The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Romanov dynasty - XVII century
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - the first tsar from. He was enthroned by the Zemsky Cathedral, assembled by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, whose militia expelled the Poles from Moscow, putting an endThe accession of M.F. Romanov was a milestone in the formation of a new community in Russia, based on the population's awareness of the need for a strong state power
Brief biography of Mikhail Fedorovich
- 1596, July 12 - birth. Father boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, mother Kostroma noblewoman Ksenia Ioannovna Shestova
- 1601, June - father fell into disgrace under Boris Godunov, the family was exiled to Beloozero, father and mother were forcibly tonsured into monks under the names Filaret and Martha.
- 1602, September-1605 - the family moved to the village of Klin, Yuryev-Polsky district, Vladimir region.
- 1605 - the elevation of Father Mikhail, Filaret, to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov and Yaroslavl by False Dmitry I
- 1606-1608- stay with his father, Metropolitan Filaret, in Rostov
- 1610- participation of Metropolitan Filaret in working out the conditions for calling the prince Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund III of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Great Embassy to the Rzeczpospolita for calling the king's son Vladislav to the throne.
- 1610-1612 - Mikhail with his mother in Moscow, besieged by the troops of the First and Second militias of Prince Pozharsky
This is a "dark" page with a certain ambiguity in interpretation of Mikhail's biography ... It is obvious that he, as the son of the head of the embassy to King Sigismund III, would hardly have been allowed to leave Moscow unhindered ... Perhaps that is why the documents of the beginning of the reign Mikhail Fedorovich was told that the Polish and Lithuanian people "planted other boyars and nobles and all kinds of people with them in Moscow," that is, they kept them involuntarily.
The dangers of siege and famine in Moscow were spoken of in letters sent from the Moscow region militia at the end of October 1612: no one had any bread or any other supplies ”. It is no coincidence that one of the leaders of the militia, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, did not allow the boyars and their families who were leaving Moscow to be dealt with, who no longer evoked any other feelings except pity.
- 1612, October - Mikhail and his mother went to the Kostroma estates of the Shestovs
Enthronement
On February 7, 1613, they came to a decision to elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. According to one legend, a nobleman from Galich was the first at the cathedral to speak about Mikhail Fedorovich, who brought to the cathedral a written statement about Mikhail's rights to
throne. Some Don chieftain did the same. Further, Palitsyn (church-political figure, writer and publicist) in his "Tale" stated that people from many cities came to him and asked him to convey to the tsarist synclite "their idea of the election of Romanov." The Cossacks, they say, also stood for Mikhail. From the 7th, the final choice was postponed until the 21st, and people were sent to the cities, it seems, the participants in the cathedral, to find out in the cities the opinion of the people about the matter. And the cities spoke in favor of Mikhail ... When the Mstislavsky and other boyars, as well as the belated elected people and those sent to the regions gathered in Moscow, a solemn meeting was held on February 21 in the Assumption Cathedral(Sergei Fedorovich Platonov "Complete course of lectures on Russian history")
Michael and his mother at first unconditionally rejected the ambassadors' proposal. The latter said that the Muscovite people were "fatigued", that in such a great state even not a child could rule, and so on. For a long time the ambassadors had to persuade both mother and son; they used all their eloquence, even threatened with heavenly punishment; finally their efforts were crowned with success - Mikhail gave his consent, and his mother blessed him
- 1616 - the failed marriage of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to Marya Khlopova
Martha took care of looking for a bride for her son, and her choice fell on Maria Khlopova from the Zhelyabuzhsky family, devoted to the Romanovs; But the marriage of the tsar was prevented by the enmity of the Saltykovs, whom Martha favored, towards the Khlopovs - in them the tsar's relatives saw themselves as rivals in influence. The reason for enmity was the insignificant dispute between the father of the tsar's bride and one of the Saltykovs. Shortly before the wedding, an unexpected illness of the bride occurred, empty in itself, but got a different look thanks to the intrigues of the Saltykovs. They took advantage of this illness, Khlopova was considered "spoiled" and was exiled along with her relatives, accused of deception, to Tobolsk - 1619, June 1 - the father of Mikhail Fedorovich Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, or Filaret, is released from Polish captivity
- 1619, June 14 - Filaret arrived in Moscow
- 1618, June 24 - Filaret is made patriarch. "Thus, the dual power began, and it began officially: all letters were written on behalf of both great sovereigns."
"Mikhail Fedorovich was an intelligent, gentle, but spineless man; maybe, for lack of data, or maybe it was in reality, but before us he is an ordinary person who does not have a" personality. "Filaret Nikitich is the first handsome man in his youth and a dandy in Moscow - in his best years he was tonsured a monk "involuntarily"; he had to experience ... go through a lot, but this even more tempered him without that a strong character... In the turmoil, he stood face to face with the most important state issues and acquired the skill for them - he became a statesman ... When Filaret was made patriarch, he was given, like the tsar, the title of "great sovereign." Moscow made a big purchase in the new great sovereign, it got what it most needed: an intelligent administrator with definite goals. Even in the sphere of the church, Filaret was more of an administrator than a teacher and mentor of the church. - 1624, September 18 - wedding with Princess Marya Vladimirovna Dolgoruka. A few days later, the young queen fell ill and died five months later.
- 1625 - the title of "autocrat" was included in the official naming of the tsar on the state seal
- 1626, February 3-8 - wedding of Mikhail Fedorovich with Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva
- 1627 - birth of the princess's daughter Irina Mikhailovna (died February 8, 1679)
- 1628 - birth of the princess's daughter Pelageya Mikhailovna (died January 25, 1629)
- 1629, March 19 - the birth of the son of Alexei Mikhailovich, the future tsar
- 1630, July 14 - the birth of the daughter of Princess Anna Mikhailovna (died October 27, 1692)
- 1631, January 26 - death of the mother, the great eldress Martha Ivanovna
- 1631, August 14 - the birth of the daughter of Princess Martha Mikhailovna (died September 21, 1633)
- 1633, June 2 - birth of his son John Mikhailovich (died January 10, 1639)
- 1633, October 1 - death of Patriarch Filaret Nikitich's father
- 1634, September 15 - the birth of her daughter Sophia Mikhailovna (died June 23, 1636)
- 1636, January 5 - the birth of the daughter of Tatyana Mikhailovna (died August 24, 1706)
- 1637, February 10 - the birth and death of the daughter of Evdokia Mikhailovna
- 1639, March 14 - birth of his son Vasily Mikhailovich (died March 25, 1639)
- 1645, July 13 - death of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
The activities of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich inside the country
: economic devastation, large human losses, financial problems, impoverishment of the people, increased flight of the population from the center of the country to the outskirts
Eradication of the last manifestations of the Troubles
- 1613-1614 - liquidation of the revolt of the Cossack ataman Zarutsky
- 1613-1615 - liquidation of the rebellion of the Cossack chieftain Balovnya
- 1613-1614 - appeasement with salary, gifts, flattery of the Don, Terek, Volga Cossacks
- 1615-1617 - Attempts to repel raids on the Russian border western and northwestern regions of the Polish troops of Lisovsky and Chaplinsky
The search for money and the audit of the economy of Russia
“The government had two tasks: first, to collect as much money as possible for the treasury ...
Secondly, to arrange service people. To do this, the government sent boyars to different areas to accept noblemen fit for service into the service, and to endow them with local land. Both for the first and for the second purpose it was necessary to know the position of private land ownership in the state, and so "scribes" and "patrols" were sent for inventory and tax assessment of land. But the intentions of the government were carried out carelessly, with a mass of abuses on the part of both the administration and the population: the scribes and patrolmen allowed some peace, oppressed others, took bribes; and the population, trying to get rid of taxes, often deceived the scribes, hid their property and thereby achieved a preferential wrong assessment for themselves "
- 1615-1616 - “And the Moscow government is primarily concerned with collecting money for the maintenance of military men and other important needs. In the very first days after the arrival of the tsar, the cathedral was sentenced: to collect arrears, and then ask from whom you can borrow (they even asked from foreign trade); a special letter from the tsar and a special one from the cathedral were sent to the Stroganovs with a request for help to the ruined state. And the Stroganovs soon responded: they sent 3000 rubles, a rather large amount for that time. A year later, the cathedral recognized the need to collect the fifth money, and not even from income, but from each property in the cities, from the counties - 120 rubles each. from the plow. The Stroganovs accounted for 16,000 rubles for the allocation; but 40,000 were imposed on them, and the king persuaded them "not to spare their bellies"
With the "accession" of Filaret, an energetic and skillful hand began to work on the establishment of order in the country. All aspects of state life attracted the attention of the government. With the participation of Filaret, worries began about finances, about improving the administration and court, and about the structure of the estates. When in 1633 Filaret went to his grave, the Moscow state was already completely different in terms of improvement - not everything, of course, but Filaret did a lot for him. And contemporaries give justice to his mind and deeds. Filaret, says one chronicle, “not only corrected the word of God, but also ruled all the affairs of the land; freed many from violence, with him there was no one strong people, except for the sovereigns themselves; those who served the sovereign even in a stateless time and was not granted, Filaret sought all of those, granted, kept in his mercy and did not give out to anyone. "
- 1620 - a new patrol of the lands of the Moscow State
- 1621-1622 - organization of the search for local and monetary salaries. Analysis of service "cities"
- 1630-1632 - drawing up an estimate of the Russian army
Fight against bribery and arbitrariness of local officials
- 1619, June - a detective order is instituted
- 1621 - Charter prohibiting common people bribe officials
"Not having the strength to stop the general arbitrariness bequeathed by the turmoil, the government, while punishing individuals, at the same time facilitated the possibility of petitioning the administration, instituting an Investigative Order in 1619 for this purpose, and in 1621, addressing the whole land with a letter, in which it forbade the communities to give bribes to the governors, to work for them and generally to fulfill their illegal demands. In case of non-fulfillment of the above, the government threatened the zemstvo people with punishment. But subsequent practice showed the invalidity of this kind of original appeal to the land. The governors continued to abuse their power. This is what the city leaders said. nobles about clerks: “Your sovereign clerks and clerks were granted your monetary salary, estates and estates, and being incessantly at your business and enriching many unrighteous riches from their bribery, they bought many estates and built their houses, many of them, stone chambers that are inconvenient to say : there was no blessed memory, who was worthy to live in such houses ". And the zemstvo people said at the council in 1642, therefore, twenty years after these measures: "In the cities, all sorts of people became impoverished and impoverished to the end from your sovereign governors." The governors were too close to the people; the voivode's displeasure echoed too strongly on the city man and involuntarily forced him to bribe and work for the voivode, but it was still difficult to look for a council for him: and the council had to go to Moscow
Establishment of governability by the country
- 1627 — "The government restored the institution of labial wardens, prescribing to choose them from among the best nobles ... This measure limited the circle of influence of the governors; many cities took advantage of it and asked that they did not have a governor, but only have lip heads, and this was permitted. the laborer concentrated in his hands not only criminal cases, but the regional administration, and became a zemstvo judge. central administration, then it was restored according to the old models bequeathed by the 16th century in the form of old orders, and only the needs of the time brought new orders to life. There were many of them established under Mikhail, but they were arranged again according to the old obscure models, specializing in one branch of the possession of some old order. In the center of the entire administration, the Boyar Duma still stood and was in charge of everything. «
Other economic activities
- 1619, June - resolution of the Zemsky Sobor
- to make a census again in the areas not ruined, to choose scribes and patrolmen from reliable people, to swear them in, taking a promise to write without bribes and work "really"
- find taxing people and return them back to the communities, and impose fines on those who held them;
- draw up a list of government expenditures and revenues: how many of those and others, how much income from ruin has decreased, how much money is received, where it was spent, how much is left and where it is intended;
- to update the composition of the Zemsky Sobor, replacing the elected people with new ones. - 1626 - compilation of scribes, which indicated the names of the owners of peasant and city households
- 1627 - decree on the equalization of estates granted for service to the state with ancestral estates
- 1628 - law limiting the punishment with canes for tax evasion
- 1642 - decree on the ten-year period of searching for fugitive peasants
- 1644 - establishment of ironworks factories
Organization of the army on the European model
- 1620 - drawing up by the clerk of the Pushkarsky order A.M. Radishevsky "Charter of military, cannon and other matters relating to military science
- 1626-1633 - military reform: hired 5,000 foreign infantrymen, instructor officers and cannon foundries, purchase of weapons in Holland
- 1632 - Dutchman Winnius builds a plant for casting cannons and cannonballs near Tula
- 1642 - the beginning of the formation of a regular army - cavalry and infantry - in the European manner
dynasty of novels foreign policy cultural
The beginning of the Romanov family was laid by Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla. His father - Glanda - Kambila Divonovich - in 1283 moved from Lithuania to the Moscow prince Daniel, where he converted to Orthodoxy and was named Ivan Kobyla. His son Andrei Kobyla was an approximate of the Moscow Grand Duke Simeon the Proud and had 5 sons. His descendants until the beginning of the 16th century. were called the Koshkins, until the end of the sixteenth century. - The Zakharyins. From the youngest son of the boyar Fyodor Koshka, the Romanovs went.
Boyarin Fyodor Koshka was a confidant of Grand Duke Vasily I. A cautious politician and diplomat, he knew how to settle the affairs of his sovereign in the Horde with dexterous behavior and gifts, without bringing relations to conflicts. Then the Zakharyins split into two branches: the Zakharyins - Yakovlevs and the Zakharyins - Yuryevs. From the latter came the Romanovs, who were closely related to the Rurikovichs.
By the end of the XVI century. of all the descendants of Fyodor Koshka, only Nikita Romanovich remained with his children. Nikita Romanovich and his son Fedor actively participated in political life at the court of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598), nephew of Nikita Romanovich. After the death of this sovereign, Nikita Romanovich and Boris Godunov turned out to be the main contenders for the throne. Under Boris Godunov, the Romanov family was accused of witchcraft. Four sons of Nikita Romanovich were disgraced. One of the sons - Fyodor Nikitich - was forcibly tonsured into a monk under the name Filaret.
To occupy the Russian throne, it was only the grandson of Nikita Romanovich - Mikhail Fedorovich (July 12, 1596 - July 13, 1645).
Mikhail Fedorovich - the first Russian tsar of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1917) was born on July 12, 1596 in Moscow (Fig. 1). The son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, Metropolitan (later Patriarch Filaret) and Xenia Ivanovna Shestova (later - nun Martha). The first years he lived in Moscow, in 1601, together with his parents, he was disgraced by Boris Godunov, being a nephew, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. He lived in exile, from 1608 he returned to Moscow, where he was captured by the Poles who seized the Kremlin. In November 1612, liberated by the militia of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin, he left for Kostroma.
Rice. one
- February 21, 1613 in Moscow after the expulsion of the interventionists, the Great Zemsky and Local Council took place, electing a new tsar. Mikhail hesitated for a long time and only on March 19, 1613 left for Moscow. On the way, he stopped at all large cities: Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Trinity Monastery, Rostov, Suzdal. Arriving in Moscow, he went through Red Square to the Kremlin. At the Spassky Gate he was greeted with a procession of the cross with the main state and church relics. Then he prayed at the tombs of the Russian tsars in the Archangel Cathedral and at the shrines of the Cathedral of the Assumption.
- On July 11, 1613, Mikhail's wedding to the kingdom took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, marking the foundation of the new ruling dynasty of the Romanovs. Metropolitan Ephraim of Kazan crowned him with a royal crown. The gentleness and kindness of the new king, noted by the sources of that time, gave ordinary people hope, made a good impression on them. The Romanovs were popular among the free Cossacks thanks to Filaret's Tushino patriarchate.
Young Mikhail was not even 18. His election, nevertheless, had great political significance - for the national integrity of Russia, the salvation of its state sovereignty. True, everyone knew that without the boyars, their advice, Tsar Mikhail would not be able to take a step. Indeed, Tsar Mikhail entrusted all affairs to the Romanovs, Cherkassky, Saltykov, Sheremetev, Lykov, Repnin. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was inexperienced, and until 1619 the country was also ruled by the great Eldress Martha and her relatives.
The nobles, the close representatives of the throne, saw in Mikhail Fyodorovich, with his timidity and frail health, kindness and simplicity, a kind of second edition of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. This was the case at court until the return of the tsar's father from Polish captivity in 1619. The clever, domineering, gifted Filaret, who became the patriarch, ruled not only his spiritual department, but also together with his son the entire Russian state. He was officially called, like the tsar, "the great sovereign", in the letters the names of the tsar and the patriarch stood side by side.
In addition to the tsar and the patriarch, the affairs of state administration were handled, as has long been done, by persons from the boyars and other nobles, who are pleasing to them - relatives, in-laws, favorites. These are the same Romanovs, Sheremetevs, Cherkasskys, Streshnevs and others.
When Mikhail Fedorovich was 20 years old, he married Princess M.V. Dolgoruka. But the young queen soon fell ill and died three and a half years later. A year later, the monarch entered into a second marriage - with E. L. Streshneva; from her he had a son Alexei, the future tsar, and daughters Irina, Anna, Tatiana, in early age died sons Ivan and Vasily, daughters of Pelageya, Martha, Sophia and Evdokia.
Mikhail Fedorovich got a completely ruined country. There were Swedes in Novgorod. The Poles occupied 20 Russian cities. The Tatars plundered the southern Russian lands without interruption. Crowds of beggars and gangs of robbers roamed the country. There was not a ruble in the royal treasury. The Poles did not recognize the elections of the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 valid. In 1617, the Polish prince Vladislav organized a campaign against Moscow, stood at the walls of the Kremlin and demanded that the Russians choose him as tsar.
But the society, tired of the troubles of the Time of Troubles, rallied around its young king and provided him with all kinds of help.
Results of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich:
- v Conclusion of "eternal peace" with Sweden (Stolbovsky Peace Treaty of 1617 (village Stolbovo, not far from Tikhvin, Leningrad Region)). The boundaries established by the Stolbovskiy peace were preserved until the beginning Northern War 1700-1721 Despite the loss of access to the Baltic Sea, large territories previously conquered by Sweden were returned;
- v Deulinskoe truce (1618), and then "eternal peace" with Poland (Polyanovsky peace in 1634). The Polish king renounced his claims to the Russian throne;
- v Establishment of a strong centralized authority throughout the country by appointing governors and chiefs locally;
- v Overcoming the grave consequences of the Time of Troubles, restoration of normal economy and trade;
- v Accession to Russia of the lower Urals (Yaitsk Cossacks), the Baikal region, Yakutia and Chukotka, access to the Pacific Ocean;
- v Reorganization of the army (1631-1634). Creation of regiments of the "new order": Reitarsky, Dragoon, soldier's;
- v Foundation of the first ironworks near Tula (1632);
- v Foundation of the German settlement in Moscow - the settlement of foreign engineers and military specialists. In less than 100 years, many of the inhabitants of "Kukui" will play a key role in the reforms of Peter the Great;
- v End crime in the country with the most brutal measures. So, the detachments of the Cossacks of Ataman Ivan Zarutsky posed a great danger to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Marina Mnishek moved to him after the death of False Dmitry II. The Yaik Cossacks handed over I. Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek to the Moscow authorities. I. Zarutsky and 3-year-old Ivan - "Voronok" (a pretender to the Russian throne) - were hanged in Moscow, and Marina Mnishek was imprisoned in Kolomna, where she died;
- v The state treasury is full;
- v All new categories of the population are taxed;
- v The government embarked on outright financial adventures - sharply increased the prices of salt (salt was the most important food product, the population bought it in large quantities), minted a copper coin instead of a silver one;
- v The government borrowed from large monasteries and did not repay debts;
- v Siberia was actively developed - 1/3 of all income was brought to the treasury by the sale of Siberian furs abroad.
By the end of the life of Tsar Mikhail, only one heir remained - Alexei. He succeeded Tsar Michael, who died on July 13, 1645 at the age of 49, on the throne.
MIKHAIL FEDOROVICH ROMANOV(1596-1645) - the first Russian tsar of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1917).
Born July 12, 1596 in Moscow. The son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, Metropolitan (later Patriarch Filaret) and Xenia Ivanovna Shestova (later nun Martha). The first years he lived in Moscow, in 1601 he was disgraced with his parents Boris Godunov, being the nephew of the king Fedor Ivanovich... He lived in exile, from 1608 he returned to Moscow, where he was captured by the Poles who seized the Kremlin. In November 1612, liberated by the militia of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin, he left for Kostroma.
February 21, 1613 in Moscow after the expulsion of the interventionists, the Great Zemsky and Local Council took place, electing a new tsar. Among the applicants were the Polish prince Vladislav, the Swedish prince Karl-Philip and others. Mikhail's candidacy arose because of his female kinship with the Rurik dynasty, she suited the serving nobility, who tried to prevent the aristocracy (boyars) in an effort to establish a monarchy in Russia on the Polish model.
The Romanovs were one of the most noble families, the young age of Mikhail also suited the Moscow boyars: "Misha is young, he has not yet reached his mind and will be used to us," they said in the Duma, hoping that, at least at first, all issues would be resolved "on advice." with the Duma. The moral character of Mikhail as the son of the metropolitan was in the interests of the church and in the people's ideas about the tsar-shepherd, the intercessor before God. It was supposed to become a symbol of a return to order, peace and antiquity ("loving and loving them all, give them, as if they are walking").
On March 13, 1613, the ambassadors of the Cathedral arrived in Kostroma. In the Ipatiev Monastery, where Mikhail was with his mother, he was informed about his election to the throne. Upon learning of this, the Poles tried to prevent the new tsar from arriving in Moscow. A small detachment of them went to the Ipatiev Monastery to kill Mikhail, but on the way got lost, because the peasant Ivan Susanin, agreeing to show the way, led him into a dense forest.
June 11, 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich in Moscow was married to the throne in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. The celebrations lasted three days. The tsar gave, according to the testimony of a number of contemporaries, a crucifixion record that he undertakes not to rule without the Zemsky Sobor and the Boyar Duma (like Vasily Shuisky). According to other sources, Mikhail did not give such a record in the future, to begin to rule autocraticly, he did not break any promises.
At first, the mother of the tsar and the boyars Saltykovs ruled on behalf of Mikhail. In 1619, the tsar's father, Metropolitan Filaret, who returned from Polish captivity and was elected patriarch, became the de facto ruler of the country. From 1619 to 1633, he officially bore the title of "great sovereign". In the first years after the election of Mikhail as tsar, the main task was to end the war with the Commonwealth and Sweden. In 1617, the Treaty of Stolbovo was signed with Sweden, which received the Korelu fortress and the coast Gulf of Finland... In 1618, the Deulinskoe truce was concluded with Poland: Russia ceded Smolensk, Chernigov and a number of other cities to it. However, the Nogai Horde came out of the subordination of Russia, and although the government of Mikhail sent expensive gifts to Bakhchisarai every year, the raids continued.
Russia in the late 1610s was in political isolation. To get out of it, an unsuccessful attempt was made to marry the young king, first to a Danish princess, then to a Swedish one. Having received refusals in both cases, the mother and the boyars married Mikhail to Maria Dolgorukova (? –1625), but the marriage turned out to be childless. The second marriage in 1625, with Evdokia Streshneva (1608-1645), brought Mikhail 7 daughters (Irina, Pelagey, Anna, Martha, Sophia, Tatiana, Evdokia) and 2 sons, the elder Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676, reigned 1645-1676) and the younger, who died in infancy, Basil.
The most important task foreign policy Russia in the 1620s – 1630s was fighting for the reunification of Western Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian lands in a single Russian state. The first attempt to solve this problem during the war for Smolensk (1632-1634), which began after the death of the Polish king Sigismund in connection with the claims of his son Vladislav to the Russian throne, ended unsuccessfully. After her, by order of Mikhail, the construction of the Great Zasechnaya Line, fortresses of the Belgorod and Simbirsk lines began in Russia. In the 1620s – 1640s, diplomatic relations were established with Holland, Austria, Denmark, Turkey, Persia.
In 1637, Mikhail introduced the term for capturing fugitive peasants to 9 years, in 1641 he increased it by another year, while those taken out by other owners were allowed to search for up to 15 years. This testified to the growth of serf tendencies in the legislation on land and peasants. During his reign, the creation of regular military units (1630s), "regiments of the new system" was begun, the rank and file of which were "eager free people" and homeless boyar children, officers were foreign military specialists. At the end of Michael's reign, dragoon cavalry regiments arose to guard the borders.
Moscow under Mikhail Fedorovich was restored from the consequences of the intervention. The Filaretovskaya belfry (master B. Ogurtsov) appeared in the Kremlin in 1624, a stone tent was erected above the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower and a striking clock was installed (master H. Goloveev). Since 1633, machines for supplying water from the Moskva River (received the name Vodovzvodnaya) have been installed in the Sviblova Tower of the Kremlin. In 1635-1937, the Terem Palace was built on the site of the ceremonial chambers, all the Kremlin cathedrals were painted again, including the Assumption, the Church of the Deposition of the Robe. Enterprises for teaching velvet and Kamchatka business appeared in Moscow - Velvet Dvor, Kadashevskaya Sloboda with the sovereign Khamovny Dvor on the left bank of the Moskva River, behind the Novodevichy Convent became the center of textile production. Folk legend has preserved the memory of Mikhail as a great lover of flowers: during his time garden roses were brought to Russia for the first time.
In Zaryadye, on the territory of the courtyard of the Romanov boyars, Mikhail ordered the founding of a men's Znamensky monastery. By this time, he was already "grieving with his feet" (he could not walk, he was taken in a cart). The tsar's body weakened from “sitting too much,” contemporaries noted in him “melancholy, that is, torpor”.
Lev Pushkarev, Natalia Pushkareva
From the Romanov dynasty. At the end of February 1613, he would have been elected ruler of the Russian kingdom at the Zemsky Sobor. He became king not by ancestral inheritance, not by seizing power and not of his own free will.
Mikhail Fedorovich was chosen by God and people, and at that time he was only 16 years old. His reign came at a very difficult time. Mikhail Fedorovich, by the will of fate, had to solve serious economic and political tasks: to lead the country out of the chaos in which it was after the Troubles, to raise and strengthen National economy, to preserve the territory of the Fatherland, which is being torn to pieces. And most importantly - to arrange and consolidate the house of the Romanovs on the Russian throne.
The Romanov dynasty. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
In the Romanov family, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich, who later became Ksenia Ivanovna (Shestova), had a son on July 12, 1596. They named him Michael. The Romanov family was related to and was very famous and wealthy. This boyar family owned vast estates not only in northern and central Russia, but also in the Don and Ukraine. At first, Mikhail lived with his parents in Moscow, but in 1601 his family fell out of favor and was disgraced. The then ruling Boris Godunov was informed that the Romanovs were preparing a conspiracy and wanted to kill him with a magic potion. The reprisal followed immediately - many representatives of the Romanov family were arrested. In June 1601, at a meeting, a verdict was passed: Fyodor Nikitich and his brothers: Alexander, Mikhail, Vasily and Ivan - should be deprived of their property, forcibly cut into monks, exiled and imprisoned in various places remote from the capital.
Fyodor Nikitich was sent to the Anthony-Siysk monastery, which was located in a deserted, deserted place 165 versts from Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River. It was there that Father Mikhail Fedorovich was cut into a monk and named Filaret. The mother of the future autocrat, Ksenia Ivanovna, was accused of complicity in a crime against the tsarist government and sent into exile in the Novgorod district, in the Tol-Yegoryevsky churchyard, which belonged to the Vazhitsky monastery. Here she was cut by a nun, named Martha and imprisoned in a small building surrounded by a high palisade.
Mikhail Fedorovich's link to Beloozero
Little Mikhail, who was in his sixth year at that time, was exiled together with his eight-year-old sister Tatyana Fedorovna and his aunts, Martha Nikitichnaya Cherkasskaya, Ulyana Semyonova and Anastasia Nikitichnaya, to Beloozero. There, the boy grew up in extremely harsh conditions, was malnourished, suffered deprivation and need. In 1603, Boris Godunov somewhat mitigated the sentence and allowed Mikhail's mother, Martha Ivanovna, to come to Beloozero to see the children.
And some time later, the autocrat allowed the exiled to move to the Yuryev-Polsky district, to the village of Klin, the native patrimony of the Romanov family. In 1605, False Dmitry I, who seized power, wishing to confirm his kinship with the Romanovs' surname, returned to Moscow its surviving representatives from exile, including Mikhail's family and himself. Fyodor Nikitich was granted the Rostov Metropolitanate.
Troubles. The state of siege of the future tsar in Moscow
In difficult times, from 1606 to 1610, Vasily Shuisky ruled. During this period, many dramatic events happened in Russia. This included the emergence and growth of the "thieves" movement, the peasant uprising, led by I. Bolotnikov. Some time later, he teamed up with a new impostor, the "Tushino thief" False Dmitry II. Started Polish intervention... The troops of the Commonwealth captured Smolensk. The boyars overthrew Shuisky from the throne because he thoughtlessly concluded the Vyborg Treaty with Sweden. Under this agreement, the Swedes agreed to help Russia fight against False Dmitry, and in return received the territories of the Kola Peninsula. Unfortunately, the conclusion of the Vyborg Treaty did not save Russia - the Poles defeated the Russian-Swedish troops in the Battle of Klushino and opened up approaches to Moscow.
At this time, the boyars ruling the country swore allegiance to the son of the king of the Commonwealth Sigismund, Vladislav. The country has split into two camps. In the period from 1610 to 1613, an anti-Polish popular uprising arose. In 1611 it was formed under the leadership of Lyapunov, but it was defeated on the outskirts of Moscow. A second militia was formed. It was headed by D. Pozharsky and K. Minin. At the end of the summer of 1612, a terrible battle took place, in which the Russian troops won. Hetman Chodkevich retreated to the Sparrow Hills. By the end of October, the Russian militia had cleared Moscow of the Poles who had settled in it, awaiting help from Sigismund. Russian boyars, including Mikhail Fedorovich and his mother Martha, captured, exhausted by hunger and deprivation, were finally released.
The attempted murder of Mikhail Fedorovich
After the hardest Moscow siege, Mikhail Fedorovich left for the Kostroma patrimony. Here the future tsar almost died at the hands of a gang of Poles who stayed in and were looking for a way to Domnino. Mikhail Fedorovich was saved by the peasant Ivan Susanin, who volunteered to show the robbers the way to the future king and took them in the opposite direction, to the swamps.
And the future king took refuge in the Yusupov monastery. Ivan Susanin was tortured, but he never revealed the location of Romanov. This was such a difficult childhood and adolescence of the future tsar, who at the age of 5 was forcibly separated from his parents and with a living mother and father became an orphan, experienced the hardships of isolation from outside world, the horrors of the state of siege and famine.
Zemsky Sobor 1613 Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich
After the expulsion of the interventionists by the boyars and the people's militia, led by Prince Pozharsky, it was decided that a new tsar should be chosen. On February 7, 1613, at the preliminary election, a nobleman from Galich proposed to elevate Filaret's son, Mikhail Fedorovich, to the throne. Of all the applicants, he was closest to the Rurik family by kinship. Messengers were sent to many cities to get the opinion of the people. The final elections were held on February 21, 1613. The people decided: "Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov should be sovereign." Having made this decision, the embassy was equipped to notify Mikhail Fedorovich of his election as tsar. On March 14, 1613, the ambassadors, accompanied by a procession of the cross, came to the Ipatiev Monastery and to the nun Martha. Long persuasions were finally crowned with success, and Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov agreed to become tsar. Only on May 2, 1613, the sovereign entered Moscow with a magnificent solemn entry - when, in his opinion, the capital and the Kremlin were already ready to receive him. On July 11, a new autocrat, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, was crowned to reign. The solemn ceremony took place in the Assumption Cathedral.
The beginning of the reign of the sovereign
Mikhail Fedorovich took the reins of government in a torn apart, destroyed and impoverished country. In difficult times, the people needed just such an autocrat - generous, charming, gentle, kind and at the same time generous in spiritual qualities. It is not for nothing that the people called him "meek". The personality of the tsar contributed to the strengthening of the power of the Romanovs. Domestic policy Mikhail Fedorovich at the beginning of his reign was aimed at restoring order in the country. An important task was the elimination of gangs of robbers, rampaging everywhere. A real war was fought with the ataman of the Cossacks Ivan Zarutsky, which eventually ended with the capture and subsequent execution. The question of the peasants was acute. In 1613, the distribution of state lands to the needy was carried out.
Important strategic decisions - truce with Sweden
Mikhail Fedorovich's foreign policy was focused on concluding an armistice with Sweden and ending the war with Poland. In 1617, the Stolbovo Treaty was drawn up. This document officially ended the war with the Swedes, which lasted for three years. Now the Novgorod lands were divided between the Russian kingdom (the captured cities were returned to it: Velikiy Novgorod, Ladoga, Gdov, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, as well as the Sumerian region) and the Kingdom of Sweden (he got Ivangorod, Koporye, Yam, Korela, Oreshek, Neva). In addition, Moscow had to pay Sweden a serious sum - 20 thousand silver rubles. The Stolbovo peace cut the country off from the Baltic Sea, but for Moscow the conclusion of this truce allowed it to continue its war with Poland.
The end of the Russian-Polish war. Return of Patriarch Filaret
The Russian-Polish war lasted with varying success, starting in 1609. In 1616, the enemy army, led by Vladislav Vaza and hetman Jan Chodkevich, invaded the Russian borders, wishing to overthrow Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich from the throne. It could only reach Mozhaisk, where it was suspended. In 1618, the army of the Ukrainian Cossacks, headed by Hetman P. Sagaidachny, joined the army. Together they launched an assault on Moscow, but it was unsuccessful. The detachments of the Poles withdrew and settled down next to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. As a result, the parties agreed to negotiations, and an armistice was signed in the village of Deulino on December 11, 1618, which put an end to the Russian-Polish war. The terms of the agreement were unprofitable, but the Russian government agreed to accept them in order to end internal instability and rebuild the country. Under the treaty, Russia ceded the Commonwealth to Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk, Novgoro-Seversky, Chernigov, Serpeysk and other cities. Also during the negotiations, it was decided to exchange prisoners. On July 1, 1619, an exchange of prisoners was carried out on the Polyanovka River, and Filaret, the king's father, finally returned to his homeland. Some time later, he was ordained patriarch.
Dual power. Wise decisions of the two rulers of the Russian land
The so-called dual power was established in the Russian kingdom. Together with his father-patriarch, Mikhail Fedorovich began to rule the state. He, like the king himself, was given the title of "great sovereign".
At the age of 28, Mikhail Fedorovich married Maria Vladimirovna Dolgoruky. However, she passed away a year later. For the second time, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. Over the years of marriage, she gave birth to ten children. In general, the policy of Mikhail Fedorovich and Filaret was aimed at centralizing power, restoring the economy and filling the treasury. In June 1619, it was decided that taxes would be taken from the devastated lands according to sentinels or according to scribes. It was decided to re-conduct a population census to establish the exact amount of tax collections. Scribes and patrolmen were sent to the area. During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, to improve the tax system, scribes were compiled twice. In 1620, local governors and chiefs were appointed to keep order.
Restoration of Moscow
During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the capital and other cities destroyed during the Time of Troubles were gradually restored. In 1624, a stone tent and a chiming clock were erected over the Spasskaya Tower, and the Filaretovskaya Belfry was also built. In 1635-1636, stone mansions were erected for the king and his offspring in place of the old wooden ones. On the territory from Nikolsky to Spassky gates, 15 churches were built. In addition to restoring the destroyed cities, the policy of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was aimed at further enslaving the peasants. In 1627, a law was created that allowed the nobles to inherit their lands (for this it was necessary to serve the king). In addition, a five-year search for fugitive peasants was established, which in 1637 was extended to 9 years, and in 1641 - to 10 years.
Creation of new army regiments
An important direction of Mikhail Fedorovich's activity was the creation of a regular national army. In the 30s. In the 17th century, "regiments of the new order" appeared. They also included free people, and foreigners were accepted for the position of officers. In 1642, the training of military people in foreign formation began. In addition, Reitars, soldiers and cavalry began to form. Two Moscow elective regiments were also created, which were later named Lefortovsky and Butyrsky (from the settlements in which they were located).
Industry development
In addition to creating an army, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov strove to develop various crafts in the country. The government began to call on foreign industrialists (miners, foundry workers, gunsmiths) on preferential terms. In Moscow was founded German settlement where engineers and foreign military personnel lived and worked. In 1632, a plant for casting cannonballs and cannons was built near Tula. Textile production also developed: the Velvet Dvor was opened in Moscow. Here training in the velvet craft was carried out. Textile production was launched in Kadashevskaya Sloboda.
Instead of a conclusion
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov died at the age of 49. It happened on July 12, 1645. The result of his government activities was the pacification of the state, agitated by the Troubles, the establishment of centralized power, the rise of welfare, the restoration of the economy, industry and trade. During the reign of the first Romanov, wars with Sweden and Poland were ended, and, in addition, diplomatic ties were established with the states of Europe.
Since ancient times, the Rurik dynasty ruled in Russia. The dynasty got its name from the name of the founder Novgorod principality- Rurik. Her reign began in 862, when Rurik was called to reign. But the decline of the reign of the great dynasty fell on 1598 and is associated with the death of its last representative Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Fourth the Terrible. Fate turned in such a way that Fedor had no heirs left, and a representative of the great royal family Romanovs.
Born in 1598 into the family of the monk Filaret, in the world of Fyodor Nikitich, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov became the first king of the Romanov dynasty. The father's aunt was Anastasia Zakharyina-Yurieva, the wife of Ivan the Terrible. It turns out that Mikhail Fedorovich was the only relative who could really ascend to the Russian throne.
Michael accepted the reign at the age of sixteen, after the decision of the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613. The first thing the king did was to cleanse the country of enemies. By 1616, the last of the enemies died Russian Empire Lithuanian rider Lisovsky.
Russia's foreign policy has not gone so well. Mikhail Fedorovich had to conclude the Stolbovsky peace with the Swedish king Gustav Adolf, who seized Novgorod. The contract was signed in 1617. However, this decision distanced Moscow from access to the Baltic Sea. Under the agreement, the Swedes were given the lands of Yama, Oreshk, Ivangorod and Koporye. Another treaty was signed with Poland in 1618. The signing of the Deulinsky truce was caused by the fact that the Polish prince Vladislav claimed the Russian throne. Under the agreement, Poland received the Seversky lands and Smolensk. But the truce nevertheless rendered a service to Mikhail Fedorovich. Indeed, as a result of its signing, his father Fyodor Nikitich returned to the country, detained by the Poles in 1610 after unsuccessful negotiations. From that moment on, a period of dual power began in the country, as Filaret became the Moscow patriarch - the “great sovereign”. The dual power ended in 1633 with the death of Fyodor Nikitich Romanov.
In 1632, the second Polish war began, Vladislav did not renounce the Moscow throne, he was supported by the Polish government, which did not recognize Mikhail Fedorovich on the throne. The Turkish troops, which approached the Polish border, helped Russia to end the war with Poland. In 1634, the Peace of Polyanovsk was concluded. Under the terms of the treaty, Vladislav renounced the Russian throne, but Russia had to pay twenty thousand rubles.
Mikhail Fedorovich tried in every possible way to avoid wars, he paid more attention to the internal improvement of the state. He tried to raise the state economically. The number of Zemsky Councils was about twelve. They helped the king in his reign. During the reign of the king, the military forces of the state are being analyzed, caused by the precarious external position of the country. Under Mikhail Fedorovich, a new cadastre was started. A government school was founded in Moscow, and foreign scientists were summoned by order of the tsar.
The personal life of the tsar at first develops somewhat unfavorably. Dolgorukov's first wife Marya left the land in 1623, this year was also the year of the wedding with the tsar. A year later, the tsar married a second time, but this time to the daughter of a little nobleman Streshneva Evdokia. He had three daughters and a son, Alexei Mikhailovich. In the year of his father's death, he was sixteen years old, it was in 1645.
