Civil War and Charles 1. Brief biography of Karl I Stewart

britain Danish conquest Reformation

After the death of Elizabeth, the throne ascended in 1603. Jacob Vi Scottish, who became the king of two kingdoms at the same time.

The first steps of Yakov I testified to his continuity policy of Elizabeth.

In 1604, a peace treaty was signed with Spain.

Secretary of State, Jacob became Robert Cecil.

One of the most complex problems with which I encountered when joining the throne of Yakov I was the problem of religious tolerance.

In 1604, a delegation of Puritan clergymen came to Yakov, who asked to simplify some rituals. However, the king was adamant, Puritans were ordered to either obey or add up the powers of the clergy.

Catholics also addressed to Yakov. At first, the king went on concessions, however, after the number of people who visited church services significantly declined, Yakov I issued a decree of exile from London all Catholic clergymen. In response to this, a group of Catholics led by Robert Katsby organized a conspiracy against the king, which was called "Powder". They planned an explosion during a collection of parliament, on which the king himself will be, so all those who participated in the adoption of the law. The conspirators were breaking through the underground move, leading directly under the ward of the Lords, and brought thirty barrels with gunpowder. However, the plot was revealed by the fault of one of the participants, which were consequely executed. The disclosure of the powder conspiracy was even more configured by the English Protestants against Catholics.

Testing financial difficulties of Yakov. In 1610-1611. Parliament tried to conclude an agreement with Yakov, according to which the king was guaranteed income for the fact that he would not introduce new taxes without the consent of the king, the so-called "Great Treaty". However, disputes on this issue and the parties did not come to an agreement.

After the death of the eldest son Henry, Carl becomes the heir to the throne. Wanting to strengthen their position, Jacob decided to establish related ties with European sovereigns. Jacob could not solve that it was more profitable - an alliance with France or Spain. When, finally, Karl went to spanish king Philip IV to wake up for his sister, she refused to marry heretic and Karl was invited to contact Catholicism. This almost caused a new English-Spanish war. But here Karl during a trip to Paris met the princess Henrietta Maria, the younger daughter of the French king IV and married her and in his personal life was one of the happiest English monarchs.

Having risen on the throne of Karl I hoped that the parliament to allocate him money for war against Spain. However, the parliament was dedicated, and then Karl I dismisses him. Karl still found funds and equipped with a squadron and an army under the command of Edward Cecil, however military operation 1625 ended in failure. As collected in 1626, the second parliament of Charles I announced the impeachment to the assistant king of Buckingham, who was guilty of military failure and the embezzlement of money. The king, wanting to save a friend, again dissolved the parliament.

Meanwhile, Karl began problems in relations with France. Karl broke the promise before the wedding to grant freedom of religion to all Catholics in England and in 1627 the next war began between states.

The operation on saving by the French fortress La Rochelle ended with a major defeat of England.

In 1628, the king was forced to convene the parliament again. The Chamber of Communities presented Karl "Petition about the right." The need for money forced the king to take the petition, which later became the law. She picked up that the king could not make a martial law in the country and could not charge taxes without the consent of parliament. Meanwhile, the Duke of Buckingham was killed and all responsibility for defeating in the war with France lay on the King's shoulders.

Soon flares up new conflict Between the parliament and the king, and the parliament dismisses again.

In Scotland, a religious conflict begins, which led to the Anglo-Scottish War. The king's troops were fastened and Carlo had to convene another parliament.

• On April 13, 1640, Karl I convened the fourth parliament, who passed just a week, receiving the name short.
• On November 3, 1640, Karl convenes the fifth and last parliament, the long, which existed 19 years.

Karl was forced to approve all parliamentary decisions. At the request of the same parliament, many King Advisors were arrested: Archbishop Canterbury, Count Staffoff. Parliament adopted a petition that demanded to expel the church of the Bishops and Archbishops, who were inclined to Catholicism on the conclusion of parliament.

In Westminster, the police headed by the Count Essex was formed in Westminster, and in the meantime the King leaves London to gain the army to combat the rebels.

Supporters of the king, royalists, because of their exquisite costumes, received the name "Cavalers". Puritans, who made up the majority of parliamentary militia, were nicknamed "round-headed".

During the civil wars of the 1640s. "Circular heads" managed to wrap up. One of the active figures of the long parliament was Oliver Cromwell, who was entrusted to the formation of the detachments of the militias, whom he in consequences and headed. Cromwell's cavaliers were nicknamed by Zheleznoboki due to their strong kirases. Most of the iron-bokyi represented the Independes, which insisted on the autonomy of individual church parishes. They were well trained and equipped. Soon the Amdependent's party and its army came out from under the control of parliament, it was reorganized in it, it became regular, the military service was determined. After that, the army of the roundhead began known as the "new sample" army. In 1645, this army broke the troops of Charles I in the battle of Naisby. The troops of the king also suffered a defeat in Scotland.

In 1647, Karl I was issued to Parliament. The king was placed in the Hampton Cor Palace. However, the king managed to escape and persuade the Scottish parliament to send an army to England. In the meantime, part of the Presbyterian joined the royalists, who climbed the Independents. The army of Cromwell won over those and others, and the fled king was again captured.

The Independent Parliament adopted the law on which war against parliament is a state treason, so the king should have appeared before the court.

The king was accused of burning the rights and privileges of the people, tyranny. The king was responsible for all the misfortunes caused by the country and its people during the civil wars. However, the king was firm in his beliefs. He refused to recognize the legality of the court. January 27, the king was convicted. Karl sentenced to death. The court acted cowardly - sometimes did not even provide last words. The only thing that has allowed the king is to see the children who were at this time in England.

On January 30, Karl I was executed - for the first time in the history of Europe, the king was tried and executed by the court sentence.

However, soon after this execution, the people of England spoke about Charlem I no longer as a traitor, but as a martyr. King's execution rallied the party of royalists, and over time she returned to themselves.

This term has other meanings, see Carl II. Karl II Charles II ... Wikipedia

The King of England and Scotland from the Stuarts dynasty, ruled in 1625 1648. Son Jacob 1 and Anna Danish. Zh.: From June 12, 1625, Henrietta Maria, Daughter of King France Heinrich IV (born 1609, mind. 1669). Rod. November 29, 1600, mind. January 30 1649 ... ... All monarchs of the world

The King of England and Scotland from the Stuarts dynasty, ruled in 1660 1685. Son of Charles I and Henrietta French. Zh.: Since 1662, Catherine, Daughter of King Portugal Zhuana IV (born 1638, mind. 1705). Rod. May 29, 1630, mind. 16 Feb. 1685 in the very ... All monarchs of the world

Karl I Anjou CHARLES I D Anjou Statue of Charles Anjou on the facade of the Royal Palace in Naples ... Wikipedia

King of Spain from the Bourbon Dynasty, Ruled in 1788 1808. Zh.: From 1765 Maria Louise, daughter of the Duke of Parm Filippe (born 1751, mind. 1819) Rod. November 11, 1748, mind. Jan 19 1819 before joining the throne, Karl lived perfectly idle ... All monarchs of the world

Wikipedia has articles about other people named Karl. Karl Vi Mad Fr. Charles Vi Le Fol, Ou Le Bien Aimé ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Carl II. Karl II Carlos II ... Wikipedia

Portrait of Charles I, king of english. Artist A. Van Duck

135. Board of Charles I until 1640

Son Yakova I, Karl I (1625-1649), was much smarter and more careful than his father, but continued the same policy, and I thought that in state affairs could make promises with the intention not to fulfill them when it is profitable and convenient. In the first years of his reign he three times convened parliament,but I met one distrust and resistance. By the way, he began the war with France and led it extremely unsuccessful. Parliament criticized the actions of the government and especially attacked sharply on the frivolous Royal Advisor, Beckingham, who was still the favorite of Yakov I. Especially important to the Parliament of 1628, which forced Karl I to approve Petition about rightslisting all the rights of both chambers and the liberty of the nation, including freedom of subjects from arbitrary arrests and emergencies. This petition was like the second Great Walnity Charter, Karl I decided, however, do not fulfill his promise, dissolved the parliament and some of his members put in prison. After that, he began rule the country without parliament, which lasted eleven years(1629-1640), - case, unparalleled in the history of England. The main advisers of Karl I became a graph Staffoffand Archbishop Canterbury Lod.The first one was called to him by the county title Tatula Thomas Vitoditz and in the former parliaments attacked the inept policy of Beckingham, but when the latter was killed by one of the dissatisfied with his actions, the vectors became close to Karl I, became his governor in Ireland and began to recruit the army there for maintaining royal power. It was absolutist who wanted to establish the same orders in England, which were introduced at this time on the mainland, and considered it necessary to have a greater military force for it. He was, however, against any religious exclusivity, while the other adviser to Charles I, Lod, on the contrary, persecuted Puritan and tried to bring the dogmas and rites of the Anglican Church to Catholicism. For all this time, Karl I gathered money without permission to parliamentannounces forced loans or in its own way interpreting laws. For example, before coastal counties in war time They paid for the power of the fleet a special file, which Karl I now spread in a completely peaceful time to all England in order to create a land army. One of the members of the former parliaments, a rich landowner Hampdenearlier I refused to give money under the guise of a loan and for this paid prison, I did not want to make this ship file.The king betrayed him then a court who recognized him guilty. Hampden and many other like-minded people wanted to follow the example of persistent puritan and move to the American colonies of England, but Karl I banned emigration. The government fought with the silencers of royal will with different illegal means, sending the military standings to them and exposing them to emergencies ("Supreme Commission" and "Star Chamber"), who sentenced them to prison, an exhibition in a shameful pillar, suturing the ears, property confiscation and t . P. Apparently, the system of Staffoff, which advised to go "Stroke", triumphant, but soon met and difficulties.

136. Scottish uprising

And Yakov I, and Karl I hated the Scottish Presbyterian church and tried to bring it into English. Yakov I restored the bishopath in it, and in Charlem I Lod made up for Scotland a new liturgy, approximate to Anglican. When this liturgy began to serve this liturgy in the Edinburgh Cathedral, she was greeted by a protest from praying (1637), and soon in the country formed the National Union to protect Presbyterianism in its pure form. The uprising began,which Straphford and Lod advised Karl I to suppress strength. However, it turned out not so easily, especially since the British sympathized with the Scots, and even soldiers, among whom were many Puritan, did not want to go to the "Bishop War". They often killed officers who were suspended in pappy, and broke the inner decoration of Anglican temples. The money from Karl I was not, and will be a whale, without having to cope with the Scots, he had to convene parliament just at such a moment when strong fermentation began in England. Parliament gathered in the spring of 1640, and there was a mass of petitions from counties and cities on the cessation of abuse. Simultaneously with this began to be printed in large numbers political brochuresand Puritan sermons became bolder. The gathered parliament announced that he would give a camp of the subsidy if he stops violation of laws; But Karl I in response to this dissolved parliament. He tried to receive consent to taxes from one top chamber, but the lords declared him that they had no right to do it. Then in autumn1640 g.. Carl again convened parliament,which became in the history of famous called Long.

Do not wash off all the waters of the fighter sea
Saint Fir from the monarch
And not terrible
Who did the Lord put the governor.

W. Shakespeare "Richard III, Act III, Scene II"

On January 30, 1649, the Jewish heretics - Puritans, revolutionaries of the XVII century, after a shameful trill was executed by the English King of Charles I from the Stuart dynasty. In the rule of his son, Charles II King - Martyrs was counted for the faith of saints, as a monarch who took death for faith, for he sought to preserve the episcopal church and the apostolic adherence in it (according to Anglican) and defend the church life and the monarchical foundations of the English state from encroachment Heretics.

Portrait of King Charles I, written in the 1630s.

Karl was the third son of the King Jacob I and became the heir only in 1616, after the death of two senior brothers. As a child, he was a meek and submissive child, and in his youth, was distinguished by a piety (as, however, and all his conscious life) by an effort and a tendency to theological disputes.

IN last years His Board King Jacob I has kept the plans of the Union with Spain and wanted to marry the Son on the Spanish Princess. The Favorite of the sovereign Duke Beckingham convinced Karl to go for his bride to Madrid as a wandering in love. This romantic adventure was so fascinated by Charles, that even the urgent arguments of the Father did not make him leave this venture. The disguised Karl and Beckingham came to Madrid, but here their appearance was raised more surprised than joy. Long negotiations did not lead to anything, and Karl returned to England a convinced enemy of Spain. Soon Jacob died, and Karl climbed into the English throne. The new king had no shortage of any courage, nor in military art. With the virtues of the Father of the Family, he joined the virtues of the head of state. Unfortunately, during his reign, the king made a lot of mistakes (and some of the rulers are not), it was often too soft when it was necessary to be harsh, often mistaken in choosing advisers.

From the very beginning of the reign, he had to face the peculiar and disrespectfulness of his subjects. At a meeting of the first parliament, in 1625 demanded subsidies for war with Spain. The deputies agreed to allocate 140 thousand pounds of sterling for military needs and approved for this purpose "Barrel Tax", but only for one year. The annoyed king dissolved the chamber. Parliament 1626 began his meetings from an attempt to give the court of the Royal Favorite of the Duke of Beckingham. Karl went to the House of Lords and announced that he was responsible for all orders of his minister. He again dismissed the parliament, and in order to get money, it was supposed to resort to a compulsory loan that caused universal indignation. With great difficulty, only minor means were produced, then spent then without any use to war with France. In 1628, Karl convened his third parliament.

Again began crossing deputies with the king. From oblivion, the Great Charter of Valibilities was retrieved, about which they did not remember at all times the reign of Tudors. What is not surprising: with Tirana - Syphilica Heinrich VIII And his redhead festy - her daughter, Elizabeth, stutter "about liberties" was fraught, but with the tears of Karl I...

Based on its House of Commons amounted to the "Petition of Rights", which was essentially a presentation of the British Constitution. After a long oscillations, Karl approved it. Since that time, Petition has become the main English law, and it is constantly appealed with collisions with the king. Karl, who agreed to such an important concession, did not acquire anything in return, since the parliament did not agree to approve subsidies and again demanded to attract Beckingham to the court. However, Gezor was in 1628 killed Fanatik Felton. Carl dissolved the parliament and the next eleven years of the rules without him.

The main thing about the life of the sovereign of Charles I (And it was this that in the end led the king - the martyr on the plah) was concern for the strengthening of the autocratic royal power and care for the greatness and prosperity of the Church of England. He sent all his efforts to ensure that it is possible to destroy or mitigate the detrimental effects of the Reformation.

King Karl - defender of faith. Engraving 1651 years.

However, the sovereign was not at all sought to return the Church of England in the Lono of Papal Kuria, and appealed to the times of the unrequited church of the first 10th centuries of the existence of Christianity. According to his own words, he wanted the Church of England to be more Catholic (i.e., in essence, the case of Kafolika! Orthodox!) No more modern papacy. Of course, Charla can not be called Orthodox, but it can be safely argued that he was in his affairs and aspirations the predecessor of those wonderful Anglican figures, who were looking for in the 19th - 20th centuries of rapprochement with the Orthodox Church.

Sacred Martyr Archbishop William Lod and King Charles I. Stained glass in the Church of St. Mary. England.

By order of the king, the Archbishop Lodod introduced the celibacy of the clergy, the doctrine of purgatory, the prayer for the dead, reverence of the Saints and the Virgin, the doctrine of communion as a real body and blood of Christ (the doctrine of liberation) and many other dogmas.

Special resistance to the church policy of the king caused in Scotland, where the roots of Calvinist heresy (poinitanism) launched the roots.

In 1625, Karl I published the Act of Revocation, according to which all land awards were revoked by Scotland's kings, starting from 1540. This concerned, above all, former church lands, secularized during the reformation and illegally assigned to the local nobility. Noblemen could maintain these lands in their property, but subject to monetary compensation, which was supported by the Church. This decree affected most Scottish nobility and caused mass discontent, but the king refused to consider the petition of the Scottish. The faithful companion of the sovereign Archbishop Kenterbury Lod began the harsh persecution of Puritan and forced many of them to emigrate to America. In 1633, during the first arrival of the king to Scotland, a local parliament was convened, which under pressure from Charles I approved the act of Supremati (primacy) of the king in matters of religion.

The image of King Charles, the founder of the Edinburgh diocese in the Anglican Church in Scotland.

At the same time, Karl I introduced a number of Anglican canons into the Scottish worship service and formed a new bishoprosis - Edinburgh, who was headed by William Forbes, an ardent supporter of Anglican reforms. This caused an explosion of the indignation of Scottish heretics, but Karl I refused to consider the petition of the Scottish nobles against church innovations and manipulate the king by elections to parliament. One of the authors of the petition, Lord Balmerino was arrested in 1634 and sentenced to death on charges of treason. Almost from the very beginning of his reign, Karl I, having relate to the bishops with great reverence, began to actively attract them to the highest government positions. John Spottiswood, Archbishop Saint-Andrews, Lord Chancellor since 1635 became the first person of the Royal Administration of Scotland. The majority in the Royal Council passed to the bishops to the detriment of Scottish aristocrats, the bishops also actually began to determine the composition of the Committee of Articles and Candidates for the posts of global judges. A significant part of the representatives of the Scottish bishop of that time did not use the authority from his flock, mired in heresy and did not have connections with the nobility. The aristocracy, pushed from management, did not have access to the king, the courtyard of which was almost constantly in London. In 1636, signed by the king were published reformed canons of the Scottish Church, in which there was no mention of presviteria and parish meetings, and in 1637 a new liturgy was introduced, providing for a number of Anglican elements, the appeal of the Saints and Virgin Mary, a rich church decoration. These reforms were perceived in the Scottish society as an attempt to restore Catholic rites, which in turn led to the uprising in Scotland on July 23, 1637, followed by t. N. "Episcopian Wars."

In addition to Puritan, the sovereign had to fight the greed of his subjects (first of all aristocrats) who did not want to surrender to state needs. Seeing money, the king introduced its authority to new taxes. So, in 1634, the "ship duty" was introduced. But collecting these taxes every year it became more difficult. Against malicious defaulters of taxes, the government had to start prosecution, which caused a loud ropot of public indignation. In large quantities began to appear pamphlets against the king. The police wanted their authors and subjected to punishments. This in turn gave rise to new indignation. In Scotland, where Puritan's position was much stronger than in England, the king's policy led, as mentioned above, to a powerful uprising. The twenty thousands of Leslie's army invaded Scotland to England. Karl did not have the strength to fight her, and in 1640 it was supposed to convene the fourth parliament.

The king hoped that under the influence of patriotism, the deputies would allow him to collect funds necessary for warfare. But he was mistaken once again. At the first meeting of the House of Commons, the deputies announced their intention to subjected to consideration all that was done without their participation for these eleven years. The king declared Parliament loosely, but he was in a very difficult position: his army did not differ in high combat capability and constantly suffered defeat in the war. In November 1640, he intenoilly convened a new parliament who entered the story called long. On November 11, the deputies demanded a court over the Royal Minister Strefford. On the same day, he was arrested and together with the Archbishop Loda imprisoned. All those who took any participation in the collection of "ship duty" were persecuted. Without having any military force in his hands and relying only on the London crowd, the parliament actually captured in his hands public administration. Karl did one concession after another. In the end, he was forced to sacrifice his minister, and in May 1641, Strufford was beheaded. Soon, the parliament has abolished all non-obeying general rules Tribunals, including the Star Chamber (the Supreme Court for Political Affairs) and the High Commission (Supreme Tribunal on Religious Affairs). Laws were adopted that the break between the dissolution of the former parliament and the convening of a new one cannot exceed three years and that the king cannot dismiss the parliament against his will.

Karl defended the Divine Law of the Kings, as he could. In January 1642, he accused five members of the House of Commons in secret intercourse with the Scots and demanded their arrest. He himself went to Westminster, accompanied by nobles and bodyguards to seize the suspects, however, they managed to run in City. Carl in irritation hurriedly after them, but never managed to take confusion. Sheriffs refused to fulfill his order, and a lush crowd escaped from all sides, met the king with loud cries: "Privilege! Privilege!" Carl saw that she could not do anything and left London on the same day. Five members of the community chamber solemnly returned to Westminster under the protection of the city police.

The king settled in York and began to prepare for the campaign to the capital. All attempts to peacefully resolve the conflict ended in failure, since both sides showed disadvantage. Parliament demanded for himself the right to appoint and dismiss ministers and sought to subjugate all the branches of management. Karl answered: "If I agree to such conditions, I will only become a ghost king." Both sides collected troops. Parliament introduced taxes and formed 20 thousandth army. At the same time, supporters of the king flocked in the northern counties. The first battle that occurred in October of Edzhigill did not have a decisive outcome. But soon in Western counties began the uprisings in favor of the king. The city of Bristol surrendered to royalists. Firmly strengthened in Oxford, Karl began to threaten London, but resistance to him grew up with each month. Since all pious bishops adopted the side of the king, the parliament in 1643 announced the abolition of bishops and the introduction of Presbyterianism. Since then, nothing has prevented close rapprochement with the rebels of Scottish puritans. In 1644, the king had to simultaneously lead the war with the Army of Parliament and the army of Leslie. On July 3, the royalists were broken by Merxton-Moore. A decisive role in this victory was played by a squad of Oliver Cromwell, composed of fanatical puritan. Northern counties recognized the power of parliament. For some time, Karl continued to win victories in the south. Throughout this war, he showed together with his usual indentability of composure, energy and outstanding military tartaries. The parliamentary army under the command of Essex on September 1 was surrounded and capitulated in Cornwall. This defeat led to the fact that in the House of Communities, the Independents (Extreme Puritans) led by Cromvell took up. The people in the capital was covered by enthusiasm. Independents banned all entertainment; Time was divided between prayer and military exercises. IN short term Cromwell shaped a new army, distinguished by an extremely high martial spirit. On June 14, 1645, she met with royalists with Neous and inflicted them a decisive defeat. The king retreated, leaving five thousand killed and a hundred banners on the battlefield. During the next months, parliament has spread its influence on the whole country.

Accompanied by only two people, Karl fled to Scotland, wanting to get support from his countrymen. But he calculated. The Scots captured the king captured and issued a parliament for 800 thousand pounds sterling. Carl turned out to be enclosed in Golmeby. True, and now his position was still far from hopeless.

The House of Communities offered him the world, provided that he would agree to the destruction of the Episcopal Device of the Church of England and would give the army for twenty years to submission to the Parliament. Soon the third force intervened in these negotiations. During the war years, the army has become an independent and powerful organization with his own interests and was not always ready to fulfill the instructions of the parliament. In June 1647, several squadrons captured the king to Golmsby and delivered under the convoy to their camp. There began negotiations between the king and the heads of the army. The conditions proposed by these latter were less shivering than parliamentary. So, the term for which the king should have abandoned the command of the army, declined to ten years. Karl hesitated to take a final decision - he hoped that he could still be the winner, on November 11, he ran from Gampton Court to White Island. Here he, however, was now captured by Colonel Gromond and concluded in the castle of Kerisbrook. However, the flight of the king served as a signal to the second civil war. Strong royalist angry flashed in the south-east and west of the country. Scots, who Karl agreed to promise the preservation of their Presbyterian "church," supported him. But after that, the king had no hope for a victory. Cromwell broke the Scots and, having pursued them, joined Edinburgh. Rising Kolchester capitulated before the Ferfax army.

In July 1648, new negotiations began. Karl accepted all the requirements of the winners, except for the cancellation of the bishopath. For for the sovereign, consent to church reform on themecalas of heretics was equivalent to renunciation from Christ. In his Newport Declaration a year before the execution, he firmly stated

I clearly realize that the bishopal administration is most consistent to the Word of God, and this church institute was established and practiced by the apostles themselves, and they remain the apostolic succession, and it will be maintained before the time of the times in all bishops in Christ churches, and therefore my conscience does not allow I agree on the government condition.

Parliament was ready to conclude the world under these conditions, but the army imbued with the Puritan spirit rigidly responded with this concession. On December 6, a squad of a soldier under the command of Colonel Praida expelled 40 deputies from the House of Commons, inclined to an agreement with the king. The next day was expelled as much as much. Thus, in Parliament, the majority of the Independents received, acting at the same time with the army. In fact, this coup meant the beginning of the sole boards of the Blood Dictator Cromwell. He drove into the capital as a triumphant and settled in the royal rooms of the Guytgoll Palace as a leader of the state.

Cromwell's soldiers jumped over the anointed man in God as guards mocked in Christ.

Now, on his initiative, the parliament decided to teach the court over the king as over the rebel who began the war with his own people. Karl in custody was taken to Windsor, and then to the Saint-Jaism Palace. In early 1649, the tribunal from fifty people was formed. On January 20, he began his meetings in the Westminster Palace. Karl brought three times to the court for testimony.

Court of King Carl.

From the very beginning, he announced that he did not recognize the right of the chamber of communities to betray him, and for the tribunal - the right to make sentenced him. He considered the power assigned by Parliament. When he was told that he received power from the people and used her for evil people, Carl answered that he received power from God and used it to fight the rebels. Moreover, he demanded from his prosecutors to prove the illegality of his claims to power from God with references to Holy Bible. When he was pointed to the selection of kings in ancient England, he objected - since the 11th century, the royal power in the country was hereditary. And when he was accused of unleashing civil war and bloodshed, he answered that he took up the weapons for the sake of conservation of legality. It is obvious that each side was in his own way, and if the case was considered in a legitimate manner, the permission of all legal difficulties would take more than one month. But Cromwell did not consider it possible, to delay the process for so long. On January 27, the Tribunal announced that Karl Stewart as a tyrant, a rebel, a murderer and the enemy of the English state sentenced to cut off the head.

The sympathy of the overwhelming majority of those who gathered in Westminster Hall were on the side of the king. When, after noon on the last day of the meeting, Carlo denied the right to be listened and led to the exit, it swept the slightly, but clearly audible rocomes of votes: "God, save the king!" Soldiers, spacked by their corpoles and delved in their own courage, answered this shouts: "Justice! Justice! Put! Execution! "

King Charles lead to execution. Artist Ernst Krofts (Crofts).

The king gave three days to prepare for death. He used them to prayers with the bishop Jokson. All these days, up to the last minute, he kept exceptional courage.

The execution of King Charles I. Stained-country of the Church in Dark Harbar. England.

On the morning of January 30, 1649, Charles delivered to Whitehall. It was snow, and the king put on warm underwear. He cheerfully walked accompanied by guards, saying: "Pass." His last path was approximately half a liter and led him to a banquet house. Most of the signed death sentences were terrified by the perfect act, for the severity of which they still had to suffer retribution.

In the hour of the day, Carlo reported that his hour was. Through a high window of a banquet house, he came out on the scaffold. The soldiers held a huge crowd at a distance. The king with a contemptuous smile looked like an execution gun with which they should have given a sentence, if he refuses to submit to the decision of the Tribunal. He was allowed to say a few words if he wishes that. The troops could not hear him, and he turned to those who stood near the pallet. He said that he dies with a kind Christian that she forgives everyone, first of all those who were guilty of his death (without calling anyone by name). He wished them repentance and expressed her desire to find the way to the world in the kingdom, which could not be achieved by force.

Then he helped the executioner to remove his hair under a white satin hat. He put his head on the scaffold, and on his signal he was cut off with one blow. The severed head was presented to the people, and someone exclaimed: "This is the head of the traitor!".

A huge crowd with the place of execution, a huge crowd, who had the strongest, though constrained feelings. When the assembled saw the cut-off head, thousands of those present issued such a moan, wrote one contemporary, which he never heard before and does not feel wishes to hear from course.

A few days later the parliament announced the monarchy abolished and proclaimed the republic.

Interestingly, the events of the British revolution caused a sudden break of diplomatic relations between England and Russia under almost a hundred years. The cause of the gap was the execution of King Charles I. On June 1, 1649, a decree of Alexei Mikhailovich appeared on the expulsion of all British merchants with such words: "And now ... all the earthly learned a great evil business, his sovereign, Karlus King, killed to death ... and for so evil The case in the Moscow state you could not have happened. " Up to the execution of the king, Alexei Mikhailovich's government carefully watched the events of the revolution, but the requests for help responded with silence, tightening negotiations. However, the King's execution probably caused unpleasant associations with an uprising of 1648 in Moscow; For the expulsion of the British merchants (most of which, following the example of the "Moscow company", should support parliament, one can see the concerns of the Moscow government for the stability of their own positions.

After the execution of Charles I, the translations of English brochures and pamphlets published by royalists appear in Moscow. In the list of transfers made by Epiphen Slavinetsky, it was mentioned not to the written "On the killing of the crane of Aggelsky from Latin language ...". More famous "Tale as an Angrusky king Karlus Wigvart executed ...". At the same time in Britain (1650), the fake "Declaration" made by royalists appeared, allegedly the translation of the declaration of Alexei Mikhailovich. Approximately at the same time, in 1654, an unexpected anonymous pamphlet appeared in London, signed by J.F., the author, the explicit fan of Boris Godunov, praised Russia for the democratic basis of legislation; This is an unexpected essay, contrary to the traditional opinion of the British on the Russian State Device.

Charles was buried at night on February 7, 1649 in the chapel of St. George in Windsor Castle. The son of the king, King Karl II, later planned to build royal mausoleum in honor of the father, but unfortunately could not realize his idea of \u200b\u200blife.

After restoration in England, the monarchy and the church hierarchy on May 29, 1660, by decision of the church cathedrals in Canterbury and York, the name of King Charles was made to the church calendar in the book of general prayer, where the memory he was laid on his death. At the time of Queen Victoria, a large holiday in honor of St. Carla was removed from liturgical texts at the request of the House of Commons; January 30 is indicated as soon as the "small celebration". The holiday was restored in the alternative official book of the 1980 publication and in general worship in 2000. Nevertheless, the holiday has not yet been listed in the Book of General Prayer.

In England, Canada, Australia, and even in the United States, the country of the initial republican there are religious communities of the king's memory - Martyr Karl I. In England and English-speaking countries there are several churches in honor of the Holy King.

Compiled by:

All monarchs of the world. Western Europe. Konstantin Ryzhov. Moscow, 1999

The cold January morning of 1649 on the scaffold established in the center of London, not an ordinary criminal, but the king, who commanded his people for twenty-four years. On this day, the country has completed the next stage of its history, and the penal was the penalty of Charles 1. In England, the date of this event is not celebrated in the calendar, but she has entered her story forever.

Sleeping noble sort of stewarts

Stewart is a dynasty that originated from the old Scottish house. Her representatives, more than once occupying the English and Scottish throne, as no one else left the mark in the history of the state. Their exaltation refers to the beginning of the XIV century, when Count Walter Stuart (Steward) married the daughter of King Robert I Bruce. Did this marriage preceded the romantic history, most likely, english Monarch I considered my connection with the Scottish aristocracy for the benefit of this union.

Karl first, o tragic fate Which conversation in this article will go, was one descendants of the honorable column of Walter, and as well as he belonged to the Stuart dynasty. His birth, he "occasional" future subjects on November 19, appeared in the old residence of Scottish monarchs - Denfermlin Palace.

For the subsequent advantage of the throne, the little carl had impeccable origin - his father was the king of Scotland Yakov VI, and the Mother of the Queen of England Anna Danish. However, the case was spoiled by the elder brother Henry, Prince Wales, which appeared in six years earlier, and therefore had the priority right to the crown.

In general, fate was not particularly generous to Karl, of course, if this can be said about the Fat royal Family. As a child, he was a painful child, somewhat delayed in development, and therefore later than his peers began to walk and speak. Even when in 1603 his father inherited the English throne, and moved to London, Karl could not follow him, since the court doctors feared that he would not transfer the roads.

It should be noted that physical weakness and slenderness accompanied him all his life. Even on the front portraits, artists did not manage to give this monarch at least a majestic appearance. Yes, and Karl 1 Stewart was only 162 cm.

Path to the royal throne

The event occurred, which determined the entire Fate of Charles. In that year, a terrible epidemic of typhus broke out in London, from which it was impossible to hide even in the walls of the Royal Castle. Fortunately, he himself did not suffer, since he was at that time in Scotland, but his senior brother Henry became the victim of the disease, who was preparing for the management of the country from birth, and on which all the highest society had high hopes.

This death opened Karl's way to power, and barely in Westminster Abbey, where Henry's dust was restned, mourning ceremony ended, he was erected into the rank of Prince Wales - the heir to the throne, and over the next years his life was filled with all sorts of preparations for the fulfillment of such a high mission.

When Carlo turned twenty years old, his father took care of the device of his future family life, as the marriage of the heir to the throne is a matter of purely political, and the Gimenta is not allowed to go to him. Yakov Vi stopped in Spanish Infanta Anna. Such a decision caused a perturbation of members of parliament who did not want a dynastic convergence with the Catholic state. Climbing forward, it should be noted that the future execution of Karl 1 will have a largely religious selection, and such an increasing choice of the bride became the first step towards it.

However, at that moment nothing foreshadowed troubles, and Karl went to Madrid with the desire to personally intervene in the marriage negotiations, and at the same time and take a look at the bride. At the trip, the groom accompanied the favorite, or rather, his lover of his dad - George Vilhers. According to historians, the VI had a big and loving heart, in which not only the court ladies were fit, but also their honorable husbands.

The disappointment of the English courtyard, negotiations in Madrid went to a dead end, as the Spanish party demanded from the prince of the adoption of Catholicism, and this was completely not acceptable. Karl and his new friend George were so vulnerable to the scene of the Spaniards, which, upon returning home, demanded from the parliament to break relations with their royal courtyard, and even disembarking the expeditionary building for conducting hostilities. It is not known how much it turns out, but fortunately, at that moment turned up a more conspiracy bride - the daughter of Herrich IV Henrietta-Maria, who became his wife, and rejected the bridegroom calmed down.

At the top of the authorities

Karl 1 Stewart climbed the throne after his father's death that followed in 1625, and from the first days began to conflict with parliament, demanding subsidies from him for all sorts of military adventures. Without receiving the desired (the economy was cracking on the seams), he dismissed him twice, but every time he was forced to convene a re-. As a result, the necessary funds king mined, by placing the country's population illegal and very burdensome. The story knows a lot of such examples, when short-sighted monarchs stuck budget holes, tougher taxes.

Subsequent years also did not bring improvements. His friend and favorite George Wilhers, after the death of Yakov VI finally transferred to Charles, was soon killed. This bastard turned out to be unclean on his hand, for which he paid, engaged in collecting taxes. Without having the slightest concept in the economy, the only way to replenish the King, always considered new and new defeats, fines, introducing various monopolies and the like measures. The execution of Charles 1, which followed the twenty-fourth year of his rule, became a worthy final of such a policy.

Soon after the murder of the Wilhersome, a certain Thomas Wenthelut was noticeable from the Crucian circle, who managed to do during the reign of Karl's first brilliant career. He owns the idea of \u200b\u200bestablishing an absolute royal government in the state, based on a regular army. After becoming a governor of the king in Ireland, he successfully completed this plan, overwhelming the fire and sword.

Reforms that caused social tension in Scotland

Karl The first did not show long-sightedness and in religious conflicts, framed by the country. The fact is that for the most part consisted of followers of the Presbyterian and Puritan churches belonging to two of the many directions of Protestantism.

This often served as a reason for conflicts with representatives of the Anglican Church, which was domic in England and supported by the government. Not wanting to search for a compromise, the king tried for violent measures everywhere to establish her domination, which caused the extreme perturbation of the Scottish, and in the end led to bloodshed.

However, the main mistake, the consequence of which became civil War In England, the execution of Charles 1 and then the political crisis then followed, it should be considered extremely ill-imparable, and indiscriminate policies against Scotland. This is unanimously converged by most researchers such a sad ending board.

The main focus of its activities was the strengthening of unlimited royal and church power. This policy was fraught with extremely negative consequences. In Scotland, since ancient times, the traditions that have established the rights of classes and those who pretended to the law the inviolability of private ownership were developed, and in the first place for them, monarch bites.

Unfordiction of royal politics

To all of the time, it should be noted that the Biography of Charles 1 was tragically not so much because of the goals pursued by him as because of their ways to implement. Its actions, as a rule, excessively straight and poorly thought out, invariably caused folk outrage and contributed to the strengthening of the opposition.

In 1625, the king was configured against himself the overwhelming majority of the Scottish nobility, making a decree entering the story under the title "Act of Revocation". According to this document, all the decisions of the English kings were revoked, starting from 1540, on the transfer of land for the owl of land. To save them, owners were obliged to make an amount equal to the value of land in the treasury.

In addition, the same decree prescribed to return to the Anglican Church of her Earth, who were in Scotland, and seized from her during the reformation that had established Protestantism in the country, which had a fundamentally affected the religious interests of the population. It is not surprising that after the publication of such a provocative document, the king was filed many petitions of protest from representatives of the most different layers of society. However, he not only defiantly refused their consideration, but also aggravated the provision by the introduction of new taxes.

Promotion of the episcopate and the abolition of the Scottish Parliament

From the first days of his reign, Karl I began to nominate the highest state posts of Anglican bishops. They also provided most places in the Royal Council, which significantly reduced the representation in it of the Scottish nobility, and gave a new reason for discontent. As a result, the Scottish aristocracy turned out to be removed from power and deprived of access to the king.

Fraging the opposition's strengthening, the king from 1626 practically suspended the activities of the Parliament of Scotland, and all measures obstructed the convening of the General Assembly of the Scottish Church, in which a number of Anglican Canon's alien to him was introduced into the worship service. It was a rock mistake, and the execution of Charles 1, who became the sad completion of his rule, was an inevitable consequence of such miscalculations.

The beginning of the first civil war

When it was discussed about the infringement of the political rights of the nobility, then such actions were protest only in them, a narrowly source circle, but in case of a breaking of religious norms, the king restored the whole people against himself. This again caused the flow of disturbances and protest petitions. As the last time, the king refused to consider them, and poured oil into the fire, executed by one of the most active petitioners, presenting him the usual accusation of state treason in such cases.

I spark, which blown up the powder cellar of Scotland, was an attempt to spend July 23, 1637 in Edinburgh, built on the basis of the Anglican Liturgy. This caused not only the perturbation of citizens, but also an open riot that covered most of the country, and entered the story as the first civil war. The situation was glowed with each day. The leaders of the noble opposition were drawn up, and sent to the king protest against the alien to the people of church reform, and the widespread elevation of the Anglican Bishopath.

The attempt of the king to discharge the situation, forcibly removing from Edinburgh the most active oppositionists, only aggravated universal discontent. As a result, under pressure from their opponents, Karl I was forced to make concessions, removing the hated people of the bishops from the Royal Council.

The result of universal unrest, was the convening of the National Convention of Scotland, consisting of delegates of all social sections of society, and headed by representatives of the highest aristocracy. Its participants were drawn up and signed by the Manifesto on joint actions of the entire Scottish nation against attempts to make any changes to their religious foundations. A copy of the document was awarded the king, and he was forced to accept. However, it was only a temporary calm, and the lesson, taught the monarch of him subjects, did not go to the future. Therefore, the execution of Charles 1 Stewart has become a logical completion of the chain of his errors.

New Civil War

This competing, but very unlucky ruler was sissing in another part of the Kingdom subordinate to him - Ireland. There, he promised the patronage to local Catholics for a certain and very solid Mzdu, however, he received money from them, forgot about everything. Offended by such a relationship, the Irish took the weapon to refresh the king's memory with it. Despite the fact that by this time Karl i finally lost its support for his own parliament, and with him the main part of the population, he tried with a small number of regiments loyal to him, to change the current situation by force. So, on August 23, 1642, the second civil war began in England.

It should be noted that the commander Karl I was as tangle as the ruler. If, at the beginning of hostilities, he managed to defeat several fairly easy victories, then on July 14, 1645, his army was headed in the battle in Nesbi. Not only was the king in captivity of his own subjects, so also in his camp was captured by an archive containing a lot of all compromising. As a result, many of his political and financial fraud became the publicity of publicity, as well as the treatment of military assistance to foreign countries.

Coronated prisoner

Until 1647, Karl I was kept in Scotland in the prisoner position. However, in this unenquitable role, he continued to attempt to agree with representatives of various political groups and religious flows, generously distributing the right and left promises, which no one believed. In the end, the jailers learned from it the only possible benefit, transferring (selling) for four hundred thousand pounds of sterling to the English Parliament. Stuarts are a dynasty, who had a lot of victim in his century, but she had not yet had such a shame.

Once in London, the deplorable king was placed in the Castle of Golmby, and then transferred to the Hampton Court Palace, under house arrest. There, Carl had a real opportunity to return to power, adopting a proposal with whom a prominent politician of the epoch was addressed to him for which Charles 1, who became quite real, was disadvantageous.

In the conditions proposed by the King, did not contain any serious restrictions of the monarch, but here he missed his chance. Wanting even greater concessions, and attending secret negotiations with various political groups of the country, Karl shied away from the direct response of Cromrevel, as a result of which he lost patience and refused his intended. Thus, Charles 1 Stewart was only a matter of time.

The tragic junction accelerated his escape to White Island, located in the Strait of La Mans, not far from the British coast. However, this adventure ended in failure, as a result of which the home arrest in the palace was replaced by the conclusion in the prison cell. From there, his former monarch was trying to rescue the baron Arthur drops, whom Karl once made Pyr and built the top of the court hierarchy. But, not having sufficient forces, he himself was behind the grille.

Court and Casal of the Department of King

There is no doubt that the most characteristic feature of this siblos of the genus Stewart was a tendency to intrigue, which as a result of him and destroyed. For example, giving foggy promises Cromwell, he simultaneously led the backstage negotiations with his opponents from parliament, and receiving money from Catholics, they also supported Anglican bishops. And the execution of King Charles 1 itself was largely accelerated due to the fact that, even by arrest, he did not cease to send calls everywhere to the uprising, which was full of madness in his position.

As a result, most regiments were submitted to the Petition Parliament with the Court former king. It was 1649, and long ago went to the past hopes, with whom the British society met his climbing to the throne. Instead of a wise and far-sighted policy, it received a proud and limited adventurist.

For trial of the trial of Karl, the Parliament appointed one hundred and thirty-five commissioners, whom the prominent lawyer of that time John Bradshow was headed. The execution of King Charles 1 was predetermined in advance, and therefore the whole procedure did not take much time. Former monarch, a man, who even yesterday, who had commanded the mighty power, was unanimously recognized by Tyran, a traitor and the enemy of the Fatherland. It is clear that the only possible sentence could be death for such grave crimes.

The execution of the English king of Charles 1 took place early in the morning of January 30, 1649 in London. We must give him due - even going to the scaffold, he retained the presence of the Spirit, and turned to the crowd with a suicide speech. In it, convictedly stated that civil liberty and freedoms were provided solely by the presence of government and laws guaranteeing citizens and immunity of property. But at the same time, this does not give the people the right to apply for the Office of the country. Monarch and the crowd, according to him, are completely different concepts.

Thus, even on the threshold of the death of Karl defended the principles of absolutism, whose adherents were all the stewarts. England should have yet to go through a long way before the constitutional monarchy was established in the entire fullness, and the people contrary to his opinion were able to participate in government management. However, the foundation was already laid.

According to the memories of contemporaries, the execution of the English king of Charles 1 gathered a huge crowd of the people, which was located throughout this bloody performance in a state close to shock. The culmination came when the executioner raised a severe head for the hair of their former sovereign. However, the words traditional in such cases that she belongs to the state criminal and the traitor did not sound.

So, 1649 put a bloody point in the reign of this king. However, it will take another eleven years old, and in the history of England the period called by the restoration of Stuarts, when representatives of this ancient kind come to the throne again. The second Civil War and the execution of Charles 1 were his ever.