The place of a preposition in a sentence. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim Sentence with a preposition in force

There are many spelling rules in Russian. Most of them cause difficulties in writing not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One such rule is the spelling of prepositions. Basically the problem is to find them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most have no difficulty in finding them. But in Russian there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts speech. These are derivative prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or participles. It is they who are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty meeting them in the text.

Characteristics of derivative prepositions

All prepositions in Russian are service parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological features. They serve as a link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in Russian appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological features and meanings. Because of this, their spelling often began to differ from the original words, and this causes spelling difficulties. In speech, they are used quite often, so every literate person should be able to find them and write correctly.

Features of this part of speech

1. Derived prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, "near", "around", "thanks", "towards" and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had in the role of a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: "with the help", "in the absence of", "not counting", "at the expense", "as far as" and others.

2. The spelling of such prepositions must be remembered, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. IN difficult cases need to check with spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is the writing of the prepositions "during", "in continuation", "due to", "subsequently".

3. To determine that it is a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, that is used in the sentence, it is necessary to replace it with another preposition or union. For example, "due to" - "due to", "about" - "about", "towards" - "to", "like" - "how".

4. There is a small group of derivative prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from independent parts speeches from which they originated. This causes difficulties in their writing. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These are the words: "about", "due to", "thanks", "despite" and others.

Types of derived prepositions

All considered prepositions are divided into three groups, depending on what part of speech they came from.

1. Adverbial, that is, derivative prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically, they denote the time and location of an object in space. For example, "near the house", "after school", "inside the box" and others.

2. Denominative prepositions are so called because they are formed on behalf of a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal, or object relationships. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and it is they who most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: "in connection", "as far as", "about", "like", "upon arrival" and others.

3. Verbal prepositions originated from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: "thanks to (what?)", "in spite of (what?)", "despite (what?)".

What meanings do they have

Each derivative preposition in combination with nouns gives it a certain meaning. Most often they are used with some one case, but circumstantial questions can also be asked to them. The most common meanings of derivative prepositions:

They denote a certain period of time: "during", "at the end", "at the end", "after" and others;

Causal relations are determined by prepositions: "thanks", "contrary", "by force", "due to";

They can indicate the location of an object: "near", "about", "opposite", "ahead" and others.

How to learn to write prepositions correctly

The spelling of independent words is governed by the rules of spelling. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty in spelling. And derivative prepositions do not lend themselves to any rules. They need to be memorized. But in difficult cases, you can check the spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by the inability of people to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, then there will be fewer errors. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.

Ways to find prepositions in the text

1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derivative preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, "in view of - because of", "about - about", "towards - to", "following - after" and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: "on account - on a book", "on a meeting - on a date."

2. Ask a question to the word. If there is a preposition in the sentence, then most likely it will be included in the question, and the answer will be a noun: "I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)" or "(where?) - opposite the school." And the word in the role of an independent part of speech itself answers the question: "this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite."

3. A derivative preposition cannot be thrown out of a sentence without loss of meaning and destruction grammatical construction: "go ahead of the column - go (?) column". If you remove the significant part of speech, then although the meaning will be depleted, the sentence will not lose its integrity: "he walked ahead - he walked."

4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, "during the day" is a preposition denoting a period of time, and "in the course of a river" is a noun that denotes the flow of water.

What derivative prepositions are written together

Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions are so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has difficulty spelling them. For example, "near", "like", "in view of", "instead of", "like", "inside" and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here we must be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, "because of the rain" is a preposition, you can replace it with the word "because of", and "in the investigation of the case" is a noun: "(in what?) - in the investigation." More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: "towards each other" - "to meet friends", "about repair" - "to the bank account". It must also be remembered that "not" in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: "despite his advanced age (despite what?)" - this is a preposition, but compare: "he walked without looking (without looking) around" .

Compound derivative prepositions

Difficulties are also caused by the spelling of prepositions that consist of two words. But they are not associated separate spelling these words, and most often with a letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be memorized, since basically it is not at all the same as that of the nouns from which these words originated:

The letter "and" is written at the end of the prepositions "after", "upon arrival", "upon completion", "in connection", "in accordance", "in comparison", "throughout";

You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter "e" at the end: "during", "in continuation", "in conclusion", "in contrast", "in conclusion", "in commemoration", "on arrival", "on arrival ";

There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: "by virtue", "to the extent", "in connection" and some others.

In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to express your thoughts more accurately and use grammatically correct constructions.

spatial	enter the house, fly off the tree, run past the house
temporary	from morning to evening, for a week, in a month, during the day
object	think of a friend, work on an article
targeted	live for others, say in jest
causal	green with anger, get away because of the rain
comparisons	as tall as me, all like my father
deprivation, removal	except for him, instead of a student, in spite of everyone, unlike a sister
guns	play the violin, ride a horse, hit a rock
defining	brick wall, starry sky
course of action	from the heart, pour over the edge

It should be noted that some prepositions can express several types of relationships, so the meaning of the preposition is determined in the context. The minimum context of prepositions includes the control word (the main component of the phrase) and the controlled word (the dependent component of the phrase): leave for a week, stand on a chair, play the violin.

Prepositions and cases

Prepositions are a means of expressing case meanings. There are certain semantic correspondences between the meaning of the preposition and the case. This explains the fact that each case is served by prepositions of strictly defined semantics.

For example, according to the observations of V.V. Vinogradov, with the form R.p. the prepositions “from, from, with” are combined, denoting separation, removal, origin, source; and with the form D.p. - prepositions "to, by", denoting direction to the subject, contact with it.

Thus, each case has its own composition of prepositions:

Genitive	without, for, before, from, from, for the sake of, with, because of, from under, near, among, in addition to, outside, inside, near, past, on the contrary, behind, during, to avoid, due to , on account of, starting from, on account of
dative	to, according to, in spite of, after, towards, like, according to, in contrast to, thanks to, in the direction of
accusative	in, for, on, about, by, under, about, with, through, through, including, excluding, in response to, regardless of
instrumental	behind, between, over, before, under, with, along with, in connection with, after, along with, compared with, according to, next to
prepositional	in, on, about, at, on, on, not to mention

Most prepositions are combined with the form of any one case. Prepositions are used with two cases in, on, oh(V.p. and P.p.), for, under(V.p. and etc.), between(R.p. and T.p.), with three cases, prepositions are used on(V.p., D.p. and P.p.), from(R.p., V.p., T.p.).

Types of prepositions by structure

By formation and structure, prepositions do not constitute a homogeneous group.

The core of the system of prepositions is formed by non-derivative prepositions: without, in, for, before, between, over, for the sake of, through, near, instead of, outside, in spite of, except for, among, because of, from under, because of, over.

Non-derivative prepositions have the following features:

After them, before the pronouns of the 3rd person, an insert "n" is used ( there was no him - for him);

Between a non-derivative preposition and a word in the form of an indirect case, you cannot insert the particle “same” ( towards the spring - towards the same spring);

As a rule, non-derivative prepositions have no stress, but not always ( missing, downhill).

Derivatives prepositions are divided into 3 groups: adverbial, denominative, adverbial.

Adverbial prepositions	1) Simple adverbial prepositions: near,near,deep into,along,instead,instead of,outside,inside,inside,near,around,despite,ahead,like,after,regarding(obsolete and official), past,upstairs,towards,the day before,contrary to,against,about,envatG(outdated), relatively,over,beside,like,behind,besides,across,after,in the middle,in the middle,before,against.,side,above,over,behind,through,according to,according to,respectively,in proportion,among. 2) Compound adverbial prepositions: nearfrom,far awayfrom,awayfrom,togetherfrom,up tobefore,henceforthbefore,levelfrom,afterbehind,on a parfrom,along withfrom,not far awayfrom,regardlessfrom,with regard toto,nearbyfrom,nextbehind,jointlyfrom,according tofrom,according tofrom,respectivelyfrom,in proportionfrom,relativelyfrom.
denominative prepositions	1) Compound nominal prepositions with one primitive: without help, without escorts, in the address(the thing is.), in form, due to, in borders, in deed, in spirit, in sign, in interests, in incarnations(joking and ironic), in quality, in contrast(new), in direction, in areas, in respect, in benefit, in okay, in within, in continuation, in counterweight, in opposite, in area(new, gas, business) in framework, in result, in roles, in light, in strength, in case, in sense, in escorted, in side, in sphere, in check, in flow, in conditions, in honour, in progress, in purposes, outside borders, outside limits, outside framework, outside spheres, in time, in name, due to, behind exception, behind check, on the basis, like, on the subject what­ n. (official, business), on the throughout, on the way, on address(new, business), on lines(gas, official, business), on measure, on exemplary, on about, on reason, on occasion, on parts, under view, under pretext, at help, at through(official), at condition, from help, from purpose, co sides, across through(official); with negation: not in example. Notese. In those cases when in writing the primitive preposition merges with the case form of the name, it becomes a prefix: due to what­ n., due to what­ n., like whom­ what­ n. 2) Compound denominative prepositions with two primitive prepositions: independenciesfrom,indirectionto,inansweron the,indifferencefrom,inconnectionsfrom,inconsentfrom,incommonwealthfrom,incommunityfrom,inaccordancefrom,incomparisonfrom,insidefrom,insidefrom,inunisonfrom(new, book), inlevelfrom,on thewayto,ondirectionto,onrelationto,oncomparisonfrom. 3) Simple denominative prepositions: order(temperatureordertwothousanddegrees),through,through,type(peopletypeIvanova,devicetypecentrifuges).
Participle (verbal) prepositions	1) Simple verbal prepositions: thanks to,including,ending,beginning,notreaching,notcounting,later(hour,minute,week,year,month,How many­ thentime),passing,later(compatibility with the same nouns as in later),counting. 2) Compound verbal prepositions: lookingon,lookingon,judgingon,despiteon the,despiteon the,notreachingbefore,proceeding fromfrom,beginningfrom.

NOTE:

(Russian grammar, vol. 1, § 1661)

In very many cases, compound denominative prepositions have living and close semantic connections with the corresponding noun, as well as some of its syntactic features. Expressing a relationship, such prepositions simultaneously carry an element of objective meaning. This includes compound sentences such as withouthelp,withoutescorts,inborders,insign,inareas,inbenefit,inconnections,inopposite,inroles,inconditions,on thebasis,onaddress,underpretext,atthrough,inconsentfrom.

Such prepositions can be called prepositional combinations. Signs that these combinations do not fully belong to the class of prepositions are as follows.

1) Many of these prepositional combinations, unlike prepositions proper, refer selectively to those nouns with the case form of which they are combined: these can be nouns or only animate, or only inanimate: inborderswhat­ n. (but not whom­ n.),inareaswhat­ n. (but not whom­ n.),outsideframeworkwhat­ n. (but not whom­ n.),inokaywhat­ n. (but not whom­ n.),inroleswhom­ n. (but not what­ n.),inincarnationswhom­ n. (but not what­ n.),incommunityfromby whom­ n. (but not fromhow­ n.). This selectivity is defined and explained lexical meaning the noun that is part of the prepositional combination.

2) In many cases, the name included in the prepositional combination retains the ability to accept an agreed adjective: leadmyselfinborderspermitted-inestablishedborderspermitted,speaksinrolespacifier-indubiousrolespacifier,flewinconditionspolarnights-inunfavorableconditionspolarnights. With the introduction of such an agreed word, the prepositional combination loses its auxiliary function, and the name that receives the definition restores all its subject properties. However, in very many cases, the agreed word can no longer be introduced into the prepositional combination; for example: insignwhat­ n.,inrespectwhom­ what­ n.,incontinuationwhat­ n.,inresultwhat­ n.,on thesubjectwhat­ n.,onmeasurewhat­ n.

3) In cases where the noun attached by the preposition is replaced by a pronoun ( inprogressnegotiations-inprogressthem,inthemprogress;behindcheckcollective farm-behindhischeck;cosidesbuyers-fromthemsides,cosidesthem;inbenefitinjured-inhisbenefit-inbenefithim etc.), a prepositional combination that does not fully belong to the class of prepositions, allows the replacement of such a name with a demonstrative word this,such:validon thebasisinstructions-on thethis,on thesuchbasis;refusedunderpretextemployment-underthis,undersopretext;speaksinrolespacifier-inthis,insuchroles;painteronpartsdraws-onthisparts etc. Like the phenomena described in paragraph 2, a name that receives an agreed definition loses the function of a connecting unit, i.e., the prepositional combination breaks up.

Unions

Conjunctions are functional words expressing syntactic relations between the members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences:

The stars are fadingAnd go out.

The coachmen tied the bells,to the ringing did not attract the attention of the watchmen.

The intention to find his son did not leave him.But it matures in jerks - it will ache in the heart, then it will subside and be forgotten.

Unions occupy a strictly defined place in the proposal, but are not members of the proposal.

In the semantics of conjunctions, as in the semantics of prepositions, lexical and grammatical meanings are combined.

Unions GC- this is their general indication of the connection of syntactic units, the nature of the syntactic connection between them. According to the GZ, unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

LZ unions- this is an indication of specific types of syntactic relations (attachment, adversative, etc.).

Among the unions there are also those that have only one LZ, i.e. unambiguous ( so - relations of consequence), and those that have several DLs, i.e. polysemantic. For example, union Yes can have the following values:

Connecting ( Day and night - day away);

Attachment ( I walked alone, and even at night);

adversative ( The eye sees, but the tooth is numb).

A preposition is a function word that connects a noun with other words and indicates the nature of the relationship of the object designated by it with the action, properties or other objects. English prepositions have a lot in common with Russian ones, but there are also important differences between them, due to deep differences in the structure of the two languages. The fact is that in terms of their meanings and grammatical function, Russian prepositions are similar to case endings, which also characterize the role of the subject in action and indicate the connection of the noun with other words. The proximity of prepositions to cases is reflected in their close interaction and, in particular, in the fact that the Russian preposition requires a certain case in the word following it: from what, to what, about what, over what, at what. However, an English prepositional noun does not accept case endings, so English prepositions do not interact with endings, but rather replace them. Therefore, they are used much more often than Russian prepositions, and their meanings usually differ significantly from them. Hence the considerable difficulties in mastering many English prepositions, which are far from easy to find among Russian prepositions.

Particular difficulties follow from one property of English prepositions, which is completely not inherent in Russian prepositions. So, in the interrogative sentences Who(m) did John look at? What are they thinking of? Which operations is the tool good for? Of course, the unusual place of prepositions attracts attention - contrary to the very name of this category of function words, they are not here before nouns or pronouns, but at the end of sentences, which is completely impossible for Russian prepositions. In addition, at first glance they are not connected with any nouns. In such cases, however, you can move the preposition to the beginning of the sentence, to the place before the question word: At whom did John look? Of what are they thinking? For which operations is the tool good? True, such an arrangement of the preposition in modern colloquial speech is perceived as outdated, but it is similar to the place of the preposition in the Russian question and therefore helps to translate these examples: Who was John looking at? What are they thinking? What operations is this tool suitable for?

In such interrogative sentences, a general pattern is manifested, due to which the preposition moved to the end of the sentence retains a semantic connection with the noun or pronoun located at the beginning or middle of the sentence. This pattern is also manifested in sentences of other types, for example, in Help must be called for, The house was never lived in. Since there is only one noun in each of these examples (help help, the house House), the prepositions in them are connected with nouns like this: for help, in the house. The nouns here come before the verb, where, according to the rules of word order, a noun with a preposition is not allowed, but the transfer of the preposition to the end of the sentence allows you to get around this prohibition. True, the noun does not lose its semantic connection with the preposition and therefore cannot be the designation of the agent. The form of the verb also indicates that the noun at the beginning of the sentence does not designate the actor, who, therefore, is not mentioned at all in the sentence. In the first example, help is the object of the action, which is denoted by the call verb. call for, and the sentence is translated Need to call for help and in the second example the house - the place of action indicated by the verb live live and the translation is here This house has never been lived in.

This very peculiar feature of English prepositions is due to the grammatical structure in English. A preposition connects two components of a sentence, one of which is a noun and the other is most often a verb or adjective, and its links to these two components can be of different strengths. The Russian preposition is connected with the subsequent noun as a carrier of a certain case much more strongly than with a verb or an adjective, and therefore the border between the two components undoubtedly passes before the preposition: call | help, live | in the House. English prepositions do not interact with case and therefore are less connected with nouns than Russian ones. As a result, the strength of their bonds with the two connected components is equalized, and in the corresponding English combinations, where the preposition connects two components, the boundary between them can be drawn in two ways - not only similar to Russian articulation (call | for help, live | in the house), but also call for | help, live in | the house. Thus, the English preposition, always retaining its semantic relation to the noun, is able, in accordance with the needs of word order, to break away from it and adjoin the preceding word - a verb or an adjective.

1. from birth. pad. Use when indicating a causal relationship; on the reason for something., because of smth., in connection with smth.

Watch value In force Preposition in other dictionaries

Pretext- preposition, m. (gram.). A word that combines with the indirect case of a noun and serves to express mutual relations (spatial, temporal, causal and ........
Dictionary Ushakov

Effective Date— in insurance
operations:
date from which
the protection provided by the insurance policy or bond takes effect.
Economic dictionary

Effective Date (actual date)- For percentage
swap, -
date from which it starts
swap interest.
Economic dictionary

Retroactive Date— In liability insurance: the date specified in the terms of "claims" policies as the first date for incidents that ........
Economic dictionary

Document of Entry into Force- In insurance operations: an addition to the main insurance policy that clarifies, adds or excludes the effect of insurance protection. The add-on can also expand........
Economic dictionary

Order Valid For One Day Only— An order to buy or sell securities, which automatically expires if it cannot be executed on the day it is received.
Economic dictionary

Labor Costs- payment costs
labor of employees, including:
payment for hours worked and unworked; incentive payments and gifts; insurance
social contributions...
Economic dictionary

Enterprises (employer) Labor Costs — -
the amount of remuneration for the work performed and additional expenses incurred by enterprises and organizations (employers) in favor of employees. 3.p. (p.) on ........
Economic dictionary

Ratio of Invalid Insurances— In insurance operations and in life insurance: a ratio that is used by life insurers to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing. Presents........
Economic dictionary

The moment of entry into force— In reinsurance: certain
the amount of money for
reinsurance contract
excess of loss, upon reaching which
holding requirements....
Economic dictionary

Polis that has become invalid— in insurance
operations: insurance
policy,
which was terminated due to non-payment of the insurance premium.
Economic dictionary

Expire- Loss of a right or privilege due to failure to fulfill obligations within a specified time. For example, a life insurance policy would be considered invalid if...
Economic dictionary

Actually Unpowered (fus)— Regulation or
a norm that has not been officially abolished, but is actually not valid due to the adoption of new regulations.
Economic dictionary

Day Order - An Order Valid For Only One Day- a purchase order that automatically expires if it cannot be filled on the day it is placed
receipts.
Economic dictionary

Grant Of Probate- Decision of the Supreme Court of Great Britain authorizing the executor under the will to proceed with its execution and distribution of property according to the will of the deceased .........
Economic dictionary

Pretext- This name of one of the parts of speech is formed by the method of tracing paper from the Greek prothesis.
Etymological Dictionary of Krylov

Entry into force- The moment when all the provisions of the contract come into force for its parties. According to Art. 24 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, the treaty enters........
Law Dictionary

Pretext- part of speech - a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (for example, ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

The meaning of the preposition morphological features and syntax function

Pretext - an official part of speech, which expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in a phrase and in a sentence.

Origin prepositions may be non-derivative (in, to, over) and derivatives (along, in view of, in order to). By structure prepositions divided into simple (in, on, oh) complex (because of, from under, over) and composite (in connection with, at the expense of, during).

Prepositions can express various relationships between words in a sentence: spatial, temporal, causal, target, measures and degrees, object, etc. The same prepositions in different contexts can express different relationships, for example: to go on the road(spatial), eat at night(temporary), say stupidly(causal).

Majority pretexts used with any one case. For example, with parent - prepositions without, for, before, from, because of, from under, from, at; with dative - pretext to; with an accusative prepositions about, through etc.

Some prepositions can interact with several cases, expressing different types of relations in each case: pretext c - with genitive, accusative and instrumental cases (from the mountain, from the mountain, from the mountain);prepositions in, on, oh- with accusative and prepositional cases (on the table, on the table, on the table, on the table, on the table, on the table) etc.

Prepositions do not change, and are not independent members of the proposal. When parsing, they are underlined along with the words to which they refer. For example:

But the shadow is longer in the garden fresh,

Through the firs ray shines...

(S. Solovyov)

Types of prepositions by origin

In my own way origin of prepositions divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.

Non-derivativesprepositions arose a very long time ago, therefore, at the present time they do not correspond to any significant words: from, from, with, at, to, for, in, on, for, o, through, with, over etc. Most non-derivatives pretexts polysemantic and homonymous with prefixes: call in- behind the forest, enter- into the forest, drive away- from the forest, move out- from the mountain, run into - on the table.

Derivativesprepositions formed at a later time from the words of other parts of speech and are divided into adverbial, denominative and verbal.

Adverbialprepositions mainly express spatial and temporal relationships, for example: near the house, near the river, around the city, in front of the detachment, after dinner.

denominativeprepositions formed from various case forms of nouns and express object and some adverbial relations, for example: about work, about a statement, by means of a prefix, due to a collapse, on the occasion of a holiday, during a lesson etc.

Verbsprepositions originated from gerunds and express various circumstantial relationships (causal, concessive, temporary, etc.), for example: thanks to care, despite the illness, a week later.

Derivatives prepositions should be distinguished from homonymous independent parts of speech:

Contrasted words	Independent parts of speech	Derived prepositions
nouns and prepositions, nouns.	put money to the account; make mistakes because of; curves during rivers; be in custody; have in mind; believe by virtue of.	talk about work; trouble due to negotiations; talk during hours; say Finally lectures; be late due to bad weather; stay by virtue of circumstances.
Adverbs and prepositions formed from adverbs.	Look around, look around around, be near go along, to live in the house against, be near, to be ahead, be inside.	Turn around axis, pass around pond, be near object, go along road, stand against at home, stay near sick, be ahead everyone, to be inside premises.
Participles and prepositions formed from adverbs.	Go, despite on both sides; get up, thanks to teachers for congratulations.	Help despite for trouble; win thanks to attacker.

Types of prepositions by structure

By preposition structure divided into simple, complex and compound.

Simple are prepositions, consisting of one word: with, in, to, at, on, with, before, through, thanks to and etc.

complex are prepositions, formed by the union of two non-derivatives pretexts: from behind, from under, over and etc.

Composite are prepositions, consisting of several words: in spite of, in spite of, in spite of and etc.

Types of prepositions by meaning

Pretext does not have an independent values. Under value excuse understand the grammatical relations that it expresses in combination with the oblique case of a noun. Values expressed pretexts, are very diverse. Prepositions can be homonymous, therefore, depending on the context, they can act in different meanings.

Depending on the nature of the expressed relationship prepositions are divided into several groups:

	Meanings of prepositions	Prepositions	Phrases
	Spatial	On, in, over, under, at, about, around, behind, to, from, from, to, from behind, from under, through, by and etc.	Lying on a table, gathering dust in a closet, flying over a table, lying under a table, spinning around a house, standing near a tree, running around a post, eating at a table, heading to a friend, getting it out of a box, moving away from home, getting to a mountain, appearing from -behind the scaffolding, get out from under the table, get through the door, knock on wood.
	Temporary	By, from, to, to, on, through, before, after, s.do, during, in continuation, on the eve, etc.	Read in the evenings, study from October, work on Saturday, come at two o'clock, come for a week, come in a week, show up before Easter, arrive after the sixteenth, work from eight to five, study for a month, work for a year, quit on the eve of the holiday.
	Causal	From, due to, in view of, by, due to, thanks to, due to, etc.
		In, on, for, for, under, by, to, for the purpose, for the purpose, for the sake of, etc.	Invite guests, sign up for an interview, buy for work, go shopping, a bottle of milk, go on business, drink for prevention, go for a friend.
	Measures and degrees	By, before, in, from -a etc.	Fall head over heels in love, fill to the brim, scream out loud, plunge headlong.
	Object	Oh, by, pro, etc.	Think of a friend, miss your parents, remember the lecture.

Morphological analysis of the preposition includes the selection of two constant features (productivity-non-productivity and the nature of the expressed relations). The preposition does not have non-permanent signs, since it is an invariable word. For morphological analysis more often derived prepositions are taken.

Scheme of morphological analysis of the preposition. I. Part of speech. 1) productivity-non-productivity; 2) rank by value; 3) immutability. III. syntax function. For just a few minutes I was obsessed with the "horror of the supernatural" ... (A. Kuprin)

An example of a morphological analysis of a preposition. I. In continuation- suggestion; (was possessed) for (several) minutes; used with a noun in the genitive case. II. Morphological features: 1) a derivative preposition, formed from a noun with a preposition; 2) expresses temporary relations; 3) immutable word. III. syntax function. Not a member of the offer.