How the relief of the Volga region was formed. Volga region

The Volga economic region is one of 12 similar regions of Russia. It is one of the largest regions of the country, part of the Center-Ural-Volga region axis.

Composition of the district

The Volga region includes 8 subjects of the Central part of the state:

• 2 republics – Tatarstan and Kalmykia;
• 6 areas – Penza, Saratov, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd and Astrakhan.

Rice. 1 Volga region. Map

Location

If you follow the map, the location of the Volga economic region is as follows:

• Middle Volga region ;
• Lower Volga region ;
• Sura River Basin (Penza region);
• Prikamye (most of Tatarstan).

Its area is about 537.4 thousand km². The central geographic (and economic) axis is the Volga River.

Rice. 2 Volga

The area borders on:

TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this

• Volga-Vyatka region (north);
• Ural region (east);
• Kazakhstan (east);
• Central Chernozem region (west);
• Northern Caucasus (west).

The area has access to the inland Caspian Sea, which allows it to conduct successful trade and carry out maritime transport links with countries such as Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan. Through a system of canals, the region has access to the Black, Azov, Baltic and White Seas. Through these seas, the region establishes ties with the countries of Asia, the Middle East and Europe.

The region includes 94 large cities, three of which are million-plus cities: Kazan, Samara, Volgograd. Also large cities are Penza, Togliatti, Astrakhan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Engels.

From a geographical point of view, the region occupies vast areas

• forests (north);
• semi-desert (southeast);
• steppes (east).

Population of the Volga economic region

The population of the region is 17 million people, that is, almost 12% of the entire population of the Russian Federation (with a population density of 1 person per 25 square meters). 74% of the population lives in cities, so the proportion of urbanization is significant. Ethnic composition of the population:

• Russians ;
• Tatars ;
• Kalmyks ;
• small ethnic group s: Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari and Kazakhs (the latter are most numerous in the Astrakhan region).

Specialization of the Volga region

The Volga region is characterized by a developed industrial and agricultural sector. Industrial specialization:

• oil production and oil refining (Samara region and Tatarstan, Caspian shelves);
• gas production (shelves of the Caspian Sea and the Astrakhan region; according to world statistics, the Astrakhan region contains 6% of the total world gas reserves);
• chemical industry (extraction and processing of shale, bromine, iodine, manganese salt, native sulfur, glass sand, gypsum, chalk);
• Salt mining and salt processing (the lakes of the Caspian lowland contain more than 2 million tons of natural salt, which is 80% of all Russian reserves);
• mechanical engineering (in particular, automotive industry: VAZ in Togliatti, KAMAZ in Naberezhnye Chelny, UAZ in Ulyanovsk, trolleybus plant in the city of Engels; shipbuilding: in Volgograd and Astrakhan; aircraft manufacturing: Kazan, Penza, Samara).

Figure 3. VAZ in Tolyatti

In industrial terms, the Volga region is divided into two large regions (industrial zones):

• Volga-Kama (Tatarstan, Samara and Ulyanovsk regions) - center in Kazan;
• Nizhnevolzhskaya (Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Penza, Saratov and Volgograd regions) - center in Volgograd.

According to statistics, the Volga region ranks fourth in Russia in industrial output, second in oil production and refining, and second in mechanical engineering. As for oil refining, it is in the Volga region that such world giants as LUKoil, YUKOS and Gazprom, which are developing the northern shelves of the Caspian Sea, have concentrated their main capacities.

Rice. 4 Oil production in the Caspian Sea

Agricultural specialization:

• cultivation of oilseed crops;
• growing grain crops;
• growing vegetable and melon crops;
• livestock farming (dairy farming, sheep farming, pig farming);
• fishing industry (Volgograd and Astrakhan).

A special role in the agricultural life of the region is played by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain with powerful river “pumps” that create favorable conditions for the development of all types of agriculture.

The main economic center of the region is the city of Samara.

What have we learned?

The characteristics of the Volga economic region are quite complex. This is due to the fact that it is the connecting link between the center of Russia and its Asian part. The region includes such large and rapidly developing entities as the Republic of Tatarstan (the titular nation of which is the Tatars). The area is developed both industrially and agriculturally. The main transport, economic and geographical axis is the Volga River.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

Average rating: 4.3. Total ratings received: 551.

In the Volga region, the crystalline basement underlying the Russian Platform is greatly depressed. The depth of its immersion is not the same: under the Central Russian Upland it lies closer to the surface (200-500 m below sea level) than in the Low Volga region (2000-6000 m) and especially in the Caspian region (over 6000 m).

The elevated regions of the Volga region in their modern form were formed as a result of uplifts of the earth's crust that occurred at different times, but mainly in the Cenozoic, and the Low Trans-Volga region corresponds to the zone of young Tertiary subsidence. The Caspian lowland was also a depression in distant geological times.

Against the background of slow movements of the earth's crust, which created large features of ancient tectonics, movements subsequently occurred in the Volga region that formed individual swells, uplifts, troughs and other structures. They are partially buried under a layer of loose sediments, and partially expressed in relief. These shafts and elevations are of great importance for the search for oil and gas.

Many structural features of the surface of the southeast of the region are associated with the formation of salt domes, both underground and noticeable on the surface. They are widespread in the south of Common Syrt and in the Caspian lowland, especially in its eastern part. Domes arise where significant masses of rock salt lie at great depths in the Permian sediments (Kungurian stage). Salt is known to have plasticity.

Under the weight of the overlying rocks, the underground salt layers begin to deform, and bumps and “wrinkles” appear on their surface - ridges separated by depressions. Growing mounds swell the surface of the overlying layers and bend them, which is often accompanied by collapse of the layers, their ruptures and deflections. In cases where oil-bearing deposits lie above salt layers, the mounds bring them closer to the surface, which facilitates the search for and production of oil.

The sedimentary rock strata that make up the Volga region were created over a long geological history, over many millions of years. In the depths of centuries, during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, the sea was repeatedly replaced by swampy coastal land; During this time, sediments rich in combustible minerals accumulated. Chief among them are oil and gas, the abundant reserves of which gave the Volga region the glory of the Second Baku.

At the beginning of the next, Permian period, most of the Volga region was covered by the sea, the outlines of which often changed, and many salt lakes and semi-enclosed lagoons formed in the drying area. At this time, strata of dolomite and limestone with deposits of gypsum and rock salt were deposited here.

Throughout the Late Permian era, the sea gradually shrank and retreated to the south. In the end, it turned into a huge bitter-salty lake, which occupied the territory of the current Caspian depression. It contains layers of rock salt of enormous thickness, which are of great industrial importance. Salt dome tectonics are associated with them. On the land bordering the Permian Sea, a layer of continental red sediments formed, making up most of the High Trans-Volga region, which geologists usually call the Permian Plateau.

In the subsequent Triassic period, most of the Volga region remained dry land, and in the Jurassic period, the sea, gradually penetrating from the south, again flooded almost the entire territory, with the exception of the Permian plateau, and deposited a huge thickness of bluish, phosphorite-containing clays, oil shale, sandy clay rocks and limestones. The northern and western parts of Common Syrt after the Jurassic period finally became dry land, at the foot of which the waters of younger seas splashed.

In the Cretaceous period, ending the Mesozoic era, a vast warm sea flooded the surface of the Volga region and accumulated here powerful layers of interlayered marls, white chalk, sandstones, sands, phosphorites and all kinds of dark clays. The Serpentine Mountains near Volsk are composed of marls and chalk, which serve as the main raw materials for cement factories. Above the smooth surface of the Cretaceous sea in the areas of ancient uplifts - Don-Medveditsky, Saratov and others - rose islands, the surface of which expanded as the sea waters retreated to the south and east. Gradually, the land expanded in the north and west of the Volga Upland, which did not yet exist at that time.

In the first half of the next, Tertiary period, the sea again advances onto the land, but in the northern and western parts of the region, elevated spaces not occupied by the sea still remain. Sediments of the Paleogene sea - siliceous dark opoka clays, diatomites, tripoli, sandstones and sands are widely used as building materials.

Echoes of powerful mountain-building movements in the zone of Alpine folding are reflected in the Volga region in the form of uneven uplifts and subsidences of the earth's crust. At the same time, the main features of the modern relief are formed. First of all, the eastern strip of the Volga Upland and the northwestern part of General Syrt rose and dried, and in the middle of the Tertiary period (Miocene) they were completely freed from sea waters. Fresh flowing waters rushed into the deep depression of the ancient bed of the Volga, eroding it. At the same time, the watersheds of the Volga region were furrowed by a dense network of deeply incised ancient rivers, now dead and partially buried under a layer of young sediments.

In the Pliocene, the Caspian basin was completely separated from the Black Sea, and the size of the Caspian Sea approached modern ones. Later, as a result of uplifts of the earth's crust, the boundaries of the Caspian Sea were reduced so much that the delta of the ancient Volga reached the modern Absheron Peninsula. The Volga and other rivers that flowed into the ancient Caspian Sea accumulated here a thick layer of oil-rich sediments, which geologists call the productive formation.

The main event in the further geological history of the Volga region was the trough of the earth's crust, as a result of which the late Tertiary (late Pliocene) Akchagyl Sea invaded the low area of ​​the Syrtov Trans-Volga region from the south. Its deep cold waters flooded the Caspian lowland, including the slopes of Ergeni, and the entire Low Volga region, right up to modern Kazan. In narrow bays along the valleys of ancient rivers, the sea protruded into the surrounding land and left a layer of blue-gray clay, the sandy layers of which contained salty waters and, in places, healing sulfur springs.

During the retreat of the Akchagyl Sea, ancient streams flowing into it from the north accumulated layers of sandy-loamy sediments in the south of the Volga Upland, on the site of modern Ergepey and in the Trans-Volga region.

The Akchagyl Sea was replaced by the Absheron Sea, the northern coast of which almost coincided with the borders of the modern Caspian Lowland. Then it too retreated.

During the Quaternary period, the Lower Volga region gradually acquired its modern appearance. The Caspian lowland and Ergeni, bordering it from the west, are isolated; the slopes of the Volga Upland and General Syrt are dissected by river valleys and furrows of temporary streams. The new network of Volga flows uses tectonic furrows and troughs, as well as the beds of ancient rivers.

In the valley of the ancient Volga, the bed of which continuously moved to the west during the Quaternary, layers of river sediment accumulated and wide terraces were formed. The formation of each of them is associated with major events: with the great glaciations of the north of the Russian Plain and with fluctuations in the level of the Caspian Sea.

Continental ice from the north did not penetrate into the Volga region. Only the “Don tongue” of the glacier, moving south along the Oka-Don Plain during the era of maximum “Dnieper” glaciation, reached the western slope of the Volga Upland, where moraine deposits were preserved in places along river valleys. But the melting of the edge of the glacier periodically increased the flow of water from the north, and due to the general humidification of the climate, the rivers became more abundant. In the northern part of the Volga region, ancient streams left powerful sand accumulations. This is the nature of the Sursky, Alatyr and other sands.

Based on the totality of natural factors, the Volga region is one of the regions of the Russian Federation favorable for integrated development.

The climate in the Volga region is continental. Significant fluctuations in summer and winter temperatures are observed here: average temperatures in January range from -13.6C in Kazan to -6C in the Volga delta, in July - from +20 to +25C, respectively. The amount of precipitation decreases from north to south and from west to east from 500 to 300 mm. The minimum amount of precipitation falls in the Caspian lowland - from 200 to 170 mm. In the Middle and Lower Volga region, especially its Trans-Volga part, anticyclones predominate, which causes frequent droughts that negatively affect agriculture.

The Volga region is located in several natural areas. The northern part is in the zone of coniferous and mixed forests and podzolic soils. The right bank of the Volga, up to the city of Volsk (Saratov region), is occupied by forest-steppe. On the left bank, the forest-steppe already south of Samarskaya Luka turns into a steppe. The soils of the forest-steppe are gray, podzolized in the north, rich chernozems in the south. The steppe is characterized by dark chestnut, ordinary and southern chernozems. The Caspian lowland is occupied by a semi-desert, where the vegetation is represented by wormwood, cereals, saltworts, and the soils are solonetzic, light chestnut in combination with solonetzes. The Volga-Akhtuba floodplain with fertile alluvial soils, floodplain forests and meadows stands out as an oasis in the semi-desert zone.

The land fund of the region is characterized by the following structure: agricultural lands - 75.6%, lands in the forest fund - 10.7%, under water - 4.7%, residential areas - 7.9% and others - 1.1%.

The area of ​​agricultural land is 40.6 million hectares, including arable land - 24.7 million hectares. The provision of arable land per resident is 1.5 hectares, which is 0.6 hectares higher than in Russia as a whole. Almost the entire land fund in the region is involved in turnover; reserve lands make up only 0.07%.

About 60% of agricultural land falls on fertile chernozem and chestnut soils. A special problem for the land resources of the Volga region is their susceptibility to water (7.1 million hectares, or 28.6%) and wind (6.2 million hectares, or 25%) erosion. In this regard, it is necessary to introduce a set of anti-erosion measures into production everywhere.

The region has about 5 million hectares, or 20% of arable land, which is characterized by the presence of alkali and saline soils, which negatively affects agricultural yields, especially in dry years. To eliminate increased salinity and alkalinity, it is planned to expand work on all types of reclamation and soil treatment methods.

The Volga region is a large region of irrigated agriculture. As of November 1, 1990 The area of ​​irrigated land was 1655.3 thousand hectares, or 30% of the total irrigation fund of Russia. However, in 1991 - 1996. the input of irrigated land was insignificant and the disposal of irrigated land (due to poor exploitation) outpaced the input, as a result of which the area of ​​irrigated land decreased slightly during this period.

Irrigation is the most capital-intensive factor in the development of agriculture in the region. The bulk of the irrigated land is occupied by forage crops (about 70%), grains account for 22.5%, and potatoes, vegetables and melons - 4.3%. The designed yield is achieved only on 50% of the used irrigated lands, which is associated with insufficiently high agricultural technology for cultivating crops on irrigated lands. The integrated arrangement of reclamation systems does not meet the requirements placed on them by agricultural users. It is also necessary to use not only water, but also “dry” reclamation, which is no less effective in the conditions of the Volga region. The main directions in the land use of the region should be the comprehensive protection of resources from negative anthropogenic processes and increasing the productivity of agricultural land resources, which has currently sharply decreased.

The Volga region has significant water resources, the total average annual flow is estimated at 292 cubic meters. km. The local average annual flow is 68.2 cubic meters. km. A significant part of the country's accumulated water resources is concentrated in the area's reservoirs (with a useful capacity of 52 cubic km). Hydropower resources amount to 8.1 million kW, the degree of their development is 73%.

The volume of water consumption in the national economy of the Volga region is about 20 cubic meters. km per year, including: evaporation from the water surface of rivers and reservoirs - more than 7 cubic meters. km. Of the total amount of water consumed, about 14 cubic meters. km, or more than 70% is taken from surface sources, about 8% from underground, and 1/5 is obtained from adjacent territories.

In the future, due to a significant increase in water consumption, the area's water supply will sharply decrease and, in low-water conditions, the lack of water for the needs of the national economy will spread to the basins of all rivers in the area. Eliminating this deficit will require the implementation of a number of measures to conserve water resources.

In terms of forest resources, the area is classified as sparsely forested. The forest fund is dominated by soft-leaved species. The forested area has increased from 3894 thousand hectares in 1973. up to 3920 thousand hectares in 1983 Wood reserves increased even more, respectively, by year from 495 to 504 and 545 million cubic meters. m. The increase was due to soft-leaved species, the cutting area for which is regularly not fully used. The utilization of the cutting area as a whole is 70%. In the future, the importance of forest resources will continue to be small, but the environmental role of the Volga region forests will increase noticeably.

The area has excellent recreational resources. Holidays on the Volga have always been considered one of the most popular and in demand in the tourism market. The favorable climate and richness of historical monuments in the cities of the Volga region are a powerful incentive for the development of the recreational sector.

The area has a variety of biological resources, such as food, wild animals and birds, rich resources of valuable sturgeon and particulate fish.

On the territory of the Volga region there is part of the Volga-Ural oil base. Oil in the Volga region was discovered in the pre-war period, but began to be developed in the 50s. Before the discovery and large-scale development of oil fields in Western Siberia, the Volga region held first place in the country in terms of oil reserves and production.

Geology plays a major role in the discovery and development of oil resources in the Volga region. In addition, the technology that allowed oilmen to carry out deep drilling of wells, including in hard rocks (turbo and electric drills), as well as modern methods for more complete oil extraction (forced increase in reservoir pressure), and methods for purifying it from sulfur are also of significant importance. and paraffin, which, in turn, become additional valuable commercial products. The Volga oil fields are rich in associated gases.

Currently, oil is produced almost throughout the Volga region, in more than 150 fields. The richest deposits in the Middle Volga region are in the Republic of Tatarstan (Romashkinskoye deposit near Almetyevsk, Novo-Elkhovskoye, Shugarovskoye and Bavlinskoye deposits) and in the left bank part of the Samara region (approximately 130 deposits have been identified, of which 67 are being exploited). The Volga region is characterized by the concentration of the predominant part of oil and gas reserves in large fields, which allows production by a relatively small number of wells. The most significant deposits in the Saamara region are: Mukhanovskoye (in the Otradnoye area), Dmitrovskoye and Kuleshovskoye (Neftegorsk). There are oil fields in the Saratov and Volgograd regions.

Oil in the Volga region lies at a depth of 2 to 5 km. Often its layers are covered with hard crystalline rocks, making it difficult to drill wells. The quality of oil in the Volga region is not the same. Most are characterized by a high proportion of light fractions and aromatic hydrocarbons, which increase its value, but in some cases it contains a significant percentage of sulfur (3% or more) and paraffin. The presence of sulfur in oil and petroleum products leads to corrosion of pipelines, engines and pollutes the environment. Therefore, such oil is pre-purified.

Until recently, oil reserves in the Volga region provided raw materials for the oil refining industry not only in the Volga region, but also in other regions of the country. The Druzhba oil pipeline was laid from the Volga region to Europe. But at present, due to the depletion of reserves in the largest fields and the active development of Western Siberian fields, the region’s share in all-Russian oil production is constantly decreasing. However, the ongoing assessment of the oil content of the Paleozoic carbonate strata of Tatarstan showed that they contain significant oil reserves.

In the Saratov and Volgograd regions, promising areas have been discovered and prepared for deep exploration drilling; a relatively new Nizhne-Korobkovskoye field is being developed near Volgograd; industrial accumulations of oil and gas are known in the Republic of Kalmykia.

Coal and carbonate deposits along the northern waters of the Caspian Sea are promising for oil production. Newly discovered oil horizons make it possible to maintain oil production volumes at a high level. Consequently, the area will remain an important oil base for the country.

The Volgograd and Saratov regions are distinguished by natural gas deposits. The largest gas condensate field has been discovered and is being exploited in the Astrakhan region. This field is unique in the composition of its oil and gas products. Natural gas is also available in the Republic of Kalmykia. Associated petroleum gases are also produced in the region.

In the last decade, the role of the Volga region as an oil-producing region has changed. The most accessible and effective deposits have been depleted. Oil production decreased from 112.8 million tons in 1980. up to 55.6 million tons in 1990 and up to 42.5 million tons in 1995. Due to depletion of reserves, the Volga region is experiencing an oil shortage and is forced to increasingly use West Siberian oil.

From 1980 to 1990 Gas production in the region decreased from 9 to 6.4 billion cubic meters. m. The depletion of gas reserves is planned to be replenished at the expense of the Astrakhan field and fields in the Republic of Kalmykia. A limiting factor in the development of these fields is the lack of domestic equipment with increased resistance to aggressive gas components.

By 1995 there was a drop in the production of primary energy resources from 105 million tons. t. in the mid-80s. up to 65 million tons of fuel equivalent Consumption of fuel and energy resources increased accordingly from 130 to 160 million tons of fuel equivalent. As follows from the analysis of the expenditure side of the energy balance, more than 50% of total consumption is accounted for by gas and oil.

Thus, the region is experiencing a real deficit in the production of its own primary resources, so it is necessary to curb the growth of energy-intensive industries.

Oil shale reserves in the region are quite large in the Samara and Saratov regions, but the cost of production is high, so their use as fuel is unprofitable. Shales from the Kashpir deposit are used in the pharmaceutical industry.

There are brown coals in the Republic of Tatarstan, but they are not being developed yet.

The Volga region has significant resources of chemical raw materials. In the Samara region there is native sulfur, the main deposits of which are Alekseevskoye, Vodninskoye, Syreyskoye, etc. In the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions in lakes Elton and Baskunchak there are reserves of table self-planted salt. Containing various valuable components. These types of raw materials are the basis for the development of chlorine, soda, and other branches of the chemical and powerful salt industry.

The region is rich in mineral building materials. The reserves of glass sand and cement raw materials are especially large. For example, marls are concentrated near Volsk (Saratov region) and are used for the production of high grade cement; chalk and clay are found in the Saratov region near Volynsk and Khvalynsk, in the Samara region near Syzran and Zhigulevsk.

The Volga region is one of the largest geographical objects of the Russian Federation. It is located along the banks of the Volga River. The economy here is well developed. A navigable river and railway lines crossing the Volga region along and across provide local residents with everything necessary for a full-fledged existence. There is access to the sea along the Volga, which also has a beneficial effect on the economic and geographical position of the region.

The Volga region is famous for its mineral reserves. Among them, the following are especially appreciated:

• oil;
• sulfur;
• salt.

In addition, there are enough raw materials for the production of high-quality building materials.

Population of the Volga region

The Volga region is a multinational region. The history of the formation of the modern population began many centuries ago. The indigenous inhabitants were originally Mari, Chuvash and Mordovians. Over time, other peoples migrated here.

Nowadays, the Volga region is the most populated and developed. The annual population growth is due to the active migration of people from other areas. Thanks to rich resources, the issue of employment is not so acute here. The bulk of the population occupies the capitals of national republics and large industrial cities, where unemployment is practically eliminated.

Now the population structure of the Volga region is made up mainly of Russians and Tatars. Some of the most populated cities are Volgograd, Saratov, Samara and Kazan.

The standard of living of the population of the Volga region is low. Now the main priority task and goal for the Volga region is to improve the living conditions of local citizens.

Industry of the Volga region

The Volga region is known to many as the center of the engineering industry. Mechanical engineering in the Volga region includes the production of a wide range of equipment and machines, for example, cars, machine tools, computing instruments and devices, bearings, electrical products, motors for special equipment, etc.

An important place in this industry is given to the production of aircraft, trucks and cars, buses and trolleybuses, ships, as well as bicycles and other small vehicles.

Samara and Saratov specialize mainly in the aviation industry, which dates back to the war. Now the factories of these cities produce turbojet aircraft.

The oil industry is developing in response to the needs of the local population. Mechanical engineering and the production of equipment and parts are in great demand among residents of nearby regions.

Due to rich reserves of minerals such as oil and gas, the Volga region has several gas and oil refineries. The leading regions for oil production are the Republic of Tatarstan and Samara.

The Volga, Nizhnekamsk, Volgograd and Saratov regions stand out among others for the productive operation of their largest hydroelectric power plants.

Agriculture of the Volga region

The agro-industrial complex of the Volga region is effectively developing to this day. Favorable climatic conditions and soft fertile soil make the Volga region the main supplier of grain crops throughout almost all of Russia. Wheat, rice, millet, corn and buckwheat are grown here. In addition, vegetables and melons, such as tomatoes and watermelons, grow well on the soils of the Volga region.

The warm, humid climate promotes good growth of rice, barley, sunflower and other moisture- and light-loving crops.

Numerous winter pastures contribute to the active development of livestock farming. Thanks to this, the Volga region supplies Russian regions not only with grain and vegetables, but also with wool, meat and milk. The most common animals on local farms are pigs and sheep. Birds are raised here mainly for their down. To further expand livestock farms, residents of rural areas of the Volga region face important tasks:

• improvement and expansion of fields for growing fodder crops necessary for raising livestock;
• enlargement and improvement of farms and paddocks;
• landscaping and moistening natural areas where animals graze.

Residents of the coastal regions of the Volga region are effectively engaged in fishing. This type of activity is especially relevant in the Astrakhan region. Here, special attention is paid to the cleanliness of water bodies. For this purpose, all industrial enterprises, plants and factories are under careful control. New wastewater treatment plants are being built and existing ones are being improved at a rapid pace. Currently, plants and factories are being built for the processing, breeding and maintenance of fish, especially the sturgeon family.

Due to the diversity of grain crops and sunflowers, there are many oil mills in the Volga region. The largest of them are located in the Saratov and Volgograd regions.

Most of the contents of the granaries are sent for milling flour. Some of the largest and most developed flour and cereal enterprises are located in Samara, Saratov and Volgograd.

This activity brings significant profits to the entire Volga region, which makes it possible to improve the standard of living of the population from year to year.

Volga region

Upper Volga landscape

The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July of +22° - +25°C; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk regions), steppe (Saratov and Volgograd regions), semi-deserts (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). The southern part of the territory is characterized by dust storms and hot winds during the warm half of the year (from April to October).

Povolzhsky economic region

The territory area is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people/km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities, and 12 federal subjects. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatka region (Central Russia), in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west with the Central Black Earth region and the North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River.

Volga Federal District

Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district makes up 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008 is 30 million 241 thousand 581 people. (21.3% of the Russian population). The majority of the population consists of city dwellers. For example, in the Samara region this figure is more than 80%, which is generally slightly higher than the all-Russian figure (approximately 73%).

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

See what "Volga region" is in other dictionaries:

1) the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. The elevated right bank (from the Volga region) and the low left bank (the so-called Trans-Volga region) are distinguished. 2) In natural terms, the Volga region is sometimes referred to as... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

VOLGA REGION, territory along the middle and lower reaches of the Volga. Within the Volga region, there are a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a low-lying left bank, the so-called. Trans-Volga region. In natural terms, the Volga region is sometimes referred to as... ... Russian history

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 territory (20) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Geogr. region in the bass R. Volga, subdivided into Verkh. (to Kazan), Avg. (Kazan - Saratov) and Nizhny. (below Saratov) Volga region. On the right bank there is the Volga elevation, on the left bank there is a terraced lowland. Trans-Volga region. Dictionary of modern geographical... ... Geographical encyclopedia

1) the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. There are an elevated right bank (with the Volga Upland) and a low left bank (the so-called Trans-Volga region). 2) In natural relation to... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga or located close to it and economically gravitating towards it. Within the borders of P. there are a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland (See Privolzhskaya ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Volga region- Pov Olga, I (to V olga) ... Russian spelling dictionary

Volga region- Volga region, territory along the middle and lower reaches of the Volga. Within the borders of P. there are a relatively elevated right bank from the Volga Upland and a low-lying left bank, the so-called Trans-Volga region. In natural terms, P. is sometimes also referred to as... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

Volga region- VOLGA REGION, includes Tatar, Kalmyk AS, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd (until 1961 Stalingrad), Astrakhan regions. In the pre-war years. The five-year plan (192940) created a powerful industrial base in Poland... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: encyclopedia

Train No. 133A/133G “Volga region” ... Wikipedia

Books

• Volga region in the 15th and 16th centuries, G.I. Peretyatkovich. Essays on the history of the region and its colonization. Research by G. Peretyatkovich. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1877 edition (Moscow publishing house, typ. Grachev and...