Empirical research base. Empirical study in course, diploma and master's work on psychology empirical basis

The theoretical basis of the study is this system of scientific provisions, scientific theories, methodological principles and approaches, on the basis of which the research hypothesis was put forward and an analysis of theoretical and empirical results of the study was carried out.

Theoretical basisthe theories of educational activities L.S. Vygotsky, P.Ya. Galperina, D.B. Elkonina, V.V. Dodavydova; The concepts of professional competence and professional competence, developed at the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of Professional Education RAO under the direction of G.V. Mukhametzyanova.

Methods and methods of research

Translated from the ancient Greek "method" means "path to ..." - the path to achieving a certain goal, of any result.

Speaking O. research methodThese usually mean certain principles, ways of knowledge, as well as the rules and procedures developed on their basis.

The main methods of research used in psychology include:

a) methods of theoretical research (comparison, generalization, classification, typological system, method of analogy);

a) Methods of empirical research (observation, experiment, testing, surveillance);

b) methods of mathematical processing and analysis of empirical data (statistical, correlation, cluster, factorial, dispersion, content analysis);

The choice of the method is determined by the choice of the object and the subject of the study, objectives and objectives of the study, as well as the possibilities and preferences of the researcher.

Research methodology - A specific form of implementing a method that allows the initial empirical data (observation or experiment protocols, a specific test, separate questionnaire or questionnaire).

The study involved methods of expert assessments, experiment, psychological testing, surveying.

To determine the level of professional competence of teachers, a specially developed questionnaire was used (see Appendix 1) and the expert assessment form (see Appendix 2).

The degree of understanding of the teacher's explanation by students was determined by the content analysis method.

Intellectual tests were used to determine the level of development of thinking processes (see Appendix 3).

When processing and analyzing empirical data, methods of mathematical statistics and correlation analysis were used.

Checking the reliability of the results of an empirical study was carried out using Statistical criteria of Student.

Experimental research base

The experimental study base is a place where the empirical (experimental) part of the study (EDUCATION EDUCATION, ORGANIZATION), and sampling of subjects, who participated in the study.

Experimental base of researchthere was a gymnasium No. 75, students of 8 and 10th grade in the amount of 96 people (54 girls and 42 boys) and subject teachers in the amount of 8 people with experience of pedagogical activities from 3 to 15 years.

Practical significance of the study

The rationale for the practical significance of the study requires an indication of the applied areas of psychology in which the use of research results is possible.

Basic part of the work

In the chapters of the main part of the work, the state of the study problem is considered in detail, the research hypothesis is given, methods and research procedures are described, the main results are described and their interpretation is given. All materials that are not urgently important to understand the solution of the tasks assigned to the application, which in the main text of the work must be referenced.

The bulk of the work is divided into two parts: theoretical and empirical.

2.5.1. Theoretical part

The theoretical part of the research base is revealed. The section includes:

· Analysis of key concepts and main theoretical approaches used in the research topic of the WRC, with a mandatory reference to the publication of leading specialists (psychologists), which were engaged in the study of certain aspects of this topic;

· Analysis of empirical data on the problem of study received by different authors, and the expression of their attitude towards them (which refers to what is critical and why);

The logic of the presentation of the material in the theoretical part should be subject to the purpose of formulating and justifying the hypothesis of the study and approaches to its empirical inspection.

When presenting the theoretical part, it is necessary to make references to literary sources (publications) from which one or another material is taken. The link is made using square brackets in which the number is affixed under which this publication is in the list of references used, for example. When quoting any positions and borrowing of excerpts of the text from the publication used, you must also specify the page number on which the appropriate text is located, for example.

The task of the theoretical part is to understand deeper in the essence of the selected study theme. This part shows the level of understanding of the student of the problem and research subject, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bhow the student is focused on who from psychologists and what contribution to the problem under study.

2.5.2. Empirical part

Unlike the theoretical part, where the student demonstrates his abilities to work with literature and analyze various theoretical concepts, in the empirical part, it demonstrates the skills of the practical use of various psychodiagnostic procedures, the ability to work with the subject, to organize and conduct psychological testing.

In this section, it is necessary to describe in detail the procedure for organizing and conducting the study used in the study methods and techniques, a list of diagnosed indicators, the procedure for processing and analyzing the initial empirical data.

The detailed answers to questions about what was investigated and measured, how was the study and measurement were obtained, which results were obtained. It is necessary to specify the degree of accuracy and the level of reliability of the results of the study.

The empirical part of the study includes:

Description and justification of the choice of techniques and procedures used in the study;

Indication of the procedure for selecting subjects for research;

Statement of the results of high-quality and quantitative processing and analysis of the resulting empirical data;

Interpretation of the data (i.e., the disclosure of their scientific psychological content, first of all, in the context of the problem and hypothesis of the study);

An assessment of the reliability of the conclusions that are made on the basis of an analysis of empirical data, and their relationship with the hypothesis of the study (as far as it is confirmed or is not confirmed).

Conclusion

This part of the work performs the role of the ending due to the logic of the study. Here is a summary of the results and conclusions obtained during the implementation of WRCs, their relationship with the common goal and the specific tasks set and formulated in the introduction. It is necessary to emphasize that new, substantial, which was obtained as a result of the study.

Usually the final results of the study are made in the form of a certain number of numbered paragraphs.

In this part, it can be noted which important side scientific results are obtained, which in this connection new scientific tasks come up.

Bibliography

The list of used literary sources is located after the conclusions and before applications. It allows you to document the accuracy of borrowing and links to the text.

The number of indicated literary sources is from 15 to 30.

The location of bibliographic sources is given either by the name of the author, or according to the first word in the title of the book, document or article, if the authors are not specified. The same authors are located in the initial alphabet. Proceedings of the author - in chronological order.

Empirical basis for studying social phenomena

The role of empirical data in the study of social phenomena is huge. A fairly deep study of the laws of interest to the sociologist is impossible without support for the analysis of concrete facts in which these patterns, in fact, are manifested. The "nutritious" medium for theoretical constructions is more often an empirical material 1. It is the real empirical facts 2, as a rule, serve as a means of testing theories, suggest the idea of \u200b\u200bthe extremely importantness of their adjustment, serve soil for the formation of new theoretical hypotheses.

What is sociological empirical data, ᴛ.ᴇ. data characterizing specific sociological facts; Data, in the form of which, strictly speaking, these facts are in front of us and perform? Data may appear in front of:

The set of numbers 3 characterizing those or other objects (as such aggregates, for example, the production characteristics of enterprises, the age of respondents, evaluations by graduates of schools of prestige of some professions, etc.) 4,

The sets of defined relationships between the objects under consideration (for example, when studying production teams, such indicators can serve as indications of each team of the brigade on whether it likes to work with any other member of the same brigade, such data is often used in the study of small groups [ Mathematical methods of analysis ... 1989, ch. 4]),

Results of pairwise comparison by respondents of any objects (such data are used in the pair comparison method [David, 1978] - the method of building a scale reflecting the average attitude of the studied aggregate of respondents to any objects).

The aggregate of certain statements (for example, respondents' answers to the question about their profession, about what they like in the government's policy; letters of reader-ie newspaper in the editor; fragments from journal articles, etc.),

Texts of documents;

Anyway, fixed results of observation of the non-verbal behavior of any people, etc.

Most often in sociological studies, data represents from self-absorption of any signs (characteristics, variables, values; we consider these terms synonyms) measured for each of the objects studied.

We will not deeply analyze the meaning of the term "sign", although there is something to talk about (in our opinion, this concept requires a special discussion; here we have not set such a goal). We will assume this meaning mostly intuitively clear. We note only some points.

The sign is not a common quality for all objects, specific manifestations of which (sign values; they are also called alternatives, gradations), generally speaking, they can change from the object to the object. Examples of signs - gender, age of respondents, their satisfaction with their work, etc. As values \u200b\u200bof the sign "age" can be 25 years old, 48 years, 21 years. It is worth saying that it is important for us that the introduction of almost any sign is the simulation of a rather high level. Signs do not exist by themselves, they are the fruit of our abstract considerations, ideal designs. In the public sciences, the corresponding abstraction process is sometimes very difficult. Its main stages are the separation of concepts (the process of the birth of which is no longer 5) and the implementation of their so-called. Operationalization. Extensive literature 6 is devoted to the process of the operationalization of concepts 6. We will not describe what the reader can lean out of it. We only note that, in our opinion, it needs to be understood somewhat wider than it is usually done. Thus, it makes sense to include, for example, various methods of scaling (say, obtaining on the basis of the direct survey of respondents of certain auxiliary features and the subsequent transition to other, latent variables through the construction of indexes, as is done, for example, when building a known Lykerta scales).

In practice, the problem of operationalization is often divided into two: the choice of signs that are indicators of concepts, and the choice of a set of values \u200b\u200bof each character (let's say, choosing a sign "age" as one of the indicators, we can consider it "continuous" and ask each respondent specify an integer number of years; and we can attribute a respondent number from 1 to 5 based on how the age interval the respondent falls: from 15 to 25 years, from 25 to 35 years, ..., older than 55 years; it is possible that we divide All people are only two groups - up to 30 years and older, etc.). Below (p.1.3) we will show that the process of operationalization makes sense to include the procedure for determining the type of scales used in obtaining the values \u200b\u200bof the observed signs of the scale. We also show that this process cannot be carried out in the separation from the analysis of data and the interpretation of its results.

In conceptualization of concepts, the questions should be solved, by no means lying on the surface. On the contrary, successful operationalization provides for the transition to a sufficiently deep conceptual level of consideration of the subject of the study, in which the signs are perceived as a reflection of the analysis parameters, relative to the objectives of the study, and the values \u200b\u200bof the signs - as the result of the dismemberment of each parameter to the definition categories, the key concepts of the study.

We also emphasize that, in obtaining information from the respondent, not only the list of gradation-answers to the questionnaire questions, but also the procedure for mentioning these gradations, a specific choice of words with their wording, preamble to the question, the procedure for issues in the questionnaire and etc. (See, for example, [Mosichev, 1996; Questions and answers ..., 1996]). We will not talk about this that I implicitly meaning it is extremely important to make solutions to relevant problems.

The question of the very existence of a sign, the interpretation of its values \u200b\u200bis sometimes very thin (see, for example, the work [Noel E., 1993], the author, despite the purely practical orientation of the book, considers it necessary to specify the relevant theoretical questions, introduces the concept " Thinking signs "and analyzes the pros and cons of transition to such thinking).

Next, we will consider the situation when each studied object appears in front of us in the form of a sequence of numbers - values \u200b\u200bfor it of some signs. Such data is usually set in the form of a table (matrix) "object object", whose strings correspond to objects (for example, respondents), and columns - featured (for example, each column - ϶ᴛᴏ respondents' answers to one of the questionnaire questions). An example of such a table is presented below.

Table 1

Sample Table "Object Sign"

When using multidimensional data analysis methods, the same information about the source objects is often different in the form of a fragment of the so-called feature space: the axes of such space are responsible for the signs under consideration, and each object is represented as a point whose coordinates are valid for this object of signs that meet the axes. Below is an example of a two-dimensional feature space (Fig. 1),

Fig. 1. An example of a two-dimensional feature space.

The marked points respond to respondents whose coordinates are specified in Table 1

the axes of which correspond to the signs of "age" and "satisfaction with labor", and the coordinates of objects correspond to the data of Table 1.

We emphasize that such a presentation of the objects studied, being initial for data analysis algorithms, in fact hides (should hide!) Research the researcher to understand what and why he studies (we will consider somewhat in more detail this position in paragraph 1.3 ). Many authors pay attention to this principal. For example, garlicov talks about the deep principal significance of the Object-Sign Matrix. Batygin writes about that. What "... A three-component logic-semantic structure, including the object, variable and its value, is a kind of ... The format of organized knowledge forming the data familiar to the sociologist" [Batygin, 1986, p. 135].

So, we facilitate some sociological task and we believe that it is extremely important for its solution to learn the definitive amount of data on some objects. For example, suppose that we have 1000 completed questionnaires in front of us, each of which appears 50 issues addressed to the respondent. Suppose that we are guessing that these data are hidden by regularities that are interested in us (we believe that the issues included in the questionnaire have been thoroughly thought out, are linked to the research hypothesis formulated in advance). But how to "extend" from that huge number of numbers that are available at our disposal? How not to "get lost" in this sea of \u200b\u200binformation? How to "Turn" through all these unbarrible data, can be able to see what interests us? Note that the problem of finding the way of "swimming" according to the described "sea" does not get up, not only before such a researcher, which is not familiar with data analysis methods. The fact is that the specificity, the complexity of social phenomena leads to numerous difficulties of analysis, it is extremely important to face a very creative approach to its implementation. This will be discussed below.

The empirical basis for studying social phenomena is the concept and species. Classification and features of the category "Empirical foundation for studying social phenomena" 2017, 2018.

The second head of research work is an analysis of the subject matter, which is based on the real facts obtained by the author. The author observes, explores, fixes, describes, analyzes and makes conclusions from what is happening in the reality studied. This is reflected in the title of the second chapter, which must be specific and contain key, reflecting the essence of the word study.

For example: "Empirical study of differences in the basic factors of the personality of teachers in the conditions of mental burnout", "emotional features of preschoolers from families with different styles of family education."

In this part of the study, the student shows how much he mastered the methods of scientific analysis of complex phenomena of reality, the practical activity of the psychologist, using methods and methods of research, the skills to use rational methods of selection, search, processing and systematizing information, to check it, the ability to make generalizations and conclusions.

Empirical studies can be represented by various types:

1. Descriptive study. In such a study, new facts relating to either poor objects and phenomena, or expansion of ideas about already known, but not sufficiently studied phenomena are revealed and described. In such a study, as a rule, a hypothesis of facts is put forward.

Example: " Research Hypothesis: There are differences in the development of personal qualities of younger students from full and incomplete families.».

2. Explanatory study.In such a study, not only new facts are revealed, but also an explanation of the facts obtained, finding out the relationships and causal dependencies between them. In such a study, a hypothesis is put forward or about relationships or about dependence.

Example: " In the process of preparing the study, a hypothesis was formulated that there is a relationship between the style of parent education and the level of anxiety of the child's child's child. "

3. Study according to the plan of the forming experiment. In such a study, the initial level of development of a sign, quality I.T. is stated in the beginning. P. Then a special situation is created either in the form of impact (for example: training, counseling, psychotherapeutic procedures, etc.), or in the form of correctional and developing classes. After the implementation of the impact, a new level of signs is stated and a comparison is compared before and after exposure, including using mathematical statistics methods. In such a study, hypothesis about the effectiveness of exposure is put forward.

Example: "The hypothesis is assumed that the active methods of exposure to the personality in the form of training contribute to the development of professionally important qualities of teachers."

There may be types of research, built through another plan: psychodiagnostic research, experimental and number of others.

The empirical head of the study at the beginning of its development requires the formulation of goals and objectives empirical research is preciselyBut at the same time they should relate to the goals and objectives of the study as a whole and are their concretization.

Example: " The purpose of the study: to identify differences in the personal features of teachers with different degrees of mental burnout».

The goal was specified through the formulation of the following tasks:

1) Choose a technique unit for studying the level of mental burnout;

2) assess the level of emotional depletion, depersonalization and reduction of professional achievements of primary and secondary school teachers;

3) measure the severity of basic personal characteristics in terms of their manifestation in the professional activities of primary and secondary school teachers with mental burnout syndrome;

4) conduct a comparative analysis of personal factors, depending on the content of the activities of primary and secondary school teachers;

The hypothesis of the study is given, which is the assumption of the possibility of solving the problem, it reflects the relationship between the varying sign of the study (this is an independent variable) and the results to which it leads (this is a dependent variable). The hypothesis can be specified in the empirical part of the study.

Example: " In the process of preparing the study, hypothesis was formulated: the personal features of the burnt professionals vary depending on the content of the activity. It was assumed to prove the following private hypotheses:

2. The level of mental burnout of the educators of the boarding school leads to differences in the structure of the basic factors of the individual. "

The optimal volume of the empirical part of the study is 30-35 pages and there can be no less than theoretical part of the study. The small volume of the empirical chapter allows you to assume the impact of the author to apply the detailed interpretation of the results. If the volume is too big, this indicates the inability of the author to properly generalize and submit the data obtained.

In no matter what an empirical study was built, it involves a description of the organization, methods and methods of research, they are included in the first paragraph from which the second chapter begins.

The usual name of this paragraph: Organization and methods of research. In this paragraph, the tasks of empirical research are revealed, the stages of the study, methods and methods of research are given, the detailed characteristics of the study group indicating the main socio-demographic characteristics and those features that are related to the goals, objectives and hypothesis of the study, the specific place of work is indicated, Classes, number of subjects, age, profession, marital status and other characteristics.

The number of subjects attracted to the study may be different and depends on the objectives of the study. The minimum number of them cannot be less than 30-35 people. If a forming plan is used in the work, the number of participants in the control and experimental group is 12-15 people in each group.

In this section, it is also necessary to bring those methods with which the studied groups were formed if the study plan provided for the presence of two or more groups. As a rule, two groups are used in research work, so it is necessary to bring information about their equivalence or about those methods that have been formed by equivalent groups, as well as transfer the features that were used in the selection of the subjects.

The following briefly describes the methods and techniques used in the study relating to both the information collection and processing. The diagnostic toolkit is selected in such a way that with its help it can be properly evaluated by the magnitude of all the factors necessary for the study. Initially, methods are given, and then they are specified with the listing and description of the techniques. Famous techniques are simply called in a generally accepted abbreviated form, indicating the author, the place of publication and measuring capabilities.

Example description:

"16-factor personal questionnaire R. Kettella (16 PF).

Multifactor personal questionnaire gives multifaceted information about individuality. With it, it is possible to find out intellectual, emotional and volitional features, communicative properties and features of interpersonal interaction.

This study used one of the modifications of this test. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the content of personal factors and their relationships, the following factors blocks are allocated:

1) intellectual features (factors B, M, Q1);

2) emotional and volitional features (factors C, G, I, O, Q3, Q4);

3) Communicative properties and features of interpersonal interaction (Factors A, H, F, E, Q2, N, L).

Based on the 16 main factors, two secondary factor are calculated: Extraversion-introversion (F1), anxiety (F2). The test includes validity scales: the scale of "motivational distortion" (MD), the scale "look bad" (FB).

The profile rise above seven walls was interpreted as the severity of the positive pole of the factor, the indicator of less than four walls was interpreted as the severity of the negative pole of this factor. The questionnaire 16-PF allows you to describe a personal structure in a detaent manual, reveal the relationships of individual identity characteristics, identify hidden personal problems. "

Original (author) and little-known techniques are described in more detail, the characteristics of their direction, processing methods, validity and reliability data are given. Information on the development and verification of the methodology is provided in the application.

The description of the methods and methodologies of information about how the choice of research methods is due. As a rule, the following points are taken into account: Compliance of the methodology Methodological foundation for research, goals, objectives and hypothesis of research, age and other features of the groups under study, as well as their psychometric parameters (validity and reliability), other arguments are possible.

The paragraph describing the organization and methods of the study should be paragraphs, which describes the studies of the source variables, interpreting them varying and setting the levels of development of signs. What kind of signs are investigated, should be reflected in the title of this paragraph.

· « Study of the basic characteristics of the personality of the boarding schools of the boarding school with mental burnout syndrome ";

· "Features of manifestation of emotions of preschoolers and family education styles."

In this section of research, it is necessary to establish the parameters of the studied feature, bring specific data, to follow them and give them a deployed interpretation. Since there are several methods and methods in the study, it is advisable to introduce the stage of the presentation, considering at each stage one or more similar variables.

« At the first stage of the study, the formation of social emotions in preschoolers was identified using A.V. technique Zaporozhets, D.B. Elkonin "Studying social emotions." We conducted two series, which were as follows: ... "

The discussion of the results obtained is accompanied by references to the tables and illustrations, which can act graphs, diagrams, schematic images and other information. To illustrate the ratio of percentage, circular charts are used. They must be convenient for reading and understanding the information given in them and contain all the necessary designations and signatures.

Illustrations in the text are called drawings, they have their own numerations in the text, which is installed in the illustration and has through-numbers throughout the text.

Fig. 1. The choice of adolescents of behavior strategies in conflict.

In the text of this paragraph, you must give a clear and consistent description of these tables and diagrams and the interpretation of the results with an indication of which the author of the work is referred to which tables. Table text is provided in the appendix to the thesis. If the information placed in the table is important, then in the text of the work, you can use the final lines of the tables shown in the application. For each stage of the study, it is necessary to conclude the level of development of the studied attribute. The second paragraph of the chapter describing the organized and conducted study contains only a statement of facts, a comparative analysis of the results obtained is carried out in the next paragraph.

Tables design rules. Each table has a meaningful name, it indicates that it was measured which method and who is its author. The table structure should be apparent to the reader. The table must have a summary generalizing information on rows, and sometimes on columns that serves as arguments confirming or illustrating the author's allegations. Tables may be accompanied by a visual representation of the results in the form of charts, graphs. Measurement parameters for each subject are located in the application.

An empirical study implies a study and justification of a method or methodology using reliable data. In other words, these studies have a factual basis, and in the process of their study, reliable experience and proven allegations are applied.

Empirical studies are carried out with the help of various sociological surveys, the surveys associated with archival data. Because of this, the empirical method is sometimes also called socio-psychological.

The literal empirical method of research is called the "Iron irrefutable fact method". It is often meant that the main factors in the study of one or another phenomenon should be only those aspects that a person can experience physically on itself.

The internal structure of the empirical level. It forms two sunspeas: a) direct observations and experiments, the result of which are observation data; b) Cognitive procedures by which the transition from these observation data to empirical dependencies and facts is carried out.

The database for empirical research can be directly "practical sites" (real organization, school, group of people in interest, etc.) and the "artificial platform" (laboratory, special premises where research is being studied, etc.).

The database of empirical research is the organization (institution), where an empirical study was carried out. As such, any institution or organization (education, health care, social sphere, production, commercial, the structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Emergency Situations, MBA, Organize an empirical (including experimental) study and collect the necessary empirical material.

An important component of an empirical study is to identify and substantiate the sampling of the study.

The sample is the subjects selected from the studied population to participate in the study. The main quality is representativeness, which determines the validity (reliability) of the study and is achieved by adequate methods of selection of the subjects.

Selection and justification of research methods

Choosing a research methodology, you need to take into account a number of factors: the objectives and objectives of the study, the level of hardware equipment of the methodology, the complexity of the application and processing data, the conditions of the study.

Sources of empirical information and methods of working with them.

In journalism, there are two main groups of reality research methods: rational-cognitive (empirical and theoretical) methods and artistic method.

TO empirical methodsbased on the acquisition of knowledge as a result of direct contact with reality include observation, work with documents, interviews and experiment.

Journalistic observation purposefully, consistently systematically. Thus, it differs from the ordinary observation, which is spontaneous. Journalistic observation characterize

· according to the organization's method: open (the journalist seems to) and hidden (the journalist does not seem to);

· according to the degree of journalist: included (journalist direct participant) and included (Journalist only observer);

· under the terms of the study of the subject: direct (direct observation) and indirect (mediated observation due to a number of reasons - remoteness, security of the object);

· According to a temporary basis: short-term and long.

Work with documents. Under the documents in this case, not only official papers are meant, but any evidence that may vary

· by type of fixation (printed, handwritten, magnetic films, etc.)

· according to the degree of purpose for printing (intended and not);

· on the field of activity that has breeding a document (domestic, industrial, scientific, reference and information, etc.).

There are two basic methods of working with documents. Traditional (Qualitative), involving acquaintance with the document and its interpretation. Formalized method under construction content analysis, i.e., the study of a large array of the same type of documents according to certain parameters.

Interview method Includes any work built on the principle of survey: traditional interview, conversation, survey, survey.

Experiment method He has two forms. The first of them is known for a long time called "Journalist Changes Profession." The second, actually, is an experiment: a journalist specially models the situation and watches as it proceeds.

what is the empirical basis of the study? And got the best answer

Answer from Yyobolev Ilya [Guru]
Empirical, based on experience, learning the facts based on direct observation.
The emempic basis of the study is the studied facts, phenomena, as well.
That is, it is emeperically refer to this or that phenomenon, the substance, the process, it means to produce research based on the already existing facts, the phenomena concerned about the issue under study.

Answer from Polyakova Karina[expert]
founded on experience

Answer from Danil[guru]
Empirism (from Greek. Έμπειρία - experience) - direction in the theory of knowledge, recognizing sensual experience the only source of reliable knowledge.

Answer from Lena Forever[guru]
experienced data (data obtained by experienced, on the basis of which conclusions are made in research. For example, in sociology, it is the percentage distribution of answers to various questions in the questionnaire obtained by survey.
Empirika is and there are valid experiences. For example, the theoretically, the social mood index is a complex indicator, which includes the measurement of subjective assessments of different parties to the public and personal life of the population, and empirically, it is 80 points out of 100 at the end of 2008.

Answer from Streamer.[guru]
The theoretical part of the study you are "dial" from books / periodicals, and an empirical experience :), if you can say so. On a concrete example, a diploma for the development of the thinking of children with mental retardation. The theory of monographs, someone - what - what a giant of this problem, in an empirical (experienced) part, ideally, consider how specific methods (which you have learned in Lit-re) work on specific mentally retarded children (group of children ). Next, in the empirical part, you will need to show how much the methods you have selected, how they are abutable in a particular situation. For better reflection 🙂 you need to build diagrams, tables.
Like that.
Briefly: Empirical is an experienced or practical part of the study.

Answer from 2 response[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is the empirical basis of the study?

Culturalology. Help please find the definition of the term "cultural analysis" or "cultural approach".
Integrative analysis method, closest to the historical and philosophical tradition.