Types of coordinating unions. Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

Which are necessary to link components in a complex sentence, homogeneous members in a sentence, as well as individual sentences in one text.

In Russian, the class of allied words and conjunctions includes those words that are responsible for syntactic links in a sentence or word form. Unlike prepositions that perform a service function in unity with case nouns forms, this part of speech is not only not connected in any way with the grammatical form of the connected words, but is generally indifferent to their belonging to any part of speech. The same thing can connect as nouns (for example, " i have a dad and a mom”), as well as verbs (“ boy singing and dancing""), adjectives (" girl is beautiful and smart”), adverbs and even those words that belong to different parts of speech. The only condition is the coincidence of their syntactic functions - for example: " write beautifully and without errors ".

Many unions and allied words should not so much establish a connection as identify and concretize it. This is another of their distinctive abilities that prepositions do not have. The latter with case inflection not only reveal the connection, but at the same time form it.

Unions are not only not considered members of the proposal - they do not change. By origin, they are divided into derivatives - for example, to, as if in which one can trace the method-formation connection with those significant words from which these unions were formed. Another variety is non-derivative unions, which are not related by origin in today's Russian with other parts of speech. These are unions or, yes, and.

And according to the method of use, the following forms are distinguished:

• non-recurring or single - however, but;
• pairs or doubles, for example, how…and if…then;
• recurring is and…and, neither…nor.

Based on the structure, unions are divided into simple ones, which are written without spaces - ah, because, and into components- while, since.

By the nature of the syntactic relations expressed with their help, there are compositional and subordinating conjunctions.

Coordinative types connect equal components - such as parts

According to their meaning, coordinating allied words are:

• connectives that express the enumeration relation - yes, and, also, and...and, also;
• adversative, expressing the attitude of opposition - however, but, ah, same;
• dividing, expressing the relationship of mutual exclusion - or ... or, or, then ... then;
• explanatory, which express the relation of explanation - like that, exactly;
• joining, expressing the relation of joining - and also, yes and.

Their other variety - subordinating conjunctions - is designed to show the dependence of one component on another, linking together, mainly, the links of a complex sentence. Sometimes they are also used in simple sentences for heterogeneous and homogeneous members.

For example, subordinating conjunctions although, as, as if, as if, than.

The day in winter is shorter than the night. The lake is like a mirror. As you can see, subordinating conjunctions connect any members of the sentence. They can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Separate compound conjunctions are used in cases where there is a main and several. These are, for example, such words: who, where, which, which, whose, where, how much, from where, why, why, how much.

According to the value parameter, subordinating conjunctions are of the following categories:

• causal - because, since, for;
• temporary - when, only, while, hardly;
• target - in order to, in order to;
• conditional - if, if, if;
• explanatory - how, what, to;
• concessions - though; although;
• comparative - as, as if, exactly, as if, than;
• consequences - so.

Before starting to study the topic "Composing conjunctions", let's consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are service parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and copulas are studied. They do not have a nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help to express the relationship between them. In a sentence, they are not members and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no stress, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.

Unions

Unions connect homogeneous members simple sentences and part of a complex sentence. They are composing and subordinating.

Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a compound sentence can connect coordinating conjunctions.

Unions and their groups

By value, these unions are divided into the following groups:

1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither ... nor, and ... and. For example: Write and read in Russian. It rained all day and the wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything Yes shakes his mouth. Neither wind, neither storm, neither the thunder could not keep him from the trip. AND first, and second, and the third was brought to the table without delay.

2. Nasty: but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: Father said a the whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, but heat. Little, Yes remote. It was difficult there but very interesting. The officer approached the building but not in a hurry to enter the entrance.

3. Dividing: or, or…or, either, or…or, then…that, or…either, not that…not that. For instance: Whether Sun, either snow, either love, either no. Be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around or sat waiting for food. Or I had to go ahead or stay and wait. Sharp gusts of wind then plucked the leaves from the trees, then branches were bent to the ground.

4. Comparative: like…and; not only but). For example: Guests how unexpectedly arrived so suddenly they left. They visited Not only in Moscow, but and in Kiev.

5. Connecting: yes, and, also, also. For example: We are learning, adults are learning too. He laughed at us also became fun. We were praised for our work yes and for the children too

Writing unions. Kinds

Differ:

Singles: but...

Recurring: and...and, or...or, either...either, neither...nor...

Double: like...and, not only...but also...

Spelling of coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation marks

A comma is placed before the union and when it connects parts of a complex sentence.

before the union and the comma is not put if it connects two members of the sentence.

When repeating the union and a comma is placed after each member of the sentence connected by it.

Before opposing alliances ah, but, yes (but) always put a comma: The sky was overcast, but there was no more rain. We went to the commandant a the son went into the room. Small spool, Yes roads.

Unions are written together: also, also, but. To make sure that also, also, but unions, you need instead too, also substitute union and, but instead but- union but. If such a stand is possible, then these are unions and they need to be written together.

Coordinating conjunctions: examples

1. I too wrote, but also(pronoun then and particle same) while listening carefully.

2. Poet also sang well. They all same way(adverb So and particle same) every day waiting for letters from children.

3. Hide for that(pretext per and demonstrative pronoun then) tree. Worked a lot but all finished.

Conclusion

Sentences with coordinating conjunctions are very widely used in the scientific, colloquial, official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.

According to syntactic properties, unions are divided into coordinative
and subordinates.

Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a simple
sentences and parts of compound sentences. Formal
a feature of the coordinating union is that, being located
waiting for connected components, it is not included in the syntactic
the structure of none of them. Whereas the subordinating conjunction belongs to
lives in the adnexal part, together with which it can occupy different positions

tions in relation to the main sentence: When the detachment entered the
kind, the sun was setting -> The sun was setting when the detachment entered the city ->
The sun was setting when the detachment entered the city.

Coordinating conjunctions connect components both functionally
equal: when composing, it is impossible to single out either the main or the dependent
my parts. At the same time, the homogeneity expressed by the coordinative conjunction
um, it's not the same. It can refer to the syntactic level -
union connects the same members of the sentence: I will get a cat and a parrot;

can be lexico-semantic - the union connects different forms
with their common or the same type of referential orientation: I say
with poets and about poets(V. Z. Sannikov); as well as communicative
uz connects functionally different members of the sentence: It's raining,
and strong; She will return, but not soon - adjective and adverb
connected by a coordinating union to a sentence, are read
also as a suggestion) 106 .

Coordinating unions are divided into: 1) connecting, 2) separating
telative, 3) adversative, in which gradational,
4) connecting and 5) explanatory.

Note. This classification is traditional. She (with not-
significant variations) is presented in many grammars
Russian language. V. 3. Sannikov proposed a division of coordinative
unions not on the basis of a syntactic relationship, but on the basis of
range. He singled out connecting, dividing and substituent
solid unions. Connecting unions connect parts, each of
which denotes a real / unreal fact. On the basis of re-
modality, adversatives are also classified as connective
unions (and, obviously, explanatory
unions). Separating unions are associated with the modality of possible
sti fact. Substitutive unions include unions of the type not... but, which
indicate that only the second part of the syntactic
structures denotes a real fact: Petya does not sleep, but reads(Peter,
reads instead of sleeping) 107 .

Connecting unions and, neither ... nor, yes(in the meaning of m), like... so
«... and. These unions express a connection that is not complicated by an additional
meanings, they are often used to refer to the listed
niya: And my Matryona became neither a peahen nor a crow(Krylov); And a sling
and an arrow and a crafty dagger spare the winner years(Pushkin). by the most
abstract from connecting unions is the union and, which, by
according to A. M. Peshkovsky, expresses the "pure idea of ​​\u200b\u200bconnection." Union
and is not only used to express enum and join.

For more on this, see: V. Z. Sannikov. Russian writing constructions. Semanti-
ka. Pragmatics. Syntax. M., 1989. S. 13-25.

V. Z. Sannikov. Decree op. pp. 92-97.

Based on adverbs, particles, modal words (and then, and therefore,
and therefore, and therefore, and yet, and yet, and yet) as well as
the meaning of the combined parts, he can convey temporary, causes
but-investigative, concessive, conditional, adversative and attached
divisive values.

Divisive unions or, either, then... then. not that... not that, or... or,
either ... or, either ... either, or that, or not that express two main syn-
taxic relations: 1) meaning of mutual exclusion: Is she-
telegram - fell into a snowdrift and now lies deep under the snow, or
she fell on the path and was pulled away by some passer-by ...(Gaidar), 2)
order of precedence: That rain, then hail, then snow, like white fluff, then the sun,
glitter, azure and waterfalls...(Bunin); A storm clouds the sky. Whirlwinds of snow
nye twisting: The way the beast she will howl, Then she will cry like a child(Pushkin).

Note. V. 3. Sannikov noted the use in the dividing
meaning of the union and; to this meaning he cites an example from "The Miserly
knight" by Pushkin: The Baron is healthy. God willing - ten years, twenty,
and twenty five. and he will live thirty sh.

Opposing alliances ah, but, however, yes(meaning but) are
polysemantic, the context can modify their content; os-
new meaning of the union a comparative: Snow is still whitening in the fields,
and the waters are already rustling in the spring(Tyutchev), unions but, nevertheless, yes - contra-
body: She approaches - and in tears She looked at the noisy waters. hit,
sobbing into her chest, In the waves she decided to drown - However, she did not jump into the water
And continued on her way(Pushkin).

Gradational unions (they are also called double matchers)
unions) not only but. not only ... but, not only not ... but, not
so much, .. how much, not even that and others express a comparison or
opposition in terms of significance: He is not only handsome, but
and talented.

Affiliating unions yes and, yes and that, (and) moreover, (and) moreover,
too, also express additional information to what has been said: Water
there was a lot, and besides, it was not spoiled.

Explanatory conjunctions namely, that is, or, somehow express in
clarification and clarification: They drank as usual, that is, a lot(Push-
kin); Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, at the Oblonskys...(L. Tolstoy);

Pets, namely cats, have a calming effect on a person.
impressively; She is called so, that is, her nickname is Manilovka, and Zamanilovki
not here at all(Gogol).

Note. In some works, explanatory conjunctions delimit
are derived from coordinative ones and are recognized as lexemes that form

There. S. 197.

a special type of syntactic relations, intermediate between
subservient and submissive relationships.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions attach subordinate parts to the main
parts of a complex sentence. Some subordinate
solid conjunctions are also used in the construction of a simple sentence.
Yes, union how can be placed before the nominal part of the compound
called: House as a courtyard or enter into the circumstance of the image
actions: Like smoke dissipated dreams(Lermontov), ​​union to maybe
attach the circumstance of the goal expressed by the infinitive:

Gathered to discuss a plan of action.Wed: Gathered to discuss the plan
actions.

Subordinating conjunctions are usually divided into semantic and ase-
mantic. The latter include unions that attach subordinate
nye explanatory sentences: what, how, to, as if. They are usually
compared with grammatical cases, since with the help of explanatory
native unions are often replaced by such syntactic places,
in which there may be a grammatical case (I hear the sound of the wind,
It is heard that 1 as 1 as if the wind is making noise; Dreaming of spring. Dreaming like
Spring; I remembered what happened. remember what happened). Like gram-
matic cases, explanatory conjunctions express syntactic
relations predetermined (given) by the semantics of that word (or
word forms) to which the subordinate clause refers. Izyas-
native union does not form the syntactic meaning of a complex preposition
position, but only expresses it.

However, it would be wrong to think that in terms of content
explanatory conjunctions are empty words. Explanatory conjunctions
differ from each other by the modal components of the meaning. Union
to expresses the desired modality (tell me to come)
as if - uncertainty (I see that someone is standing) that and how connection-
us with real modality.

Semantic subordinating conjunctions have their own meanings
niya. They define syntactic relations in the structure of a complex
suggestions.

Semantic unions are divided into groups according to their meaning: 1) tense
unions when, before, after, just... how, as soon as,
just barely 2) causal because, because, since, in view of that
that, especially since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that
that, in connection with the fact that. due to the fact that, as a result of the fact that;

3) conditional if. if... then, if, if, provided
what if and etc.; 3) concessions despite the fact that, although, despite

to the fact that, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, regardless of
what; 4) consequences so, resulting in; 5) goals in order to, for that
so that, for the sake of, in order to, so that; 6) comparative
as, as if, as if, as if, as, as, as, as
as, as if; 7) comparative unions coinciding with subordinate
unions on a formal basis, but not opposite in meaning
assigned to coordinating conjunctions if... then, while, inter-
du those how, then how, as, how, than ... those. For instance, Fathers
they didn’t go to each other’s, she hadn’t seen Alexei yet, while
(= a) young neighbors only talked about him(Pushkin).

Notes. 1. Comparative unions, due to the fact that they are not expressed
reap syntactic inequality, sometimes included in the composition
coordinative, especially in cases where it is possible to replace
union a 109 . 2. Among the comparative unions, it should be especially noted
union how, used in the structure of a simple sentence
in a function synonymous with preposition as (We know him as a teacher
tel 1 as a teacher). The specifics of the corresponding design
tions is that the union attaches a noun, case-
whose final form is chosen on the basis of agreement: he(I. p.)
like it as a poet(I. p.), help him(D. p.) like a poet(D. p.), ce-
him him(V. p.) like a poet(V. p.), interested in him(T. p.) what is it in-
this(T. p.s. I'll tell you about it.(P. p.) how about a poet(P. p.) 110 .

allied words

Allied words (or relative pronouns) - this is a place-
nominal words of various parts of speech used in the construction
complex sentence as a subordinating conjunction.
Submission, formalized by an allied word, is usually called relative
telny.

The following lexemes are used as allied words: who what,
which, which, what, whose, where, where, from where, when, how, why, why,
why, how much.

Unlike unions, allied words are members of a sentence
a semantic question can be posed to them, and, what is important, they
are divided into subordinate parts on the basis of syntactic connection with other
components. For example, in a sentence The most amazing thing was
how quickly they agreed(Fadeev) word how forms phrases
adverb quickly, in which the value of the degree is expressed, and in
therefore cannot be considered an alliance. Similarly, the union word what -

109 Modern Russian language. Part 2 / Ed. E. I. Dibrova. pp. 148-149.

110 For more on this see A. F. Priyatkina. Union "as" in the meaning of "as". Vladivostok
stock, 1975.

it is always or strongly controlled V. p. (Remember what you said ut-
rum), or I. p. subject (It's hard to understand what's going on).

The allied function of relative pronouns is based on
their properties. 1. When making subordinate explanatory clauses
pronoun sentences implement their interrogative semantics
and are selected depending on what the question is directed to: US
they asked who was coming, what happened when the cold came, why
planes do not fly, what summer is expected etc.

Note. lexeme when is a union if it attaches
exact time.

2. If the subordinate clause refers to a noun
or correlative pronoun, then the allied word realizes
its ability to be used anaphorically: most often it introduces
in the subordinate clause the component mentioned in the main part:

tell me about the letter you received; I am the one you are waiting for; we were
where you are going; on the birch that grows under my window, the jackdaws
nest.

Note. Relative pronouns-adjectives in the design
substantive clauses in gender and number are consistent with
noun in the main part to which they refer, and the form
case is determined by their place in the structure of the subordinate clause
zheniya. Cm. The places they passed through could not be named
picturesque(Turgenev) - prepositional case form for which
predetermined by the syntactic relationship with the verb passed (Where
passed? - Passed through ...), and the number is determined by agreement
with the word form places.

We continue to explore the levels of the language system, based on . This lesson will focus on the morphology and spelling of unions. The topic is big, but ahead of the holidays, you can consider this task for the rest!

Lesson 17. Union. Morphology (grammatical meaning) and comments. Coordinating, subordinating and connecting syntactic connection. Spelling of separately coordinating conjunctions that is, that is and allied unions also, also, but, how ... so much , connecting unions and, besides, why . Spelling of subordinating conjunctions so that, so that, because, because and introductory word so acting as a union. Learning to create statements

I. Union - a service part of speech that is used to connect independent parts of speech in a sentence and the sentences themselves, for example: On a big tree what grew in front of my house, crows and magpies settled down.

Morphological analysis of the union.

1. The syntactic function of unions is the role of fastening elements of both sentence members and sentences. According to their syntactic function, unions are divided into coordinating, subordinating, connecting.
2. grammatical meanings.
3. Structural structure.

Comments on morphological analysis

1. Composing, subordinating and affiliations got their name from the type of syntactic (grammatical) connection of independent parts of speech in a sentence and the sentences themselves - coordinating (composing), subordinating (subordinating) and connecting (joining).

writing the syntactic connection establishes equal relations between the independent parts of speech, which in the sentence become members of the sentence, and the sentences themselves. This is expressed in the fact that writing connection from one member of a sentence or sentence it is impossible to raise a question to another member of a sentence or sentence, for example:

1) Masha and Petya went to school today.- Nouns Masha and Peter in that simple sentence act in the syntactic role of subjects, and these subjects are interconnected by a coordinating link as homogeneous members of the sentence.

2) Masha went to school today and Petya followed her.- In this complex sentence, with the help of a coordinating connection, two equal simple sentences are connected, which is why the whole sentence is called a compound sentence.

The fastening element of the members of the sentence and the sentence-parts in the compound sentence is the coordinating union and.

Subordinating syntactic connection establishes relations of subordination, dependencies between independent parts of speech - members of the sentence and the sentences themselves. This is expressed in the fact that with a subordinate relationship from one member of a sentence or sentence, you can put a question to another member of the sentence (compose a phrase) or sentence, for example:

1) Little Masha played with dolls.- In this simple sentence, a noun is connected by a subordinate connection Masha(subject) and adjective small(definition), verb played(predicate) and a noun with a preposition in dolls(addition).

Exercise. Connect with questions all the indicated parts of speech - members of the sentence.

2) [Petya saw] how(little Masha played with dolls).- In this complex sentence, from one simple sentence (main, enclosed in square brackets), you can raise a question to another simple sentence (subordinate, enclosed in parentheses): Petya saw(what?), how little Masha played with dolls. From the subordinating connection, with the help of which the main and subordinate clauses are connected, the entire complex sentence is called a complex sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions connect only simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate (in this case union how), the members of the sentence are not connected by subordinating conjunctions.

Connecting a syntactic connection is used in a statement divided into two parts. The attached second part acts as a clarification, explanation, additional judgment, development of the thought of the first part. At the same time, the logical stress falls on the second, attached, part. Both members of the proposal and the proposal can join, for example:

1) V free time Ivan sang and great.- A circumstance expressed by an adverb is added in a simple sentence with the help of a union and.

2) In his free time, Ivan sang, besides he did it wonderfully.- Joins in a complex sentence the second simple sentence to the first with the help of a union besides.

2. writing

• connecting - and yes (in meaning and), also, likewise, also, neither ... nor etc. Masha and Petya went to school today.
• separating - or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, either ... or etc. I don't know if it's raining or snowing outside.
• adversative - ah but yes (in meaning but),but, however, although, as etc. This not rain, but snow.
• comparative - so ... as, if not ... then, as much ... as far as, not only ... but and etc. I know mathematics as well as I can.
• explanatory - or, that is, that is etc. Sasha is an extraordinary, that is, simply wonderful, person.

Exercise. Look again at the examples and determine which words - parts of speech in each sentence are connected by conjunctions. Follow how, with the help of conjunctions, they connect, separate, contrast, compare and explain the concepts contained in these words.

Subordinating unions according to the grammatical meanings are divided into:

• defining - which, which, whose, where, where, from where … [A man] (which one?), whom I saw from the window, entered the door.
• explanatory - what, to, as if, how, as if not, whether … [Look] (what?), if anyone has come.
• temporary - when, while, for the time being, while … While dawn was breaking (when?, at what time?), [the ships had already left the harbor].
• causal - because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since … [I write poetry] (why?, for what reason?), because I can't help it.
• consequences - so (subordinate clauses of the effect connected by this union denote the effect of the cause contained in the main clause). [He dressed warmly], so that he is not afraid of the cold. (The frost is not terrible for him, due to the fact that he dressed warmly).
• target - so that, so that, so that, in order to, so that, so that … [Marina tried to behave](for what?, for what purpose?) so that she is not punished.
• comparative - like, like, like, like … [The snow was falling so quietly](how?) as if nature stood still for a while.
• conditional - if, how, if, whether ... whether, once ... then, if ... then etc. If you go out in the cold without a hat(under what condition?) , [you can get sick].
• concessions - although, despite the fact that, let (let) … Even though it's raining(although what?, in spite of what?) , [I'll still go for a walk].

Exercise. Determine where in a simple sentence a derivative preposition is used and where in a complex subordinate - a union.
1) Due to the fact that the author did not finish the story, it was not accepted by the publisher.

2) Due to the past heavy rains, the potato crop was in jeopardy.

Connecting unions - and, and, moreover, moreover, then, why … He studied well, and in all subjects.

3. As can be seen from the examples, unions are divided by structure into:

1) single ( and yes, also to etc.)

2) repeating ( and ... and, that ... that, whether ... whether etc.

3) double ( so ... as, not only ... but also, as much ... as etc.).

IMPORTANT! Conjunctions, like prepositions, can be complex and consist of several parts ( that is, not only ... but also, despite the fact that etc.), but represent one word.

additional information

1. In addition to unions, in complex sentence allied words are used as a ligament of the main and subordinate parts: pronouns what, which, what, adverbs how, when, where, where. They differ from unions in their syntactic function: allied words are independent parts of speech and act as members of a subordinate clause, they can be replaced by independent parts of speech; unions serve only to connect the main and subordinate parts and are not members of the sentence. Compare:

1) [I know], ( what soon will). - Union word, pronoun, subject, can be replaced by a noun in the nominative case: I know, winter will be soon. Please note that the logical stress falls on the allied word.

2) [I know], what(soon will winter). - Subordinating union. In the subordinate part to it, it is impossible to raise a question from any member of the sentence. It is in a sentence in an unstressed position.

2. Usually, it is easy to draw a line between the coordinating and subordinating union, but there is also homonymy of coordinating and subordinating unions, for example, the union how. Compare:

1) [Student doesn't know](what?) , how(to solve this problem).- Union how is in the subordinate clause and refers to the subordinating.

2) Brother works in a factory how engineer.- Union how connects the predicate works and the circumstance engineer in a simple sentence and refers to the coordinative ones.

3. The same union can be used with different meaning, on which the punctuation marks in the sentence depend. For example, the conjunction or can have as a delimiter value, for example: Masha wants to learn to write or read, and explanatory, for example: Behemoth in front of you or hippopotamus(the hippopotamus is also a hippopotamus).

II. Some coordinating and connecting conjunctions are indistinguishable by ear with combinations of adverbs and pronouns with prepositions and particles. The main thing when clarifying the part of speech in a sentence is to remember that: a) the union as a service part of speech cannot be questioned, b) replace independent part speech can only be synonymous or similar independent, and official - official.

1. Are written apart synonymous coordinating explanatory conjunctions that is, that is , For example: They drank as usual, that is, a lot.(A. Pushkin)

Exercise. Union then bi sh is obsolete. Saying a phrase today On the third day, that is, the day before yesterday, my friend and I were at an exhibition of paintings, what nuance we will give it?

2. Are written together 1) connecting unions too, also 2) adversative but 3) comparative as much ... as 4) connecting and, besides, why .

Connecting unions too and also are synonymous with each other, and both are synonymous with conjunction and, For example: I also (I also, and I) want to study at this school.

Unions, too, also need to be distinguished from the pronoun then and adverbs so with the same particle.

Demonstrative pronoun combinations then with particle same and adverbs So with particle same contain a comparison-correlation: pronouns with an object (the same person, phenomenon), adverbs - with a sign of action. Compared similar object and sign of action are contained in the context or are logically derived from it. In this case, the particle can be omitted altogether. For instance:

1) I got an A in math. The same thing happened in Russian(the same event repeated).

2) The weather was good all summer last year. It was the same this year.(same as this year; same as last).

Often with a demonstrative pronoun then with particle same is the pronoun what, and with the adverb So with particle same- adverb how. For instance:

1) I read the same as my friend(read the same as my friend; read the book as my friend).

2) Children will spend this summer the same way as the previous one.(same as the previous one; good, like the previous one).

Exercise. Try to explain why the expression in the same time it is written only in this way and not otherwise. Give an example of a sentence with this expression.

Adversarial alliance but synonymous in meaning with the adversative conjunction but and establishes opposition relations between the members of the sentence and the sentences, for example: It was getting cool, but (but) not so damp.

This union must be distinguished from the preposition per with demonstrative pronoun then. When using a preposition with a pronoun, it should be remembered that the demonstrative pronoun then in this case determines the noun following it, for example: The girl hid behind that tree(for a neighboring, for a large tree).

Exercise. Opposing alliances but and but are not always synonymous. Based on the shades of meaning, choose which of the unions you will put instead of the ellipsis in the sentence We came to visit, ... there was no one at home. What other opposing conjunctions are suitable in this case?

Double comparative conjunction how...so much synonymous with repeating conjunction how... and, for example: As far as Sasha is truthful, so affable(both truthful and friendly).

This union must be distinguished from pronouns with a preposition for how much, for so much, acting in the meaning of the account, for example: How much Alyosha recovered in the camp, how much he lost weight at home from illness(gained five kilograms, lost five kilograms).

Affiliating unions and, besides, why, are used in connecting constructions in a simple and complex sentence, for example (pay attention to the synonyms given in brackets):

1) The speaker's speech was interesting, and (moreover, including) to all those present.

2) The sun was high, moreover (moreover, but) the heat subsided a little.

3) Sasha went without a hat in the cold, which is why (why) he fell ill.

It is necessary to distinguish combinations of prepositions with pronouns from unions at what, at that, for that, from what, which are never used in connecting structures.
Combination what does used in interrogative sentences: What are you doing here? and also in the answer to this question: I'm here for nothing.

Exercise. Explain the spelling of the particle in this expression.

Combinations with demonstrative pronouns at the same time, after that define the following nouns:

1) There is a first-aid post at that plant.(and not at the same time; with a large plant)

2) Behind that building is a wasteland.(and not behind another; behind a new building) (Compare adverb: I will eat, then (then) I will sleep.)

Combination from what in interrogative sentences always points to a noun with a preposition from, for example: What is this detail from? From the radio. This combination must be distinguished from a causal union from what , synonymous with union why, For example: From what(why, for what reason) Mainly cloudy? The sun has disappeared(because the sun has gone down).

III. Synonymous subordinating conjunctions are written together to, to, connecting a subordinate clause to the main clause in a complex sentence, for example: I came to the library to (to) borrow an interesting book.

These conjunctions should be distinguished from the pronoun what with particles would or b. Pronoun what can be replaced by a noun with an interrogative pronoun which, particle would rearrange to another place in the sentence (particle b omit altogether), for example:

2) Whatever you hear about the beauty of Seliger, it is better to visit these places yourself. (Whatever words you hear...)

Exercise. Explain in terms of meaningful parts included in the adverbial expression no matter what, used in a simple sentence, why it is written only this way and not otherwise. Explore the offer Come to me no matter what. What adverb is this adverb synonymous with?

There are quite a few complex subordinating conjunctions, which, representing one word, consist of several parts: because, because, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, so, so long as, so that, as if, despite the fact that etc. All parts in such unions are written separately. For instance:

1) In order to build a relationship, you must first make peace.

2) Mila has become so prettier, as if a rose has blossomed.

3) Despite the fact that the weather has deteriorated, the tour will still take place.

(On punctuation marks in sentences with complex subordinating conjunctions in topics devoted to complex sentences.)

Exercise. In the examples above, connect the main and subordinate clauses with logical questions.

Unions because, because which are used in a subordinate clause must be distinguished from pronouns with prepositions from that, by that in the main clause and allied words what or how in the adjunct. Unions because, because:

a) causal, they establish between the main and subordinate clauses the relationship of cause and effect;

b) are interchangeable;

c) can be divided into parts, leaving one part in the main clause, the other in the subordinate clause, - the logical stress will fall on the part left in the main clause. For instance:

1) Peter did not come to school(why?, for what reason?) because (because) he was ill.

2) Peter did not come to school because (because) he was ill.

Pronouns with prepositions from that, by that with allied words what and how used in different parts complex sentence - pronouns with prepositions in the main part, and allied words in the subordinate clause. From a pronoun with a preposition to a subordinate clause, a question is posed from what?, from what circumstances?, for what?, on what grounds?. In this case, the logical stress falls on both the pronoun in the main part and the allied word in the subordinate clause. For instance:

1) The success of the election campaign depends on(from what?, from what circumstances?) what can be done at meetings with voters.

2) O end result can be said from that(by what signs?) How do you pass your exams.

Exercise. Read the offer. Give arguments confirming that the first highlighted words are a pronoun with a preposition and an allied word, and the second ones are a complex subordinating union. By his voice because he inhaled the smell of forest water, looking around, I realized that Zuev did not want to hurry, not only because with extraordinary joy feels himself in familiar places.(K. Paustovsky)

Acts as a union introductory word so meaning "therefore". It always stands at the beginning of a sentence and, by right of the introductory word, is separated by a comma, for example: So (hence) the performance begins. This introductory word must be distinguished from the union combination and with an adverb So in a simple sentence, where the adverb So can be replaced by an adverb. For instance: The boy fell and hurt himself so (very) painfully!

Sometimes in a complex sentence the adverb So acts as a demonstrative word in the main sentence, on which the logical stress falls, and the subordinate clause is joined by unions what or how, For example: The boy fell and hurt so badly(how painful?) that I had to see a doctor.

Exercise. Indicate the correct spelling of the highlighted word and its explanation.
You need to be a person of great soul to love these inconspicuous, quiet rivers, copses so much ...

1) to- always spelled

2) what would- always spelled separately

3) to- here it is a subordinating conjunction

4) what would- here it is a pronoun with a particle would

Union- this is a service part of speech, with the help of which a connection is made between parts of a complex sentence, between individual sentences in the text, and also (this applies to some conjunctions) a connection between word forms in a simple sentence. The main function is binding, as well as qualifying, that is, it denotes the relationship between the connected sentences or their members (with varying degrees of specification).

With the help of most unions, the syntactic type of connection (coordinative or subordinating) is distinguished. The grammatical meaning of the union as a part of speech brings it closer to prepositions and particles, as well as to introductory (modal) words.

Like prepositions, conjunctions do not change. However, unlike prepositions that perform their official function only in combination with case forms of a noun, unions are grammatically unrelated to the words they connect and do not depend on whether these words belong to one or another part of speech. Conjunctions only help to identify and formalize the relationship between words in a sentence or between individual sentences.

Depending on which syntactic relations are expressed using the union, unions are divided into: coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating conjunctions can connect homogeneous members of a sentence within a simple sentence, as well as independent sentences.

Subordinating conjunctions mainly help to express all sorts of semantic relationships between the main and adnexal parts in a complex sentence; relations are temporary, target, comparisons, investigative, causal, etc..

Sometimes subordinating conjunctions are used to connect individual members in a simple sentence: “This summer I learned anew ... many words that were until then known to me, but distant and unexperienced” (Past.) - although the union ... but connects the definitions and conveys the comparative-concessive relations between them; "A pond like a mirror" - union as connects the predicate with the subject, complementing the meaning of the predicate with a touch of comparativeness. In this syntactic function, subordinating conjunctions are extremely rare. Basically, it can be performed by unions like, than.

There is a significant difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions are closely connected in meaning with subordinate clauses and form a "whole semantic mass" with them. This property of conjunctions determines the order of the parts in a complex sentence: coordinating conjunctions that combine simple sentences are always between these sentences, while a subordinating conjunction can be at the beginning of a complex sentence if it begins with a subordinate clause.

Depending on the value coordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

a) connecting unions, expressing enumeration relations: and, yes, and... and, neither... neither, too, also.

b) divisive unions, expressing the relationship of mutual exclusion: or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, etc.

v) adversarial conjunctions: but, but, but, however, etc.

G) gradational unions: not only... but also, if not... then, not so much... how much, how... and etc.: " But the executioner is not so much terrible as unnatural lighting ... coming from some kind of cloud that boils and leans on the ground, as happens only during world catastrophes"(M. Bulg.); this group of unions indicates that one of the connected members (usually the second) is more significant, more significant;

e) affiliations: and, yes and, yes and that, or etc., joining sentences or individual members of the sentence, which complement, develop the previously expressed idea: “What happened to the old woman and the poor blind man, I don’t know. And what do I care about human joys and misfortunes, me, a wandering officer"(L.).

Subordinating conjunctions(by value):

a) temporary: when, while, as long as, for how long, when ... then, as far as, etc.

b) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, etc.

v) targeted: so that, so that, in order to, etc.

G) concessions: despite the fact that, although etc.

e) conditions: if, if... then, when... then.

e) explanatory: what, as if, so that, as if not and drj) causal: because, as, because, etc.

h) consequences; so, before that, as a result of which.

Subordinating conjunctions must be distinguished allied words- relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: where, which, who, what, where, where, etc. Allied words do the same syntactic function that unions (attach the subordinate clause to the main one), but are significant words that appear in the subordinate clause as one of its members. Wed: "They answered him with the same signs,what We don't take orders from private people.(Past.) - explanatory union what attaches a subordinate clause to the main clause. - "One of the craftswomen depicted bewilderment on her face and, as a sign of annoyance, put her palm forward with her boat, asking with her eyes, what he, in fact, needs "(Past.) - relative pronoun what is the subject in the subordinate clause.

Like prepositions, conjunctions can be unambiguous and multivalued. For example, unions have one meaning: in order to; as; despite the fact that etc.. First of all, unions represented by several words have one meaning. In contrast, alliances such as and, or, yes, like, what, etc. are multivalued. Yes, for the union Yes The 4-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" indicates four meanings: 1) connecting: "Steppe and steppe all around. The way is far away"; 2) enumerative, which is realized by the enumerative addition of several homogeneous members, as well as several sentences: "My ideal now is the hostess. My desires are peace. Give the pot, and the big one" (P.); 3) connecting: "What an ear! Yes, how fat: As if she was twitched with amber" (Kry.); 4) the opposite: "They even wanted to make me a collegiate assessor, yes, I think why" (Gog.); "And we will all, at least for a day, but the Spaniards" (Mayak.).

Ranks of unions by structure

In terms of structure, unions are divided into simple(- consisting of one word: and, but, although, as if, etc.), and composite(- consisting of several words: because, so, as well as others.) Simple conjunctions are non-derivative: a, but and derivatives: although - goes back to the participle though; supposedly so that, so, etc. - go back to a frozen combination of an official word with a significant word. Currently, the category of compound unions is actively replenished.

Finally, unions can be single: and that, like others, recurring: neither ... nor, then ... then (with obligatory repetition); double or double: if ... then, when ... then, barely ... how (with them the second part is possible, but not required); as ... so and, as much ... as (the second part is necessary).

The composition of simple unions includes unions and allied particles, heterogeneous both in their formal structure and in semantic specialization and conditions of use. (a, anyhow, already, en, good, as if, like, so that, yes, even, hardly, or, as if, although, at least, for the time being, etc.). This also adjoins a group of words with qualifying lexical meanings that are actively involved in the sphere of allied means, i.e. appear in the proposal as union analogues : in addition (“besides”, “besides”), after all, or rather, however, it comes out (“hence”), but, therefore, actually (“precisely”), moreover, by the way, only etc.

Since the analogues of unions, like the unions themselves, are carriers of a certain qualifying meaning, when describing the correlation of unions with other CR, analogues are not separated from unions.

Compound (= non-single-word) unions in their structure represent non-integrally formed compounds of two or more elements, each of which simultaneously exists in the language as single word. In the formation of most of these, there are simple multi-valued conjunctions (and what, what, how, when, if). For instance, due to the fact that, anyway, despite the fact that, because, because, while, suddenly, since, as soon as, just before, etc..

By the nature of the connection between the elements, compound unions: (1) syntactically unmotivated (non-syntagmatic type), (2) syntactically motivated (syntagmatic type).

1 - combined according to the principle of simple coupling, stringing.

Unions formed without the participation of a preposition have a non-syntagmatic structure, and so on. that do not include a case word form. (namely, not, not that, and also, barely, if, etc.)

2 - the elements are connected according to the pattern of word combinations existing in the language. Most of them are formed with the participation of a preposition and retain thus. connection with the corresponding prepositional-case combinations. The building element of such unions is a simple union (like, what, so that, if). Examples: up to the point that, before, without not, in order to, like, in addition to, etc.

According to the number of positions occupied in the proposal, all unions are divided into single and non-single. A single union is located between the connected parts of the text or is positionally adjacent to one of them (and, but, on the other hand, nevertheless, when, only, if, despite the fact that);

A non-single union is located in such a way that its components are placed in each part of the connected structure (or - or, as - so and, although - but, not only - but also, enough - so that, etc.).

Non-single: double and multiple. A multi-placed union is the adhesion of several positionally disparate components: and ... and ... and, yes ... yes ... yes, neither ... neither ... nor, either ... either ... either, etc.

Two-place unions are compounds of two formally non-coinciding and positionally disconnected elements; in addition to their own allied means, particles, modal words, adverbs, as well as stable combinations “not only ... (also)”, “not to say that ... (but)", "as regards ... (that)". All these means, forming allied compounds, are carriers of qualifying or subjective-evaluative values.