the army dissatisfied with innovations with new successes forced Alexander the Great to undertake a campaign to India, which he began at the end of 327 with an army of 120 thousand. After a series of bloody battles and victories, Alexander reached the Indus in the spring of 326, then won a victory and captured King Porus at the Hydaspes River, on the western bank of which he founded the city of Bucephala, and on the eastern bank Nicaea, but then the exhausted troops refused to go forward to Ganga; Unfavorable predictions from the priests added to this, and Alexander began a retreat down the Hydaspes in the fall of 326, with the command of three parts of the fleet entrusted to Nearchus, Craterus and Hephaestion.
Alexander the Great and King Porus
Almost all the tribes encountered along the way submitted without resistance; only one Mallov tribe offered resistance, and during the assault on their fortified city, Alexander was seriously wounded. Alexander descended all the way to the Indian Ocean, won a number of victories along the way, made an extremely difficult 60-day journey through the desert to the main city of Gedrosia - Pura, and then went to Karamania, where Craterus and Nearchus joined him. Nearchus continued his journey along the shore of the Persian Gulf to the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates, and Hephaestion with most of the army headed to Persida (present-day Fars). Alexander himself went through Pasargadae and Persepolis to Susa, where the abuses of his governors required his intervention and received severe retribution.
The fusion of East and West now seemed to be achieved, and in order to establish it even more firmly, Alexander the Great took Statira, the eldest daughter of Darius, as his wife; He also married up to 80 people close to him and up to 100 other Macedonians to Persian women. Alexander's equal treatment of the barbarian and Macedonian troops again caused outrage, which was suppressed by Alexander's personal intervention. Having conquered and almost destroyed the wild tribe of the Cossians, Alexander returned to Babylon, where he diligently patronized the trade of laying roads, constructing harbors and cities. He was especially interested in the project to colonize the eastern coast of the Persian Gulf and, having circumnavigated Arabia, to establish direct trade relations by sea between Egypt and the Euphrates region. The day had already been appointed for the departure of the fleet, but Alexander, after a farewell feast given by Nearchus, who was leaving at the head of the fleet, fell ill with a fever, which gradually became more and more dangerous; in June 323, Alexander the Great died at the age of 32. Two years later, Alexander’s embalmed corpse was transported by Ptolemy to Egypt and buried in Memphis, and then transferred to Alexandria, to a temple specially built for this purpose. Now, after the death of Alexander, who left no successor, discord began between his generals, and the empire of Alexander the Great fell apart. His conquests, however, had the consequence that Western Asia, previously cut off from the influence of Greek culture, merged with the Greek world, taking on many features of Hellenic civilization. The subsequent historical period is therefore called the Hellenistic era.
State of Alexander the Great
Of the extremely numerous artistic depictions of Alexander, very few have reached us. The bust with an inscription found in 1779 near Tivoli, located in the Louvre, is considered to most accurately convey Alexander’s appearance. A marble statue of Alexander in his youth is kept in the Munich Glyptothek, and a similar marble head in the British Museum; a bronze statue of Alexander in full robes found in Herculaneum. The name of Alexander is associated with the famous marble bust in Florence, the so-called “Dying Alexander” (actually an image of a giant) and the largest surviving mosaic of antiquity. Of the works of art dedicated to Alexander, the works of modern times are the most famous: the frescoes of Sodom in the Villa Farnesine in Rome “The Wedding of Alexander with Roxana”, Thorvaldsen’s relief depicting Alexander’s entry into Babylon and “The Death of Alexander” by Piloti, in the Berlin National Gallery.
Sodom. Wedding of Alexander the Great and Roxana. Villa Farnesina, Rome. OK. 1517
The lives of Alexander the Great, compiled by his collaborators Callisthenes, Anaximenes, Clitarchus and others, and based on these not entirely reliable sources, the story of Diodorus and Trogus Pompey, as well as the biographies of Plutarch and Arriana, provide more or less reliable information about the military activities of Alexander the Great. We do not have any materials to judge his ideas and goals, political organizations and projects. The personality of Alexander already in ancient times, but especially among medieval poets of the East and West, became a favorite subject of legendary tales. The literature about Alexander the Great is very extensive.
A person's name is an integral part of the culture to which he belongs. Therefore, we are interested in knowing which people created this or that name, how and when it came into the Russian language, who was called by this name...
The name Alexander is Greek, pre-Christian. It is based on two words: “alexeo” - “to protect” and “andres” - “husband, man,” that is, the literal meaning of the name sounds like “protector of people.” According to another version, Alexander is a distorted Turkic name Iskander, which means “winner.” Scientists are still arguing about the origin and relationship of these two names. One of the most famous people who bore this name, Alexander the Great, lived in the 4th century BC. Even earlier, this name belonged as the second name to the Greek hero Paris, who kidnapped Helen, which became the cause of the Trojan War.
It appeared quite early in the Christian calendar, very quickly became widespread in Rome, Byzantium, Europe, and came to Rus' in the 10th-11th centuries. Initially, Alexanders were baptized mainly by princes, governors and other representatives of the nobility. In the XIII-XIV centuries, a significant number of Russian statesmen, princes, and founders of monasteries were canonized.
As a rule, a name began to become widespread after “their” saints with this name appeared. Thus, the canonization of Prince Alexander Nevsky, commemorated by the church three times a year - June 5 (May 23), September 12 (August 30) and December 6 (November 23), contributed to the spread of the name Alexander in all social strata. In total, more than a hundred Alexanders are mentioned in the church calendar.
Official documents of the 15th century mention the boyar Alexander Fedorovich Bezzubets Koshkin; clerk of Grand Duke Ivan III Alexander Bezobrazov; Dmitrov landowner Alexander Grigorievich Kutuzov. In the 16th-17th centuries, the name Alexander became widespread among the peasantry, artisans, and Cossacks. Let us note that usually the full form of the name was used to name representatives of the upper classes, and in everyday communication various derivatives and domestic variants were actively used.
Emperor Peter I, having transferred the relics of the popularly beloved Prince Alexander Nevsky from Vladimir to the new capital, made him the guardian angel of the new empire. The three emperors who bore this name in the 19th century established the significance of his veneration, causing the construction of many temples in his honor, which in turn increased the number of local patronal church holidays dedicated to Alexander. Naturally, this process contributed to the further spread of the name.
It is characteristic that the popularity of the name Alexander is practically not influenced by the fashion for names and does not depend either on the geography of distribution or on the social status of the bearers. It consistently ranks among the top five names, and now, as before, boys are just as often called Alexander. Today its bearers can rightfully be proud of their name as a monument of Russian history and culture.
Psychological traits of the bearers of this name: determination, wisdom, kindness, justice, leadership talent.
Sources: Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. Selishchev A.M. About the origin of Russian surnames, names and nicknames. Superanskaya A.V. Structure of a proper name. Polyakova E.N. From the history of Russian names and surnames. Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment.
Russian Emperor Alexander I Pavlovich was born on December 25 (12 according to the old style) December 1777. He was the first-born son of Emperor Paul I (1754-1801) and Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828).
Immediately after his birth, Alexander was taken from his parents by his grandmother, Empress Catherine II, who intended to raise the baby as an ideal sovereign. On the recommendation of the philosopher Denis Diderot, the Swiss Frederic Laharpe, a republican by conviction, was invited to become a teacher.
Grand Duke Alexander grew up with faith in the ideals of the Enlightenment, sympathized with the Great French Revolution and was critical of the system of Russian autocracy.
Alexander's critical attitude towards the policies of Paul I contributed to his involvement in the conspiracy against his father, but on the conditions that the conspirators would save the life of the king and would only seek his abdication. The violent death of Paul on March 23 (11 old style) March 1801 seriously affected Alexander - he felt a sense of guilt for the death of his father until the end of his days.
In the first days after ascending the throne in March 1801, Alexander I created the Permanent Council - a legislative advisory body under the sovereign, which had the right to protest the actions and decrees of the tsar. But due to inconsistencies among members, none of his projects were made public.
Alexander I carried out a number of reforms: merchants, townspeople and state-owned (related to the state) villagers were given the right to buy uninhabited lands (1801), ministries and a cabinet of ministers were established (1802), a decree was issued on free cultivators (1803), which created the category personally free peasants.
In 1822, Alexander founded Masonic lodges and other secret societies.
Emperor Alexander I died on December 2 (November 19, old style) 1825 from typhoid fever in Taganrog, where he accompanied his wife, Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna, for treatment.
The emperor often told his loved ones about his intention to abdicate the throne and “remove the world,” which gave rise to the legend about the elder Fyodor Kuzmich, according to which Alexander’s double died and was buried in Taganrog, while the king lived as an old hermit in Siberia and died in 1864
Alexander I was married to the German princess Louise-Maria-August of Baden-Baden (1779-1826), who adopted the name Elizabeth Alekseevna upon converting to Orthodoxy. From this marriage two daughters were born who died in infancy.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
