Norman conquest of England 1066 Norman conquest

Prerequisites

Harold election was challenged by Wilhelm Norman. Based on the will of King Edward, as well as on the oath of the loyalty of Harold, brought, probably, during his trip to Normandia in / 1065, and appealing to the need to protect the English Church from Usurpation and Tirani, Wilhelm put forward his claims to the Crown of England and began training To the armed invasion. At the same time, Harald Stern, King of Norway claimed to the English throne, whose predecessor in 1038 concluded an agreement with the son of the Knude of the Great about the mutual inheritance of the kingdom in case of the abyss of one of the monarchs. The Norwegian king, having entered into an alliance with his brother Harold II Tostig Godwinson expelled from England, also began to prepare for the conquest of England.

Preparation

Forces side

Normans had a great experience of hostilities with small cavalry detachments from fortress locks, which were rapidly built on the seized territory, as reference bases, in order to further control it. Wars with the kings of France and Graves Anju allowed the Normans to improve the tactics of action against major opponents and establish a clear interaction between the birth of troops. The Wilhelm Army consisted of the feudal militia of the Norman barons and knights, cavalry and infantry contingents from Brittany, Picardia and other Severofranzes regions, as well as hired troops. On the eve of the invasion of England, Wilhelm organized a massive building of ships.


The infantryman of King Harold	Norman Archer	Norman horse knights

Preparations for the invasion

Norwegian invasion of England in 1066 G. Dotted line marked the borders of the houses of Godvin

In early 1066, Wilhelm began preparations for the invasion of England. Although he received the approval of this enterprise from the Baron Assembly of his Duchy, however, they were clearly not allocated enough for such a large-scale and long-lasting military operation outside of Normandy. Wilhelm's reputation provided the influx into his army of the knights from Flanders, Aquitaine, Brittany, Maine and the Norman Principality of Southern Italy. As a result, the Norman contingent itself was less than half of the troops. Wilhelm also achieved the support of the emperor and, more importantly, Pope Alexander II, who hoped to strengthen the position of the papacy in England and shifted the archbishop-apostate of Stiganda. Dad not only supported the claim of the Norman Duke into the English throne, but also, handing his consecrated banner, blessed the invasion participants. This allowed Wilhelm to give its event the character of the "Sacred War". Cooking ended up to August 1066, but the counter northern wind did not allow for a long time to begin crossing the La Mans. On September 12, Wilhelm moved his army from the mouth of the Div River at the mouth of Somma, to the town of Saint-Valerie, where the width of the Strait was significantly less. The total number of the Norman army, according to modern researchers, has numbered 7-8 thousand people, for the transport of which the fleet of 600 ships was prepared.

Preparation for the reflection of the Norman invasion of Vyl and the English king. He convened a national militia from the southeastern regions of England and placed troops along the southern coast. A quick pace was formed a new fleet, headed by the king. In May Harold managed to repel the raid of his rebellious brother Tostig to the eastern regions of the country. However, in September, the Anglo-Saxon naval defense system collapsed: the lack of food forced the king to dissolve the militia and the fleet. In mid-September, an army of the Norwegian king Harald Surov landed in Northeast England. Connecting with the supporters of the Tostig, the Norwegians defeated on September 20, the militia of northern counties in the battle of Fulford and subjugated Yorkshire. The king of England was forced to leave his position on the southern coast and rapidly move to the north. By combining your army with the remnants of the militia, on September 25, in the battle of Stamford Bridge, Harold Nepolov defeated the Vikings, Harald Stern and Tostig were killed, and the remains of the Norwegian army sailed to Scandinavia. However, significant losses incurred by the British in battles for Fulford and Stamford Bridge, especially among the Royal Huskarlov, undermined the combat capability of Harold's army.

Conquest

Battle of Hastings

Wilhelm Conqueror and Harold during the battle of Hastings

Two days after the battle at Stamford Bridge, the wind direction in La Manne changed. Immediately began the loading of the Norman army on the ships, and in the late evening on September 27, the Vilhelma fleet sailed from Saint-Valerie. Crossing took the entire night, and there was a moment when the ship of the Herzoga, heavily left the main forces, was left alone, but there was no English courts in the strait, and the transportation of the army was safely ended in the morning of September 28 in the bay from the city of Pevensi. The Norman army did not remain in Pighters, surrounded by swamps, and moved to Hastings, a more convenient port from a strategic point of view. Here Wilhelm built the castle and began to expect the approach of the English troops, sending small detachments deep into the Wessex for the conduct of exploration and production of the province and forage.

Coronation Wilhelm I.

After the battle at Hastings, England was open before the conquerors. During October - November 1066, Kent and Sussex were captured by the Normand army. Queen Edita, the widow of Eduard confessor and his native sister Harold II, recognized the claim of Wilhelm, giving him an ancient capital of the Anglo-Saxon rulers - Winchester. The main center of resistance remained London, where Edgar Etheling was proclaimed by the new king, the last representative of the ancient Wessecian dynasty. But Wilhelm's troops surrounded London, devastating its surroundings. Leaders of the National Party - Archbishop Stigand, Earl Edwin and Marca, the young Edgar Sideling himself - were forced to conquer. In Wallingford and Berkhamsted, they brought an oath of loyalty to Wilhelm and recognized him by the king of England. Moreover, they insisted on the immediate coronation of the duke. Soon the Norman troops entered London. On December 25, 1066, in Wistminster Abbey, Wilhelm was crowned by the king of England.

Although the coronation of Wilhelm I passed in accordance with the Anglo-Saxon tradition, which was to convince the population in the legality of the rights of the new king into the English throne, the power of Normans relied exclusively for military power. Already in 1067, the construction of the Tower Fortress in London began, and then the Norman castles rose throughout the territory of South and Central England. The lands of the Anglo-Saxes who participated in the battle of Hastings were confiscated and distributed to the soldiers of the invasion army. By the end of March 1067, the position of Wilhelm's Wilhelm had a somewhat strengthened, and he was able to commit a long trip to Normandia. He was accompanied by the leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Party - Prince Edgar, Archbishop Stigand, Earl Markar, Edwin and Waltaf, as well as hostages from among other noble families. During the absence of a king, the control of England was carried out by its approach: Count Hereford William Fitz Osburn and the One-Self Brother of Wilhelm Bishop ODO.

The atmosphere in England was strained enough. The Norman administration controlled only the southeastern regions of the country. The rest of the territory of the kingdom was governed only thanks to Wilhelm, a large Anglo-Saxon magnam, expressed his loyalty. Immediately after his departure, the wave of rebellions swept, especially large in southwestern England. Harold Godvinson's sons, finding the shelter in Ireland, began to collect their supporters. Opponents of the new government were looking for support for the courtyards of the rulers of Scandinavia, Scotland and Flanders. The situation required the speedy return of Wilhelm to England. At the end of 1067, spending summer and autumn in Normandy, he returned to the conquered kingdom. The south-west of England was cultivated, then the attempt was reflected at Harold's sons to fall in Bristol. In the summer of 1068, the wife of Wilhelm Matilda was crowned by the Queen of England.

Submission of North England

Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the uprising of Anglo-Saxes 1067-1070.

In 1068, the position of Wilhelm's conqueror aggravated: Edgar Ethelling fled to Scotland, where he received the support of King Malcolm III, and in the north of England an uprising flared out. Wilhelm acted decisively. Having built the castle in Warwick, he headed to the Northwhangral counties and without resistance took York. Local knee brought the oath of loyalty to the king. On the way back, the castles were erected in Lincoln, Nottingham, Huntingdon and Cambridge, which allowed to control the path to North England. But at the beginning of 1069, a new uprising broke out in the north, in which not only feudals, but also peasants took part. On January 28, 1069, the Anglo-Saxon detachments broke out in Durham, who destroyed the squad of the North Count of Northumbria Robert de Comunified, and he himself burned alive. Then the rebellion against the conquerors spread to Yorkshire, and York himself was captured by the supporters of Eteling. The second campaign of Wilhelm north allowed to occupy York and suppress the uprising, cruelly dealt with the rebels. Until the autumn of 1069, the Normans managed to relatively easily eliminate the foci of resistance, since the rebels in different parts of England did not have common goals, a single leadership and did not coordinate the actions with each other.

In the fall of 1069, the situation in the root changed. The English coast attacked a huge fleet (250-300 ships) under the command of the sons of the Danish king of Slane II Estridsen, the heir to the house of the Great Knude, also declared the right to the English throne. The King of Scotland Malcolm married the sister of Edgar Margarita and recognized the right of share on the English throne. Edgar himself entered into an alliance with Sven. At the same time, the Antinormandy uprising broke out in the County of Maine, supported by the graphs Anjou and the King of France Filipp I. The opponents of Wilhelm entered into relations with each other, thereby forming a coalition. Taking advantage of the Danish invasion, Anglo-Saxons again rebelled in Northumbria. A new army was formed, headed by Edgar etheling, Kospatrick and Walteof, the latest representatives of the major Anglo-Saxon nobility. United with the Danes, they captured York, defeating his Norman garrison. The uprising embraced North and Central England. The support of the rebel expressed the Archbishop of York. There was an opportunity to conduct the coronation of Edgar in York, which would cast questioning the legitimacy of Wilhelm. However, the approach of the Anglo-Norman army forced the rebels to retreat from York. Soon the king was forced to again leave the north, faced with uprisings in Western Mercia, Somerset and Dorset. Only after the suppression of these speeches, Wilhelm was able to engage in decisive actions against North-German rebels.

At the end of 1069, Wilhelm's troops of the conqueror again entered Northern England. The Danish army retreated to the ships and left this area. This time, the Normans took up the systematic ruin of land, the destruction of the buildings and the property of Anglo-Saxons, seeking to eliminate the possibility of repeating the uprising. The villages were burned in mass, and their inhabitants fled to the south or to Scotland. By the summer of 1070, Yorkshire was subjected to ruthless ruin. The County of Durham resulted in a large extent, since from the burned villages, the remaining residents were killed. Wilhelm's troops reached Tisa, where Cosparatric, Walteofoof and other Anglo-Saxon leaders submitted a king. Then the Normans crossed the Pennines quick march and fell into Cheshire, where the ruin continued. The ruin came to Staffordshire. Next, an attempt was made to destroy what allowed residents to exist. North of England embraced hunger and plague. For Easter 1070, a campaign, which entered the story as "devastation of the North" (eng. Harrying of the North) was completed. The consequences of this ruin were still brightly felt in Yorkshire, Cheshire, Shropshire and the "Five Bourges area" after decades after conquest.

In the spring of 1070, the Danish fleet, now headed by the king himself, remained in English waters, settled on the island or. The latest representatives of the uncompressed Anglo-Saxon nobility were also flocked here. The leader of the resistance was the poor Tenh Jerevard. Among the participants of the uprising were not only to know, but also the peasants. The English-Danish detachments committed disturbing raids on the coast of East England, destroying the Norman formations and ruining the ownership of Normans. However, in the summer of 1070, Wilhelm managed to conclude an agreement with the Danes about their evacuation for a huge cash redemption. After the departure of the Danish fleet, the defense or headed Herrevard, to which all new and new detachments from other areas of the country joined. So, on the island or arrived one of the most influential Anglo-Saxon aristocrats - MARKAR, former Earl Northumbria. It was the last stronghold of Anglo-Saxon resistance. In the spring of 1071, Wilhelm's troops surrounded the island and blocked his supply. The defenders were forced to capitulate. Jerevard managed to escape, and Micarca was captive and soon died in prison.

Fall or marked the completion of the Norman conquest of England. The resistance of the new government has ceased. Only shocks on the border with Scotland, where I again found asylum Edgar Ethetting, but in August 1072, the Army of Wilhelm, with the support of the largest fleet forces, invaded the territory of Scotland and reached Tay unimpeded. The Scottish King Malcolm III concluded a truce with Wilhelm in Aberneti, brought him ommage and obligated not to support the Anglo-Saxons. Edgar was forced to leave Scotland. The conquest of England was over.

Organization

General principles

The main principle of the organization of the conquered English management system was the desire of King Wilhelm to look like the legal successor to Edward Confessor. The constitutional basis of the Anglo-Saxon state was completely preserved: Vitenaghemot was transformed into a large royal council, the prerogatives of the Anglo-Saxon kings were transferred to the Anglo-Norman monarchum (including the rights of taxes and the sole edition of the laws), the county system led by the royal sheriffs was preserved. The volume of the rights of the landowners was determined as of the times of King Eduard. The concept of the monarchy had an Anglo-Saxon character and contrasted sharply with the state of royal power in modern France, where the sovereign was desperately fought for his recognition by the largest barone states. Especially clearly, the principle of continuity of the Anglo-Saxon period was manifested in the early years after the conquest (before the uprising in the North England of 1069), when a significant part of the Anglo-Saxon magnates retained its position in the court and influence in the regions.

However, despite all the visibility of the return to the "good times" of the King of Eduard (after the usurpation of Harold), the power of Normans in England relied mainly on military force. Already in December 1066, the redistribution of land in favor of the Norman knights began, which after the "empty of the North" 1069-1070. Acquired universal. By the 1080s, the Anglo-Saxon knew was completely destroyed as a social layer (for single exceptions) and substituted by the Northwranzesian knighthood. A small group of the most significant Norman family - the closest associates of Wilhelm - received more than half of all land plots, and directly the king crashed about the fifth part of the lands of England. Fully changed the nature of the land holding, which acquired classic feudal features: the lands were now provided to baronam under the condition of the establishment of a certain number of knights if the king is needed. The whole country was covered with a network of royal or baron castles that have become military bases providing control over the county and residences of barons or king officials. A number of England regions (Herefordshire, Cheshire, Shropshire, Kent, Sussex) was organized as militarized territories responsible for the defense of the borders. Of particular importance in this regard, the Cheshire and Shropshire stamps, created by Gogo D'Aavran and Roger de Montgomery on the border with Wales.

Land ownership and social structure

Model of Anglo-Norman Castle

Capturing England, Wilhelm divided its territory by 60,215 landlands, dividing them between their vassals. The specificity of the distribution of land possessions in England after the conquest was that almost all new barons received land with certain areas scattered around the country, which, with rare exceptions, did not form compact territories. Although it's impossible to say that the fragmentation provided in the village of Land Help was a well-thought-out policy of King Wilhelm, it is probably impossible, this feature of the land ownership organization of the Norman England has not allowed the feudal principalities by the type of French or German, which played a huge role in the subsequent history of the country, and ensured the advantage King over baronia.

The conquest created a new dominant class - knights and barons of Norman origin. New to know was obliged to king's position and performed a whole range of responsibilities regarding the monarch. The main responsibilities were military service, participation three times a year in the Big Royal Council, as well as the replacement of various posts in the system of government (primarily sheriffs). After the conquest and destruction of the Anglo-Saxon tradition of extensive erlves, the role of the sheriffs increased sharply: they turned into a key element of the royal administration in the field, and in their possessions and social status did not inferge on the Anglo-Norman graphs.

Church power

Especially strongly, the Norman influence was in church circles. All Wilhelm's actions in the church sphere were held with the full support of the Holy See. One of the first decisions was the renewal of the annual payment of Rome "The Lepta of St. Peter". A few years after the conquest of England, Archbishop Canterbury Stigand was shifted, and his successor was the nearest adviser to the king Lanfrank. All released places were not provided to Anglo-Saxam, but foreigners, primarily coming from France. Already in 1087, Wulfstan Worcester remained the only bishop of Anglo-Saxon origin. At the beginning of the XIII century, as a result of the appearance of begging monastic fraternities, consisting almost completely from foreigners, the influence in church circles of strangers intensified. A lot of schools were opened, in which, unlike the continent, where training was conducted in Latin, the training was conducted in French. The influence of the church power intensified. The separation of secular and church jurisdiction was carried out. Due to the unified integration, interscrithua strengthened. Decree of Wilhelm, who stshes that all church proceedings should deal with bishops and archbishops in their own courts "in accordance with canons and episcopal laws", provided the possibility of adopting canonical law. Normans transferred diocesan thrones to those cities where they exist now. The bishop structure of the Church in England, created by the Normans, remained almost unchanged to the period of reformation.

At the same time, Wilhelm was very toughly defended his sovereignty in relations with Rome. Without his knowledge, no feudal, including church, could not conduct a correspondence with the dad. Any visit to Popic Legs to England was coordinated with the king. Decisions of church councils were possible only with approval. In the confrontation of the Emperor Henry IV and the Pope Gregory VII Wilhelm adhered to strict neutrality, and in 1080 he refused to bring ommage to the dad on behalf of his English kingdom.

Central Administration, Fiscal and Judicial Systems

Regarding the organization of the central administration of the conquered country, King Wilhelm basically followed the Anglo-Saxon traditions. Although at his courtyard there were posts of Stuard, butler, a chamber, borrowed from the French administration, they had mainly honorary functions. An important innovation was the establishment of the post of Chancellor in the city responsible for organizing the King's office work. The Big Royal Council, in which all the barons of the country took part was the successor of the Anglo-Saxon Vitenaghemot. In the Rannienormand period, he began to gather regularly (three times a year), but lost a significant part of his influence on the development of political decisions, giving way to the Royal Kuria (Lat. Curia Regis.). The last institution was a meeting of the closest king of barons and officials who help the monarch on the current state's problems. Kuria became the central element of the royal administration, although its meetings were often informal.

The basic foundations of the fiscal system after the Norman conquest did not undergo changes. The financing of the Royal Administration continued to be based on the receipts from domination lands (annual income from which more than 11 thousand pounds of sterling), payments of cities and income from legal proceedings. These sources joined the receipts of a feudal nature (relief, the right of guardianship, formyage). The practice of population taxation with universal tax ("Danish money") was continued, and the consent of the population was not required to charge this tax. The principles of tax distribution by counties, hundreds and guides are also preserved from the Anglo-Saxon times. To bring the traditional norms of taxation in line with the current state of the economy and a new system of land holding a general assessment of land, whose results were presented in the "Book of the Scary Court".

After the Norman conquest, which was accompanied by mass abuse and illegal gradts of lands, the importance of legal proceedings, which became a tool of royal power in ordering land and social relations in the country. In the reorganization of the judicial system, Joffffua, Bishop of Kutanza, and Archbishop Lanfranca. The separation of secular and church jurisdiction was carried out, a slim system of judiciary was created, baron courts arose. An important innovation was the widespread use of the jury, the origins of which are traced both in Norman practice and in the traditions of Danlada.

Value

IN social Plan Norman conquest led to the destruction of the Anglo-Saxon military-serving (Tanov) and the formation of a new dominant layer of feudal knighthood, built on the principles of vassal relationships and with the judicial and administrative authority over the peasant population. The Norman barons, strongly dependent on the king and obliged to him for their possessions of the King and the King and Issues, and Issue the King Association of the King and Issue the King and Issues of Armed Knights) were replaced. The feudal system also included the highest clergy. The process of impringing the peasantry, which began in the Anglo-Saxon period, sharply accelerated and led to the dominance in the medieval England of the feudal-dependent categories of the peasantry, which led to even greater conspiration. At the same time, it should be noted the almost complete disappearance of slavery in England.

The most important consequence of the Norman conquest in the social sphere was the introduction of classical feudal relations in England and the vassal system in French sample. The genesis of feudalism in England began in centuries, but the emergence of a social system based on a land holding, which is determined by the holder by the holder of strictly certain duties of a military nature, whose volume depended not on the size of the site, and from the agreement with Suzer, is the unconditional innovation of the Norman conquest. The pronounced military nature of land holding also became one of the main consequences of the Norman conquest. In general, the social structure of society has become a strictest, rigid and hierarchical.

IN organizational plan Norman conquest led to a sharp strengthening of royal power and the formation of one of the most durable and centralized monarchies of Europe, the era of the High Middle Ages. The relics of royal authorities vividly testifies to the conduct of the general census of land possessions, the results of which entered the book of a terrible court, an unprecedented and absolutely impossible in other modern European enterprises. The new state system, although based on the Anglo-Saxon government traditions, quickly acquired a high degree of specialization and formation of functional management bodies, such as the Chamber of Chess Board, Treasury, Office, and others.

IN cultural Plan Norman conquest introduced a feudal culture of chivalry in England based on its French samples. Ancient English language was displaced from the scope of management, and the Norman Dealer of French has become the language of administration and communication of the dominant social layers. About three hundred years of age, the Anglo-Norman dialect dominated the country and had a great influence on the formation of modern English.

IN politically Self-insulation of the country, formerly in the Anglo-Saxon Epoch, was finished. England was closely included in the international relations of Western Europe and began to play one of the most important roles on the European political scene. Moreover, Wilhelm The conqueror, tied by the Personal Unia, the English kingdom with the Duchy of Normandy, became the powerful ruler of North-Western Europe, completely changing the balance of power in this region. At the same time, the fact that Normandy was the vassal of the King of France, and many new English barons and knights owned land for La Mansha, sharply complicated the Anglo-French relations. As the Duke of Normandy, the Anglo-Norman monarchs recognized the sissente of the king of France, and as the kings of England had equal social status with him. In the XII century, with the creation of the Angean Empire of Plantagenets, the English king was owned by almost half of the territory of France, remaining legally vassal of the French monarch. This duality has become one of the reasons for the long-term Anglo-French confrontation, which was one of the central moments of the European policy of the Middle Ages and who had reached its climax during the century of war.

Comments

Notes

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Douglas D. Ch. Normans from conquest to achievements. - St. Petersburg. : Eurasia, 2003. - P. 55-56.
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Jones G. Vikings. Descendants of Odin and Torah. - M.: Centerpolygraph, 2004. - P. 437-438.
Norman A.V.B. Medieval warrior. Armament of the time of Charles of the Great and Crusades. - M.: Centerpolygraph, 2008. - P. 104-105.
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Norman A.V.B. Medieval warrior. Armament of the time of Charles of the Great and Crusades. - M.: Centerpolygraph, 2008. - P. 106-112, 115.
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By the middle of the eleventh century, Norman Duchy reached a complete heyday. He contributed to the creation of beautiful military units, which the Duke was supplied by His vassals, and the serious armed knightly cavalry of Normandy won offended glory. In addition, the state had large income from all possessions. And the powerful central government, the intake and vassals, and the church, was clearly stronger than English. The Norman conquest of England, thereby predshped.

Wilhelm vs Harold

Announces Harold II, brutally cruel English king-sensing, usurper and an oath and enactment and enlisted by the support of the Pope Alexander II, Wilhelm gathered to the campaign: he was harvested by volunteers beyond the borders of the Duchy to help their far from a weak army, built a lot of transportation vessels, armed and stored food. And soon everything was ready that Wilhelm Normandsky's conquest to England takes place.

The duchy camp was boiling from the abundance of troops - knights arrived from all the adjacent regions: Brittany, Picardia, Flanders, Artoi. Historians could not establish an accurate number of Wilhelm's troops, but it had no less seven ships, it became, and the troops who took the country of England on their southern shores, it turns out at least seven thousand. For the first time, so many people overnight crossed themselves through La Mans.

Harold about the preparation knew. The ships and troops collected in the south of England expected the arrival of Wilhelm to fulfill. But Wilhelm was still hecta than he suspected Harold. In the north of England, the Allies of Wilhelm from Norway and the Optional British, opponents of Harold landed, suddenly landed. Harold managed to turn the troops and even smash the attackers, but here the Norman conquest of England from the south began without a day of delay.

Harold army

The enemy leaning forced to turn the loose and tired army back to Gastning, on the way there were attempts to collect militia detachments. However, everything happened so quickly that even in London, Harold the militia was not yet gathered. Unlike Wilhelm, he did not have a serious armed cavalry, the bulk of his detachments was walking and heterogeneous. Huskerlas were here, and the peasants, armed with what is much: the peasants - axes and doubles, Earl with Khuskerlam had swords, shields and but did not have horses, and the archers and battle cavalry Harold did not have time.

Meeting old with new

The Norman conquest of England 1066 was accomplished on October 14. Wilhelm brought perfectly trained directly from the saddle, tempered in the battles, Knight's Connection and archer squads. The defeat of Anglo-Saxes was simply predetermined. The defeat was rapid and final - few people saved. Harold died too.

Wilhelm gave to relax the tiles in robbees and raids on the peasant surroundings, there was no place to hurry. While the Duvrian, Kentberian and London tops understood and comprehended the happening, was completed and admitted Wilhelm of the conqueror as the right strong, several days passed. But the country of England arrived soon after the Norman conquest!

In five days, Wilhelm moved the army to Dover. It was a triumph! Not only the London citizens are cowardly in the homes, fearing the pogroms, but most of their English lords, counts, sheriffs, bishops fell to Wilhelm in the legs and sought to make friends with him. South England did not have any resistance to Wilhelm at all. After a very short time, the northern ones.

Anointing to the kingdom

And it happened: in a Christmas holiday at the junction of 1066 and 1067, Wilhelm, the conqueror arrived in Westminster for a solemn event. The situation was unpredictable. England after the Norman conquest broke out uprisings here, then there. Received about betrayal, and Wilhelm's retinue responded peculiar.

All houses around the cathedral, where anointing was anointing to the kingdom, were set fire, and the persecutors were beaten to death, not dealing in the field, age and religion. The temple left everything except the clergymen who continued the service, brought the sacrament to the end, and Wilhelm met the first minutes of triumph in proud loneliness. So strangely ended the Norman conquest of England at its first stage.

Reign

Despite the promise of Wilhelm to be a guarantor of compliance with the good laws of King Eduard, the eliminated Normans continued violence and robbery. The population is permanently rebuilding, his taller was suppressed by fire and sword. For worst humility, the construction of the famous royal fortress - Tower.

The Northern Districts of England is so tired of Wilhelm with their uprisings that in 1069 he applied to them the tactics of the scorched land (the Nazis in Khatyn was not the first to). The punitive expedition of Wilhelm did not leave the Jork Valley on the entire space to the Durham himself, no home, nor a living person - not one. This desert stood up to the twelfth century, when she had little, she began to settle it. But this, of course, is not the main consequences of the Norman conquest of England.

Office management

Considering all Anglo-Saxons as rebels, Wilhelm, the conqueror continued to call himself a legitimate heir to Edward confessor. Immediately after the overthrow of the "English Khatyn", all lands of England moved to the ownership of the king. Not only the rebels were confiscated, but those who were not loyal to the new government.

The huge land belonging to the crown brought a tremendous income: rent from the sheriffs, which then knocked it from a common population. So compared with the time of Eduard confessor, became higher than fifty percent higher. The country agreed on it. What was the Norman conquest of England? Briefly - for profit. But not only.

Of course, Wilhelm left not everything, although his share was truly lion. The aeodes that got his approximated were ten times more than their existing ones in Normandy. The Church of Wilhelm did not hurt for a long time, the land did not selected.

Throughout England, castles were built - and those that are simpler, on simple embankments with Rips and Frequenokolas, and complex engineering structures that can withstand a long siege. Multiple the huge stone citadels, such as Tower, Rochester, Hiedingham. These locks were not baron. They all belonged to the king. England's conquest Wilhelm Normandsky continued.

"Book of a Scary Court"

So the land census was called 1085, which Wilhelm held in England. It was a very detailed book. The data were separated by three sections: before the conquest, year 1066 and year 1085. It was rewritten: the composition of the land of each county and every hundreds, accurate income, composition and number of inhabitants, their condition. Respondents served entirely all the barons, sheriffs, elders, free people and six serfs from each village. All of them gave testimony under the oath. Thus, thirty-four thirty-eight counties were rewritten.

Politics

It was a good move to see the main consequences of the Norman conquest of England. Wilhelmu, this census directly presented information about possible income and suggested a way to systematize the "Danish money" deposit. The book turned out to be huge, detailed and reliable. Wilhelm realized that it was quite possible to recoup the Norman conquest of England. Briefly describes this book.

The estates that Wilhelm gave someone from the barons, was never adjacent to those gone, which Baron had already owned. For example, Robert Mertonsky had about eight hundred manorors, which were located at forty counties. Others - a little smaller, but the principle is the same.

It would seem that absurdity. But here just clear calculation. No Baron will be able to strengthen its influence in any separate county, which, of course, contributes to the strengthening of royal power. Exceptions were only feudal border guards, guarding the approaches from the sea and sushi. They had great rights and even privileges. England after the Norman conquest for the first time began to feel the same state.

The king as the Supreme Owner of the entire Earth in England was a tiny of all lands holders, from whom and under what circumstances they would not receive it. Wilhelm of all landowners tied the oath of the King Service (Salisbury oath). For a purely English feature of feudal arrangement - the service of the king through the head of all the rest of his vassals. The king acquired additional support and authority. The country after the conquest intensified as a state, despite many sadness and suffering. This is the main consequences of the Norman conquest of England.

Norman conquest of England - the invasion of 1066 in England of the Army of Wilhelm Conqueror, Duke Normandy and subsequent subordination of the country.

The conquest of England began with the victory of Normans in the battle of Hastings in 1066, after which the Duke of Wilhelm became the king of England. Finally, the conquest ended with the subordination of the local feudal confirmation of a new king to 1070-1075. As a result of the conquest in England, the classic forms of feudalism and the military system were transferred, a centralized state was created with a strong royal power. The orientation of the country into continental Europe and its involvement in European politics increased dramatically, and traditional ties with Scandinavia weakened. The conquest also had a significant impact on the development of English culture and language. As a result of the adaptation of the North-Saxon State and Social Institutions, the Anglo-Norman monarchy system was formed, which existed until the middle of the XII century, which was based on a medieval English state.

At the end of the 19th century, England collided with a massive wave of scandinavian viking raids on its territory. The king of Anglo-Saxes Etelred II, wanting to secure support in the fight against Vikings, in 1002 he married Emma, \u200b\u200bsister of the Norman Duke Richard II. However, Help from Normans Ettel II did not receive and was forced to flee along with his family to Normandia.

By 1016, all the England was conquered by Vikings, and King became the Great Knud, uniting under his authority England, Denmark and Norway. Sons of Elemeni II and Emma spent for almost 30 years in exile, at the courtyard of the Norman Duke. Only in 1042, Eduardo confessor, the elder son of ETELRED, managed to return the throne of England. Educated in Normandy, Edward, for almost all of his reign, tried to navigate the Normans against the powerful Anglo-Danish nobility dominant in the country's state system. In 1051, taking advantage of Earla Godwin's expulsion, childless Edward proclaimed his heir of the Young Norman Duke of Wilhelm. However, in 1052, Godwin returned to England and regained his control over the country's management system. Norman knowledge was expelled from the country, including the Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Jumiese. His department was transferred to the supporter of Godvin, stigrating [CH 1]. In the late 50s of the XI century, the Godvinson family owned the largest counties of England, which included the large territory of the kingdom. When, in early January 1066, Eduard confesser died, the Anglo-Saxon Vitenagemot elected the King of Son Godwin - Harold II, the leader of the National Party.

Harold election was challenged by Wilhelm Norman. Based on the will of King Edward, as well as the oath of the loyalty of Harold, brought, probably, during his trip to Normandia in 1064/1065, and appealing to the need to protect the English Church from Usurpation and Tiragia, Wilhelm put forward his claims to the Crown of England and began Preparation for armed invasion. At the same time, Harald Stern, King of Norway claimed to the English throne, whose predecessor in 1038 concluded an agreement with the son of the Knude of the Great about the mutual inheritance of the kingdom in case of the abyss of one of the monarchs. The Norwegian king, having entered into an alliance with his brother Harold II Tostig Godwinson expelled from England, also began to prepare for the conquest of England.

Having learned in York about the landing of Normans, Harold II sent orders for the appearance of new militia and, without waiting for reinforcements, moved to the south to the rapid march. The speed of its promotion was so great that did not allow additional contingents gained in counties, join the royal army. Moreover, part of the army, mainly light infantry and archers, lagging behind the main forces. For ten days, Harold covered the distance from York to London and, without losing time, there was towards the Norman army. Counselors of the king, including the native brother Girt, offered to wait for a complete collection of troops and only then attack the enemy. Historians consider it to be his main strategic mistake: since Wilhelm was on a hostile territory, cut from his bases of La Mansha, the time played on the English of the British. Apparently, Harold sought to avoid the ruin of his personal possessions. The Anglo-Saxon troops constituted about 7,000 people in numbers, mostly participants in the battle of Stamford Bridge and the militia from the vicinity of London. Despite the speed of the British, the effect of surprise was missed. Having learned about the approach Harold, October 14, 1066, the Norman troops attacked the Anglo-Saxon army.

In the battle of Hastings, despite the heroic resistance, the English troops were defeated. The battle lasted for a very long time - more than ten o'clock, which was quite rare phenomenon for the Middle Ages. The victory of Normans was due to the best combat capability of warriors, as well as the massive use of archers and heavy cavalry. King Harold and his two brothers were killed, and several thousand selected English warriors left to lie on the battlefield. There was no leader in the country that can organize resistance to Normans. The battle of Hastings was a turning point in the history of England.

Although the coronation of Wilhelm I passed in accordance with the Anglo-Saxon tradition, which was to convince the population in the legality of the rights of the new king into the English throne, the power of Normans relied exclusively for military power. Already in 1067, the construction of the Tower Fortress in London began, and then the Norman castles rose throughout the territory of South and Central England. The lands of the Anglo-Saxes who participated in the battle of Hastings were confiscated and distributed to the soldiers of the invasion army. By the end of March 1067, the position of Wilhelm's Wilhelm had a somewhat strengthened, and he was able to commit a long trip to Normandia. He was accompanied by the leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Party - Prince Edgar, Archbishop Stigand, Earl Markar, Edwin and Walteof, as well as hostages from among other noble families. During the absence of a king, the control of England was carried out by its approach: Count Hereford William Fitz Osburn and the One-Self Brother of Wilhelm Bishop ODO.

The atmosphere in England was strained enough. The Norman administration controlled only the southeastern regions of the country. The rest of the territory of the kingdom was managed only thanks to Wilhelm, a large Anglo-Saxon magnam. Immediately after his departure, the wave of rebellions swept, especially large in southwestern England. Harold Godvinson's sons, finding the shelter in Ireland, began to collect their supporters. Opponents of the new government were looking for support for the courtyards of the rulers of Scandinavia, Scotland and Flanders. The situation required the speedy return of Wilhelm to England. At the end of 1067, spending summer and autumn in Normandy, he returned to the conquered kingdom. The south-west of England was cultivated, then the attempt was reflected at Harold's sons to fall in Bristol. In the summer of 1068, the wife of Wilhelm Matilda was crowned by the Queen of England.

In social plan, the Norman conquest led to the destruction of the Anglo-Saxon military-serving (Tanov) and the formation of a new dominant layer of feudal knighthood, built on the principles of vassal relationships and with the judicial and administrative authorities over the peasant population. The Norman barons, strongly dependent on the king and obliged to him for their possessions of the King and the King and Issues, and Issue the King Association of the King and Issue the King and Issues of Armed Knights) were replaced. The feudal system also included the highest clergy. The process of impringing the peasantry, which began in the Anglo-Saxon period, sharply accelerated and led to the dominance in the medieval England of the feudal-dependent categories of the peasantry, which led to even greater conspiration. At the same time, it should be noted the almost complete disappearance of slavery in England.

The most important consequence of the Norman conquest in the social sphere was the introduction of classical feudal relations in England and the vassal system in French sample. The genesis of feudalism in England began in the IX-X centuries, but the emergence of a social system based on a land holding, which is determined by the holder of strictly certain duties of a military nature, whose volume depended not on the size of the site, but from the agreement with Sisser, is the unconditional innovation of the Norman conquest . The pronounced military nature of land holding also became one of the main consequences of the Norman conquest. In general, the social structure of society has become a strictest, rigid and hierarchical.

In organizational terms, the Norman conquest led to a sharp strengthening of the royal power and the formation of one of the most durable and centralized monarchies of Europe of the era of the High Middle Ages. The relics of royal authorities vividly testifies to the conduct of the general census of land possessions, the results of which entered the book of a terrible court, an unprecedented and absolutely impossible in other modern European enterprises. The new state system, although based on the Anglo-Saxon government traditions, quickly acquired a high degree of specialization and formation of functional management bodies, such as the Chamber of Chess Board, Treasury, Office, and others.

In the cultural plan, the Norman conquest introduced in England a feudal culture of christmas on the basis of its French samples. Ancient English language was displaced from the scope of management, and the Norman Dealer of French has become the language of administration and communication of the dominant social layers. About three hundred years of age, the Anglo-Norman dialect dominated the country and had a great influence on the formation of modern English.

In political terms, the self-insulation of the country, formerly in the Anglo-Saxon Epoch, was over. England was closely included in the international relations of Western Europe and began to play one of the most important roles on the European political scene. Moreover, Wilhelm The conqueror, tied by the Personal Unia, the English kingdom with the Duchy of Normandy, became the powerful ruler of North-Western Europe, completely changing the balance of power in this region. At the same time, the fact that Normandy was the vassal of the King of France, and many new English barons and knights owned land for La Mansha, sharply complicated the Anglo-French relations. As the Duke of Normandy, the Anglo-Norman monarchs recognized the sissente of the king of France, and as the kings of England had equal social status with him. In the XII century, with the creation of the Angean Empire of Plantagenets, the English king was owned by almost half of the territory of France, remaining legally vassal of the French monarch. This duality has become one of the reasons for the long-term Anglo-French confrontation, which was one of the central moments of the European policy of the Middle Ages and who had reached its climax during the century of war.

Anglo-Saxon conquest. The invasion of the Viking.

1. End of Roman rule.Roman dominion over the United Kingdom ended in 410 AD. Testing permanent raids from the East (Central European barbarians (especially Vandals) and Asian nomads (in particular, Huns)), the Roman Empire had no opportunity to control his remote Western territories. In 410, the decree of Emperor Goning Roman dominion over the UK was discontinued. After 66 years, in 476, the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist.

In the same age, regular invasions of the UK began new conquerors from the continent - Anglo-Saxons.

2. Wars between Angloossemi and Celts. Anglo Saxons - The name is collective. These tribes invaded Britain from the territory of modern Germany. They included:

Ø Angles (The Angles) from the Wallnere. and ancient ball. angul.'fishing hook';

Ø Saxons (The Saxons) from the Wallnere. sahsun., Wed. Old Agl. seax'Battle knife, dagger';

Ø Utah (The Jutes) from the Videgen. IOTAR, etymology of which is unknown;

Ø Frisi (The Frisians) from Frisian frisle. 'curly hair'.

The strongest and influential among these tribes were Angles and Saksa. They gave the name to the new people - Anglo-Saxons, which began to form under their leadership for centuries.

Anglo-Saxons, which possessed low culture and military superiority, entered the irreconcilable conflict with a more cultural, but the Celtic-Romanesque population from the wars. Most of the Celtic-Romanesque population was exterminated physically, their property was looted, many were in slavery. In the V-VI centuries. The Celtic population led the heroic struggle against the Anglo-Saxon conquerors. By this time belongs to the People's Epos about the semi-perdark king of the Celts Arthur. (Itimology: 1) from Welsh arth. 'Bear' + ur. → 'Bear Man' or 2) Greek. Star name Arctur. 'Guardian of the Bear'), one of the leaders of the resistance. Later, these events were reflected in the "The Knights of the Round Table".

3. The emergence of Anglo-Saxon early refortel states. Despite the almost 200-year-old heroic resistance of the Celts, the victory was won by Anglo-chamber. Part of the Celtic population was assimilated, part - destroyed, part - fled to Scotland (Scotland) and Wales (Wales from Wylisc. 'foreign; slave 'in the West Saxon dialect).

On the territory of Great Britain, gradually (V-VII centuries) under the leadership of Anglo-Saxes emerged seven feudal states:

Ø Wessex (Wessex \u003d west + Seax) - Western Saksa. The largest and most powerful militarily;

Ø Essex (ESSEX \u003d east + Seax) - oriental saks;

Ø Sussex (Sussex \u003d sUþ + SEAX) - South Saksa;

Ø Kent (kent from lat. santicum. 'Coastal area' or 'land of troops or army') - Utah;

Ø Mercia (Mercia from Latinized Old Agl. mierce.'Inhabitants of boring') - engines;

Ø Eastern England (East Anglia) - Angles;

Ø Nortumbria (Northumbria - translates as "north of Umbria" (from Lat. Humbri fluminis(The name of the ancient river, and now the so-called area in Northern Italy)) - Angles.

The strongest kingdom was Wessex With the capital B. Winchester (Winchester ← Old Angle. U (w) intancæstir from Celt. Gwent. " seats , market " and ancient ball. cEASTER. 'Roman City'). King Wessex Egbert. from ancient ball. ECG-Beorht. Ass 'Sparkling like a sword' ← eCG 'Sword' and beorht. 'Bright, sparkling' )(771 – 839) Military strength and diplomacy united the remaining six Anglo-Saxon states under the authority of Wessex. The final association happened in 829 during the Board of the King Etitan, "King of all Britain" (ATHELSTAN, KING OF ALL BRITAIN from ancient ball. Æðelstane Ass 'Noble stone' ← Æðel'noble; Majestic '+. stane'a rock' )
(894 – 939). New state got a name England by the name of the biggest tribe. The capital of the Unified State was the city of Winchester (remained to them before
XI century). Since 597, Anglo-Saxons began to gradually take Christianity.

It should be noted, the STO England was not the only state in the UK territory. At the same time, another state was formed in the north of the island. Scotland , distinguished by culture and organization of life. Its foundation made up celty And constantly arriving scandinavian tribes(mostly modern Norwegians and Danes). Statehood and severe cultural identity retained kimry.living on the territory of modern Wales.

4. Invasion in England Vikings. From 793, the British Islands began to perform regular raids new conquerors - vikings (Vikings from Ancient Years vikingr.'One who came from Fjord (narrow, winding and deeply crashed into the landing of the sea bay with rocky shores)' ← vik.'Small bay, narrow sea bay'; ancestors of modern Norwegians) and are given (danes. from 1) Hallnerenhenetsky tanar.'Sandy shore' or 2) Prototem. * Den- 'lowland'; In England, so called all Scandinavians). In the 870s. East England was completely conquered by Vikings. This area began to be called DaNelaw. (Danceg, "Danish Right"). In this territory, Vikings established their laws. In England, the rules of the King Ethelread (Ethelread unreasonable from Ancient Agl. ÆLeræd. Delz'titressed advisor '← æðle.'noble; Notable, Title '+ ræd, Red'Council'; Rules in the period from 865 to 871). He made conflicts with Vikings, which resulted in many territories. England was on the verge of death as an independent state.

In this vague for ancient England, the king came to power Alfred Great (ALFRED THE GREAT. from ancient ball. eLF.'Elf' + ræd, Red'Council') (years of reign - 871-899 ), which is considered the first English outstanding monarch and reformer. His achievements:

Ø agreed with Vikings about the world (England began to pay them tribute, as a result of which Viking's aggression was stopped, which, in turn, saved England from death and made the opportunity to gather forces);

Ø used a breather in war with Vikings for the construction of fortresses and ships;

Ø became the founder of the British Marine Fleet;

Ø The first began to seek the expansion of international contacts of England, overcoming its island isolation from the rest of Europe ("drove the window" to continental Europe for England);

Ø contributed to the emergence and development of international maritime trade (before that trade was predominantly within the framework of the island);

Ø actively encouraged the spread of knowledge, culture, science;

Ø participated in the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (chronicles);

Ø Created a set of laws King Alfred's Code (King Alfred Code , or Alferla laws), the most important source of the right of England of the time, in opposition to Dellauga.

With Alfred, England has strengthened so much that its military conquest Vikings was impossible. Finally, the Vikings were defeated and expelled from England in 150 years at the king Edward The Confessor from ancient ball. EADWEARD Ass 'Prosperity keeper, wealth' ← eAD'wealth; prosperity '+. weard 'Guardian'), right in 1042-1066. Eduard confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England, great importance paid to the propaganda of Christian virtues and asceticism (the matter of all his life was the foundation of Westminster Abbey (Westminster Abbey)), for which it was later canonized and is currently revered as the Holy Catholic Church. Due to the fact that at that time the saints were usually divided into two groups: martyrs who died for a violent death for faith, and confessors who died ordinary death, the king received the nickname "Confessor" (died on January 5, 1066 in Westminster).

5. Norman conquest of England.The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 and the 300-year-old (with small breaks) of the French domination rendered the strongest (after Roman) the impact on the formation of modern Great Britain, its state device, language, culture.

Almost immediately after the overthrow of the 150-year domination of Vikings, the British Islands were attacked by a new aggressor - normans (the Normans. from Starofrance. Normand. 'Northern man').

Normandy - Medieval feudal state education (duchy), which was located on the territory of modern northern France (on the other side of the strait of La Mans (with Franz. 'Sleeve, The English Channel)). For Normandy of that time were characteristic:

Ø Very strong state power;

Ø developed feudal relations;

Ø Military power.

In 1066, a well-armed and disciplined army of the Norman ruler Wilhelma Conqueror (William The Conqueror from ancient ball. willan. 'Wish' + helma. 'helmet' ) landed on the British Islands.

In the historical battle of Hastings on October 10, 1066, the Army of England was defeated by Normans. The king of England killed in battle Harold (Harold. from ancient ball. hergian. 'fight; empty, rob '+ weldan. "To force, subordinate", the last Anglo-Saxon King, the successor to Eduard confessor) and key commander. England has lost its independence for 300 years.

In England, the power of Normans was established. Wilhelm The Conqueror at the end of 1066 was crowned as a king of England and occupied the throne 21 year
(1066 - 1087). Norman conquest led to significant changes in the political and economic systems of England:

Ø it was installed very strong (the strongest in Europe) royal power:

· The king (Wilhelm Conqueror) was announced by the owner of all lands - a rare case in Europe, where the owners of land (entire provinces) were feudals equal to the status of a king;

· The Earth was given only for the service of the king;

· The role of feudalists (from Lat. feudum 'Earth, dated service'), compared to the rest of Europe, was significantly less (they were not sovereign (persons with supreme power), but only servants of the king);

· Unlike the European principle, "Vassal of My Vassal is not my vassal (from Staroofrance. vassal 'Subordinate, servant'; This principle assumes that each at its level of the feudal hierarchy was an absolute master) ", in England, Vassals of Vassalov were also vassals (servants of the king);

· The traditions of reverence were established, recognizing the abusive sovereignty of the English monarch (about was not "first among equal terms", like other European monarchum);

Ø finally secured (including legally) tough feudalities, The estate hierarchy based on inequality:

· In 1086, the Wilhelm The Conqueror held a general census of the population and lands, the results of which were listed in a special book, who received the name "Book of a terrible court"
(Domesday Book);the census was carried out very hard - the failure of participation in it or the concealment of information was the death penalty;

· The population was taxed;

· According to the results of the census (and records in the book) only about 10% of the population remained free;

· 90% of the population received the dependent status of different levels (10% - fully abandoned slaves ( serfs., from Starofrance. 'Slave, servant'), about 40% - Fortress peasants ( villeins., from Starofrance. 'Peasant, farmer'),
30% - formally free, but poor and dependent landowners ( cotters.from English. exchage Ass 'Small house with a small land plot' ← Starofrance. cote 'Hut, small house'),
10% - wealthy dependent peasants).

Almost all over the medieval period is a clear manor system. Manor (from StaroFrance. manoir. 'Dwelling, house, place of residence,', feudal estate received for the service of the king) became the main cell of society. Economic and social life has evolved around Manor:

Ø headed Manor. lord (lord. from ancient ball. hlaford. 'Lord, ruler; Owner, owner of the estate '← hlafweard Ass 'One who guards protects bread' from hlaf.'Bread, loaf' + Weard'Holder, Keeper'), most often Baron (from Starofrance. baron. 'aristocrat; warrior, warlord; Husband '← From Lat. bARO. 'A man') who received land from the king for the service (often military) and submitted to the king;

Ø Next went smaller feudals - knights (knights. from ancient ball. cniht. 'Boy, young man; servant, assistant '), who received the land from Lord, submitted to Lord and King; Knights (both in the organization of the economy, and in the case of war) were to act at the same time with their Lord (the knights were the "team" of the Lord);

Ø After the Lord and Knights in the hierarchy, there were free people who settled around Manora (artisans, merchants, wealthy peasants); They communicated between the manor and other manorars, as well as trading and craft maintenance of Manor;

Ø At the next step - the fortress peasants, administratively attributed to the manor, who had to work on Lord (they were part of the manor as a property - Manor was issued by the king simultaneously with the peasants);

Ø At the very bottom of the feudal staircase - completely non-free slaves (usually captives, criminals, hopeless debtors), which are usually maintained by the service function.

After the death of Wilhelm

Anglo-Saxon period (up to 1066)

In the period to the Norman conquest of England, there was no centralized legal system in the country. For several centuries, England has already been combined by Anglo-Saxon kings in a certain amorphous state education, which could not be called centralized. With Alfred, the Great (871-900) statehood of Anglo-Saxons was even fixed documented.

However, the system of norms based on customs and traditions of tribes and in the practice of local vessels, the system of law can only be called conditionally. It was a system of law, first of all, nobility for nobility. Already the oldest Anglo-Saxon Code - the truth of Eitelberg (VII century) divides people into several groups: so, for the murder of a free person there is a fine of 100 shillings; for the murder of summer - 80, 60 or 40 shillings depending on which category it refers; For the murder of landless nimita - 6 shillings.

Nevertheless, every free is still protected by the same fine. The case varies significantly with the establishment of feudal orders. In the head of the English king Alfred, three amounts of the fine for killing are appeared: 200 shillings, 600 and 1200. The last fine defended the life of the most noble.

The laws of the king Alfred frankly encourage "finding Goverver", that is, the "patronage already known to us. The laws of Ethestan (about 940), compiled 50 years old, contain already categorical classification: Let relatives find Mr. Whoever does not have; "Not having a master" is outlawed, "and who will meet him, can kill him like a thief." Above each nine peasants are a declare, obliged to follow the fact that "in order to nine the laid". .

From Norman conquest to Tudor dynasty (1066 - 1485)

After the Norman conquest (1066), when Wilhelm I in the Battle of Hastings defeated the Anglo-Saxon King Harold and subjugated to England, the characteristic feature of the English feudalism was entrenched - the political association of the country and the centralization of state power.

Normans managed to introduce the right to the entire territory of the country's entirely conquered. Hence the name of the English law system - "common law" (Common Law). The conquerors sought to establish such a system that would cover the whole country. To do this, it was necessary to introduce strictly centralized courts and make all judges accountable only to king and more to anyone.

Norman conquest strengthened the process of centralization of the country, increased the need for dispute resolution, and accordingly strengthened the role of ships. Judicial institutions had several categories of judges. The most important things were made by all matters and were obliged to correct the mistakes made by other judges. Next, the judges of the royal bench were followed, which brought the oath. The next step of the hierarchy occupied the exit (traveling) judges who made decisions on civil cases or exemption from prisons. They did not apply the oath and acted on the order of the king. And the last category included judges specifically appointed on any judicial assistee (meeting).