Phraseologisms in Russian. Phraseologisms as a structural unit of the lexical-semantic system of the language
"Phraseologism is a stable turn of speech, a phrase, an expression, the meaning of which does not consist of the concepts of its constituent words."
In one of the most common languages on the planet - Russian, there are a lot of such examples of Phraseologisms. If you add expressions that have been borrowed from foreign languages, you might think that all we do is that we speak with the help of Phraseologisms.
"Throw down the glove"
"Hit but listen"
"Beat the key"
"Down the sleeves"
"Leave with a nose"
- Phraseologism is the root of a concept, a basis, a key phrase, a complete turn of speech, a complete thought.
- The word "Phrase" was borrowed from the Greek language "phrasis", which translates into Russian as "expression".
- The concept of "Phrase" served as the name of the science of language - phraseology, a part of linguistics.
The term "Phraseology" consists of two ancient Greek words "phrasis" - "expression" and "logos" - "concept". This science studies steady turns of speech.
Phraseologism can be divided into several types:
Phraseological expressionsPhraseological unity
Phraseological combinations
Phraseological adhesions (idioms)
Phraseological expressions, are a special turn of speech, which all consist of words with a free meaning. Their feature is their use as ready-made speech turns.
An example Phraseological expressions can serve as aphorisms: " knowledge is power", proverbs:" when the cancer on the mountain whistles", "where a horse with a hoof, there is a cancer with a claw", as well as common stamps used in everyday colloquial speech:" good day", "see you soon", "good luck".
Phraseological unity, are a turn of speech in which each term has its own special meaning, but connected they acquire a figurative meaning.
"Cast a fishing rod"
"Get online"
"To go with the flow"
Phraseological combinations are turnover of speech, in which words have a non-free (used only in a specific phrase) or free meaning. Combinations differ from unity and splices, so that the words included in the expression can be replaced.
"Thirst for fame"
"Revenge"
"Lust for money"
"Burn with hatred"
"Burn with love"
"Burn with shame"
A word combination can be not only a complete sentence, thought, but also a turn of speech, a musical excerpt, but in singing it can be a musical figure that can be sung without taking a breath.
Phraseological adhesions or, as they are also called, idioms, are an unchangeable and untranslatable expression characteristic only of a given language. The term idiom was borrowed from the Greek language "idioma" and is translated as "a kind of phrase".
"Neither fish nor fowl"
"Seven Spans in the Forehead"
"Don't sew the tail to the mare"
- The phrase they call a beautiful, bright, loud speech that is not sincere, hypocritical, and does not correspond to the content.
- Fraser is a narcissistic person who utters meaningless, beautiful speeches. The synonym for the term "Fraser" can be the word windbag, chatterbox.
- Phraseology, Phraseology- this is an addiction to meaningless, loud, beautiful speech, in fact, idle talk.
An example of phraseology in literature
In the play "The Cherry Orchard" by Chekhov, one can draw attention to the monologue of a certain Gayev, who is addressed by him to the closet: " Dear, dear wardrobe, I greet your existence, which for more than a hundred years has been directed exclusively towards the ideals of justice and goodness, your silent appeal, which made us work fruitfully, did not weaken for a long hundred years, supporting, despite sorrow, faith in a better future, cheerfulness and raising in us social consciousness and ideals of good".
Phraseologisms in pictures video
A phraseological combination (collocation) is a stable turnover, which includes words with both a free meaning and phraseologically related, not free (used only in this combination). Phraseological combinations are stable turns, but their integral meaning follows from the meanings of the individual words that make them up.
Unlike phraseological mergers and unities, combinations are semantically divisible - their composition allows for a limited synonymous substitution or replacement of individual words, while one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be constant, while the others are variable: for example, in phrases burn with love, hate, shame, impatience word burn up is a permanent member with a phraseological related meaning.
As the variable members of the combination, a limited range of words can be used, determined by semantic relations within the language system: for example, a phraseological combination burn with passion is a hyperonym with respect to combinations of the type burn from ..., at the same time, due to varying the variable part, the formation of synonymous series is possible burn with shame, shame, shame, burn out with jealousy, thirst for revenge.
Another example: English. to show one's teeth"snap back" (literally - "show your teeth"). Semantic independence in this combination is manifested by the word one’s"someone's". It can be replaced with words my, your, his etc.
Phraseological expressions
Phraseological expressions are phraseological expressions that are stable in their composition and use, which are not only semantically segmented, but also consist entirely of words with a free nominative meaning. Their only feature is reproducibility: they are used as ready-made speech units with a constant lexical composition and specific semantics.
Often a phraseological expression is a complete sentence with a statement, edification or conclusion. Examples of such phraseological expressions are proverbs and aphorisms. If there is no edification in the phraseological expression or there are elements of understatement, then this is a saying or a winged phrase. Another source of phraseological expressions is professional speech. The category of phraseological expressions also includes speech stamps - stable formulas like good luck, see you soon etc.
Many linguists do not attribute phraseological expressions to phraseological units, since they are devoid of the main features of phraseological units.
Pleonasm
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Pleonasm(from ancient Greek πλεονασμός - excessive, excess) - a turn of speech, in which there is a duplication of some element of meaning; the presence of several linguistic forms expressing the same meaning, within a complete segment of speech or text; as well as the linguistic expression itself, in which there is such duplication.
The term "pleonasm" comes from ancient style and grammar. Ancient authors give different assessments of pleonasm. Quintilian, Donatus, Diomedes define pleonasm as an overload of speech with unnecessary words, therefore, as a stylistic defect. On the contrary, Dionysius of Halicarnassus defines this figure as the enrichment of speech with words, at first glance superfluous, but in reality giving it clarity, strength, rhythm, persuasiveness, pathos, impracticable in speech.
Stylistic figures close to pleonasm are tautologies and, in part, paraphrases. Relationship of terms pleonasm and tautology is understood in different ways by linguists. Pleonasm is a linguistic term, tautology is both linguistic and logical (although in logic this word is used in a completely different sense).
Phraseologism (phraseological turnover, phraseme) - stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, a word combination or sentence that performs the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit). Often a phraseological unit remains the property of only one language; the exception is the so-called phraseological cues. Phraseologisms are described in special phraseological dictionaries.
The concept of phraseological units (fr. unité phraséologique) as a stable phrase, the meaning of which cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituent words, was first formulated by the Swiss linguist Charles Ballive in his work Précis de stylistique, where he contrasted them with another type of word combinations - phraseological groups (fr. séries phraséologiques) with a variable combination of components. Later V.V. Vinogradov identified three main types of phraseological units: phraseological adhesions(idioms), phraseological unity and phraseological combinations... N.M.Shansky also distinguishes an additional type - phraseological expressions.
General properties
Phraseologism is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow the rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic literacy of phraseological units can vary within fairly wide limits: from the non-deduction of the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words in phraseological concatenations (idioms) to phraseological combinations with a meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combination. The transformation of a phrase into a stable phraseological unit is called lexicalization.
Various scientists interpret the concept of a phraseological unit and its properties in different ways, however, the most consistently distinguished properties of a phraseological unit by various scientists are:
reproducibility,
stability,
superconditionality (separate formality).
belonging to the nominative inventory of the language.
Phraseological adhesions (idioms)
Phraseological fusion, or idiom (from the Greek διος "own, peculiar") is a semantically indivisible turnover, the meaning of which is absolutely not deducible from the sum of the meanings of its constituent components, their semantic independence has been completely lost. For example, sodom and gomorrah- "bustle, noise". When literally translating phraseological splices, it is usually impossible for a foreigner to understand their general meaning: in English. to show the white feather"to chicken out" (literally - "to show a white feather") none of the words hints at the meaning of the whole phrase.
Often, the grammatical forms and meanings of idioms are not determined by norms and realities. modern language, that is, such adhesions are lexical and grammatical archaisms. For example, the idioms beat thumbs up- "mess around" (in the original meaning - "chop a log into blanks for making household wooden items") and slipshod- "casually" reflect the realities of the past that are absent in the present (in the past they were inherent in metaphor). In splices from small to large, not hesitating archaic grammatical forms have been preserved.
Phraseological unity
Phraseological unity is a stable turnover, in which, nevertheless, the signs of the semantic separation of components are clearly preserved. As a rule, its overall meaning is motivated and deduced from the meaning of individual components.
For phraseological unity, imagery is characteristic; each word of such a phrase has its own meaning, but in the aggregate they acquire a figurative meaning. Usually phraseological units of this type are tropes with a metaphorical meaning (for example, to study hard, to go with the flow, throw a rod). The individual words that make up it are semantically dependent, and the meaning of each of the components is subordinated to the unity of the common figurative meaning of the entire phraseological expression as a whole. However, with a literal translation, a foreigner can guess the meaning of the phrase.
Like idioms, phraseological units are semantically indivisible, their grammatical forms and syntactic structure are strictly defined. Replacing a word as part of a phraseological unity, including the substitution of a synonym, leads to the destruction of the metaphor (for example, science granite basalt science) or a change in the expressive meaning: fall for the bait and get on the net are phraseological synonyms, but express different shades of expression.
However, unlike idioms, unities obey the realities of modern language and can allow the insertion of other words between their parts in speech: for example, bring (yourself, him, someone) to white heat, pour water into the mill (something or someone) and pour water on (your, someone else's, etc.) mill.
Examples: come to a dead end, be in full swing, hold a stone in your bosom, lead by the nose; English to know the way the cat is jumping"to know where the wind is blowing" (literally - "to know where the cat will jump").
Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable word combinations. Phraseologism is a stable combination of words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and entrenched in the speech of people. The expression is endowed with figurativeness, it can have a figurative meaning. Over time, an expression can take on a wide sense in everyday life, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.
Lexical meaning has a phraseological unit in general. The words included in the phraseological unit individually do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymic (to lift up to heaven - to trample in the mud). Phraseologism in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: labor (good hands, fooling around), relations in society (bosom friend, putting sticks in the wheels), personal qualities (turning up your nose, sour mine), etc. Phraseologisms make the statement expressive, create imagery. Stable expressions are used in works of art, in journalism, in everyday speech. Stable expressions are also called idioms. There are many idioms in other languages - English, Japanese, Chinese, French.
To visually see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list on the page below or.
Hello dear readers of the blog site. It is not for nothing that the Russian language is considered “great and mighty”.
It contains not only words with which you can describe the reality of what is happening, but also, the meaning of which does not correspond to the words used in them.
Such phrases (these are phraseological units) cannot be understood "head-on" (literally), because the words used in them sometimes create a completely ridiculous picture. For example, “make an elephant out of a fly”, “sit in a puddle”, “lead by the nose”, “like water off a duck's back”, etc. They are used only in a figurative sense and this.
What is it (by examples)
Phraseologisms are stable expressions (commonly used in this form), one of the features of which is that it is almost impossible to translate them into other languages. And if you do it literally, you get a real gibberish.
For example, how do you translate phrases to a foreigner:
With a gulkin's nose
Where the eyes look.
Shot Sparrow.
At the same time, we, as native speakers of the Russian language, will immediately understand what is at stake.
"With a gulkin's nose" - a little, just a little.
"Where the eyes are looking" - straight, without a specific goal.
"Shot Sparrow" - experienced in some business.
This is one of the examples of phraseological units. And here is the definition given to this concept in textbooks:
“Phraseologism is an expression established in structure and composition, which used in a figurative sense and consists of two or more words. "
Signs of phraseological units
Phraseologism is easy enough to recognize. These phrases have their own distinctive features:
- They include two or more words;
- Have stable composition;
- Have portable meaning;
- Have historical roots;
- Are united member of the proposal.
And now let's take a closer look at each of these distinctive criteria of phraseological units.
These are several words that are one member of a sentence.
There are no phraseological units in one word at all. Most often they consist of just two words, but there are many examples and longer phrases.
Here examples of such phrases with an explanation of their meaning:
"I ate the dog" - experienced, has done something more than once.
"You can't spill water" - very friendly.
“Wait for the weather by the sea” - do nothing and hope that everything will be resolved by itself.
"Seven Fridays a week" - constantly change your plans or decisions.
"Beat like a fish on ice" - you do something, but it does not give a result.
“Well, you made some porridge” - did something that provoked a whole chain of events.
When parsing a sentence, phraseological units are not divided into parts. For example, the phrase "worked until the seventh sweat" is a single predicate. Just like “counting the crows” or “washing your hands”.
Phraseologisms are stable phrases in a figurative sense
Such phrases cannot be distorted by adding or subtracting from them single words... AND cannot be replaced one word to another. In this way, they resemble a "house of cards" which will fall apart if one card is pulled out of it.
By the way, "House of cards" is also an example of a phraseological unit, it is used when they want to say that "Something broke very easily or is about to break".
For example:
“Between heaven and earth” means being in limbo, not knowing what to do.
And it is impossible to replace "sky" in this phrase, for example, with "clouds", or "earth" with "field". The result will be an expression that is not at all colorful, which others people won't understand.
More examples of stable phraseological units with an explanation of their meaning:
To muddy the waters means to think of something strange, it is not good to influence others.
"Through the sleeves" - to do something poorly.
Roll up your sleeves - work well and quickly.
"Counting crows" - to be distracted, to be inattentive.
"Staying with your nose" means being deceived.
“Take hold of the mind” - change your behavior or attitude towards something.
These phrases always have a figurative meaning.
As you may have noticed, all phraseological units have figurative meaning... That is why it is simply impossible to translate them into another language.
For example, try translating the phrase into English "disservice"... This will sound like "bear service", and any foreigner will literally understand that "a particular bear is providing some kind of service", and would rather decide that it comes about a trained bear.
But we perfectly understand this phraseological unit, which means "Help so that it gets worse".
The same can be said for other expressions:
"Grated kalach" is a wise person who cannot be fooled.
"On the topic of the day" - something relevant, which in this moment attracts a lot of attention.
“I got into a galosh” - I did something absurd, I made a mistake.
“Losing your head” means doing unreasonable things.
"To wash the bones" - to discuss someone behind his back.
The history of the origin of phraseological units
Some philologists argue that all phraseological units have some historical roots... It's just that not everything managed to survive before us. But there are phrases about which it is known exactly where they came from.
For example, the expression "Beat your thumbs up" which means "To do nothing"... Backlash in the old days was called small wooden blocks, from which spoons were most often made. It was very easy to make blanks, it was trusted by the most inept apprentices. And everyone around thought that they did not work properly.
Or phraseological unit "like water off a duck's back", meaning that "everything is forgiven to a person." This phrase originated from nature itself. Not only in a goose, but also in any bird, water really escapes quickly, since their feathers have a thin layer of fat.
And here is the expression "Trishkin caftan" not so widely known, although it means "an unsuccessful attempt to solve a problem that only leads to new problems." The phrase appeared thanks to Krylov's fable:
At Trishka's elbows, the caftan ripped through.
What long to think here? He took up the needle:
Cut off the sleeves by a quarter -
And he paid his elbows. The caftan is ready again;
My hands were only a quarter shallower.
What about this sadness?
And here is the phraseological unit "Monomakh's hat", which means "too much responsibility", gave us Pushkin in his drama "Boris Godunov".
Examples of phraseological units and their meaning
And this is not the only example when common expressions appear in the Russian language thanks to literature. For example, a lot has come to us from ancient myths and epics, and even from the Bible.
Brief summary
In conclusion, I will say that phraseological units are found in any language of the world. But so many winged phrases, as in Russian, nowhere else.
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