Ileyka Muromets - impostor “Tsarevich Peter. Historical Dictionary Ileyka Muromets Time of Troubles

In accordance with the testimony of the captive Ileiko before the boyar court in 1607, he was born in the city of Murom, to a certain woman Ulyana, the widow of a merchant Tikhon Yuriev. After the death of her first husband, Ulyana became the unmarried wife of the Posad Ivan Korovin and gave birth to a "shameful" (illegitimate) son named Ilya from him. He was not so many years old when Ivan Korovin died, and his widow, obeying the last will of the dying man, cut her hair in the Voskresensky Monastery under the name of Elder Ulita.
The orphan was picked up almost on the road by the merchant T. Grozilnikov and made him a sitter in his shop in Nizhny Novgorod. In this role, the future impostor spent about 3 years and finally fled and was assigned to the Cossack guard, who earned money by protecting merchant ships from Astrakhan to Kazan and Vyatka from robbery. During the year, between voyages, he lived in Astrakhan with a local archer named Khariton. Later he sailed on a merchant ship to Nizhny Novgorod and on a streletsky ship to the Terek. There he was hired in the streltsy order and participated in the campaign against Tarki, which was in the same 1604, and upon his return he sold himself as a servant to the boyar's son Grigory Elagin.
The future impostor was not consistent. Trying to provide himself with a satisfying and comfortable existence, he constantly changed owners. After living for a year at Elagin's courtyard, Ileiko fled again, and according to his own words
“... from under the yurts, from the Cossacks, he went to Astrakhan, and stayed in Astrakhan for four weeks, and from Astrakhan he went out to the Cossacks and came de yaz to the Cossack Nagiba. "
In the same year, 1605, Ileiko, apparently, became a fighter or a spy of a Cossack detachment that sided with False Dmitry I in the impostor's campaign to Moscow. This part of his biography Ileiko Muromets before last moment hid from the court, and let it slip, apparently under strong pressure. It is worth noting that the Cossack Nagiba later became one of the commanders of Bolotnikov's army. After a short service with him "in comrades", Ileiko was "refused" (that is, transferred) by the owner to the Cossack Nametka, then, together with another Cossack, Neustroyko went up the Volga. Presumably, he participated in the capture of Tsaritsyn by the insurgent Cossacks, and the capture of local governors, who were later taken to the camp of the first impostor near Orel. Together with the army of the first impostor, Ileiko finally ended up in Moscow, where he lived, according to his own words, for about six months "from the Nativity of Christ to Peter's Day at the Vladimir Church in the Gardens, in the courtyard of the clerk Dementy Timofeev."
In the summer of 1605, he leaves the capital together with the army of Prince Dmitry Khvorostin, who was sent by an impostor to capture Astrakhan and arrest local governors who remained loyal to the Godunov dynasty.
Ileiko spent the winter of the same 1605 on the Terek together with the Cossack army. With the onset of spring, when the money given out finally dried up, the question of food arose. Cossacks, having come together in a circle, decided to march to the Caspian Sea
“... to go to the Kur 'River, to the sea, to smash the Turks' people in court; but there will be, de, and there will be no spoils, and they, de, were a Cossack to serve Kizylbash Shah-Abbas. "
In the future, it was supposed to either return with the booty to the Terek, or finally stay in Persia.
However, the Cossack ataman Fyodor Bodyrin, gathered his own circle of 300 people and proposed a different plan - to go to the Volga, robbing merchant ships on its way, and in order to give the robber campaign the appearance of legality, it was decided to nominate an impostor from among his midst, declaring his nephews False Dmitry, hurrying to the rescue of "uncle" in Moscow. Of the two applicants - the son of the Astrakhan archer Mitka and Ileika Korovin, who both served as "young comrades" with the Cossacks, that is, practically servants, the second was chosen, since he had already been to Moscow and knew the local order quite well.
Fyodor Bodyrin's plan was supported by another Cossack ataman Gavrila Pan, the troops of both united on the Bystraya River. The Terek voivode Pyotr Golovin did not dare to stop the mutinous Cossacks, especially since the Astrakhan garrison was also unreliable. Golovin tried to invite the "tsarevich" to Astrakhan, but Ileiko shied away from such an honor.
The governor did not manage to persuade the Cossacks to even leave half of their staff on the Terek "for the arrival of military people." The Cossack army went to Astrakhan, but did not dare to take the city, and after the refusal of the governor Khvorostin to let them into the city, they went up the Volga along with the part of the Astrakhan garrison that joined them.
In the future, the Cossacks occupied four Volga towns, but acted carefully, avoiding general plunder and bloodshed. The name "Petr Fedorovich" allowed them to freely get from Tsaritsyn to Samara.
However, from that moment the difficulties began. In pursuit of the insurgent Cossacks, the boyar Fyodor Sheremetev set out from Kazan. The voivode had enough troops to defeat the detachment, but the Cossacks were rescued by the arrival from Moscow from Dmitry of an impostor messenger named Tretyak Yurlov-Pleshcheev with a letter ordering the Cossacks to "go to Moscow in a hurry." But near Sviyazhsk, the Cossacks overtook the news of the death of the impostor. The army, in fact, found itself in a trap - between Moscow, which had sworn allegiance to Vasily Shuisky and Sheremetev, who was advancing from the South. But the Cossacks were once again rescued by the eloquent Pleshcheev, who managed to convince the Kazan governor that the Cossacks were ready to obey, betray the impostor and swear allegiance to the new tsar. In fact, the detachment managed to sneak past the Kazan wharves at night and go to Samara. Descending further to Kamyshinka, a tributary of the Volga, the Cossacks took advantage of Perevoloka and finally found themselves on the Don, where the impostor spent the next several months in one of the villages.
At this time, a lull ensues in the civil war, the new tsar, trying to pacify the Don people, on July 16, 1606, sends to them the boyar's son Molvyaninov, and with him - 1000 rubles of monetary salary, 1000 pounds of gunpowder and 1000 pounds of lead.
Later, the impostor, together with the Cossack detachment accompanying him, lived for some time in the Monastyrevsky town near Azov, and then sailed to the Seversky Donets on plows.
The legend of "royal origin", composed for plausibility by Ileyka, was simple, naive and completely betrayed its origin from folk tales and parables. If you believe him, Queen Irina actually gave birth to a son, Peter, but fearing the intrigues of her brother, she replaced him with a girl named Theodosia, who soon died. The real heir was given to the education of a certain widow. It should be noted that the impostor took advantage of the rumor about substitution that was circulating at that time.
Ileiko never mentioned how he learned about his "royal origin", his further story continued from the moment when the matured prince went to Astrakhan to "turn into the Cossacks," and as follows from Sapieha's record, he lived there for several months from some unnamed benefactor. The impostor had a reason to hide the name of the Cossack Khariton before the Poles - the Bolotnikovites were not favored in Poland, and they had nothing to count on help.
Later, the impostor claimed, he learned about the accession of his "uncle" Dmitry, and decided to get to him in Moscow. To begin with, he sent a letter to his “uncle”, revealing his “real name and origin” in it, and in response received an invitation to come to the Kremlin and prove his words there. Further, the impostor allegedly managed to persuade a certain merchant, nicknamed the Goat, to take him with him, and in order to finally convince the doubter, "reveal to him his royal name."
In Moscow, according to his own assurances, he arrived the next day after the death of False Dmitry (May 18, 1606) and then spent four months "with the butcher Ivan on Pokrovskaya Street." His further biography was not subjected to amendments, it can be clearly traced in the surviving documents.
It is worth recalling that in the medieval popular consciousness, the state is impossible without a king; the only question was that this tsar was righteous and sufficiently cared for his subjects, he had to replace on the throne the "wicked" tsar, an impostor, who had been seated on the throne by traitorous boyars. Thus, it was possible to raise the people against Shuisky only by opposing him with a new False Dmitry, and for his temporary absence - “Tsarevich Peter”.
The Putivl voivode Grigory Shakhovskaya remembered the impostor again, when trying to raise the city to fight against Tsar Vasily, he repeatedly claimed that Tsar Dimitri, who miraculously escaped with a large army, would soon arrive in Putivl. Ultimately, as one would expect, they stopped believing his words, and Shakhovsky had no choice but to apply with the letter "from Prince Grigory Shakhovsky and from the guards from everyone" to the self-styled Pyotr Fedorovich, in the hope that he would be able to raise the Terek and the Volga Cossacks, whose help was needed by the party of Vasily's opponents in order to withstand the powerful coalition of local nobles who remained loyal to him.
Together with the "thief's prince", as the documents of that time call him, an army of several thousand Terek and Volga Cossacks entered Putivl in early November 1606, later the Cossacks joined them. The Cossacks, taking advantage of the fact that there was a real military force behind them, practically seized power in the city, and the previous leadership had to come to terms with this.
Despite the peaceful entry into Putivl, the false tsarevich Peter soon encountered active resistance from the clergy and nobility. Unlike False Dmitry I, a man brought up and educated in a noble environment, false Peter with all his appearance, speech and manners betrayed his common origin, as a result of which it was extremely difficult for him to keep the nobility in obedience, especially since many of the “serving people “They recognized the new impostor in the courtiers of their former slaves, among them was the Cossack Vasily, the former slave of Prince Trubetskoy; and the "tsarevich" himself once served under the command of Vasily Cherkassky, who at that time was in the Putivl prison. As a result of all of the above, after entering the city, the impostor unleashed a cruel terror against the nobility. According to the testimony of the Bit books of that time:
“In Putiml, the Cossacks brought the thief Petrushka ... stakes and cut at the joints. "
This information is also confirmed by the chronicle:
"Command parsley<дворян>cut, cut at the joint, and with others whip their hands and feet, and pour over others with a pitch (ie a whale) from the city of metati "
Among other things, the false prince revived the "bear fun" beloved by Ivan the Terrible, when captured nobles were poisoned in a fence with bears, or, sewn into bear skins, dogs were lowered on them.
Among the dead in the Rigid Books are the names of the boyar Prince Vasily Cherkassky, the tsarist envoy of the nursery school Andrei Voeikov, the governor of the princes Andrei Rostovsky and Yuri Priimkov-Rostovsky, Gavrila Korkodinov, Buturlin, Nikita Izmailov, Alexei Pleshcheev, Ivanaed Lushchikov Bartenev, Yazykov and others.
The rebellious clergy suffered no less from him. So Abbot Dionysius, going out to the people with a miraculous icon, tried to convince the townspeople that Ileiko was a “thief and impostor,” but as a result he paid with his life. The surviving monks wrote in a petition addressed to the king:
“... And our abbot in the world, confusion and delusion, the thief Petrushka, not afraid of death, denounced. And the thief Petrushka ordered that abbot to kill him to death from the tower. And on that monastic patrimony of Tsar Vasily, he took the letters of gratitude from him and tore it up. "
At this time, in the popular consciousness, the tsarist power was perceived as the only legitimate and possible in the state, and the question was only about replacing the "evil" tsar with a genuine, "righteous" one who cares about his subjects. In the minds of the masses, it was also natural that the king was surrounded by nobility, and the Boyar Duma helped him in decisions, as well as the fact that the king not only punished for treason, but also rewarded for loyalty.
Therefore, one should not be surprised that Ileiko, cracking down on the rebellious nobility, nevertheless tries to surround himself with aristocrats, and also forms his own Boyar Duma, which includes, among others, the princes Andrei Telyatevsky, Grigory Shakhovskoy, Mosalsky and others. Representatives of the nobility were at the head of the rebel detachments troops, another thing is that their role was often nominal, while the real power was retained in their hands by the Cossack chieftains. Moreover, as a sovereign prince, Ileiko enjoys the right to pay land and awards, which also keeps the nobility near him. This moment was reflected, in particular, in a petition addressed to the tsar from the Mtsensk children of the boyar Sukhotins, who complained that "our father was killed by the thief Petrushka, and the landowner, your royal salary, was given to the thief by Petrushka ..."
At the same time, the impostor is trying to establish relations with Poland, apparently keeping in mind the assistance that the Poles provided to the first impostor. Ambassadors were sent to Poland, but they only managed to get to Kiev. King Sigismund was in no hurry to get involved in an adventure with a more than unclear outcome.
To raise the military spirit in the downward spiral of the uprising, it was vital to "present" the resurrected Tsar Demetrius to the rank-and-file participants. Bolotnikov himself wrote about this many times to Poland, promising, according to Konrad Bussov, “to hand over to his Majesty the cities conquered in the name of Dimitri,” and finally, according to his testimony, desperate to receive a positive response, he directly advised the Poles to prepare a new impostor.
"Tsarevich Peter" is taken to find and bring with him "uncle", and at the same time to recruit a mercenary army for the Bolotnikovites. In December 1606, he went to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (modern Belarus). A report to the king about his visit was preserved, signed by the Orsha headman Andrei Sapega, who reported that the impostor arrived on December 6, 1606 and until December 20 was found in Kopys, in the Maksimovichi volost, not far from the city of Vitebsk. The local authorities gave "Tsarevich Peter" permission to move freely across the Polish and Lithuanian (Lithuanians are the present Belarusians) territory and enter into negotiations with the king's subjects. It is assumed that it was at this time that the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began active searches a new impostor for the role of "Tsar Demetrius", who was ultimately played by "Matyushka Verevkin" - False Dmitry II. It is worth noting that on the trip Ileyka was accompanied by the gentry Zenovich and Senkevich, in the near future it was Pan Zenovich who would accompany False Dmitry II to the Moscow border. But one way or another, the candidacy of the new impostor had not yet been found, and Ileiko could not wait, since news of the crushing defeat of the Bolotnikovites reached Poland. At the end of December 1606, the impostor hastily returned to Putivl.
From Putivl, the troops of the false tsarevich went to Seversk Ukraine, to raise the people in support of "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich" and "Tsarevich Peter Fedorovich", everywhere supported by the tax-paying population, with fierce resistance from the nobility and clergy.
The first on the way of Ileika Muromets was the city of Tsarev-Borisov, in which the boyar Mikhail Saburov was the governor. The city was well fortified, equipped with one of the strongest garrisons on the southern border and armed with last word of the then technology. But Saburov could not keep the city archers and Cossacks in obedience. The intervention of the clergy did not save the situation, the city was taken, the governor Saburov and Prince Priimkov-Rostotsky were executed.
According to the recollections of the monk Job: " How in Time of Troubles the thief Petrushka was walking with the Cossacks and he, Iev, calmed all the people of the Tsaregorodskaya town and told them to stand against the thief, and for that they wanted to kill him. "
This time is the peak of the influence and victories of the false prince. Later he went to Tula to join up with the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov, so that together with him to undertake a new offensive against Moscow. In February 1607, he sent one of his military leaders, Prince Mosalsky, to the rescue of the Kaluga garrison, which was besieged by the tsarist troops. But the "thieves" were utterly defeated in the battle.
However, in May of the same year, Ileiko repeated his attempt, and this time Andrei Telyatevsky utterly defeated Boris Tatev's detachment, which was trying to block his path, which contributed a lot to the final liberation of Kaluga from the ring of siege.
In order to prevent the approach of insurgent troops in Moscow, Tsar Vasily Shuisky on May 21, 1607, at the head of selected detachments, himself made a cut across the united troops of Bolotnikov and Muromets. Cossack hundreds of "Tsarevich Peter" attacked vanguard under the command of Ivan Golitsyn at the Vosma River near Kashira. The battle took place on June 5, 1607.
In the beginning it seemed that the advantage was in the hands of the Cossacks, having freely crossed the river, they managed to gain a foothold in a ravine on the other side, from where they showered the tsarist troops with a hail of bullets. The Ryazan noble regiment that attacked them was forced to retreat, but the outcome of the battle was decided by the betrayal of the nobleman Prokofy Lyapunov, who deserted along with his detachment of heavy cavalry to the side of the tsarist troops. The Cossacks could not withstand the blow to the rear, and fled. In this battle, the flower of the army of "Peter Fedorovich" fell - the Don, Terek and Volga Cossack hundreds, as well as the Cossacks from Putivl and Rylsk. Thus, the end of "Tsarevich Peter" was a foregone conclusion.
After capturing Tula, the nearest fortress on the outskirts of Moscow, Ileiko lingered in it, awaiting the approach of the main rebel forces. Here he met with the local landowner Istoma Mikheev, who "was sent from Moscow to the Volga to expose the thief Petrushka." For the accuser, the meeting turned out to be fatal. Mikheev was tortured, his body was burned, the estate was plundered, and the family letters of gratitude were destroyed by the "thieves' Cossacks".
The policy of the impostor in Tula continued the Putivl one - a bloody terror was also unleashed here, primarily against the nobility and clergy, as adherents of a hostile party, here the rebels also sent captive nobles captured in other regions where civil war was going on. According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, "the thief Petrushka" used to execute a dozen people every day.
On June 12, 1607, the troops of Skopin-Shuisky approached Tula. The besiegers noted the courage and resourcefulness of the Bolotnikovites locked up in the city, according to documents of that time: "From Tula there were sorties on all sides for every day, three and four times, and all footmen came out with a fire-fighting and many Moscow people were wounded and beaten."
On the advice of the Murom landowner Ivan Krovkov, it was decided to flood the city in order to force the besieged garrison to surrender. The work was carried out under the leadership of the clerks of the Discharge Order on both banks of the Upa River.
On the right, swampy bank, a dam about half a mile in size was erected, which was supposed to prevent the river from spilling over the lowlands during the autumn flood, but to cause a sharp rise in the water level. Indeed, the autumn flood completely cut off the city from outside world, turning it into a swampy island in the middle of a completely flooded plain. Diseases and hunger began in the city, the only hope of the besieged was the army of False Dmitry II, who, however, was in no hurry to go to the rescue. To put pressure on the liar, Prince Grigory Shakhovskoy, who had been in touch with him from the very beginning, was imprisoned in a Tula prison until "the approach of Tsar Demetrius." They demanded from Ivan Bolotnikov more and more decisively to tell the truth about the "tsar", whose return he had repeatedly promised. Bolotnikov's answer sounded like this: “Some young man, about 24 or 25 years old,” he admitted, “called me to him when I arrived in Poland from Venice, and told me that he was Dmitry and that he had left the rebellion. and murder, one German was killed instead of him, who put on his dress. He took an oath from me that I would serve him faithfully; This is what I have done so far ... Whether he is true or not, I cannot say, for I did not see him on the throne in Moscow. According to the stories, he looks exactly like the one who sat on the throne. "
Such a response could not fail to cause disappointment, the influence of those who were ready to open the gates to the tsarist troops, in order to betray the instigators of the mutiny, to bargain for the preservation of life and property, increased.
It must be said that Ivan Bolotnikov and "Tsarevich Peter" themselves began negotiations with Vasily Shuisky, offering him to open the gates in exchange for saving his life, otherwise threatening that the siege would drag on as long as at least one person from the fortress garrison was alive. A similar promise was made by the king.
For their part, the "siege people" sent an embassy to Tsar Boris, "beat your brow and bring your guilt, so that you can grant them, give them the guilt, and they will hand over the thief Petrushka, Ivashka Bolotnikov and their traitors to the traitors."
Indeed, the governor Kryuk Kolychev, who entered the city on October 10, did not meet with resistance.
The captured "Tsarevich Peter" gave his first confessions on October 10-12, 1607 in front of the entourage, boyars and "service people" who accompanied the tsar. According to surviving records, it was then that he gave his real name and told true history life until the very moment of captivity. It is believed that such a hasty course of action was necessary for Vasily Shuisky in order to discredit the leaders of the uprising in the eyes of ordinary participants in the movement. Later Ileiko was taken to Moscow, where interrogations continued, then 4 months later he was executed "on the advice of the whole land."
The execution took place at the walls of the Danilov Monastery, beyond the outer ring of the Moscow fortifications - the Earthen City. The probable date for this event is January 12, 1608.

The exiled Pole Stanislav Nemoevsky about the execution: "On January 30, a posad man arrived from Moscow. Our people saw from him through the archer that Petrashko had been executed these days."

Elias Gerkman from The Historical Narration of the Most Important Troubles in the Russian State: "He was sentenced to be hanged, taken out of Moscow and brought to the place where the gallows stood. Many eyewitnesses say that the aforementioned Pyotr Fedorovich (ascending the stairs) told the people standing around him that he had not committed a crime deserving the death penalty before his imperial majesty. that his crime consists only in the fact that he pretended to be the son of Fyodor Ivanovich, that he is in fact his son and is ready to die for this conviction; that his words will be found just if they are ordered to find out about him on the Don, what kind of sins, for the fact that he led an ugly life with the Cossacks on the Don, God punishes him shameful death... He was hung on sponges, which could not be tightly tightened, since they were very thick, and the criminal was still alive when the executioner had already gone downstairs. Seeing this, the executioner took a cudgel (which he accidentally held in his hands) from a peasant who was standing near, climbed onto the gallows again and hit the prince on the skull. He died from this blow. "

During the year, between voyages, he lived in Astrakhan with a local archer named Khariton. Later he sailed on a merchant ship to Nizhny Novgorod, and on a strelets ship to the Terek. There he was hired in the streltsy order and participated in the campaign against Tarki, which was in the same 1604, and upon his return he sold himself to the serfs to the boyar's son Grigory Elagin.

Cossacks

The future impostor was not consistent. Trying to provide himself with a satisfying and comfortable existence, he constantly changed owners. After living for a year at Elagin's courtyard, Ileiko fled again, and according to his own words

Starting a career as an impostor

In the future, it was supposed to either return with the booty to the Terek, or finally stay in Persia.

However, from that moment the difficulties began. In pursuit of the insurgent Cossacks, the boyar Fyodor Sheremetev set out from Kazan. The voivode had enough troops to defeat the detachment, but the Cossacks were rescued by the arrival from Moscow from Dmitry of an impostor messenger named Tretyak Yurlov-Pleshcheev with a letter ordering the Cossacks to "go to Moscow in a hurry." But near Sviyazhsk, the Cossacks overtook the news of the death of the impostor. The army, in fact, found itself in a trap - between Moscow, which had sworn allegiance to Vasily Shuisky and Sheremetev, who was advancing from the South. But the Cossacks were once again rescued by the eloquent Pleshcheev, who managed to convince the Kazan governor that the Cossacks were ready to obey, betray the impostor and swear allegiance to the new tsar. In fact, the detachment managed to sneak past the Kazan wharves at night and go to Samara. Descending further to Kamyshinka, a tributary of the Volga, the Cossacks took advantage of Perevoloka and finally found themselves on the Don, where the impostor spent the next several months in one of the villages.

At this time, a lull ensues in the civil war, the new tsar, trying to pacify the Don people, on July 16, sends them the boyar's son Molvyaninov, and with him - 1000 rubles of monetary salary, 1000 pounds of gunpowder and 1000 pounds of lead.

Later, the impostor, together with the Cossack detachment accompanying him, lived for some time in the Monastyrevsky town near Azov, and then sailed to the Seversky Donets on plows.

The story of the "miraculous salvation"

The legend of the "royal origin", composed for plausibility by Ileyka, was simple, naive and completely betrayed its origin from folk tales and parables. If you believe him, Queen Irina actually gave birth to a son, Peter, but fearing the intrigues of her brother, she replaced him with a girl named Theodosia, who soon died. The real heir was given to the education of a certain widow. It should be noted that the impostor took advantage of the rumor about substitution that was circulating at that time.

Ileiko never mentioned how he learned about his "royal origin", his further story continued from the moment when the matured prince went to Astrakhan to "turn into the Cossacks," and as follows from Sapieha's record, he lived there for several months from some unnamed benefactor. The impostor had a reason to hide the name of the Cossack Khariton before the Poles - the Bolotnikovites were not favored in Poland, and they had nothing to count on help.

Later, the impostor claimed, he learned about the accession of his "uncle" Dmitry, and decided to get to him in Moscow. To begin with, he sent a letter to his “uncle”, revealing his “real name and origin” in it, and in response received an invitation to come to the Kremlin and prove his words there. Further, the impostor allegedly managed to persuade a certain merchant, nicknamed the Goat, to take him with him, and in order to finally convince the doubter, "reveal to him his royal name."

In Moscow, according to his own assurances, he arrived the next day after the death of False Dmitry (May 18, 1606) and then spent four months "with the butcher Ivan on Pokrovskaya Street." His further biography was not subjected to amendments, it can be clearly traced in the surviving documents.

At the head of the rebellion

It is worth recalling that in the medieval popular consciousness, the state is impossible without a king; the only question was that this tsar was righteous and sufficiently cared for his subjects, he had to replace on the throne the "wicked" tsar, an impostor, who had been seated on the throne by traitorous boyars. Thus, it was possible to raise the people against Shuisky only by opposing him with a new False Dmitry, and for his temporary absence - “Tsarevich Peter”.

The Putivl voivode Grigory Shakhovskaya remembered the impostor again, when trying to raise the city to fight against Tsar Vasily, he repeatedly claimed that Tsar Dimitri, who miraculously escaped with a large army, would soon arrive in Putivl. Ultimately, as expected, they stopped believing his words, and Shakhovsky had no choice but to apply with a letter. "From Prince Grigory Shakhovsky and from putivltsov from everyone" to the self-styled Peter Fedorovich, in the hope that he will be able to raise the Terek and Volga Cossacks, whose help was needed by the party of Vasily's opponents in order to withstand the powerful coalition of local nobles who remained loyal to him.

Together with "Thieves' prince" As the documents of that time call it, an army of several thousand Terek and Volga Cossacks entered Putivl in early November, later the Cossacks joined them. The Cossacks, taking advantage of the fact that there was a real military force behind them, practically seized power in the city, and the previous leadership had to come to terms with this.

Despite the peaceful entry into Putivl, the false tsarevich Peter soon encountered active resistance from the clergy and nobility. Unlike False Dmitry I, a man brought up and educated in a noble environment, false Peter with all his appearance, speech and manners betrayed his common people, as a result of which it was extremely difficult for him to keep the nobility in obedience, especially since many of their “serving people “They recognized the new impostor in the courtiers of their former slaves, among them was the Cossack Vasily, the former slave of Prince Trubetskoy; and the "tsarevich" himself once served under the command of Vasily Cherkassky, who at that time was in the Putivl prison. As a result of all of the above, after entering the city, the impostor unleashed a cruel terror against the nobility. According to the testimony of the Bit books of that time:

This information is also confirmed by the chronicle:

Among other things, the false prince revived the "bear fun" beloved by Ivan the Terrible, when captured nobles were poisoned in a fence with bears, or, sewn into bear skins, dogs were lowered on them.

Among the dead in the Rigid Books are the names of the boyar Prince Vasily Cherkassky, the tsarist envoy of the nursery school Andrei Voeikov, the governor of the princes Andrei Rostovsky and Yuri Priimkov-Rostovsky, Gavrila Korkodinov, Buturlin, Nikita Izmailov, Alexei Pleshcheev, Ivanaed Lushchikov Bartenev, Yazykov and others.

The rebellious clergy suffered no less from him. So Abbot Dionysius, going out to the people with a miraculous icon, tried to convince the townspeople that Ileiko was a “thief and impostor,” but as a result he paid with his life. The surviving monks wrote in a petition addressed to the king:

Impostor politics

It is worth recalling that at this time in the popular mind the tsarist power was perceived as the only legitimate and possible in the state, and the question was only about replacing the "wicked" tsar with a genuine, "righteous" one who cares about his subjects. In the minds of the masses, it was also natural that the king was surrounded by nobility, and the Boyar Duma helped him in decisions, as well as the fact that the king not only punished for treason, but also rewarded for loyalty.

Therefore, one should not be surprised that Ileiko, cracking down on the rebellious nobility, nevertheless tries to surround himself with aristocrats, and also forms his own Boyar Duma, which includes, among others, the princes Andrei Telyatevsky, Grigory Shakhovskoy, Mosalsky and others. Representatives of the nobility were at the head of the rebel detachments troops, another thing is that their role was often nominal, while the real power was retained in their hands by the Cossack chieftains. Moreover, as a sovereign prince, Ileiko enjoys the right to pay land and awards, which also keeps the nobility near him. This moment was reflected, in particular, in a petition addressed to the king from the Mtsensk children of the boyar Sukhotins, who complained that "The thief Petrushka killed our father, and the landowner, your royal salary, was in the hands of the thief, Petrushka ..."

At the same time, the impostor is trying to establish relations with Poland, apparently keeping in mind the assistance that the Poles provided to the first impostor. Ambassadors were sent to Poland, but they only managed to get to Kiev. King Sigismund was in no hurry to get involved in an adventure with a more than unclear outcome.

To raise the military spirit in the downward spiral of the uprising, it was vital to "present" the resurrected Tsar Demetrius to the rank-and-file participants. Bolotnikov himself wrote about this many times to Poland, promising, according to Konrad Bussov, “to hand over to his Majesty the cities conquered in the name of Dimitri,” and finally, according to his testimony, desperate to receive a positive response, he directly advised the Poles to prepare a new impostor.

"Tsarevich Peter" is taken to find and bring with him "uncle", and at the same time to recruit a mercenary army for the Bolotnikovites. In December 1606 he went to Belarus. A report to the king about his visit was preserved, signed by the Orsha headman Andrei Sapega, who reported that the impostor arrived on December 6, 1606 and until December 20 was found in Kopys, in the Maksimovichi volost, not far from the city of Vitebsk. Local authorities gave "Tsarevich Peter" permission to move freely across Polish territory and enter into negotiations with the king's subjects. It is assumed that it was at this time that an active search for a new impostor for the role of "Tsar Dimitri" began in Belarus, which was ultimately played by "Matyushka Verevkin" - False Dmitry II. It is worth noting that on the trip Ileyka was accompanied by the gentry Zenovich and Senkevich, in the near future it was Pan Zenovich who would accompany False Dmitry II to the Moscow border. But one way or another, the candidacy of the new impostor had not yet been found, and Ileiko could not wait, since news reached Poland about the crushing defeat of the Bolotnikovites. At the end of December 1606, the impostor hastily returned to Putivl.

Warlord Ivan Bolotnikov

From Putivl, the troops of the false tsarevich went to Seversk Ukraine, to raise the people in support of "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich" and "Tsarevich Peter Fedorovich", everywhere supported by the tax-paying population, with fierce resistance from the nobility and clergy.

The first on the way of Ileika Muromets was the city of Tsarev-Borisov, in which the governor was the boyar Mikhail Saburov, who was fiercely hated by the Cossacks. The city was well fortified, equipped with one of the strongest garrisons on the southern border and armed with the latest technology of the time. But Saburov could not keep the city archers and Cossacks in obedience. The intervention of the clergy did not save the situation, the city was taken, the governor Saburov and Prince Priimkov-Rostotsky were executed.

According to the memoirs of the monk Job

This time is the peak of the influence and victories of the false prince. Later, he went to Tula to join up with the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov, so that together with him to undertake a new offensive against Moscow. In February 1607, he sent one of his military leaders, Prince Mosalsky, to the rescue of the Kaluga garrison, besieged by the tsarist troops. But the "thieves" were utterly defeated in the battle.

However, in May of the same year, Ileiko repeated his attempt, and this time Andrei Telyatevsky utterly defeated Boris Tatev's detachment, which was trying to block his path, which contributed a lot to the final liberation of Kaluga from the ring of siege.

In order to prevent the approach of insurgent troops in Moscow, Tsar Vasily Shuisky on May 21, 1607, at the head of selected detachments, himself made a cut across the united troops of Bolotnikov and Muromets. Cossack hundreds of "Tsarevich Peter" attacked the advance detachment under the command of Ivan Golitsyn near the Vosma River not far from Kashira. The battle took place on June 5, 1607.

In the beginning it seemed that the advantage was in the hands of the Cossacks, having freely crossed the river, they managed to gain a foothold in a ravine on the other side, from where they showered the tsarist troops with a hail of bullets. The Ryazan noble regiment that attacked them was forced to retreat, but the outcome of the battle was decided by the betrayal of the nobleman Prokofy Lyapunov, who deserted along with his detachment of heavy cavalry to the side of the tsarist troops. The Cossacks could not withstand the blow to the rear, and fled. In this battle fell the flower of the army of "Peter Fedorovich" - the Don, Terek and Volga Cossack hundreds, as well as the Cossacks from Putivl and Rylsk. Thus, the end of "Tsarevich Peter" was a foregone conclusion.

"Tsarevich Peter" during the "Tula sitting"

On the right, swampy bank, a dam about half a mile in size was erected, which was supposed to prevent the river from spilling over the lowlands during the autumn flood, but to cause a sharp rise in the water level.

Indeed, the autumn flood completely cut off the city from the outside world, turning it into a swampy island in the middle of a completely flooded plain. Diseases and hunger began in the city, the only hope of the besieged was the army of False Dmitry II, who, however, was in no hurry to go to the rescue. To put pressure on the liar, Prince Grigory Shakhovskoy, who had been in touch with him from the very beginning, was imprisoned in a Tula prison until "the approach of Tsar Demetrius." They demanded from Ivan Bolotnikov more and more decisively to tell the truth about the "tsar", whose return he had repeatedly promised. Bolotnikov's answer sounded like this:

Such a response could not fail to cause disappointment, the influence of those who were ready to open the gates to the tsarist troops, in order to betray the instigators of the mutiny, to bargain for the preservation of life and property, increased.

It must be said that Ivan Bolotnikov and "Tsarevich Peter" themselves began negotiations with Vasily Shuisky, offering him to open the gates in exchange for saving his life, otherwise threatening that the siege would drag on as long as at least one person from the fortress garrison was alive. A similar promise was made by the king.

For their part, the "people of siege" sent an embassy to Tsar Boris, " beat your brow and bring your guilt, so that you can grant them, give them the guilt, and they will give the thief Petrushka, Ivashka Bolotnikov and their thieves to the traitors».

Indeed, stepped into the city

(? - c. 1608), one of the leaders of the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov, ataman Terek Cossacks... From the townspeople of Murom. In 1605 he was declared by the Cossacks "Tsarevich Peter", the son of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. In the winter of 1606 he went with a detachment to the Volga, then to Putivl. In 1607 he defeated the tsarist troops near Kaluga and united with Bolotnikov. Executed after the surrender of Tula.

Watch value Ileyka Muromets in other dictionaries

Ileyka Muromets- (? C. 1608) - one of the leaders of the uprising of I. I. Bolotnikov, chieftain of the Terek Cossacks. From the townspeople of Murom. In 1605 he was declared by the Cossacks "Tsarevich Peter", the son of Tsar Fyodor ........

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Ileyka- Muromets (d. 1607 or early 1608) - one of the leaders of the cross. wars 1606-07; a native of the townspeople of Murom. For several years he worked as a hired bargainer. people, then became Tersky ........
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Elagin, Ilya (Ileyka)- an impostor in Tula in 1607, a false prince Peter (supposedly the son of Tsar Fyodor

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Ileyka Muromets (d. 1607 or early 1608), one of the leaders Peasant uprising led by I.I.Bolotnikov (1606-07), a native of the townspeople of Murom. For several years he worked as a hired merchant, then became a Cossack on the Terek. In 1605, the Cossacks elected I. ataman and declared him tsarevich Peter, the son of Fyodor Ivanovich ... In the winter of 1606 I. with a detachment of Cossacks went to the Volga and after receiving a letter from False Dmitry I decided to go to Moscow, then his detachment arrived in Putivl. From here I. went to join the Bolotnikov detachment located in Kaluga. The stronghold of the actions of the I. detachment was Tula. May 3, 1607 on the river. Pchelne near Kaluga, a detachment of I. struck at the troops of V.I. Shuisky and ensured a way out of the siege for Bolotnikov. Since that time, I., together with Bolotnikov, led the struggle of the rebels near Tula. On October 10, 1607, Tula fell. I. was captured by Shuisky's troops and hanged.

Lit .: Smirnov I.I., Bolotnikov Uprising 1606-1607, 2nd ed., M., 1951 (see the index); Makovsky D.P., The First Peasant War in Russia, Smolensk, 1967.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia M .: " Soviet encyclopedia", 1969-1978

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In the early 80s of the 16th century, a boy Ilya was born in the village of Murom. After the death of his stepfather and mother, his uncle took him. At the age of 16, the boy traded in the market. After he began a wandering life, he worked for merchants.

I stopped in Astrakhan. But he was drawn to the Don and Terek. In 1603 Ileyka joined Cossack army going to North Caucasus, to fight the Persians and Turks. In the battles of Muromets, his saber was one of the most ardent.

In the summer of 1604, as part of a Cossack detachment under the leadership of Afanasy Andreev, he was sent to the North Caucasus. Poor security, untimely payment of salaries caused a murmur among the Cossacks and discontent with the Moscow boyars. The Cossacks decided to go to Moscow. And since an impostor appeared in the southwest on the royal throne False Dmitry, the Terek Cossacks decided why they should not have a royal heir.

Society was seething with rumors about a fake tsar sitting in Moscow, robbing the people, and was ready to go to the defense of the "real" tsar. Therefore, it was easier to gather people under the banner of the "real king" who had appeared. The Cossacks of Ataman Fyodor Bodyrin, spread a rumor that in 1592 Queen Irina gave birth to a son, Peter, whom Boris Godunov replaced with a girl. The girl soon died, and everyone forgot about her. And Peter was saved kind people and hid in a distant monastery.

At the gathering, the Cossacks offered Ileika Muromets for the role of "tsarevich", since he had been to Moscow and knew the Moscow order. Ileyka agreed to the proposal of the Cossacks.

The impostor promised the servants and the Cossacks local lands and financial support. Soon about 4,000 Cossacks gathered under his banner. At this time, an impostor was killed in Moscow. Peter - Ileyka abandons plans to march to Moscow and turns into the steppe. The south of Russia did not accept Vasily Shuisky as tsar, believing that he was illegally crowned by the boyars. It was rumored that Tsar Dmitry was alive and would soon come to Russia. The people wanted a "legitimate" king. Therefore, the cities surrendered to the impostor without a fight.

Peter brutally dealt with the commanders loyal to Shuisky. Entering the city of Putivl, he tortured the governor, dishonored the daughter of the murdered prince Bakhteyarov. Here a messenger came to him from Ivan Bolotnikov, who at that time with a large army, went to Kromy. Bolotnikov suggested that Peter unite and go together to Moscow. Both understood that it was not possible to take Moscow alone.

But Peter was in no hurry to unite with Bolotnikov, as he understood that in this duet, he would be assigned a secondary role. He sought relations with the Commonwealth, in order to enlist the support of King Sigismund and receive military assistance from him to capture Moscow. But the king was in no hurry to support another impostor. Bolotnikov at that time won one victory after another and went to Moscow. In 1607 Ileyka left Putivl and united with Bolotnikov in Tula. At this time, Shuisky was also preparing for the decisive battle. Tula was surrounded by the tsarist Moscow troops. In October 1607, the combined army of Bolotnikov and the impostor Peter, after a heavy siege, was defeated. Bolotnikov and Ileyka were captured by the conspirators and handed over to Shuisky. The impostor was "chained up, put on a nag, taken without a hat to Moscow and hanged on the Serpukhov road near the Danilov Monastery."

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