As Valery Bryusov argued with Vladimir Lenin about literature and freedom of speech. Methodical development on social science on the topic "Family Law" Agree to Agreed with the poet must be
Full and incomplete? Why do we know how many of us, Russians? What threatens the modern demographic situation in the country?
Teen Development Trends in Modern Russia
Perhaps today there is not a single popular publication or the media that would not be alarming in connection with the widespread crisis of family and family values. No exception in this series and Russia. Is there a dramatic family position really?
These statistics and sociological surveys give a rather controversial picture of the state of the family in modern Russia.
On the one hand, an increase in the number of registered marriages is recorded. In 2001, it increased by 11% to the previous year and for the first time in the last five years exceeded 1 million. The situation in the "marriage market" is quite favorable. If you proceed from the widespread ratio of the ages of the grooms and brides (the brides are older than the bride, as a rule, for 2 years), in 2001, one potential bride accounted for one potential bride.
However, the 2002 census showed that the number of women is 10 million higher than the number of men (77.6 million against 67.6 million). 1000 men account for 1147 women. The predominance of women's numbers over the number of men is marked with 33 years of age. How not to remember this popular in the 70s. XX century A song about how they stand on the dance girls on the sidelines, "handkerchiefs in the hands of teasing. Because ten girls on the statistics of nine guys. "
You can add data from the latest census statistics on the fact that out of 1000 people aged 16 and over 210 have never been married (in 1989 - 161); 572 are married (in 1989 - 653); 114 widows (in 1989- 110); 94 divorced (in 1989- 72). (What conclusions can be made from the given data?)
Demographers fix an increase in the age of marriage. They explain this fact to the desire of newlyweds to gain the financial and material foundation for family life, to complete education. This trend is typical for most developed countries, it has a bright manifestation in Russia.
Another trend of recent times - the number of divorces is increasing around the world. On average, 3616 marriages and 1534 divorce are registered every day, as a result, 1288 children remain without one of the parents.
Among the motifs of divorces, one of the first places occupies a drunkenness or addiction of one of the spouses, then conflicts and scandals, bad relationships with the relatives of the husband or wife and their interference in the relationship of a young family, a betrayal of her husband or wife, sexual incompatibility. In these motifs, you can allocate a common line - the absence of suggestive social and psychological preparations for marriage, the fulfillment of family roles.
Another noticeable trend is an increase in the age of parents at the time of birth of the first child in the family. Laying the birth of children, modern family people seek to make a career, to achieve material well-being. If in the pre-industrial society, the well-being of families often depended on the number of employees in it, today the situation changes radically.
Demographers believe that in order to ensure the stability of the population, it is necessary that the fertility amounted to an average of 2.5-3 children per woman. However, for implementation in practice, such an optimistic scenario has no reason yet. In many ways, the demographic situation is due to the predominance of the established type of family in the country.
According to sociologists, a typical family model in a modern industrial society is a complete family, nuclear (from lat. Nucleus - core), consisting of one couple of spouses with children and in a registered marriage working in the family two. The average number of family members is 3.6 people. A modern family is experiencing significant transformation caused by deep shifts in the development of society. At the same time, it continues to occupy an important place in the life plans of young people.
Among the motives of marriage's conclusion in the youth environment dominate: love, stereotype "do, like everyone else", calculation. Modern young people prefer such features of their chosen as mind, kindness, decency, reliability, loyalty, love for children, modesty, patience. External appeal is far from the first place. The female ideal is focused on enterprising capable of providing a family material, tactful with a sense of humor of men without bad habits. Men see the ideal of his wife in such virtues as loyalty, femininity, modesty, home suit, good temper.
Reducing the average family size, the weakening of intra-family ties negatively affect its stability. In addition, functional shifts are occurred at the Family Institute: the effect of double employment of women, loss of male prestige in the family due to changes in the nature and size of well-being sources, reducing the family educational function.
The problem of incomplete families
We would have grumbled against truth if the conversation about the modern family was limited by the ideal family model. Scientists of different specialties fix the growing "division of family unity, a violation of the structure of social roles, when one or more family members cannot accurately fulfill their role responsibilities."
As the most common deviations from the ideal model of the family are:
- incomplete family group, in which it is originally not one of the members (a lone mother with a child);
- a broken family because of the intentional care of one of the spouses; cancellation, separation, divorce;
- Family experiencing a crisis caused by external events: the death of one of the spouses, imprisonment, etc.;
- The family "as an empty shell" when spouses live together, but support only minimal contacts with each other.
One of the relatively new trends for demographics is the increase in the number of children born out of marriage. For 1994-2000 Their share has increased from 19.6% of the total number of born to 27.9%. The age of mothers at extramarital births has two peak values \u200b\u200b- up to 20 years and 30-35 years. The first peak reflects the decline in the age of the beginning of the sexual relationship, the growth of the trigger pregnancies, the second - in many ways aware of the motherhood when refusing to register marriage from both some men and women. It is curious that according to the 2002 census data, the number of women who indicated that they consist
in marriage, exceeded the number of men in marriage by 65 thousand (according to the 1989 census there were 28 thousand). It can be assumed that many women who raising children outside the registered marriage consider themselves nevertheless married, while the fathers of these children are unfulfilled.
The growth of extramarital births, on the one hand, and unregistered actual marital unions - on the other, mean the tendency of the separation of marriage and family institutions. This trend has yet to be aware of the scientist engaged in the study of the family. However, it is obvious that the decay or weakening of family connections, an increase in the number of incomplete families in the country, the most adversely affect the implementation of the family of basic functions. In an incomplete family, not only more often, material problems appear, reflected on the economic and organizational function, but that is more dangerous, the shortage of full-fledged family relations arises. In the absence of one of the parents, the child can always get full-fledged communication, to satisfy the full need for joint leisure, feel psychological security.
In addition, in an incomplete family in a trimmed form, the socialization function is being implemented, since the child is deprived of a positive sample to imitate in mastering the role of the family man. In order not to repeat in the future failure in organizing family life, children from incomplete families have to learn from their own mistakes and on the mistakes of their parents.
Incomplete families cannot fully fulfill the reproductive function, which is inevitably reflected in the overall demographic situation.
Modern demographic situation in the Russian Federation
Scientists with alarming state that in the demographic situation of Russia there are quite complex trends. Let's call the most essential of them.
The number of Russians decreases.
The population of the Russian Federation is 145.2 million people. According to this indicator, our country takes the 7th place in the world after China, India, the USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan. However, Russia loses its place in the global demographic hierarchy. By the end of 2001, the share of Russia's population in the world population declined to 2.4%, and this fall continues. Compared to the correspondence of 1989, the population has decreased by 1.8 million.
The population of Russia is not reproduced from the mid-60s. XX century
Over the past century, our country has experienced several periods when the reproduction of the population was "narrowed", i.e. it did not ensure the increase. Two of these periods were associated with catastrophic mortality in the years of world wars. The years have affected the years of mass repression.
After World War II, child mortality rapidly declined, at the same time fertility rates decreased. And from the mid-1960s. The birth rate dropped below the level of simple reproduction of the population. Currently, Russia is experiencing the consequences of the fact that children born during this period of "narrowed" reproduction themselves became parents. A sharp fall in fertility in the 1990s. Only aggravated the already unfavorable position with the reproduction of the population. But even if today it was possible to return to fertility rates that existed before this fall, let's say, to the indicators of 1965-1985, this would not lead to the restoration of the positive natural growth of the country's population. Returns a higher birth rate of the late 1930s or at least the 1950s., When more than half of the Russian population was rural, now unlikely.
That is why now the main and practically the only mechanism that can be used to counteract the rapid decline in the population of Russia is immigration. However, it is not limitless. The reception of a large number of migrants in general, especially migrants of foreign-speaking, related to other cultural traditions, not a painless process, and in the current economic condition and social climate in Russia, not painless doubly. Today's Migration Problems are one of the new challenges that Russia will have to respond in the XXI century.
Mostly the population is reduced due to its natural decrease
, i.e., exceeding the number of deaths over the number of births, as well as due to emigration
In foreign countries.
In 2000, the mortality rate amounted to 15.3 people per 1000 people. Among the most common causes of death, experts call blood circulation diseases, oncological, cardiovascular diseases and accidents. Alcoholism and drug addiction negatively on the life expectancy of the Russian population. These causes of death are noticeably young. The level of men's mortality is 4 times higher than the level of women's and 2-4 times higher than in economically developed countries.
Reducing the working-age population.
According to the census, the population of working age (men - 16-59 years old, women - 16-54) amounted to 61%, younger than working age - 18%, older than working age - 21%.
Thus, the situation that has developed with population in Russia is currently experts assessed as depopulation
- Durable reproduction and reduction in population.
The social consequences of depopulation are related to the prospect of reduced labor potential, economic activity of the population, its aging. The aging of the population, in turn, generates additional requirements for the development of social security, the health care of the elderly. Even in economically developed countries, with an increase in the share of older people in the pyramid of the government, the government is forced to go on an increase in retirement age. Another side of the process of aging population is to exacerbate the problem of loneliness of the elderly, their alienation from young generations.
Negatively affects depopulation and decline in fertility on the so-called infantilization
Smart generation. Normal in adolescent families excessive guardianship over children increases the risk of developing a egoist, closed on its own interests that does not have a sense of responsibility and independence. It is impossible to recognize positive to the development of society and the prospect of increasing the rupture of links between generations. Solidarity of generations, their mutual assistance and cooperation in an incomplete or low-riveted family weaken, loses importance to jointly work.
Is there a way out of the current demographic situation? In the official concept of the demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015, approved by the Government of Russia in September 2001, it is said that "the goals of the demographic development of the Russian Federation are the stabilization of the population and the formation of prerequisites for the subsequent demographic growth."
Practical findings
1 Studying the problems of the modern family will help you consciously refer to your own life scenario, in which it is certainly a full-fledged family.
2 It is worth keeping in mind that the trend towards the limitation of the only child in the family contributes to the depopulation. It gives rise to a serious risk of getting from such a child of the egoist. Depopulation and decline in fertility have negative consequences for the health of the nation. The predominance of firstborn among those born in itself means the deterioration of the psychophysiological characteristics of the population, since the firstborn have the worst health indicators compared to the subsequent and children.
3 The prospect of aging of the population makes it in advance to think about those who and how to provide you in old age. The state, based on the developing ratios between generations, proceeds to the accumulative pension system. You will have to more "postpone" to one's old age, if the tendency to reduce the number of children in the country will continue.
4 It is also important to remember: to live long, it is necessary to preserve health and interest in life for many years, and in this not the last role belongs to a full-fledged happy family.
DOCUMENT
From the concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015 (approved by the Government of Russia in September 2001).
The tasks of the demographic development of the Russian Federation are:
in the field of health promotion and increasing the expected life expectancy of the population
- increase the expected life expectancy of the population;
- an increase in the duration of healthy (active) life;
- Improving reproductive health of the population;
- improving the quality of life of chronically patients and disabled;
in the field of incentiveness of fertility and strengthening of the family - the creation of prerequisites for increasing fertility;
Comprehensive strengthening of the family of the family as a form of harmonious vital activity of the individual;
- creating conditions for youth self-realization;
- providing targeted social protection of the family, including the provision of material assistance at the birth of a child;
in the field of migration and settlement
Regulation of migration flows in order to create effective mechanisms for substitution of natural loss of the population of the Russian Federation;
- improving the efficiency of use of migration flows by reaching the compliance of their volumes, directions and composition of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;
- ensuring the integration of migrants to the Russian society and the formation of a tolerant relationship to them.
Questions and tasks for the document
1. Name the main objectives of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation.
2. What measures are aimed at preventing the negative effects of depopulation?
3. Evaluate from the point of view of the emerging demographic situation, each of the tasks provided for by the concept for regulating migration.
Questions for self-test
1. What trends in family development can be assessed as unfavorable? What is an incomplete family? As an increase
the number of incomplete semes affects the demographic and social situation in society?
2. What is characterized by the modern demographic situation in Russia?
3. What factors have a negative impact on the modern demographic situation in Russia?
TASKS
1. It is believed that incomplete families correspond to the peculiarities of the development of society into the industrial and post-industrial era. Do you agree with such a point of view? Answer argue.
2. Analyze the following table data, draw conclusions about the existing trend and its impact on the demographic situation.
The perfect and real number of children per woman.
Russia, 1991-2000.
3. In the concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015, it is noted: "The overall trend of the dynamics of the country's mortality rate is characterized by the supermarket of people-bodied people, among which about 80 percent make up men. The mortality rate among men is four times higher than the level of mortality among women, and two to four times higher than the same indicator in developed countries. "
What demographic consequences can such a situation? What are the measures offered in the Concept (see Document), are aimed at overcoming negative consequences?
4. Agree or argue with the poet.
Must be fearing widden tears,
You do not associate yourself with anyone with anyone.
But if a Grozny Rock took you,
The whole world would be covered by the widow.
In his child, a mournful widow
Favorite features find reflections.
And you do not leave creatures,
In which the light would find a consolation.
Wealth that the ILO is cleaned,
Changing the place in the world remains.
And the beauty will not smell without a trace,
And youth, disappearing, will not return.
Who betrays themselves -
Does not love anyone in this world!
Reflections of the compiler in the fields of the project "String of the Day" - the poems of the Russian poets of the XIH-XXI centuries, distributed by their written dates - from January 1 to December 31
Text: Dmitry Shevarov
Photo: "Russian poetry. Calendar Wall for 2016 "/FICTION.eksmo.ru
When poetry began to leave our lives? It is difficult to say, because still complained: "Readers became colder than heart and is indifferent to the poetry of life." Three years later, Mikhail Bakhtin brought the formula, according to which the lyrics are possible only in the situation of heat and responsiveness.
And after that, it is clear that we, who live on the run, in drafts, we feel the lack of poetry as a sharp disadvantage in the body of some vital vitamin. And they feel even those who are indifferent to verses, because the poetry of life is not rhymed lines as such, but a globility, a kind of towering soul.
The "lines of the day" includes the poems of Russian poets of the XIX-XXI centuries, distributed by their written dates - from January 1 to December 31.
The date at the end of the poem is usually the last thing that our view falls when we want to turn the page of the poetic collection. And the eyes are not always delayed on this finely scored line. In many books, there are no dates under poems, because the authors or did not give the dating of their works any value, or the dates were lost with the manuscripts.
It so happened that even philologists, the historians of literature rarely perceive the date as a crown of the poem, she for them is something service, auxiliary.
At the same time, everyone agrees that if the poet put the number, month and year (and sometimes an hour!) - It is hardly possible to consider it only empty formality, a habit. After all, even poets that dated many of their poems (A. Fet, A. Pearzhnikov, ...), did not always do it at all.
Date appeared under the poem only if it was born as if it were like "From nothing, from nowhere. // No explanation from a miracle ... " (). And the poet - consciously or intuitively - sought to fix that precious moment when inspiration went on it.
It was possible that the author's impressionable hope that would ever be the same number on the calendar and it was then that these poems suddenly respond in someone's soul. The date and month of the poet dies us, descendants.
Sometimes the date set by the poet in the manuscript is a certain cipher who is designed to hide something very personal and intimate.
Here, for example, the love poems of Evgeny Bratsynsky:
I loved you told you
I often delicate vows
Store priceless dreams
Words, your soul of warrets;
No, I can not believe them:
I was loved, I was love!
I'm the same, my love
My fate has not changed:
I remember the happiness of the previous days,
Though, maybe he forgot him
I forgot my dear, -
But I, I'm all the same!
To date with her, I have no way.
Alas! when I appeared cute, -
Of course, in pity to bring
Her would be sickless.
One dream of my soul -
Aversion with her, a date with her.
Schitra love, in no way she
My romance now inspires me;
Her excitement is full
My kind readers
The love of the former breathes again.
Schitra Love, Hitra Love!
There is nothing unusual in this poem, except for the date: November 31, 1825. There is no such number in the generally accepted calendar. But here the pen is administered on November 31 to the calendar of Russian poetry. You can argue about whether it is a mistake, the draw or the poet was seriously convinced that it was exactly that a number of Russian people for happiness - but there is a cousin album Natalie, where this number is clearly indicated by the hand of the poet. There is the most authoritative collection of works by Baratynsky, prepared by M. Hoffman at the beginning of the twentieth century, where under poem "I was loved, you told you ..." It is worth: November 31.
During the lifetime of the poet, the poem was not printed, so it would be difficult to say it to publish the edit or would leave us this mystery. Pumps, by the way, is enough in the manuscript. In the album under poem signature by an unknown hand: "In Moscow. Dim on Joua Aujourd'hui Freischutz. Composé Par Eugène Boratinsky Mon Cousin Nathalie ». Transfer: "Sunday, today played a free arrow. Unified by Evgeny Bratyan my cousin Natalia. "
"Wolly shooter" - Opera K. Weber. But about the cousin of Natalia, alas, we are unknown to us. And yet: could the date "November 31" be a joke of the poet? This in favor of this, the fact that the poem itself is written with a smile. Perhaps, nevertheless, the poets are rarely joking with dates. Yes, and time for jokes is not quite suitable: in the country, Mourning for the emperor Alexander I. Yes, and not in the nature of the Baraty drawing. He said: "There is a lot of funny in Russia, but I am not laughing ..." In the same November, 1825 wrote a friend: "Fate for me did not become gracious ... Now it is exactly the hardest epoch in my life ..."
It is difficult to believe in a random error in the date. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Baratsky was extremely a pedantical man. He did not suffer from scatleton. All memoirists talk about his clear and strict mind. "I could hardly meet a person smarter than him"? - recalled Prince P. A. Vyazemsky. At the same time, he was "withered, playing, but all this is like a clever person, and not as a poet."
If you look at the portraits of the Baratyansky, then they will immediately remind you of Oleg Yankovsky. That's who could brilliantly play the Baratyan in the movies! And after all, the novel is a wonderful thing about the poet ("Defending Being" was written by Dmitry Golubov in the late 1960s), and long ago could be shielded. But - time is missed. And we have the "that Münhhausen", where the will in the main character remains nothing from the funny German baron, which wrote out of the unprecedented Germans. Baronsky in the Gorinsky Munchhausen as much as it was in Barone Delvig. This is generally a very Russian turn of fate: they shot something far, someone else's and funny, and it turned out about close, our tragic. It turned out that Münhhausen is a Russian poet. And Yankovsky to pain looks like Baratynsky. "Such people look at life without joking, - wrote about the Baraty Contemporary, - seek her high mystery, understand the importance of their destination and together feel the poverty of the Earth Being. "
By the way, remember: Münhgausen in the film dates his letter on May 32, to which he shout everything: "There is no such number!" And he is trying to explain: "Listen finally! .. I opened a new day. This is one of the greatest discoveries, and maybe the most ... I walked to him in the years of thought, observations ... And here it came - thirty second! .. "
It seems to me that Eugene Baratinsky, who called his famous collection "Twilight", knew how pulls us in November to the light, as the roads at this time even small gifts. So he gave us another day of autumn.
As it is, it's amazing that there is no empty day in the calendar for Russian poetry.
Of course, not all the days in Boldinsky fruit, but everyone would be worth reading as a birthday of a classical poem. And it means that it is possible to live all year round together with Russian poets, in consonance with their high feelings and thoughts, with their sensitive attention to everything that is happening in nature, outside the window.
Poetry as an air ship transfers us through the abyss of time, and we reunite with the era of our ancestors as with the era of our relatives not only in the blood, but also in the spirit of people.
Unfortunately, the poets of the late XX - the beginning of the twenty-first century began to be careless to the dates (therefore in the "rows of the day" you will meet and not dated poems). Only a few modern poets record the time to create one or another poetic text. With a special thankfulness I want to name the name of one of my favorite poets Larisa Miller: For the six years now she leads to the LiveJournal of the unparalleled poetic diary "Persisa Guskom: new and old" - daily (!) Refilled copyright assembly of poems of different years.
Once I asked the poet: "What is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Lord, when he sends a poet to the world? What for? For what?.."
Novella Nikolaevna wondered, and then replied: "Probably, after all, to awaken the conscience in people. Poets, if they are real poets, are somewhere close to priests. They hurry us to good ... "
Soon, in the journal "Neskuchny Garden" I read the answer of the priest (and at the same time - a wonderful poet) Sergius Kruglov Schoolgirl Kate, who wrote a full doubts to the editor. Kate was asked at school to learn one of their current poems of the block, and it seemed to her that it was contrary to the faith that "the believer would not write so."
This is what Kate Father Sergius writes: "Hello, Catherine! .. The mention of poetry could not touch me: I write poems here's a quarter of a century. And ten years serve a priest. I was baptized pretty late, in 30 years, but I did not escape the initial stage of entry into the church, through which everyone passes ... I destroyed all my poems in a rustling (and by that time I had publications in Russia, and abroad), a lot Books threw out on the garbage, considering all this, saying by your words, "not by faith." And for several years, the poems did not return to me ... And then they returned, although already on another, the Christian level. It turned out that poetry and faith are not enemies, but friends.
Poetry - God's gift to man, the very gospel talent, which should not be buried to the ground, but to develop and serve them neighbor. After all, and God himself, the holy fathers call the "poet", "Creator" ... I realized that from God - not only what is in church fence, but in general everything is good on earth and in people ... "
I will complete my protracted story with the words, the compiler of one of the first Russian poetic anthologies. This is how he wrote on December 17, 1810, preceding his "Assembly of Russian poems": "We think our meeting, with all the missing disadvantages in it, must be taken from every fan of poetry with pleasure. Throughout repeating in the negligence of his and ignorance, we ask the reader to enlighten us with your advice ... "
Open lesson plan in grade 11
Subject : "Preparation for EGE: Text Analysis (Text Problems, Punctuation Analysis, Artistic Means), Repetition of the theory of syntax of a complex and complicated simplicity, as well as a number of issues that caused students in the trial exam."
Equipment, clarity: PC, diaper projector, cards (printer), video recording (questions grade 6 eleventh graders).
The word teacher : The task of the lesson is to develop the text formulating skills, punctuation analysis. Repeat the syntax issues that caused difficulties earlier.
This is another training lesson for the exam. In early April 2009, we celebrated the 200th anniversary of the great Russian writer N.V. Gogol. Some language material of today's lesson will be associated with his name, as a tribute to the Master of the Russian Word.
Well, for a start - warm-up, requiring instant decision.
1. On the screen (Diaprintor) -"Fourth extra". I argue: "In all columns in all four cases - phrases. Is it so?"
Talked about Gogol very interesting near the dikanka
they talked a lot of interesting things and inevitably evenings on the farm
we told me interesting farmers near Dikanka
2. And now, when we removed too much,determine the method of communication words
in phrases.
3. Now you will receive a card withtext - thinking Sergey Zalina, Russian writer 20th century, about the work of Gogol andquestions.
(1) Unlike other classics, from classic novelists first of all, Gogol never
does not talk about happiness. (2) He does not have this word. (3) This concept is also.
(4) And it's not even the fact that his heroes are happy or unhappy, and the very concept of happiness for them is too vague, isn't it the exercise of the dream of Akakia Akakievich
about the new overcoat makes it on the moment happy. (5) But no more.
(6) Meanwhile, Russian classical literature did not do without this concept, it was for her as if the inner driving force. (7) Dostoevsky saw happiness in the cleansing of the soul. (8) Tolstoy - in the completeness and naturalness of the feeling. (9) Korolenko - in nobility of nature. (10) Pushkin - no matter how even happiness emitted, and he felt him in his blood.
(11) Chekhov has no happiness, but no one else is so insistent and deeply comprehends the concept of happiness, so does not suffer from what it is not, so passionately is not convinced,
what it should be.
(12) But happiness and Gogol seems to be not even incompatible, and although we have no doubt for us for a minute in the fact that everything that has been done - is done for the sake of man, for the sake of humanity and his fate, nevertheless cannot be caught, - What does Gogol understand
under the word "happiness"? (13) How does it feel?
(14) Maybe it is again explained by his tendency to satire and hyperbola, who have some of their own philosophy and alien to this category?
(15) But maybe differently.
(16) Century Hih, self-confident, who felt the arrival of science as the arrival of the New Christ of the Savior, after all, doubted his future such minds as Gogol: the Savior could be endowed with apocalyptic features.
(17) And this is the border, reaching which the genius is already deprived of the concept of happiness.
(18) In global art, without much difficulty, this sacred Order of the Soremen and all those who belonged to it can be distinguished. (S. Zaligin)
(The text is displayed for checking through a PC and a diaperoctor on the screen)
- What is this text? (Literary - Critical article, journalistic article, artistic story)
- What is the author's goal? (Pay attention to one of the features of the artistic world N. Gogol, make a negative attitude to some works of the writer, compare the creative method of Gogol with the pictorial features of other writers.)
- What feature of Gogol prose caused the emergence of these reflections? (No concept of happiness in his work, Critical direction of creativity, moments of doubt in the work of Gogol.)
- Is the conclusion of S. Zalina, is unambiguous about the reasons for the absence of the concept of happiness in Gogol prose? (No, the author did not find concrete reasons, he only expressed his assumptions about this.)
- How and what does the author think? What is his point of view? (First: The author believes that Gogol Satira and hyperbole, possessing their own philosophy, alien categories of happiness; the second: the development of science in Russia, according to many, should have become a salvation from the urgent social, economic and even moral problems, which was very doubted
N.V. Gogol: He, according to S. Zalina, anticipate the future confusion of the nation, which, naturally, deprived him of the work of such a thing as happiness.)
- Is S. Slagin fairly calls the writer "genius", moreover, does N. Gogol relate to the "sacred Order of the Sovereign" in world art? Who is the priest?
- What's in the article S. Zalina, in your opinion, is undoubtedly? What causes doubts?
- Would you agree or argued with the author? What arguments would lead to their point of view?
4. I will have several questions on text offerspunctuation character. (Conversation).
1) Explain why the sentences (14) and (15) would seem to be the same words "maybe" punctuation
differently. Why in one case - comma, and in the other it is not?
2) Give the latest proposal characteristic (simple - complex, which, if complex, where the basis (basics).
3) In offers from (6) software (11), find the non-union offer.
4) (10) - simple or complex? Prove.
5) C (14) and then find the offer with homogeneous separate definitions. What are they expressed?
5. And now you are waiting for a pause - the passage filledorphoepia . Six graders prepared you a small test. Get cards and answer their questions. Act quickly! (Video frames).
(Challenged A, the ringing and m, on the lrooke, I spoke about the bathroom, russis about g, b a, head, head and bottom, blind, and, svk, exploited, created a, otu, porous DOCUMENT ENF, N A CHAL, DEF and C, NA E RC, Rights, Hand, and T, AG E NT).
How many mistakes was?
6. You know well that this year the new task has been added to the exam.main information text. We can not once again not practice themselves in this. The next cards are waiting for you. Work quickly! (Check on the raised hands. Who is the first option? Who is the second option?, Etc.)
... All my last writings are the story of my own soul. And to better explain all this, determining himself as a writer himself. I interpreted a lot about me, disassembling some of my parties, but my main being was not determined. He was heard only Pushkin. He always told me that even one writer had this gift to exhibit so bright vividness of life, be able to outset in such a power of vulgarity of a vulgar person, so that the whole one was a little thing that would slip away from her eyes, would smell into the eyes of everyone. Here is my main property, one belonging to me and which, for sure, there is no other writers.
(N.V.Gogol)
In which of the suggested suggestions is correctly transferredthe main Information contained in the text?
1) Readers and critics a lot about Gogol interpreted, but "did not define the main creature" him as a writer.
2 ) "The main being", which distinguishes Gogol from other writers, who could only understand Pushkin, - the gift "to expose vividness of life."
3) Gogol's ability to "outline in such a force of vulgarity of a vulgar person" is not from other writers.
4) The last writings of Gogol, the story of his own soul, could not understand either critics or readers.
7. And now we will considertext syntax.
Do I have introductory words in the text? (Yes exactly)
How many presidential offers in 5 sentences? What is the way of subordination (parallel, consistent, homogeneous)?
How many prisoners in the text?
What parts of the speech "View", "belonging", "some"?
8. Well, finally -figurative means... (text is displayed on the screen, PC, diaperoctor)
How is being completed, like a luxurious summer day in Malorus!
How there is a frying those watches when noon shook in silence and knowing the blueness of an immeasurable ocean, a voluptuous dome burned over the earth, it seems, fell asleep, the whole Power in Nege, hugging and squeezing his beautiful in the air hugs! It neither clouds. In the field or speech. Everything seemed to die; At the top only, in the heavenly depth, trembling the larks, and silver songs fly through the air steps to the land in love, and occasionally the cry of seagulls or the swollen voice of the quail is given in the steppe. Lazily and thoughtlessly, as if walking without a goal, there are sealer oaks, and dazzling blows of sunlight lights whole pictorial masses of the leaves, throwing onto other dark as night, the shadow, according to which gold acne is pimmoded. Emeralds, topazy, yachons of essential insects roll over the dying vegetables, autonomous with statutory sunflowers. Gray hay stacks and gold sheafs of bread are located in the field and roame in immeasurability. Furgeted from the severity of fruits. Wide branches of cherry, drain, apple trees, pears; The sky, his pure mirror - the river in the green, proudly raised frames ... How fully the solvents and the bliss of the Malorosiysk summer!
(On N. Gogol.)
What kind art techniques Do you find in the text? What is in the syntax?
(Epithets, comparisons, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, inversion, gradation (hugging and squeezing), allyteration sounding (C, W), syntax parallelism (as ... as nor ... neither, exclamation deals, homogeneous members, default ...)
The word teacher . We finish lesson. I hope that knowledge and skills will serve you today will give you a good service for the exam.
On October 22, 1870, one of the great Russian writers was born - Ivan Bunin. The last classic of Russian literature and the first Russian Nobel laureate in literature, in his world interest, he belonged to the nineteenth century than the twentieth. Bunin differed independent judgments. There are a lot of strokes, but the tagging statements concern modern writers, poets and entire literary flows. By the way, not only modern - Bunin's classics also had his own opinion. He exposed to the Russian revolution and revolutionaries literally destroying criticism. And in general, quite critical looked at the Russian people. With riunin, you can agree or argue, but it is difficult not to evaluate the accuracy and strength of its language.
About happiness
- A person makes a happy three things: love, interesting work and the opportunity to travel ...
- If a person has not lost the ability to wait for happiness - he is happy. This is happiness.
- Human happiness is nothing to wish for himself. The soul calms down and begins to find a good where it was not expected at all.
- I see, I hear, happy. All in me.
"If I had no hand and legs and I could only sit on a bench and look at the setting sun, I would be happy with it." One thing is necessary only to see and breathe. Nothing gives such a pleasure as paints ...
About love
- Vanity chooses, True love does not choose.
"When you love someone, no one will force you to believe that you can not love the one who you love."
- Who marries love, he has good nights and bad days.
About women
- The woman is very similar to man and lives next to him.
- There is ... Women's souls who are always languishing some sad thirst for love and who never love anyone from this.
- Woman beautiful should occupy the second stage; The first belongs to a woman cute. This is done by the master of our heart: before we will give a report about it themselves, our heart is done by the slaughter of love forever ...
- Women are never so strong as when they are armed with weakness.
About life and death
- Human life is expressed in relation to the end to the infinite.
- We generally must be very guilty to all in front of each other. But only when separated, you feel it. Then - how much still remains to us these years together? If there are still these summer, it still remains less and less. So what is next? We will disappear by graves! So hurt, so exacerbated feelings, so the sharp all thoughts and memories! And how are we usually stupid! How calm! And really need this pain so that we appreciate your life?
- What a joy - exist! Only see, at least see only one smoke and this light.
- Blessed clock pass, and it is necessary, you need ... at least somehow, and at least something to preserve, that is, to oppose death, the blowing of a rosehip.
- Why from childhood pulls the distance of the distance, the depth, the depth, the height, unknown, dangerous, where you can miss the life, even losing her for something or someone? Wouldn't it be possible, if our share only what is, "that God gave," only the Earth, only one of this life? God, obviously, gave us much more.
About Russia and Russian
"What is the old Russian disease, this is a troy, this boredom, this fake is the eternal hope that some frog will come with a magic ring and everything will be done for you: it is only for you to go on the porch and throw a ring on the hand.
- There are two types of people. In one, Russia prevails, in the other - sorry, measuring. But even in the other there is a terrible changeability of moods, appearance, "preciousness".
- The people himself said to herself: "Of us, like from the tree, - and a dubb, and icon," depending on the circumstances, from who this tree processes: Sergiy Radonezh or Emetela Pugachev.
- Ah, this eternal Russian need for the holiday! .. How to pull us to the unceasing hop, to the rope, how boring the weekdays and a planned work!
- Our children, grandchildren will not even imagine that Russia in which we once (that is, yesterday) lived, which we did not appreciate, did not understand, all this power, complexity, wealth, happiness ...
- There is something quite special in warm and bright nights of Russian county cities in late summer. What a world, what well-being!
On the revolution
"... Satan Capina Evil, bloodthirstiness and the very wild self-government reached Russia precisely in those days when fraternity, equality and freedom were proclaimed. Then immediately appeared, acute breathtaking.
- "Revolutions are not made in white gloves ..." Why is it to be renovated that counter-revolutions are made in heroic mittens?
- "Holy of the titles", the title of "man" is disgraced, more than ever. Ocean and Russian people are disgraced - and what would it be, wherever we disaven, if there were no "ice hikes"!
Prepared Boris Serov
Spore painter with a poet, musician and sculptor
In fair complaints, there is a painting that it is expelled from among free arts, for it is a genuine daughter of nature and is carried out by the most worthy feeling. Therefore, about writers, you are not right that they left it out of the number of these free arts, for it is engaged not only by the creations of nature, but also indefinitely to many, which nature never created.
Since the writers did not have information about the science of painting, they could not describe any units or parts of it; She herself does not discover their ultimate goal in words and because of ignorance remained behind the sciences mentioned above, without losing it in his divinity. And truly, not without reason, they did not find it, since she herself enters itself, without the help of other languages, no otherwise, as the perfect creatures of nature do. And if the painters did not describe it and did not bring it into science, then this is not the wines of painting and it does not become less noble from the fact that only a few painters become professional writers, as they are not enough of them to learn this. Can we say that the properties of herbs, stones and trees do not exist because people do not know about them? Of course not. But we will say that the herbs remain on themselves noble, without the help of human languages \u200b\u200bor writing.
That science is more useful, the fruit of which is most denominated, and also, on the contrary, it is less useful to a less useful.
Painting is able to inform your final results to all generations of the universe, since its end result is the subject of a visual ability; The path through the ear to the overall feeling is not the same that the path through vision. Therefore, it does not need any letters, in interpreters of various languages, but directly satisfies the human race, not otherwise than the objects produced by nature. And not only the human race, but also other animals, as it was shown by one picture depicting the father of the family: small children were caught, formerly in diapers, as well as a dog and a cat of this house, so it was quite amazing to look at this sight .
Painting is a feeling with greater truth and the reliability of the creation of nature than words or letters, but letters represent words with greater truth than painting. We will say that more than worthy of surprise is the science that represents the creations of nature than the one that represents the creations of the Creator, that is, the creations of people, which are words; Such is poetry and the like that passes through the human language.
The sciences, accessible to imitation, are such that through their student becomes equal to the Creator and also produces its fruit. They are useful for the imitator, but not as excellent as those that cannot be inherited, like other material benefits. Among them, painting is the first. She will not teach her someone who does not allow nature, as in mathematical sciences, from which the student absorbs as much as the teacher reads him. It can not be copied as writing, where the copy is as valuable as the original. From it, it is impossible to get a cast, as in sculpture, where the imprint of the same, as the original, in terms of the dignity of the work; She does not put the infinite number of children as printed books. She alone remains noble, she alone grants the fame to her Creator and remains valuable and the only one and never gives rise to children equal to themselves. And this feature makes it more than those sciences, which is announced everywhere.
Do not we see, as the most powerful kings of the East act in the bedspreads and closed, thinking that their glory would decrease from the announcement and publishing their presence? Do not we see that the paintings depicting deities are constantly holding the closed covers of the greatest value? And when they open up, they first arrange large church celebrations with various chants and any music, and at the opening of the great many people who gathered here, immediately rushes to the ground, worshiping and praying to whom such a picture depicts, about acquiring lost health and about Eternal salvation, and not otherwise, as if this deity was present independent. This does not happen with any other science or other human creation, and if you say that this is a merit of not a painter, but your own merit of the subject, then the answer will be followed that in this case the soul of people could get satisfaction and they remain In bed, could not go to the pilgrimage in places difficult and dangerous, as we see, it is constantly being done. But if still such pilgrimages continuously exist, then who encourages them without necessity? Of course, you admit that it makes the image that all Scriptures cannot do, as they do not understand clearly and in dignity to portray this deity. Therefore, it seems that the deity itself loves such a picture and loves who she loves and read, and more willingly takes worship in this than in other blebackers depicting, and therefore having mercy and gives salvation - according to those who flock In such a place.
Painting applies to the surface, colors and figures of all objects created by nature, and philosophy penetrates the inside of these bodies, considering them their own properties. But she does not satisfy the truth that the painter reaches, independently embracing the first truth of these bodies, as the eye is less mistaken than the mind.
If you despire painting, the only imitator to all visible creatures of nature, then, probably, you will despise the subtle invention, which with philosophical and subtle reflections considers all the qualities of the forms: the sea, terrain, trees, animals, herbs and flowers - all that Surrounded by shadow and light. And truly, painting - science and legitimate daughter of nature, for it is generated by nature; But to express it more correctly, we will say: the granddaughter of nature, since all visible things were generated by nature and painting was born from these things. Therefore, we will rightly call it the granddaughter of nature and the relative of God.
There is not a single part in astrology, which would not be a matter of visual lines and prospects, daughters of painting, as the painter and there is one who, by virtue of the need for his art, made this perspective into light, - and astrology cannot be developed without lines. These lines are all the diverse figures of bodies created by nature, without them the art of geometry blindly.
And if the geometry reduces all the surface, surrounded by the line, to the figure of the square and each body to the cube figure, and the arithmetic makes the same with its cubic and square roots, then both of these sciences are distributed only to the study of discontinuous and continuous quantities, but do not work on Quality - the beauty of the creatures of nature and the decoration of the world.
The eye at the appropriate distance and in the appropriate environment is less mistaken in its ministry than any other feeling, because it sees only on the direct lines forming the pyramid, the basis of which the object is made, and brings it to the eye, as I intend to prove it. The ear is very mistaken in the location and the distance of their objects, because the images of them reach it not by direct lines, as before the eye, but along winding and reflected lines; And often it happens that distant seems closer than the neighboring, due to the way that these images pass; Although the sound of echo comes to this feeling only in a straight line.
The smell is even less determined by the place that causes the smell, and the taste and touch touched to the object only know about this touch.
Live creatures are more harmful to loss of vision than hearing, and in many reasons: first, through vision, the food needed for nutrition, which is necessary for all living beings; Secondly, through vision, the beauty of created things created, especially those things that lead to love, which is blind from birth can not comprehend hearing, because he never knew what the beauty of any thing. It remains his hearing, through which he understands only the sounds and the human conversation, in which there are the names of all those things that their name is given. Without knowledge of these names, you can live very fun, as it can be seen on the deaf from nature, that is, on silent, explaining through the drawing, which most of the silent are having fun. And if you say that vision bothers the concentrated and thin spiritual knowledge, through which penetration into divine sciences is committed, and that such an interference has led one philosopher to the fact that he has deprived himself, then it should be the answer that the eye is like Mr. Over the feelings Performs his duty when he interferes with confused and false - not sciences, and reasoning, in which disputes are always underway with a great cry and handscript; And the same should have to make a rumor, which does not remain insulted, as he would have to demand the consent that binds all the feelings. And if such a philosopher breaks his eyes to get rid of interference in his arguments, then appropriate that such an act corresponds to his brain, and his reasoning, because all this is nonsense. Didn't he squeeze his eyes when he fell into such fury, and keep them clumsy until the frenzy would delete himself? But the crazy was a man, insane was the reasoning, and the greatest stupidity was to tear her eyes.
The eye, by which the beauty of the Universe is reflected by contemplating, is so excellent that the one who will loss his loss will deprive himself the idea of \u200b\u200ball the creations of nature, the type of which satisfies the soul in the human dungeon with the help of the eye through which the soul imagines all the various objects of nature. But who will lose them, he leaves the soul in a gloomy prison, where any hope is lost again to see the sun, the light of the whole world. And how many people who have night darkes, although they are short-lived, hated to the highest extent! Oh, what would they do when these dots become satellites of their lives?
Of course, there is no one who would not want to lose his hearing and smell rather than eyes, although the loss of hearing entails the loss of all sciences ending with the words; And it is done only in order not to lose the beauty of the world, which lies in the surfaces of bodies, both random and natural, reflecting in the human eye.
If the painter wishes to see the wonderful things inspiring his love, then in his authority to give birth to them, and if he wishes to see the ugly things that are frightened, or the jester and funny, or truly miserable, then he is owned by the Lord and God. And if he wishes to generate populated areas in the desert, places shady or dark during heat, then he depicts them, and equally - hot places during the cold. If he wishes the Valley, if he wishes, in front of him to be opened with high mountain peaks wide fields, if he wishes to see the skyline of the sea, he is the lord of it, and also if he wants to see high mountains or high mountains from the deep valle Deep valleys and coasts. And indeed, everything that exists in the universe as an essence, as a phenomenon or as imaginary, he first in the shower, and then in his hands, which are so superb that at the same time create the same proportional harmony in one-sole look which items are formed.
The eye, called the window of the soul, is the main path that the overall feeling may be in the greatest wealth and magnificence to consider the endless creations of nature, and the ear is second, and it is addressed by the stories about those things that the eye seen. If you, historians, or poets, or other mathematics, have not seen the eyes of things, they can not inform about them in writing. And if you, the poet, represent a story by painting with pen, then the painter through the brush will make it so that it will be easier to satisfy and will be less boring for understanding. If you call painting with a mute poetry, then the painter will be able to say that poetry is blind painting. Now look, who is more injured freak: blind or dumb? If the poet is free, like a painter, in the inventions, his fictions do not deliver such satisfaction to people like paintings; After all, if poetry applies to words on figures, forms, gestures and terrain, the painter seeks to imitate these forms with its own images. Now see what is closer to the person: the name of a person or the image of this person? The person name is changing in different countries, and the form changes only by death. And if the poet serves a reason by ear, then the painter - by eye, more worthy feeling.
Madonna with a carnation, 1472-1478
But I do not want anything else from them, in addition, so that a good painter depicts the fury of the battle, and that the poet describes another battle, and that both of them were put up next to each other. You will see where the audience will be delayed, where they will argue more, where there will be more praise and what will satisfy more. Of course, the picture, as much more useful and beautiful, will like it more. Pose an inscription with God's name in any place and place the image of it on the contrary - and you will see that it will be more memorable. If painting hugs all the forms of nature, then you only have names, and they are not universal as forms. And if you have an image action, then we have an image of action. Choose a poet who would describe the beauty of a woman's beloved, and choose a painter who would depict her, and you will see where nature bowes in love with the judge. Of course, the test of things would have to be granted to solve the experience. You put painting among mechanical crafts. Of course, if the painters were also inclined to praise their works in the Scriptures, like you, then, I think she would not stay with such a low nickname. If you call it mechanical, since first of all it is performed by hand, for the hands depict what they find in fantasy, then you, writers, draw through the feather with your hands what is in your mind. And if you call it craft because it is done for a fee, then who falls into this error - if this is a mistake can be called - more than you? If you read for training, then you do not go to the one who will pay you more? Do you fulfill at least one work without any fee? However, I say it is not in order to make such opinions, since every work is counting on the fee. And can say the poet: I will create a fiction that will designate something great; The same as the painter will create, as the appeal "slander" created. If you said that poetry is more durable, then I will say that the work of the Kotelcher is more durable, and that the time will save them more than yours or our works, and nevertheless fantasy in them is not much; And painting, if you paint with icing, can be made a lot more durable. We can be called the grandchildren of God regarding art. If poetry applies to the philosophy of morality, the painting applies to the philosophy of nature. If the first describes the activity of consciousness, the second considers whether consciousness is manifested in movements. If the first is frightened by the peoples of hellish inventions, then the second the same things actually do the same. Let the poet be attempted to compare in the image of beauty, ferociousness or things of vile and coarse, monstrous with a painter, let him be on his own way, as he pleases, turns the form, but the painter will deliver more satisfaction. Isn't it seen that the paintings had such similarities with the considered subject that people were deceived and animals? If you are, the poet, you can tell and describe the phenomena of forms, then the painter will do it so that they will seem to come through the lighting, the creator of expression on the faces inaccessible to your Peru where the brushes are available.
Painting presents to you in one moment your essence in the ability of vision in the same way that the impression gets natural objects, and moreover, at the time, which makes the harmonic proportionality of parts, which make up a whole, catering; And poetry reports about the same, but the means is less worthy than the eye, and the impression of the image of the objects is more vaguely and more slowly than the eye, the true intermediary between the object and the impression that directly communicates with the highest truth about the true surfaces and figures of What appears in front of him; They also give rise to the proportionality called the harmony, which is sweetly convened by the feeling, as well as the proportionality of various votes - a sense of hearing; The latter is still less adequate than the eye, since barely born from him already dies and also soon in death, as in birth. This can not happen with a sense of vision, since if you present the eye of human beauty, consisting of the proportionality of excellent members, then these beauties are not so mortal and not destroyed as quickly as music; On the contrary, this beauty is durable and allows you to consider yourself and discuss - and everything will not be born again, like music in repeated sound, does not bother you - on the contrary, he fascinates you and is the reason that all feelings with the eye would like to have it, And it seems that you would like to enter the eye. It seems that the mouth would like to conclude it into the body; The ear receives pleasure, listening to her beauties; The feeling of touch would like to penetrate it all of its own pores; And even nose would like to get air that continuously blows from her. But the beauty of such harmony time destroys in a few years, which does not happen to the beauty shown by the painter, as time retains it for a long time; And the eye, since this is his work, gets genuine pleasure from this written beauty, as if it were a live beauty; He eliminated the touch, which he considers himself at the same time with her elder brother, which, having fulfilled his task, does not interfere with the mind discussing the Divine Beauty. And in this case, the picture depicting it, largely replaces something that the subtleties of the poet could not be replaced, which in this case wants to compare with the painter, but does not notice that his words, when mentioning the components of this beauty, are divided from each other putting between them for oblivion and separating the proportions that he cannot be called without larger longs; And, without being able to call them, he cannot be addicted from them harmonic proportionality, which consists of divine proportions. And therefore, simultaneity in which contemplation of pictorial beauty is closed, can not give the described beauty, and he sins against nature, who wanted to put in front of the ear what should be placed in front of the eye. Give in such cases music to enter into your rights and not enter science of painting, the true visual image of the natural shapes of all things.
What prompts you about a person, leave your urban dwelling, leave relatives and friends and go to the fields through the mountains and valleys, as not the natural beauty of the world, which, if you judge well, do you enjoy only through a feeling of vision? And if the poet wishes in this case, also call yourself a painter, then why don't you take these places in the descriptions of poets and do not stay at home, without experiencing excessive heat of the sun? Wouldn't it be more useful to you, and less tiring, since you would stay in a coolness, without movement and without a threat of illness? But the soul could not enjoy the adventures of the eyes, the windows of her monastery, could not get the images of joyful localities, could not see the shady valleys, cutting the game of sneaking rivers, could not see different colors, which their paints harmoniously affect the eye, and also In total, what can appear just before the eye. But if the painter in the cold and harsh days of winter will put the same written landscapes and others in front of you, where you enjoyed, not far from some source, if you, in love, you can see yourself with your sweetheart on a blooming lawn, under a sweet shadow Green trees, will you not get another pleasure than listening to this case by the poet? The poet is responsible here and retreats before the arguments expressed above, but he says that he surpasses the painter, as it makes it talk and reasoning people through various fiction, and he comes up with such things that do not exist; And that he will encourage men to take a weapon; And that he will describe the sky, stars, nature, and art, and in general everything. What the answer should be that none of those things about which he speaks is not the subject of his own activities, but that if he wishes to speak and act, he will have to make sure that he is defeated by a speaker; And if he speaks of astrology, he stole it in an astrologer, and if about philosophy, then - at the philosopher, and that in reality poetry has no own department and deserves it no more than a petty trader, a collector of goods made by various artisans. But the deity of painting science considers the works of both human and divine, since they are limited to their surfaces, that is, the border lines of the border; They indicate the sculptor perfection of his statues. It is its basis, that is, the picture, teaches the architect to do so that his building is nice for her eyes, it teaches both the inventors of various VAZ, it is jewelers, weavers, embroiderers; It invented the letters through which various languages \u200b\u200bare expressed, it gave the karats to arithmets, it taught the image of geometry, it teaches prospects and astrolories, as well as builders of machinery and engineers.
Says the poet that his science is fiction and measure; But that this is only the body of poetry: the fiction of the content and measure in verses; And only then he puts himself up with all sciences. The painter is responsible for this as he has the same commitments in science of painting, that is, fiction and measure; The invention of the content, which he must portray, and measure in the written items so that they are not disproportionate; But that it does not dress in these three sciences - on the contrary, others in a large part dress in painting, as, for example, astrology, which does nothing without perspective, the latter is the main part of painting; And it is Mathematical Astrology that is, I'm not talking about false speculative astrology, - Let me apologize to the one who lives with it throughout the fools. He says the poet that he describes one item representing another, full of excellent mines. The painter says he is wave to do the same thing and that he is also a poet. And if the poet says that he lights people to love, the most important thing for all kinds of living beings, the painter is dominated to do the same thing, and even more so he puts his own image of his beloved object before in love, who kissing him and turning towards him With a speech, often does what he would not do with the same beauties set in front of him by a writer; He all the more striking the mind of people, which makes them love and fall in love with a picture that does not depict any living woman at all. I myself at one time happened to write a picture that represented something divine; She bought him in love with her and wanted to deprive her divine species to be able to kiss her without fear. In the end, the conscience defeated her sighs and creature, but he had to remove the picture from his house. So you go, the poet, describe the beauty, not depicting a living object, and the worship of people to such desires. If you say: I'll describe the hell or heaven and other pleasures or horrors, then the painter will surpass you, as he will put things before you, who silently talk about such pleasures or will horrify you and encourage your soul to escape; Painting rather leads to the movement of feelings than poetry. And if you say that in words you will encourage the people to cry or laughing, then I will tell you that you are moving them not you, and orator, and this science is not poetry. The painter will lead to laughter, but not to cry, because crying is a stronger state than laughter. One painter wrote a picture, and who looked at her, he also yawned, and this condition was repeated all the time, while her eyes were sent to the picture, which also portrayed the yawn. Others painted poses lustful and so voluptuous that they encouraged their viewers to the same entertainment that poetry would not do. And if you describe the image of some deities, then this description will not be so memorable as the written deity, because such a picture will constantly bring vows and all sorts of prayers, various generations from many countries will be gathering to her and because of the eastern seas, And they will ask for help to ask for such a picture, and not the Scripture.
When on the birthday of King Matthew, the poet brought him a work, praised the day when this king was born for the benefit of the world, and the painter gave him a portrait of his beloved, then the king now closed the poet's book, turned to the picture and stopped her gig admiration. Then the poet in a strong indignation said: "About the king, read, read, and you will feel that this is a more substantive thing than a dumb picture."
Then the king, having heard that he was reproached for the viewing of silent items, said: "Oh poet, silent, you do not know what you say; This picture serves as a better feeling than yours, which is designed for the blind. Give me anything that I could see and touch, and not only listen, and do not hurt my choice for putting your work to myself under the elbow, and the work of the painter holds both hands, asking his eyes to him; After all, their hands themselves took to serve a more worthy feeling than hearing. I believe that the same attitude should be between the science of painter and the science of the poet, which exists between the corresponding feelings whose objects they are made. Do not you know that our soul consists of harmony, and harmony is born only in those instantaneous when the proportionality of objects becomes visible or hearing? Do not you see that in your science there is no proportionality created in a moment; On the contrary, one part will be born from the other successively, and the subsequent is not born if the previous one does not die? Therefore, I believe that your invention is significantly lower than the invention of the painter, and only because it does not develop from harmonic proportionality. It does not please the soul of the listener or the viewer, as it makes the proportionality of the most beautiful parts that make up the divine beauty of the face that is in front of me. They collected at the same time together, bring me such a pleasure for our divine proportions that no, I suppose, no other things created by a man on Earth, which could give more pleasure. There is no such senseless judgment that on the offer to choose or eternal dots, or the loss of hearing immediately would not rather prefer to lose his hearing along with the smell than to remain blind. After all, the one who loses his eyesight loses the beauty of the world with all the forms of created things, and the deaf loses only the sound created by the movement of shocked air, an insignificant thing in the world. You saying that science is all the more noble, the more worthy the subject to which it applies, and that therefore more is a false image of the essence of the Divine, than the image of a less worthy subject, we will say this: Painting, which only applies to the creation of God , more worthy than poetry that applies only to false fictions of human creations. "
After we came to the conclusion that the poetry is extremely clear for the blind, and painting - to the same extent for the deaf, we say: painting is so more valuable than poetry how painting is the best and more noble feeling than poetry; It has been proven that this nobility is three times superior to the nobility of three other feelings, as it was preferred to lose his hearing, smelling and touching than a sense of vision. After all, lost vision loses the appearance and beauty of the universe and becomes similar to the locally locked in the grave, where he has movement and life. Do not you see that the eye hugs the beauty of the whole world? He is the head of astrology; He creates a cosmography, he advises all human arts and corrects them, drives a person in various parts of the world; He is a state truck of mathematical sciences, his science is accurate; He measured the height and magnitude of the stars, he found elements and their places. He made it possible to predict the future through running stars, he gave rise to architecture and perspective, he gave rise to Divine painting. Oh excellent, you are above all other things created by God! What should be praise so that they can express your nobility? What nations, what languages \u200b\u200bcould completely describe your genuine activity?
He is the window of the human body, through him the soul contemplates the beauty of the world and enjoys it, with his soul, he rejoices in the human dungeon, without him this human dunnament is torture. With its help, human ingenuity found a fire, by which the eye again acquires what the darkness has taken away from him before. He decorated the nature of agriculture and full gardens.
But what a need to spread to such high and long speeches, - is there anything that would not be done? He drives people from the east to the west, he invented navaloism and the superior nature that simple natural things are finite, and the works performed by their hands on the orders of the eye are endless, as this proves the painter in fiction of endless forms of animals and herbs, trees and locations.
With regard to the image of bodily objects between the painter and the poet there is the same difference that there exists between the dissected bodies and holistic, since the poet when describing the beauty or disgrace of any body shows you in parts and at different times, and the painter gives you to see him All at one time. The poet cannot present in words the true figure of the members of the body forming the whole, and the painter puts them in front of you with such truth, which is only possible in nature. With the poet, the same thing happens as with a musician who sing a song, written for four singers, first by the Coton, then the tenor, then the counterpart and finally bass; As a result, the charms of harmonic proportionality concluded in harmonic rhythms will not be possible. The poet comes in the same way as a beautiful face that shows itself in parts: doing so, it will never leave you satisfied with his beauty, consisting only in the divine proportionality of the above-mentioned members folded together, which only in a single time are made in this Divine Harmony of Combination Parts, often take away the former freedom from the one who sees them. Music still creates gentle melodies in its harmonic rhythm, who are made from her various votes; The poet they are deprived of their harmonious routine, and although poetry dates through the sense of hearing to the sedalent of the judgment just like the music, the poet still can not describe the harmony of music, since he is not dominated to speak at the same time different things; whereas the harmonic proportionality of painting is consisted of a single time from different parts, and they are made about the charm of them in a single time, both in general and in particulars; In general, since it is referred to in mind a complicated whole, in particulars - since there are components, of which it consists of this integer; And therefore the poet remains with regard to the image of bodily objects a lot behind the painter and with regard to the image of invisible things - behind the musician. If the poet takes off the assistance of other sciences, then it can be shown at fairs, like other merchants, pedders of different things made by many inventors; And the poet comes this way, taking off the other sciences, for example, at the orator, a philosopher, astrologer, a cosmographer and the like, whose sciences are completely separated from the poet. So, he turns out to be a broker who is moving together various people to conclude a trade deal, and if you wanted to find our own occupation of the poet, I would find that he is nothing but a collector of things stolen from different sciences from which he does false The mixture, or, if you want to express more honorable, invented the mixture. And in such freedom of fiction equals itself to a poet with a painter, and this is just the weaker part of painting.
Music can not be called differently as sister of painting, as it is an hearing object, the second sense after the eye, and folds the harmony with a combination of its proportional parts created at the same time and forced to be born and dying in one or more harmonic rhythms; These rhythms hug the proportionality of individual members, of which this harmony is developing, not otherwise, as a general contour hugs individual members, from which human beauty is generated. But painting exceeds music and dominates her, for it does not die directly after his birth as unhappy music; On the contrary, it remains in being, and the fact that in reality is only a surface, shows you like a living. About the amazing science, you retain alive of the mortal beauty, make them more durable than the creations of nature, continuously changeable by time, which brings them to inevitable old age. And between this science and divine nature there is the same attitude, as between her creations and creations of nature, and for it it is revered.
Although items that opposing the eye come into contact with each other and are removed gradually, nevertheless I will give my distance rule from 20 to 20 elbows, as the musician made it in relation to the sounds; Although they are combined and are associated together, nevertheless it uses a few degrees from sound to sound, calling them by approach, second, a quantine, quart and quint, and so on the degree of degrees it has established names for a variety of increasing sound. If you, about the musician, say that painting is mechanical, as it is performed by action, then the music is performed by the mouth, the human body, but not at the expense of the feeling of taste, like the hand of the painter not due to the feeling of touch. Less worthy, in addition, words compared to acts; But you, science science, do you not copy your hand, writing what is in consciousness, how does the painter come? And if you said that the music consists of proportion, then it was her who traced painting as you see.
Portrait of Zhinevier de Benga, 1474-1476
Music has two diseases, of which one leads to death, and the other to drachiness; Driving to death is always associated with a moment, next to the moment of her birth, leading to the draininess makes her hateful and miserable in his repetitions.
Between painting and sculpture, I do not find a different difference, except as follows: the sculptor produces his creations with great bodily labor than the painter, and the painter produces his creation with great difficulty of mind. It is proved that this is so, for the sculptor when working on its work, the power of hands and blows should destroy an extra marble or other stone, protruding outside the figure, which is enclosed inside it, through the most mechanical actions, often accompanied by the Great later, mixed with dust and transformed In the dirt, with the face, cockted with this test, and the whole, as if flour, sprinkled with marble dust, the sculptor seems to be a bake; And it is all covered with small fragments, as if he was listed in the snow; And the dwelling is blurred and full of stone fragments and dust. This is exactly the opposite of this by the painter, it's about the outstanding painters and sculptors, "because the painter sits with great convenience in front of his work, well dressed, and drives the easiest brush with charming paints, and he removed clothes as he likes it. And his dwelling is full of charming paintings and purely. And often it is accompanied by music or readers of various and beautiful works, which are listening to great pleasure, without sobering with the knocking of hammers or other noise. In addition, the sculptor when bringing to the end of his work should make a lot of contours for each round figure so that such a figure as a result is adorable from all points of view. But these contours can be made only when compliance with convexities and depression, which cannot be done correctly, if you do not move away in order so that its profile has been visible, that is, the boundaries of the concave and convex parts are visible bordering with air, which comes into contact with them. In fact, this does not increase the work of the artist, taking into account that he, like a painter, has the true knowledge of all the outlines of visible things at any turn, what knowledge of both the painter, and for the sculptor is always within its capabilities. But since the sculptor should take out where he wants to take gaps between muscles, and leave there, where he wants to make these muscles convex, he can't give them the required figure - excess of the fact that he gave them length and width - if It does not lean, bending or rising in such a way as to see the true height of the muscles and the true deepening of their intervals; About them the sculptor judges from this place, and the contours are corrected; Otherwise, he will never correctly establish borders or true shapes of his sculptures. And they say that this is the mental work of the sculptor, and in fact there is nothing, except for bodily work, as it concerns the mind, or - I say, judgments, then it should only correct the outlines of the body members where the muscles are too High It is commonly so sculptor communicates his works to the end; This custom is guided by the true knowledge of all borders of the body figures at any turn. Sculptor says that if he decides more superfluous, he cannot add like a painter. This should be answered: if his art perfectly, he should, through knowledge of measures, remove as much as sufficient, and not superfluous; [erroneous] Removing is generated by ignorance, forcing it to shoot more or less than. But I'm not talking about them, because it is not a master, but the wovers of marble. The masters are not trusted by the judgment of the eye, as he always deceives, as proven: who wants to divide the line into two equal parts, guided by the judgment of the eye, the experience often deceives. As a result of such a fear, good judges are always beware - which does not happen with ignorant, - and therefore continuously move forward, guided by knowledge of measures of each length, thickness and width of the members of the body, and, in this way, do not remove more due. The painter has ten different reasoning, through which he brings to the end of his work, it is: light, darkness, color, body, figure, place, distance, proximity, movement and peace. The sculptor should only discuss the body, figure, place, movement and peace. He does not care about the darkness and light, since nature itself creates them in its sculptures; about color - in no way; About remoteness and intimacy, he cares half, that is, it enjoys only a linear perspective, but not a perspective of colors that change at various distances from the eye in color and in the obsoleness of its borders and figures. So, the sculpture requires less reasoning and as a result, it requires less labor for the mind than painting.
Since I was not less engaged in sculpture than painting, and worked both in the same way and in the other one, it seems to me that I, without causing special reproaches, could express an opinion which one is characteristic of more in the strength of mind, difficulties and perfection.
First, the sculpture requires some lighting, it is - the top, and the painting bears everywhere with him and lighting, and the shadow. Lighting and shadow are thus very important for sculpture. The sculptor in this case helps the nature of the relief, generating them from themselves; And the painter brought from himself art makes them in those places where nature would have made it wisely. The sculptor is not available by the variety of nature colors of objects, painting does not retreat before. The prospects for sculptors do not seem true at all, and the perspectives of the painter will lead to a hundred miles on the other side of the picture, and the air perspective is far from her. Sculptors cannot portray transparent bodies, can not depict either glowing bodies, nor reflected rays, nor brilliant bodies, like mirrors and similar polished things, nor clouds, no cloudy weather, nor infinitely much of what I do not call, not to get bored . The same sculpture is only the fact that it is more opposed to the time, although painting made on thick copper covered with white enamel and on top of it painted with enhanced paints, placed on the fire and burnt, possesses the same strength. She is overtooking the sculpture. It can tell the sculptor that he made a mistake, it is not easy for her to fix it. This is a weak argument when they want to prove that the incorrigible nonsense makes the work more worthy. But I will correctly say that it is more difficult to correct the mind of the master who makes such mistakes than to correct the work, spoiled them.
We know perfectly well that having sufficient practices will not make such mistakes; On the contrary, he will move with good rules, removing at one time so as to fulfill his work well.
Also, the sculptor, if it works out of clay or wax, can also take away, and apply and, finishing, easily casts it in bronze. This is the last work and the most durable of everything that the sculpture has, for what is done only from marble is subject to destruction, which does not happen to bronze.
So, painting, performed on copper, in which you can, as it was said about painting, and shoot, and impose, is completely equal to sculpture in bronze: after all, when you worked in the wax, it was possible to shoot exactly the same and impose; This painting on copper with icing is also extremely durable, since there is a durable bronze sculpture. And if the bronze becomes black and brown, then this painting is full of diverse and pleasant colors and is infinitely diverse, as mentioned above; If someone wanted to speak only about painting on a wooden board, then I would agree with this and I would agree with the sculpture, and I will say this: if painting is more beautiful, fantastic and more rich, then the sculpture is more durable, for her own not. The sculpture with a little effort shows the fact that in painting seems an amazing thing: to make it seems tangible things intangible, relief - things are flat, removed - things are close! And for sure, painting is decorated with endless reflections, which the sculpture does not use.
The first miracle that manifests itself in painting is what it seems as if it is separated from the wall or from another plane and deceives subtle judgments by the fact that it still does not leave the wall surface; In this regard, the sculptor performs his works that they seem exactly what they are; And this is the reason that the painter needs to comply with such distinctness in the shadows so that they are satellites of lights. Sculptor does not need such science, as nature helps his works, as well as all other bodily objects. If they take the light, they will be the same color, and if they return the light, they will be different colors, that is, light or dark. The second, which requires a large reflection from the painter, is that it is with a subtle prudency must impose true qualities and quantities of shadows and lights. And nature superimposes on the works of the sculptor. The third is a prospect, the subtlest study and the invention, based on the study of mathematics, which force the lines to seem remotely what is close, and great what is small. And here, in this case, nature helps nature, and it acts itself, without the inventors of the sculptor.
Gorchakov Nikolai Mikhailovich
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