Fracture during the war. The Great Patriotic War

The defeat of the Red Army in the Crimea and near Kharkov in the first half of 1942 gave the opportunity to the Nazis to begin the realization of their main plans.

Army groups "Wehs" and "South", numbering about 90 divisions and 2 tank army, quickly moved to the southeast, crushing along the path of the troops of the Bryansk, South-Western and South Fronts. By mid-July 1942, the Germans entered the larger emitting don, creating a direct threat to Stalingrad's security. The seizure of this city, located on average Volga, would be great success for aggressor: 1) from a strategic point of view . The fall of Stalingrad would mean the vermochet exit to the Volga, that is, the line indicated in the plan "Barbarossa". In addition, the Volga is the most important transport artery connecting the south and the center of the country; 2) from a military-industrial point of view . Stalingrad is a major industrial center with a predominance of heavy engineering. Most of its enterprises produced military equipment; 3) from an ideological point of view . The fall in the city, which bears the name of the leader, was to loosen the morale of the Red Army and the entire Soviet people.

Based on the same considerations, the Soviet authorities considered an invalid delivery of the city to the enemy and prepared to give him a strong resistance here. On July 12, 1942, the bid formed the Stalingrad Front (A.I. Eremenko), whose main force was the troops of the 62nd (V.I. Chuikov) and 64th (M.S. Shumilov) armies. The formed urban committee of defense led the construction of fortified frontiers. The population of Stalingrad was not evacuated, which was perceived as an important determination of determination to defend the city.

July 17, 1942 the first stage of Stalingrad starts Battle (defense of the city), which lasted until November 18, 1942

In order to "strengthen the morale" of the retreating parts of the Red Army, the Supreme Commander of July 28, 1942 (on the eve of the main events near Stalingrad) published the famous order number 227 entered in history called "Neither step back!". In accordance with this document, 1-3 penalty battalions were created within each front, which officers were sent, showing "cowardice and instability." In each division, barriate detachments were formed, the only task of which was "preventing flight" soldiers and officers of the system parts.

On August 23, 1942, the 6th German Army (General F. Powlyus) north of Stalingrad came to the Volga. On the same day, Stalingrad has undergone a powerful aviation bombardment. Most of the buildings in the city were destroyed. The order came from the bet: "Take not only in the afternoon, but also at night," while in Stalingrad it was already difficult to distinguish the day from the night. One of the participants in the events so described the situation: "Not only the earth, but also the sky trembled from breaks. Clouds of smoke and dust cut their eyes. The buildings collapsed, the walls fell, breeded iron. "

At the end of August 1942, I.V. Stalin appoints G.K. Zhukov by the Deputy Supreme Commander and sends it to Stalingrad for the Defense Guide.

September 13 began heavy battles on Mamaev Kurgan. German tanks broke through the tractor factory.

On September 14, the Nazis made themselves to the city in the area of \u200b\u200bthe station. The battles turned on the streets of Stalingrad. 62nd and 64th Army, Division General L.N. Gurtheva, as well as militias fought not for life, but to death. IN AND. Chuikov writes in his memoirs about it: "The invaders swaying hundreds, but the fresh waves of reserves have increasingly flooded the streets." Each house turned into a fortress, every day gave birth to heroes. Commander of the interlocks Senior Lieutenant Ya. Pavlov took with his soldiers and held a house for several weeks in the very center of the city. Sniper V. Zaitsev destroyed several dozen German officers.

September 15, 1942 The situation in the city was so hard that the division of General A. Arriving for the rescue Rodimitseva immediately entered into battle.

On October 14, 1942, several German divisions focused on a stretch of 5 km long. Hitlerians managed to break through to the Volga and divide defending into several groups, but the Germans could not finally seize Stalingrad.

From mid-September 1942 G.K. Zhukov and A.M. Vasilevsky developed a plan "Uranus", the purpose of which was the environment and destruction of the 6th Army and the 4th Tank Army of Fascists. It was assumed in secret from the Germans to accumulate the necessary reserves on the left bank of the Volga and simultaneous oncoming strikes of all fronts focused on the Stalingrad direction, take the main forces of the enemy in the ring.

On November 19, 1942, the second stage of the Battle of the Battle of Stalingrad (counteroffensiveness of the Soviet Army) begins, which lasted until February 1943

On this day, in accordance with the Uranian plan, the onset of Stalingrad (A.I. Eremenko), South-West (N.F. Vatutin) and Donskoy (K.K. Rokossovsky) of Fronts began.

On November 23, 1942, the army of General Paulus (about 330 thousand people) was in the "Ring". Soviet military leaders learned to beat the Germans by their own weapons. Hitler, having learned about the happening, banned Paulus to leave the city and, especially, to give up, promising ambulance.

In mid-December 1942, the German group "Don" under the command of E. Manstein took an attempt to discharge the army of Paulus, but in vain - the troops of General R.Ya were standing on her way Malinovsky.

On January 10, 1943, the Army of the Don Front began to disseminate and destroy the surrounded German grouping. The Nazis had been demoralized by that time, they suffered strongly from hunger and cold, they lacked ammunition. Fuhrer still insisted on the continuation of the struggle. The commander of the 6th Army Paulus was even awarded China General Feldmarshal.

February 2, 1943 Operation "Ring" ended. The remains of surrounded by the fascist group (about 113 thousand people), led by Field Marshal Paulus surrendered.

Stalingrad Battle, during which the enemy lost about 1.5 million people, 3.5 thousand tanks, 3 thousand aircraft, 12 thousand artillery guns, ended.

This grandiose battle was the beginning of a radical fracture during the Great Patriotic War, since the strategic initiative gradually moves to the Soviet command. The victory under Stalingrad created the possibility of a powerful onset of the Red Army in the first half of 1943, as a result of which the Nazis was discarded to the West at a distance of 600-700 km. Soviet troops liberated the North Caucasus, Voronezh and Stalingrad regions, partly Rostov, Kharkov and Kursk regions. The result of the Iskra operation, conducted by the Volkhov Front from January 12 to January 18, 1943, was a breakthrough of Leningrad's blockade.

The ratio of forces in the Stalingrad direction in November forces and funds Red Army Germany and its allies Personal composition (thousand people) 1134,81011,5 Number of tanks The number of guns and mortars The number of aircraft

The results of the Stalingrad battle 1. The Stalingrad battle ended with the defeat of the enemy, who lost 1.5 million people, 2000 tanks, 3,000 aircraft, captured 100 thousand soldiers, 2.5 thousand officers, 23 General, Feldmarshal F. Paulus. 2. During the Stalingrad battle, 22 German divisions and 160 separate parts were defeated. 140 thousand enemy soldiers and officers were killed. 3. The victory under Stalingrad marked the beginning of a radical fracture during not only the Great Patriotic War, but also the Second World War as a whole. The initiative to the Soviet - German front switched to the USSR.

From the diary of the German officer: "September 1: Does Russian really are really going to fight on the very bank of the Volga? This is madness ... September 11: Reckless stubbornness ... September 13: ... Wild beasts ... September 16: ... these are not people, but devils ... October 27: Russians are not people, but some iron beings. They never get tired and not afraid of fire ... "

From the speech of Hitler "I wanted to go to the Volga in a certain place near a certain city. It happened in such a way that this city is named Stalin himself ... without making exaggerated statements, I can tell you that we captured it. Only a small part is not yet in our hands. " Hitler hurried: the city was resistant.

Rules of teachers of verbians. Remember the main thing - your students learn not for school, but for the life they will decorate honest actions, love for Russia, faith in kind on earth. You are the chief friend of children, the main psychologist in his multifaceted spiritual life. Keep your kind feelings in yourself, proceed with a smile, the warmth of the soul, love your students in joy. At meetings with parents, a skillful sincere conversation, a great flexibility of choosing funds, the ability to understand and divide the pain of their children better than any complex actions and punishments. Be accessible to children, do not share them on bad and good, keep a sense of humor, the basis of the relationship is honesty, sequence, consistency. Never forget about the sense of personal interest of the school affiliation. Each lesson is a micro holiday for children, it is a day of happiness. The purpose of your work is a full-fledged human person, capable of suffering. It is very important to recognize errors yourself, to get to their reason. The cozy and warmth of the school depends on honesty and kindness in this human state, from you, the most important and necessary in this state. At the heart of relations with the administration should be the ability to defend their views, moral purity, communicating with it should deliver joy.

General headquarters led by B.M. Shaposhnikov suggested a bid of the Supreme Command on the summer campaign of 1942. The plan of deep defense, since the main combat parts of the Red Army were around Moscow in the stage of reform and replenishment. In addition, in the spring of 1942, under Leningrad at the village, Luban was defeated by the 2nd percussion Soviet Army, and its commander Lieutenant General A. Vlaovov surrendered. However, I. Stalin, despite these unfavorable conditions, insisted on holding major offensive operations of the Red Army. In April 1942 in Crimea in the area of \u200b\u200bKerch as a result of inept actions of the commander of the front of the front D.T. Kozlov and Member of the Military Council of the Front L.Z. Mehlisa The offensive of our troops ended with the defeat: total losses amounted to about 200 thousand people. July 4 had to leave Sevastopol, heroically defeated 8 months.

In May 1942, under the Kharkov of the South-Western Front (S.K. Tymoshenko and N.S. Khrushchev) without prior training and in the absence of reserves were transferred to the offensive, but were surrounded by the enemy's troops and lost 18-20 divisions. The initiative in hostilities has moved to the German troops. In June 1942, they took the Donbass and Rostov-on-Don, the front of the Red Army in the don's radiation broke through and continued to adopt to Stalingrad and the North Caucasus. There were no defensive structures on the approaches to Stalingrad, so the German tank columns soon appeared on the outskirts of the city, and in the North Caucasus reached the main Caucasian ridge.

On July 28, 1942, I. Stalin issued an order No. 227 "Neither step back!", Who introduced cruel punishment for commanders and commissars who made the retreat of their units without the command: they were announced by the enemies of the Motherland and betrayed the court of the Military Tribunal. In addition, penalties were also formed, where ordinary fighters and younger commanders were sent, "the disciplines in violation of cowardice or instability were guided in a violation ...". In the rear of some divisions, armed barrier detachments began to be located and obliged them "in the case of panic and messy waste of the division's parts to shift on the site of panicoers and panties." Zagratryadiy were canceled only on November 13, 1944, but continued to operate the punitive organ counterintelligence "Serer" ("death to spies") with unlimited authority.

At the beginning of the summer of 1942, the fascist command transferred an additional 80 divisions to the Eastern Front and a lot of military equipment in order to cut off the Volga region and the Caucasus from the center of Russia and take Moscow by bypass. In the Hitler's troops were Austrian, Hungarian, Italian and Romanian parts, and Finnish troops were blocked from the north of Leningrad.

On July 17, 1942, the Stalingrad battle began, which lasted 200 days before February 2, 1943; Directly fighting on the streets of Stalingrad turned on September 12, 1942. The defense of the city was held by the 62nd Army V.I. Chuikova, 64th Army M.S. Shumilova and 13th Youth Rifle Division A.I. Rodimitseva, almost the whole composition that died in stubborn battles for each house.

The general leadership of our troops on the Volga was headed by representatives of the rates of Marshals G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky and N.N. Voronov. According to the plan "Uranus" on November 19, 1942, the Red Army passed on the onset of three fronts: South-Western (N.F. Vatutin), Donskoy (K.K. Rokossovsky) and Stalingrad (A.I. Eremenko). On November 23, 1942, the 330 thousandth group of fascists was surrounded, but did not capitulate, hoping for helping from outside. December 24, 1942 Tank Corps General V.M. Bogdanov in the rear of the enemy defeated the airfield from the village Tacinskaya, from where the group of Feldmarshal F. Poules was supplied. Tankists destroyed 430 fascist aircraft.

January 10, 1943, following the "Ring" plan, the Red Army began to defeat the surrounded enemy grouping in Stalingrad. Attempts by the Army Army Group to be released from the west of the surroundings of Hitlerians ended with the failure, and the enemy troops were discarded to the West at 170-250 km. Successfully advancing in the direction of Rostov-on-Don, the Red Army has chosen the fascist troops operating in the North Caucasus, and they rolled back to the Crimea.

During the period of the battle on the Volga, the enemy lost killed, injured and prisoners to 1.5 million people lost 3.5 thousand tanks, 12 thousand guns, 75 thousand cars and 3 thousand aircraft. Only in Stalingrad, 91 thousand fascists were taken captured, including 2,500 officers and 24 Generals led by Feldmarshal F. Paulus. Hitler announced a 3-day mourning throughout Germany. Military power and prestige of Germany were undermined, the initiative in hostilities moved to the Red Army, began a radical fracture during the Great Patriotic War in favor of the USSR.

After the defeat of the fascist troops on the Volga, the Red Army passed into a common strategic offensive, which continued until the end of March 1943. During this time, the enemy troops were discarded by 600 - 700 km. This made it possible for the troops of Leningrad (L.A. Govorov) and Volkhovsky (K.A. Metskov) of fronts in January 1943 to break through Leningrad's blockade.

The success of the Red Army was largely determined by the dulse of the rear workers, which in 1942 released 25.4 thousand aircraft, 24.5 thousand tanks, 33.1 thousand guns, and Germany produced only 14 thousand aircraft during this time, 6 , 1 thousand tanks, 14 thousand guns, and for fascist Germany, worked almost all the European europe.

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Type of lesson:combined.

Purpose:show the course of hostilities on the Soviet-German front in the summer of 1942 - in the fall of 1943, heroism and courage of Soviet soldiers.

Tasks:

• Education: Mastering students in knowledge about the basic events of the indigenous fracture during the Great Patriotic War and World War II, the place and role of the USSR in these events; Formation of students of a holistic understanding of the Great Patriotic War, the fate of the peoples of the USSR, the main stages, the most important events and major figures of the national history.
• Educational: Raising students in the spirit of patriotism, respect for their Fatherland, in accordance with the ideas of mutual understanding, tolerance and peace between people and peoples, in the spirit of the democratic values \u200b\u200bof modern society.
• Developing: Development of students' ability to analyze information about events and phenomena of the past and present, guided by the principle of historicism, in their dynamics, relationships and interconnection.

Equipment:

• Cards:
• a) The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945
• b) counteroffensive red army under Stalingrad.
• Multimedia presentation
• Handout
• Dates important for memorization

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Poll

1. German attack on the Soviet Union, the reasons for the failures of the Red Army in the first months of the war.
2. Battle for Moscow, its historical importance.

II. Usson the new material

Plan

1. Stalingrad battle and battle for the Caucasus.

a) the plans of the German command for the summer-autumn of 1942. (Slide 1).
b) the summer offensive of German troops: students are demonstrated by frames of a documentary film
c) Battle for the Caucasus.
d) Stalingrad defense: shifters from the film (Slide 2).
e) preparation of the counteroffensiveness of Soviet troops, the environment and defeat of the German fascist troops near Stalingrad. The beginning of the indigenous fracture during the war: shifters from the film (slide 3, 4).

2. Kursk battle.

a) Plans of warring parties for the summer of 1943. The ratio of forces.
b) the beginning of the Kursk battle. Operation "Citadel" and its disruption (slide 5, 6).
c) counteroffensiveness of the Soviet army. Tank battle under Prokhorovka. Defeat of German armies: Shoots from the film (slide 7) are demonstrated.
d) the overall offensive of the Soviet troops, the completion of the indigenous fracture during the war.

Thesis

1. Stalingrad Battle

By the beginning of the summer of 1942, Germany retained a military-strategic advantage over the USSR. Nevertheless, Stalin insisted on holding a series of large offensive operations in order to achieve a fracture in the war. The Soviet command was mistaken in the assessment of the strategic plans of the Wehrmacht, assuming that its main forces will focus on the Moscow direction. Meanwhile, Wehrmacht planned to strike in the southeastern direction, then in the Caucasus, to the oil-bearing areas of Baku.
Objecting the directives of the rate, Soviet troops in May 1942 Gada moved to the offensive in the Crimea and under Kharkov. It ended in a difficult defeat. In July, Donbass and important agricultural areas of Ukraine and the south of Russia were occupied by Sevastopol. The enemy came out to the North Caucasus, seeking to capture rich oil fields, and at the same time began an offensive on Stalingrad in order to cut one of the key transport arteries of the USSR. From the first days of September in Stalingrad, fierce street fighting unfolded.
The transfer of the German troops near Stalingrad limited the possibility of developing their offensive in the Caucasian direction. By the end of September 1942, their offensive was suspended, and all further attempts to enter the Transcaucasia ended in failure.
Under Stalingrad, where the 6th Army of General Paulus and the Tank Army General Gota, the Soviet command prepared a counteroffensive, which began on November 19, 1942 and ended on February 19, 1943, and ended on February 19, 1943 by the passage of the German group of Paulus's troops. Successfully developed the offensive and in the southern direction, where he managed to expel the enemy from the North Caucasus and most of the Donbass.
Thus, the Stalingrad battle laid the beginning of a rooted penalty during the Great Patriotic War and the entire Second World War. The strategic initiative passed to the Red Army.

2. Kursk battle

Preparing for the summer company in 1943, the Nazi strategists focused on the Kursk arc. So called the protrusion of the front line turned to the west .. It was here that Hitler intended to take a revenge for defeat near Stalingrad. Two powerful tank wedges had to break through the defense of the Soviet troops at the base of the protrusion, surround them and create a threat to Moscow.
The rate of supreme glvokomandovanie, in time, receiving information about the planned occurrence, well prepared for defense and response. When, on July 5, 1943, the Wehrmacht hit a blow to the Kursk arc, the Red Army managed to withstand him, on July 12, 1943, Soviet troops moved to strategic offensive. It quickly unfolded on the front of 2 thousand kilometers. In August 1943, Orel, Belgorod, Kharkov were liberated, in September - Smolensk. At the same time, the forcing of the Dnieper began, in November, Soviet troops joined Kiev, and by the end of the year they advanced far to the West.
The battle near Kursk and the subsequent offensive of the Soviet troops completed the root fracture during the Great Patriotic War.

Basic dates for memorization:

1. July-August 1942 - defeats the Red Army under Kharkov and in the Crimea, the exit of German troops in the Caucasus and to the Volga.
2. September-November 1942 Defense of Stalingrad, fighting in the Caucasus direction.
3. On November 19, 1942, the beginning of the counteroffensiveness of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad.
4. February 2, 1943 Liquidation of the German grouping Vroysk near Stalingrad, the beginning of the root fracture during the Great Patriotic War.
5. July-August 1943 Kursk battle, the strategic offensive of the Soviet troops, the completion of the indigenous fracture during the Great Patriotic War.

III. Fixing

To secure a new material, students are distributed with test tasks and the following questions are set:

• What historical value had a Stalingrad battle.
• Show on the map directions of the main blows of German troops on a Kursk ledge and counteroffensive Soviet troops.

Test tasks

1. Stalingrad battle began

a) in December 1941
b) in August 1942
c) in February 1943

2. Completion of the indigenous fracture in the Great Patriotic War is associated with

a) Kursk battle
b) Stalingrad battle
c) battle near Moscow

3. The largest tank battle in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the battle

a) Kursk
b) Moscow
c) Stalingrad

4. Stalingrad battle laid the beginning of a rooted penalty during the Great Patriotic War, since

a) In the spring of 1943, the second front was opened
b) Fascist Germany suffered the first major defeat
c) the strategic initiative passed into the hands of the Red Army
At the end of the lesson, the general outcome of the lesson is supplied, and evaluations are exhibited. The slides are recorded on the CD disk and are attached to this lesson.

1. The beginning of the indigenous fracture during the war and liberation of the eastern regions of the Ukrainian SSR

Farm background during war. The creation of the prerequisites of the indigenous fracture occurred in incredibly difficult conditions. During hostilities, the Soviet Union suffered huge losses in humans and military equipment. The enemy captured the most important economic areas, which in front of the war were given by 71% of the All-Union production of cast iron, 58 - steel, 63 - coal, 60 - aluminum, 42% of electricity. These areas accounted for 47% of the most productive sowing areas.

No capitalist country would be able to continue the struggle in such losses. The advantages of the socialist building were obvious. They found their expression both in the systematic development of the heavy industry in the east of the country in the pre-war years, and in the ability to maximize the mobilize for war all cash resources. Despite the fact that fascist Germany produced steel 4 times more, the Soviet industry in 1942 released on 15 thousand tanks more than German. Although Germany produced aluminum several times more, the Red Army received 10,027 aircraft more than Hitler's Wehrmacht. The field weapons caliber 76 mm and the above Soviet industry in 1942 produced 22 thousand more. This victorious gap is preserved in subsequent years.

All products of the Western Siberia industry in 1942 doubled against 1940, and the arms output increased here 27 times. In the Volga region, with an increase in production 3 times against 1940, the arms production increased 9 times. Of particular importance was the Ural industry, which during the war years became the main arsenal of the country. In the Urals, with a general increase in production, 3 times the release of military equipment increased 5 times and in its volume much exceeded the total production of weapons by other industrial areas.

It was very important that the new combat technique, which was a wide stream in troops, fully met the requirements of the war, it was equal to the enemy's weapons, and in some cases highly exceeded him. These successes were achieved by the utmost voltage of all the forces of the Soviet rear, primarily due to the unparalleled labor heroism of the working class. In the fall of 1941 and during the Moscow battle, the production of military products in the Soviet Union fell to the lowest level for the entire war. Evacuated enterprises then only were placed in new places or were still on wheels. The Industry of the Eastern regions could not carry all the burden of supplying a huge front. For the year, the situation has changed radically. In the second half of 1942, the enterprises were removed from Ukraine and other Western regions of the enterprise fully stood up. Therefore, it was for that period that the greatest increase in the production of military equipment.

Gradually, a change in the ratio of forces in military equipment was crucial for the further move of war. By the end of the autumn of 1942, fascist Germany and her satellites had 6.2 million soldiers and officers, 51.7 thousand guns and serious mortars, 5080 tanks and self-propelled guns, 3.5 thousand combat aircraft. In the operating troops of the Red Army, there were 6.6 million fighters and commanders, 4544 combat aircraft. The reserve had 27 rifle divisions and six brigades, five tank and mechanized cases, four airproofs, four separate air trafficities and 10 separate air regiments.

In addition to the elimination of the technical advantage of the enemy, the indigenous improvement of the leadership of the troops, increasing their combat skills and resilience.

During the war in the Red Army, the youngest in the age and the most talented general of the armies of all fought countries were formed. The process of nominating capable and energetic young military leaders and commanders began from the first days of the war, but he became particularly intense in 1942. People who bestly showed themselves in the context of war with the strongest army of the capitalist world were determined. These were educated by the party in the pre-war period of footage, mastered the peaks of military science. Infinite dedication to the cause of communism they combined with high professional training. The whole army studied to fight in a new way, at the level of harsh requirements, which raised the war. New military charters issued in 1942, summarized the experience gained by the best commanders on the battlefield. During 1942, 575 thousand new commanders were prepared - more than any other year. The officer corps of the Red Army rose quantitatively and qualitatively, hardened and enriched himself with experience in heavy battles. Brought its results and everyday political and educational work of the party aimed at strengthening the combat spirit of Soviet soldiers. The defense of Stalingrad showed a new, qualitatively increased resistance of Soviet troops in battle. Its role in the future during the war is impossible to overestimate.

The combat skill of Soviet soldiers rose, the level of Soviet Military art increased. New methods of combat operations were developed and tested in battles, improved the structure of the Armed Forces. Of great importance, in particular, the creation of artillery divisions and breakthrough buildings on the basis of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Commander-in-Chief of the Artillery of the Red Army General N. N. Voronov. These compounds became the main shock force of the army and together with the rifle parts provided a breakthrough of the enemy front. New-class tank and mechanized buildings, which have already begun to unite in the army, when entering the breakthrough, they were able to carry out a deep maneuver in the rear of the enemy, surround his troops.

Thus, the tireless efforts of the party and the people of the Red Army turned into an army capable of performing the most complex combat missions. The growing power of the Red Army, based on the unity and the power of the Soviet rear, gave the basis of the Soviet Supreme Command in the oldest moment of heavy defensive fighting in Stalingrad to watch the future in Stalingrad.

"The enemy has already experienced the strength of the Red Army strikes near Rostov, near Moscow, near Tikhvin," said I. Stalin's addict order on November 7, 1942 - not far away when the enemy recognizes the power of new shots of the Red Army. Every dog \u200b\u200bhas his day!" These words found a deep response in the hearts of the Warriors of the Red Army, all Soviet people. Historical conquests of the country of Soviets, which in those Terrible days noted the 25th anniversary of the Great October, and the patriotic debt of every Soviet citizen in the fight against the hated enemy were the content of the mass-political work of the Communist Party in the army and the rear. The party targeted the Soviet people and its armed forces to achieve a fracture in the war. Spliced \u200b\u200baround the Leninsky party, Soviet warriors were preparing to move from defense to the offensive and determined to drive the enemy from the Soviet Earth, to release millions of their brothers and sisters, to achieve victory over fascist invaders.

The huge worldwide historical importance of the defensive actions of the Red Army, the heroic struggle of the Soviet people against the fascist invaders was that they created prerequisites for the root fracture during the entire World War II in favor of the states of the anti-fascist coalition. In brutal battles, the enemy's strength was undermined, and his advance was stopped. The power of the Red Army increased so much that she was already able to go to a decisive offensive.

Victory under Stalingrad. The Soviet command in the course of fierce battles in the south was purposefully preparing counteroffensive. The common idea of \u200b\u200bthe offensive in the Stalingrad direction, which became the nodal plot of the Soviet-German front due to the concentration of the main impact group of the fascist troops, originated in September 1942. Preparation was carried out in conditions of the defensive battle for the Soviet troops. It was completed in a short time, by mid-November 1942

The purpose of the counteroffensive was the environment and defeat of the strike group of the German-fascist troops near Stalingrad as a prerequisite for the defeat of the entire southern wing of the enemy front. A blow to the Stalingrad grouping of the enemy should have applied for troops of three fronts: the South-West (Commander - General N. F. Vatutin), Donskoy (Commander - General K. K. Rokossovsky) and Stalingradsky (Commander - General A. I. Eremenko). The overall guidance of the preparation and coordination of the actions of the fronts during the offensive was imposed on representatives of the rates of the Supreme Commander G. K. Zhukov and A. M. Vasilevsky.

The operation was planned to carry out the enemy grouping with flanks. This option was dictated by the front line and the location of the fascist troops. The enemy attack led to a deep bending of the front of the corner to the East. At the top of the angle, which defeated in Stalingrad, stood the main forces of the group of armies "B" - the 6th field army and the compounds of the 4th Tank Army of the Hitlermen. Northern flanks of the Army Group, ranging from Voronezh, held the 2nd Hungarian, 8th Italian and 3rd Romanian Army, South Flang - 4th Romanian Army. Hitler satellite troops did not differ in high combat capability, and this facilitated the implementation of the plan.

At the first stage of the offensive before the Soviet troops, the task of covering counter strikes from the districts in the North-West and in the south of Stalingrad to break through the front and surround the main forces of the enemy grouping. On the northern flank from the Serafimovichi district - the pricing strike of the strike has begun on the troops of the left wing of the South-Western Front together with the right wing of the Don Front. On the southern flank - from the district of Sarpinsky lakes - to the troops of the left wing of the Stalingrad Front. Near Kalach-on-Don South and Northern shock groups were to connect and closer the ring of the environment.

The ratio of forces in the Stalingrad direction before the beginning of the Soviet countertime was as follows. Three of our front numbered 1103 thousand people, 15.5 thousand guns and heavy mortars, 1463 tanks, 1350 combat aircraft; Enemy troops - 1011.5 thousand soldiers and officers, 10.3 thousand guns and mortars, 675 tanks, 1216 combat aircraft. Thus, the overwhelming superiority, our troops did not have, and the victory could be achieved only by bold maneuver. To ensure the success of the offensive, the Soviet command focused most of the existing forces at the shock directions by weakening other sections of its front.

Preparation of counteroffensive was carried out in strict secrecy. Only a narrow range of senior management knew about the command plans and the general course of training. All orders for regrouping of troops, creating the necessary reserves, initial positions, etc. Divided only orally and in such a form that could not disclose the intention of the command. All measures were taken to disguise the preparation of counteroffensive. In the first half of November 1942, the Red Army did not behave particularly active actions in the Stalingrad direction. However, in the central section, Kalininsky and the West Fronts launched stubborn battles for the elimination of Rzhevsky protrusion of the enemy front, from where the German group of the Center army still threatened Moscow. It disoriented the fascist manual.

Waiting for the onset of the Red Army in the Moscow direction, the enemy command sent their replenishments and reserves there. In October and the first half of November, when the preparation of the counterattack of Soviet troops near Stalingrad approached an end, the enemy pulled 12 additional divisions to the central front, focusing there almost half of all his tank and motorized forces. In early November, fascist exploration has established an increase in the number of bridges through the Don North-west of Stalingrad. Based on this data, the Hitler's command concluded that the Red Army is preparing to intensify local actions against the 3rd Romanian army. It was convinced that the Soviet side does not have sufficient forces here for wide offensive operations.

The offensive of the troops of the South-Western and Don Fronts was planned to lead to 120-140 km., Stalingrad Front - 110-120 km. To harmonize the actions of both groups of Soviet troops and disorders, countermeasures of the enemy, the strike of the Stalingrad Front was scheduled for a day later. The offensive was planned to implement in the shortest possible time: a breakthrough of the enemy defense and the closure of the round rings were to occur in 2-3 days.

Carefully prepared operation began exactly according to plan. At 7:30 am, on November 19, 1942, Soviet artillery was opened by hurricane fire, focused on the breakthrough sites of the North-west of Stalingrad. At the position of the fascist troops on that day, 689 thousand shells collapsed, which were taken over 1,300 railway cars during transportation. At 8 o'clock 50 minutes, the rifle parts supported by tanks were switched to the onset. Feed fierce battles. In order to complete the breakthrough of the tactical zone of enemy defense, they were introduced into the battle of tanks, and on November 20, cavalry corps. On November 20, unexpectedly for the enemy in the offensive, the troops of the Stalingrad Front were switched from the south. The impact grouping of the left wing of the front through breakthroughs in enemy defense quickly moved towards the troops of the northern shock grouping.

Movable joints of the Soviet troops had to overcome the defensive bands and the desperate resistance of the opponent parts, urgently populated by the Hitler's command to the places of breakthrough. The enemy sought against counterattacks on the grounds of Soviet tank wedges to disrupt their promotion and close the breakthroughs. However, these attempts were reflected in advance dedicated parts. At the right flank of the shock grouping of the South-Western Front, strong barriers from rifle and cavalry compounds were operating. They advanced to the West and Southwest, the rivers of the curve and chir, to reliably ensure the entire operation by creating an external front as far as possible from the challenge boiler. The left flank of the shock group of the Stalingrad Front was covered with troops, advancing in the south-west direction on Rubkin - Aksai.

The enemy front was breaking immediately at seven sites. This upset the counterators of the Hitler's command and led to a number of local environments. At the same time, the onset of the forces of the fascists began the offensive actions of the heroic defenders of Stalingrad. Fierce battles unfolded throughout the front. Realizing the threat of a giant environment, the command of the Stalingrad group of the enemy threw his troops in a counterattack in almost all directions, seeking to keep the space for maneuver and not give the ring to climb. Overcoming the fierce resistance of the enemy, the Soviet troops continued to adopt in accordance with the plan. On November 23, the mobile connections of the South-Western and Stalingrad fronts closed in the Kalacha district. Stalingrad grouping of the German fascist troops was in the boiler.

The Red Army struck by an unprecedented strength. For 4.5 days, 11 infantry, two tank, one cavalry division of the enemy were defeated. Fascist troops lost 95 thousand soldiers and officers killed, 72.4 thousand wounded. Over 300 thousand enemy troops, hundreds of tanks, 6.7 thousand guns, 61 thousand cars - 22 divisions, nine artillery and mortar regiments of the reserve of the chief command and one and a half hundred parts and strengthening units - were clamped in ticks.

Soviet troops continued to strike a strike to maximize the space of the environment. Initially covered on Square 9 thousand km 2, the enemy grouping until November 30 was compressed in the territory of 1.5 thousand km 2. The surrounding environment has become tactical: spacious Soviet artillery for the entire depth. The enemy was deprived of the opportunity to freely maneuver the forces inside the rings of the environment.

In early December 1942, the troops of the Stalingrad and Don Fronts launched offensive actions in order to eliminate the surrounded grouping. The lack of forces did not give the opportunity to immediately succeed. The destruction of the surrounded group had to postpone due to the need to reliably reflect the enemy shots from the outside.

The fulfillment of this problem has become the content of the second phase of counteroffensive. The Soviet command foresaw that after the environment near Stalingrad, the enemy would strive to dress his troops. To prevent this, the troops of the external flanks of the south-western and Stalingrad France should have to form a wide range between the surrounded grouping and the main (external) front of the enemy's troops. By the end of November, he ranged from 40 to 140 km.

The first attempts of the Hitler's command to release surrounded troops did not constitute a great danger. The enemy has not yet had a sufficient number of troops in those areas where he had to occur. The situation worsened with the approach of reserves and the rearrangement of forces, which remained from the Hitler's command in the Stalingrad direction. Fascist troops began to concentrate in the areas of Tormbosine and Kotelnikovsky, on the south-west of Stalingrad. The world grouping had one tank and four infantry divisions, three of them were delivered from Germany on airplanes. Kotelnikovskaya group consisted of three tank divisions deployed from France, the North Caucasus and from under Bryansk. It included the remains of the 4th Romanian Army. These troops, together with surrounded by Stalingrad, were included in the newly marginal group of the Don Army. He headed this group of the headquarters of the 11th Army together with its commander Field Marshal E. Manstein. The 11th Army after Sevastopol was sent to Leningrad, and also partially used for Latania of various sections of the Hitler's Eastern Front. The assignment of the group of the Don Army was to discharge surrounded by Stalingrad grouping and restoring the provision that existed until November 19.

December 12, Kotelnikovskaya grouping under the command of General Gota moved to the offensive, strikes a narrow front along the Tikhoretsk - Stalingrad Railway. In its composition for the first time, the battalion of new heavy tiger tanks acted. They had a 120 mm frontal armor, an 88 mm tool and at that time were the most powerful tanks in the world. Massive tank blows of the enemy managed to move 45 km away in 3 days. The troops defeated this section of the front of the front of the 51st army had twice the guns and 5 times less than tanks. But by that time, Soviet soldiers passed the school of the Stalingrad battle and showed truly iron durability. Despite the huge superiority in tanks, the enemy met everywhere fierce resistance and paid for every kilometer expensive.

The most fierce was the fight on December 18 near the farm of Verkhnekumsky. At a height of 137.2, which the rifle company was defended, the platoon of armor-consuming and the battery of anti-tank guns, 30 enemy tanks and the infantry battalion occurred. Soviet soldiers who commanded the senior lieutenant P. N. Naumov, reflected three attacks. Many fighters died, but who could still keep the weapon remained in the ranks. The enemy managed to capture height only when there was no one to defend it. Here he lost 18 tanks and about 300 soldiers and officers. But already to the outcome of the day, the counterdader of Soviet tanks and infantry fascists were discarded from the height, and our defense was completely restored.

The percussion group of General Goths carried large losses, but continued to rush to surrounded troops. For her reinforcement, another tank division was thrown into battle.

December 19, the enemy forced but Ice r. Muskoy and overcame two thirds of the path to the surrounded troops, from which the Goths now separated 35-40 km. Ended the preparation for the offensive and the world grouping. The real threat to the release of the surrounded Stalingrad grouping of the enemy was created. The commander surrounded by the troops General F. Paulus on that day received an order to prepare for the application of a counterfeit, but he could not exercise it due to the lack of fuel tanks.

According to the first plan of the Soviet command, after the enemy's environment near Stalingrad, the Troops of the Voronezh and the right flank of the South-Western fronts should have been made from the middle day, south of Voronezh, to Rostov. Such a blow - under the root of the Hitler's summer offensive 1942 - it was envisaged to completely cut off all the enemy army, which broke into the east. The implementation of this idea could lead to the surroundings and complete destruction of the entire southern wing of the opponent's front. However, due to the exacerbation of the situation in December, the plan has been changed. The offensive from the middle day was now not carried out to the south (Rostov), \u200b\u200bbut to the south-east, to the rear of the enemy group of the "Don" armies to eliminate the danger of its breakthrough to the Stalingrad grouping of fascists. A flexible strategy of the Soviet command of threw the action of the enemy to the discharge of Pouryus's troops.

December 16, Voronezh and South-West Fronts switched to the offensive. For 3 days, the enemy defense on the Middle Don for 200 km, from New Kalitva to Chernyshevskaya, was broken in five places. The Soviet tank corps overcame from 100 to 200 km and in the rear of the Don Army Group, at the turn of Millerovo - Tacinskaya - Morozovskaya, used battles with four infantry enemy divisions designed to release the troops of the Stalingrad grouping. The 24th Tank Corps of General V. M. Badanova during the deep daring raid seized by Taminsky one of the main airfields, through which the troops surrounded by Stalingrad were supplied. About 350 transport aircraft were destroyed by caterpillars at the airfield. Huge food reserves, fuel, ammone's ammunition became the extraction of fire. As a result of the strikes of Soviet troops on the Middle Don by the end of December, 11 Italian, Romanian and German divisions and two brigades were broken. During these battles, the LEMARY group of fascist troops ceased existence. The 350-kilometer enemy front of the Don and Chir rivers was eliminated. Command of the enemy lost a depth of 150-200 km and the last hope of discharging surrounded by Stalingrad troops.

Continuously continued fierce battles with a grouping of General Gota. Oops stormed the defense of the Soviet troops by r. Muskoy, southwest Stalingrad, trying to break through to surrounded troops at any cost. The fights reached unprecedented fierce December 19, when General Goth threw 300 tanks in the offensive. Never since the beginning of the war, the Hitler's command did not apply such a massive tank strike on a limited portion of the front. Soviet warriors were heroically chopped by fierce attacks of the enemy. The compounds of the 2nd Guards Army of General R. Ya. Malinovsky, are approached to the aid of the 51st army, the compounds of the 2nd Guards Army, are distinguished from the North Face Stalingrad boiler. The ratio of forces quickly changed in favor of Soviet troops.

On December 24, the troops of the Stalingrad Front under the command of General A. I. Eremenko switched to the offensive against the Army Group Gota. The two rifle buildings of the 2nd Guards Army struck in Kotelnikovo from the north, two mechanized hulls - from the south, the 51st Army fell from the northeast. As a result of heavy battles, which continued until December 31, the enemy Kotelnikovskaya group was broken down, the remnants of it were discarded 200 km south-west of Stalingrad.

This ended the second stage of the Stalingrad Councilsuette of the Soviet troops. Through the troops of the three Soviet fronts reduced the effort of the fascist command to free their surrounded grouping. By that time, she was compressed on the site, reminding the rhombus stretched from the west to East, the sharp end of which clung to Stalingrad. The situation of surrounded troops deteriorated every day. They lacked food, medicines, warm uniforms. A huge amount of vehicles and military equipment inactive due to the lack of fuel. Paulus troops were blocked from the air. Soviet aviation and anti-aircraft spokes were tightly blocked by enemy aircraft. Fascist aircraft, providing surrounded by a group, carried large losses and instead of minimally necessary daily 500 tons delivered no more than 100 tons. In surrounded troops, diseases spread, frequent cases of frostbite.

The command of the surrounded group has repeatedly raised the issue of organizing a breakthrough from the ring. Hitler did not accept such proposals, promising from the outside. However, the victories of the Soviet troops on the Middle Don and the south-west of Stalingrad made the situation of the Enemy's surrounded divisions hopeless.

By the beginning of 1943, the number of surrounded troops decreased dramatically. Significant losses of the enemy suffered during the November and December fights. Fascist soldiers thousands of gibbies from bombing, artillery shelling, diseases. Over 20 thousand wounded, it was exported by air. But in general, the surrounded grouping has already numbered 250 thousand people. This mass of troops retained the discipline and, fulfilling the command orders, provided fierce resistance. The elimination of the surrounded group was a challenge, as Soviet troops did not have a noticeable numerical superiority.

The fulfillment of this task was assigned to the troops of the Don Front. The general management of the operation was carried out by the representative of the rates of General N. N. Voronov. Operation to eliminate the surrounded group, consisting of three consecutive phases, became the third stage of the Soviet offensive under Stalingrad. In the first phase, the task was set to liquidate the Western and northeastern part of the surrounded grouping, in the second - South CE part, in the third - to complete the defeat.

The beginning of the offensive was scheduled for January 10. January 8, in order to avoid in vain bloodshed, the Soviet command on the radio and through parliamentaries delivered ultimatum before the command of the surrounded troops. The enemy was proposed to stop the hopeless resistance. The fascist command of the ultimatum rejected.

On the morning of January 10, Thunder 2 thousand Soviet guns, 3 thousand mortars and a large number of reactive plants announced the beginning of the final onset of the Red Army under Stalingrad. After 55 minutes, at 9 o'clock in the morning, the rifle parts and tanks supported from the air bombarding and assault aviation went into the attack. By January 17, the opponent pulled his troops at the limits of the previous Stalingrad Body. Radius of the environment decreased from 27 to 16 km. Rerouping forces, Soviet troops on January 22 launched the last phase of the offensive. By evening, they mastered the strengthening of the internal circuit, and on January 24, they broke away to the Western and South-Western outskirts of Stalingrad. The next day, fierce battles began on the streets of the city. From the east, the 62nd Army of General V. I. Chuikova. The soldiers of General A. I. Rodimitseva stormed the enemy Mamaev Kurgan, the territory of the destroyed Barricade factories, "Red October", they. F. E. Dzerzhinsky. On January 26, the shock group of the 62nd Army connected with the troops of the 21st, which broke out from the West. The enemy troops were dissected on the northern and southern parts.

The Nazis dismissed the rage of doomed, but every hour of battle was inevitably close to the end of the Stalingrad epic. Orders of Hitler about the continuation of the fanatic struggle to the last soldier and the last cartridge and the assignment of the title of Field Marshal commander of the 6th Army Paulus could not change anything. On the morning of January 31, the troops of the 64th Army captured Paulus along with his headquarters. By 13 o'clock capitulated the whole southern part of the surrounded German fascist troops. On February 1, the mighty fire strike of Soviet artillery suppressed the ability to resist and the northern part.

February 2, 1943 at 16 o'clock the historical Stalingrad battle ended. It was an outstanding victory of Soviet weapons. The color of the Hitler's Wehrmacht found a grave near Stalingrad. During the fighting from the beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive, the enemy lost killed, injured and prisoners over 800 thousand people, over 10 thousand guns and mortars, more than 70 thousand cars, about 2 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns, 3 thousand combat and transport aircraft . 32 divisions and three brigades were destroyed, another 16 divisions lost a greater half of their composition. The German army has never tolerated such a catastrophe. For forced recognition of her size, three-day mourning in Germany, declared by Nazi leadership, but the death of the 6th Army.

The defeat of the enemy near Stalingrad was a triumph of Soviet Military art. The skillful leadership of the troops, the ability to ate all efforts to achieve a fracture in the war allowed the Soviet command to organize and implement a powerful counteroffensive in the conditions of a severe defensive battle.

The elimination of the superiority of the enemy in military equipment by the time of the transition of Soviet troops in the counteroffensive station near Stalingrad provided to the Soviet command the possibility of applying massive blows of artillery, tanks, aviation. Eternal glory deserved the main workers of the war - Soviet infantrymen.

During the battles, the close interaction of all kinds of troops was combined with the most complete use of the combat capacity of each of them.

A huge role in the defeat of the German fascist troops near Stalingrad played a mighty Soviet artillery. Day November 19, when the enemy front was hacked near Stalingrad, became annually celebrated in our country as an artillery day (later - and missile troops).

In the Battle of Stalingrad Battle, Soviet troops showed the world samples of unlimited courage, durability, endurance, mass heroism. Stalingrad's soldiers were the force that avalanche of enemy occurrence was finally crashed.

In the ranks of the immortal in the national memory of the defenders of Stalingrad, Russian and Georgians, Ukrainian and Kazakh, Bashkir and Belarusians stood shoulder, Ukrainians and Kazakhs and Belarusians. As always, in front, by organizing and leading all over them, the Communists, the Sons of the Great Party of Lenin, went. In the days of fierce fighting, Stalingrad strengthened the flow of applications for joining the party. "If you perceive, please consider me a communist," it was written in many of them. The defenders of Stalingrad knew that each of them could die in battle, but were convinced of the victory of their fair case.

Soviet Motherland adequately appreciated the feat of the heroes-Stalingraders. Hundreds of thousands of warriors were awarded orders and medals, about a hundred - awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 55 compounds and parts were awarded orders, 179 - became Guards. Stalingrad entered the number of heroes, awarded the Order of Lenin and the "Golden Star" medal.

The power of the strike of Soviet troops near Stalingrad shook the whole world. All radio stations of the anti-fascist coalition were transferred to the news of the transition of the Red Army into counteroffensiveness with delight. Each Soviet report with enthusiasm met the masses of allied states. European peoples enslaved with Hitler with hope for the heroic struggle of the Red Army, waiting for her liberation from the fascist yoke.

In the days, when the whole world was joined about the Stalingrad Victory, the feast of the Soviet people, who celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Red Army, turned into a nationwide holiday of the countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition.

In England, the anniversary of the Red Army was solemnly marked throughout the country. Mass rallies took place in Manchester, Sheffield, Cardiff, Newcastle and other cities. Even a parade in honor of the Red Army - the fact is unprecedented. At the parade in Oxford on February 24, 1943, representatives of military units posted in South and Central England arrived. "Each Englishman instinctively understood," the Secretary General of the Communist Party of Great Britain Plotis, "that the battle near Stalingrad was not only a battle for the Soviet Union, but also a battle for England."

At the Tehran Conference of the Three Power, in November 1943, the British Prime Minister W. Churchill conveyed I. V. Stalin Honorary Sword from King George VI to the citizens of Stalingrad to commemorate the victory over the fascist invaders. Honorary weapon was solemnly demonstrated in the main cities of the United Kingdom. Hundreds of thousands of British flocked at the demonstration places, expressing deep appreciation and respect to the Soviet ally. Stalingrad Honorary Sword became the gift of the British people to the heroic Soviet people.

In the US, the anniversary of the Red Army was also widely observed by the public. Speaking at a crowded rally in New York, Senator K. Pepper said: "All who in the future will enjoy freedom will remain in the non-demand debt in front of the Red Army. We have the honor not only to express our respect for the Red Army, but also to be its allies and friends. The courage, exposure and heroism of the Red Army will forever remain a source of inspiration for all people. "

It was a recognition of the world-historical meaning of the Stalingrad Victory of the Red Army and the decisive contribution of the Soviet people in the defeat of the fascist powers. President of the United States F. Roosevelt in May 1944 sent a special diploma to Stalingrad. Her text reading: "On behalf of the people of the United States, I give this diploma to the city of Stalingrad to celebrate our admiration for his valiant defenders, courage, the power of the Spirit and the dedication of which during the siege from September 13, 1942 to January 31, 1943 will forever inspire the hearts of all free people. Their glorious victory stopped the wave of invasion and became the turning point of the war of the union nations against the forces of aggression. "

World-historical meaning of the Stalingrad battle. In the winter of 1942/43, the Red Army completely destroyed the 6th Field and 4th German Tank Army, 3rd and 4th Romanian, 8th Italian and 2nd Hungarian army. Total Soviet troops defeated 100 enemy divisions. The enemy lost over 3.5 thousand tanks and 4.3 thousand aircraft.

The central place in the winter campaign of 1942/43 belonged to the Stalingrad battle, which undermined the forces of Hitler's Wehrmacht. For 6.5 months, the fascist unit lost under Stalingrad over a quarter of all his troops operating on the Eastern Front. It was killed, wounded or captured about 1.5 million soldiers and officers of the enemy. Success under Stalingrad was given the opportunity to carry out a wide offensive, during which the Soviet troops released a large territory than the enemy managed to seize throughout 1942. It was necessary to start the liberation of Ukrainian land from the fascist invaders.

The defense immortal in the eyelids and the victory of the Red Army near Stalingrad was the initial basis of the success of the Soviet weapons in the winter campaign of 1942/43. The story does not know another battle, which would have such tremendous importance for the fate of humanity. The victory of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad strongly turned the course of the Second World War in favor of the anti-Hitler coalition.

The first period of the war, the retreat and defense period of Soviet troops ended. A new stage of war began - the expulsion of the invaders from the Soviet land. The course of the war testified that as a result of the full deployment of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union becomes the strongest of the entire Hitler's block. The triumph of Soviet troops near Stalingrad showed that the offensive power of the Hitler's military car was undermined, and the shock power of the Red Army increased, which was created all the prerequisites for its further victorious offensive.

The defeat of the fascist troops near Stalingrad caused the cruel political crisis of fascist Germany, undermined the position of the Hitler's clique inside the country, inflicted a powerful blow of the military machine of German imperialism, was degraded to the moral spirit of the army, weakened the front and rear of the enemy.

In the winter of 1942/43, the compounds of the Italian, Romanian and Hungarian armies were defeated on the Soviet-German front - the allies of fascist Germany. This led to a sharp crisis in the camp of Hitler's vassals. As a result of brilliant victories of the Red Army, the entire Hitler's block, held by the temporary success of the German fascist troops in the first period of the war, was able to close to the collapse.

The victory of the Red Army near Stalingrad deepened the foreign policy isolation of Hitler's Germany. Antigherman tendencies in the politics of neutral states increased. Hitler's satellites began to search for ways to save from the catastrophe, inevitable in the event of the continuation of the war on the side of Germany. It was important that, after the Battle of Stalingrad, Japan was forced to finally refuse all sorts of thoughts to attack the USSR. Thus, the victory near Stalingrad saved the Soviet Union from the threat of struggle on two fronts.

The victory of the Soviet troops in the Stalingrad epic undermined the European rear of Hitler's Germany, caused a powerful rise in the national liberation struggle in all occupied countries. The peoples of these countries inspired by the heroic example of the Soviet Union, deployed an active struggle against the invaders, seeking to bring the final victory over the enemy and their liberation.

The world-historical victory of the Red Army under Stalingrad inspired the peoples of the anti-Hitler coalition for the further struggle against fascism, raised the international authority of the USSR, strengthened his leading position in the coalition. The democratic forces of the world were closely rallied around the Soviet state - the sign of the struggle against fascism and aggression, the freedom and independence of peoples.

But the value of the Stalingrad battle is not exhausted. The Soviet-German Front was the main front of the Second World War. He was the axis around which the entire system of events was rotated in World War II after German attack on the USSR. In the general balance of soldiers, African, Pacific, Chinese and Burmese fronts were secondary military theaters. The outcome of the struggle on each of them depended on the ratio of the forces of the parties, but the result of the World War was generally decided on the Soviet-German front. The USSR accepted the impact of the main forces of the entire fascist bloc, and his struggle had worldwide importance, because only the Soviet Union turned out to be resolved with fascist aggressors. Therefore, a radical fracture in the course of the Great Patriotic War as a result of the counteroffensive and victory of Soviet troops near Stalingrad also meant a fracture during the entire Second World War "

The overall attack of the Red Army. The victory under Stalingrad and the change in the overall ratio of forces at the front in favor of the Red Army gave the opportunity to the Soviet command to deploy new operations. The center of severity of offensive actions remained in the south. GAMs have developed especially favorable conditions for new strikes on the enemy. They enlighted the greatest strategic effect: the completion of the defeat of the southern wing of the enemy front, the return of the most important industrial and agricultural areas of the country, the complete collapse of Hitler's plans associated with the onset of the Caucasus.

By the end of 1942, the German-fascist troops of the Army Groups "A" were stopped on the approaches to Ordzhonikidze and Grozny, on the passes of the Chief Caucasus Range and in the area of \u200b\u200bNovorossiysk. The march fell on Baku, but the enemy command was calculated to resume it in the spring. Events near Stalingrad, on Don - in the deep rear of the Caucasian group of fascist troops - crossed these calculations.

On January 1, 1943, the Southern Front (renamed Stalingrad), regrouping his troops after the defeat of the Gota Tank Division, began a new offensive. Its purpose was to cut the rear communications of the Caucasian group of fascists. Initially, this task was assigned to the troops of the Voronezh and South-Western fronts, which should have been attacked by Rostov from the north. Now the blow to Rostov was applied from the east by the troops of the southern front from the Salne steppes district, south of Kotelnikovsky.

The offensive of the troops of the southern front along the bottom don to the Azov Sea forced the Hitler's command to take urgent measures to rescue their Caucasian grouping. It is immediately the beginning of the phased discharge of the 1st Tank Army from the Caucasus. For her on her heels, along the railway Baku - Rostov, the troops of the Northern Group of the Transcaucasian Front, allocated on January 24 in the North Caucasian Front, were promoted. On January 28, the situation forced the enemy command to give the order about the departure of the 1st Tank Army to the Donbass area, and the 17th of the field army - to the lower Kuban and Taman Peninsula. Now the 17th Army had a connection with his rear only across the sea and the Kerch Strait. Clinging to Taman bridgehead, Hitler still mentioned hope to return to the Caucasus.

On February 9, the Black Sea group of Soviet troops transmitted by the North Caucasian Front began an offensive against the 17th Army. For 3 days, she liberated Krasnodar - the administrative center of Kuban. The enemy bridgehead was narrowed.

At the same time, persistent battles under Novorossiysk continued. On February 4, on an enemy's enemy, the West Bank of the Cemesky Bay, south of Novorossiysk, landed a detachment of marines under the command of Major C. L. Kunikova. The paratroopers beat the suburb of Novorossiysk at the fascists - the village of the village. The enemy reinforcements delivered under a squall fire made it possible to expand the bridgehead, which lasted in the rear of the Nazis 7 months, before the liberation of Novorossiysk. His creation and defense became one of the most heroic pages of the history of the Great Patriotic War. 21 Defender of the "Little Earth" under Novorossiysk was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, over 2 thousand - were awarded orders and medals, and Novorossiysk for the exploits of Male earth were awarded the title of "Hero City" with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Golden Star Medal. This was grateful to the Soviet people, the party and the government, there was a high assessment of the talle feats of all those who, not sparing their lives, showed unparalleled courage, durability and heroism near the walls of the city, standing up the path of the enemy to the North Caucasus.

In mid-January 1943, Soviet troops launched an offensive on the top don, south and west of Voronezh. Its purpose was primarily the seizure of the Voronezh Railway - Millerovo, necessary for the supply of Soviet troops, who had to adopted on Kharkov and Donbass. On January 13-26, the Troops of the Voronezh Front under the command of General F. I. Golikov were surrounded and destroyed in the Ostrogojsk region up to five divisions and in the Rossosh area - up to eight Divisions of the enemy. In total, 15 enemy divisions were liquidated in this operation.

At the same time, the troops of the Voronezh Front together with Bryansky surrounded about 10 enemy divisions between Voronezh and Castor. The victory in the Ostrogogo-Rossoshansky operation created the prerequisites for the attack on Kharkov and Donbass, and as a result of the Voronezh-Kastornian operation ended on February 17, Voronezh was released and the prerequisites for the attack on Kursk were created. The enemy suffered new heavy losses. This deprived his ability to provide effective resistance to the further offensive actions of the Soviet troops in the south.

One of the most important success achieved by Soviet troops in the winter campaign of 1942/43 was a breakthrough by the enemy blockade of Leningrad. Of all the immense difficulties and terrible adversity, which happened to endure the Soviet people in the war, the hardest went to the share of residents of Leningrad. The huge city deposited by the enemy did not have the necessary stocks of food and fuel. Already in the first blockade winter, hundreds of thousands of Leningradians died from hunger and cold. However, the fascists failed to be a bony hand of hunger to force the capitulate the city of Lenin, which they could not defeat the power of weapons. "Dear Life" through the Lake Lake was maintained the minimum supply level, but radically improved the position of Leningrad could only break through the enemy blockade.

Despite the efforts taken, the troops of the Volkhov and Leningrad fronts in 1942 could not fulfill this task. Now they should have been counter blows from the East and the West to liquidate in the Shlisselburg district - Sinyavino protrusion of the enemy front, which reached Lake Ladoga, discourage Leningrad - Volkhov railway and in such a way to restore the connection with Leningrad on land.

For a week of heavy fighting, Soviet troops overcame powerful defense created by the Nazis. On January 18, 1943, the 2nd shock army of the Volkhov Front of General V. Z. Romanovsky was connected in the area of \u200b\u200bSinyavin from the 67th Army of the Leningrad Front of General M. P. Dukhanov. Along the southern shore of Lake Lake, the enemy was repulsed a narrow strip of the Earth wide 8-11 km wide. So the blockade of Leningrad was broken. Despite the fact that the enemy continued the siege and the shelling of the hero city, his position was now changed in a radically.

Important events occurred in other directions. The troops of the Kalininsky front covering the maneuver beat the enemy the Great Luki. A large protrusion of the enemy front, covered by Vyazma, Rzhev, Gzhatsk, just 150 km west of Moscow, was a special threat. Therefore, during the whole autumn of 1942, the Soviet troops led well here, the bloody offensive fights, but did not achieve success. In November, the battles resumed. At the end of February 1943, the Kalininsky front troops launched a decisive attack on Rzhev. This time, neither a powerful defense system, nor the fierce counterattacks of the Nazis could stop Soviet soldiers. Rzhev was surrounded by March 3 taken storm. After 3 days, the tank and rifle parts of the Western Front were released Gzhatsk, which was an outpost of enemy positions near Moscow. On March 13, they completed success, knocking the opponent from Vyazma. Aimed at Moscow The enemy ceased to exist. Soviet troops won a major victory, seriously improving the situation in the central section of the front.

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Changes in the course of the war in 1914. The functional variant of the hiking form was the one that underwent the smallest changes, inevitable when conducting hostilities. In general, the changes that happened in the Russian army were very similar to those that occurred in others.

From the book Russian Army 1914-1918. author Kornish N.

Changes in the course of the war, the Equal War showed the need for small small-caliber guns that could be transferred to people and used in the cramped conditions of the tangle. In 1915, there are 37-mm tanning guns, the 4-gun battery of which

From the book Japan in the war of 1941-1945. Author Hattori Takusiro

Chapter I The beginning of operations to seize areas of the South Seas believe that the war for Great Eastern Asia began on December 7, 1941 at 3 o'clock. 20 minutes. Japanese time sudden attack of the Japanese fleet on Pearl Harbor. In reality, the war began in 1 hour 50 minutes. before

From the book of the defeat of fascism. USSR and Anglo-American allies in World War II Author Olschtynsky Lennor Ivanovich

2.2. The decisive attack of the fascist block in the summer of 1942, the allied landing in North Africa instead of the opening of the second front Stalingrad - the beginning of the indigenous fracture The fascist block is torn to the victory at the Main Theater of Warsckers "Blitzkrieg" near Moscow set Germany and

From the book of diplomacy during the war years (1941-1945) Author Israelian Viktor Levonovich

The beginning of the liberation of Poland and the Polish question the victorious offensive of the Soviet Armed Forces raised the hour of liberation of Poland. In this liberation struggle, the Union of Polish Patriots in the USSR and the Polish Army Corps created were already performed in this liberation

Author Collective authors

Chapter V The historic victory of Soviet troops in the Stalingrad battle. The contribution of the workers of the Ukrainian SSR in ensuring the root fracture during the war was completed 1942. The Red Army was heroically fought with the enemy on the gigantic front from the ice ocean to the Black Sea.

From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. That eighth Author Collective authors

Chapter VI Completion of the root fracture during the war. Battle for the Dnieper in the spring of 1943. The defeat of the fascist troops on the Soviet-German front led to a sharp change in the entire military-political situation in the world. Winning the decisive battle of World War II, Soviet

From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. That eighth Author Collective authors

7. International relations in the year of the indigenous fracture The question of the second front in 1943 in 1943 inherited the unresolved problem of the second front. The fracture during the war in favor of the states of the anti-fascist coalition did not remove it from the agenda. Thousands of human lives that drove

From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. That eighth Author Collective authors

1. The beginning of the liberation of the peoples of Europe is the beginning of the liberation of Poland. By mid-July 1944, defeating the "Center" armies group, the troops of the three Belarusian fronts came to the state border with Poland. The fascist command was forced to transfer part there, earlier

From the book Tsarsky Rome in the Okey and Volga interfluid. Author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

6. Beginning of the war Romans with Latins and the beginning of the war Dmitry Donskoy with Mama, an insult inflicted by Latin Annie \u003d Mama God Jupiter Christ, caused an explosion of disturbances from Romans. "People ... such angrily convicted that from the crowd's wrath, and then from the attack of outgoing ambassadors