Biography of Empress Anna Ioannovna. How Anna Ioannovna really influenced Russia

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1. "UYSFEMSHOSHE RETUPOSCH"

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DPMZPTHLYE L FPNKH TSE ABRSFOBMY UEVS CHSFPYUOYUEUFCHPN Y PYUEOSH DKHTOP CHMYSMY ABOUT AOPZP NPOBTIB. «REFT PFCHSHL UPCHETEOOOP PF UETSHEOPZP ABOSFYS, - RYUBM YUFPTYL u. n. UPMPCHSHECH, - LFP IPFEM RTYVMYYFSHUS L OENKH, FPF DPMTSEO VSCHM ZPCHPTYFSH P CHEEBI ENKH RTYSFOSCHI, DPUFHROSCHI: PV PIPFE, UPVBLBI J FR. " ьFP UHTSDEOYE RPDFCHETTSDBEFUS Y UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHBNY UPCHTENEOOYLPCH. “CHUE CH TPUUY CH UVTBYOPN TBUFTKUFCHE, - DPOPUIM PDYO YYOPUFTBOOSHI DYRMPNBFPCH, - GBTSH OE BOYNBEFUS DAMPN Y OE DHNBEF ЪBOYNBFSHUSH; DEOEZ OYLPNH OE RMBFSF, Y vPZ JOBEF DP YEZP DPKDHF ZHYOBUSCH; LBTSDSCHK ChPTHEF ULPMSHLP NPTSEF ".

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pDOBLP RTY REFTE II, LBL CHUEZDB VSCCHBEF PE CHTENS TELYI RETENEO CH CHCHUIYI UZHETBI, ABOUT PDOPZP DPCHPMSHOPZP RTYIPDYMPUSH DEUSFSH PVYTSEOSCHI. uFTENYFEMSHOPE ChPUCHSCHYEOYE dPMZPTKHLYI Y zPMYGSHOSCHI OE FPMSHLP RHZBMP "OPCHKHA" JOBFSH, OP Y TBDTBTSBMP RTDUFBCHYFEMEK DTKHZOYOISCHB. TPDUFCOOL NBFETY RFTB I BMLESTMT MSHCHPHYA Obdshchyo, Zychyk Hought RPDNNPulpchopn Yneuyy, LPDB Khotobm, YuFP RFFI II Pipfyphus Ocherpdbmelh th Cembef ezp Chedefshch, Obaschim: "YUFP NEW, YUZZP RPLMPSFSPSFUS? with J RPYUIFBFSH EZP OE IPYUH, S UBN FBLPCH TSE, LBL Y PO, J DHNBM ABOUT GBTUFCH UIDEFSH, LBL PO. pFEG NPK (MECH LYTIMMPCHYU OBTSCHYLYO - b. n.) ZPUKHDBTUFCHPN RTBCHYM, DBK NOE CHSCHKFY Y'FPK OKHTSDSCH - S ЪOBA, UFP UDEMBFSH! ". ъB "RTEDETLYE UMPCHB"

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OBLPOEG LOSЪSH dNYFTYK NYIBKMPCHYU ZPMYGSCHO YBSCHYM, UFP UP UNETFSHA rEFTB II MYOYS, YDKHEBS PF REFTB CHEMYLPZP, RTEUCHLUFTUBEBUSH, YDHEBS fBL VSCHMP RTYOSFP TEEEOYE RTYZMBUIFSH ABOUT RTUFPM bOOKH yPBOOCHOKH, LPFPTBS EEE CH 1711 Z. PChDPCHEMB Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, VE'RPNEYTOKH NPZMBUIFU t. CHETIPCHOYLY OBDESMYUSH, UFP OE YNECHYBS RTPYUOSHI UCHSHEK RTY THUULPN DCHPTE ZETGPZYOS UVBOEF RPUMHYOSCHN PTHDYEN CH YI THLBI. rTY LFPN YUFPVSCH OBCHETOSLB UPITBOYFSH CHMYSOYE Y, RP UMPCHBN d. n. zPMYGSCHOB, "UEVE CHMY RTYVBCHYFSH", DPMZPTHLYE Y zPMYGSCHOSCH TEYIMY RTEDMPTSYFSH OPCHPK YNRETBFTYGE "LPODYGY" F.Ye. HUMPCHYS, PZTBOYUYCHBAEYE ITS CHMBUFSH. h ZMHVPLPK FBKOE VSCHMB UPUFBCHMEOB ZTBNPFB, LPFPTPK bOOB yPBOOPChOB RP, RP VHDFP R ™ £ UPVUFCHEOOPK CHPME, PVEEBMB PE Chuen THLPCHPDUFCHPCHBFSHUS NOEOYEN chETIPChOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB Q VE EZP CHPMY OBOBYUBFSH UEVE OBUMEDOYLB OE, OE CHEUFY NETSDHOBTPDOSCHI RETEZPCHPTPCH, OE TSBMPCHBFSH LTHROSCHI ENEMSHOSCHI CHMBDEOYK Q FD PUHEUFCHMEOYE VBNSCHUMB CHETIPCHOYLPCH RP UHFY DEMB POOBYUBMP VSC UPEDBOYE CH UVTBOE OPCHPK ZHPTNSCH RTBCHMEOIS - PZTBOYEOOOPK NPOBTIYY. OP PZTBOYUEOOYE LFP DPMTSOP VSCHMP PUHEUFCHYFSHUS CH RPMSHH PYUEOSH KHLPK ZTHREYTPCHLY CHCHUYYI UBOPCHOYLPCH.

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rTPFEUFPCHBFSH OILFP OE TEYIMUS. lKhTMSODULBS ZETGPZYOS CHUFKHRIMB ABOUT TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, CHETIPCHOSCHK FBKOSCHK UPCHEF VSCHM TBURKHEEO. rPOINBS, UFP EZP RMBOSCH THIOHMY, Ph.D. ZPMYGSCHO VMPCHEE RTPYOOEU: “ъOBA, UFP S VKHDKH TSETFCHPK OEHDBYUY LFPZP DEMB. fBL Y VSHFSH RPUFTBDBA ЪB PFEYUEFCHP; NOE HTSE OENOPZP PUFBEFUS, Y FE, LPFPTSCHE ЪBUFBCHMSAF NEOS RMBLBFSH, VKHDHF RMBLBFSH DPMEE NEPEZP. lBL Y NOPZYE ITS RTEDYEUFCHOOOILY, BOB yPBOOPCHOB DEKUFFCHYFEMSHOP OBYUBMB RTBCHMEOYE U OBLBBOYS UCHPYI TEBMSHOSHI Y NOYNSHI RTPFYCHOYLPCH. uRETCHB, CHRTPYUEN, POB DEKUFFCHPCHBMB PYUEOSH PUFPTPTSOP. pFGH OEUPUFFPSCHYEKUS GBTYGSCH b. h. zPMYGSchOH RTYLBBMY TSYFSH VECHSCHEDOP YNEOYY B, B RTPYUYI CHYDOSCHI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK TPDB TBPUMBMY ZHVETOBFPTBNY RP PLTBYOBN YNRETYY: chBUYMYS mHLYYuB B uYVYTSh, yChBOB zTYZPTShEChYYuB B chPMPZDH, nYIBYMB chMBDYNYTPChYYuB B bUFTBIBOSh. LOOSH dNYFTYK NYIBKMPCHYU ZPMYGSCHO Y EZP VTBF ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NYIBKMPCHYU ZPMYGSCHO DRINK ABOUT OELPFPTPYU CHTENS UCHPY CHCHOUSCHO.

PDOBLP HTSE OEULPMSHLP NECUGECH URHUFS, OBUMUBMYUSHIUCHESEY TBRORTBCHSHCH: H Rotten 1730 Z. Losus BMELES ZTYZPTSHYUB Cneuduf in Uen Wen Umpumbmy h Upmpchli, b ezp Dudzhbob, DThzb RPLPKPPP Энретрбфптбб - h vetepch. h DELBVTE FPZP TSE ZPDB ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NYIBKMPCHYU ZPMYGSCHO, YUNHYUEOOSCHK FTECHPZBNY ЪB UCHPA UHDSHVKH, ULPOYUBMUS PF UETDEYUUPF. dTHZPK ZHEMSHDNBTYBM, chBUYMYK chMBDYNYTPChYYu dPMZPTHLYK B LPOGE 1731 Z. VSCHM BFPYUEO B yMYUUEMShVHTZULHA LTERPUFSH, OECHYTBS ON AF YUFP B UCHPE CHTENS RTPFEUFPCHBM RTPFYCH RPRSCHFLY CHPCHEDEOYS ON RTEUFPM eLBFETYOSch dPMZPTHLPK. fPMShLP Ch 1736 Z. boOB yPBOOCHOB YNEMB HDPCHPMShUFCHIE DPVTBFSHUS DP BCHFPTB LPODYGYK d. ZPMYGSCHOB. eZP PVCHYOOYMY CH MPKHRPFTEVMEOISI RP UMKHTSVE, CHЪSFPYUOYUEUFCHE Y, UBNPE ZMBCHOPE, CH "RTPYOOEUEEOY VPZPNETLYI ​​UMPCH". lBL CHSCHSUOYM UHD, CHPMSHOPDKHNOSCHK LOSHSH PDOBTSDSH YBNEFIM, UFP DMS RPMSHYSCH DEMB UVBM VSH UMKHYBFSH UPCHEFSCH UBNPZP uBFBOSCH. dNYFTYS zPMYGSchOB PFRTBCHYMY B yMYUUEMShVHTZ, zde IN TH HNET B 1737 C of the ECE YUETE DCHB ZPDB OBYUBMPUSH OPCHPE UMEDUFCHYE RP DEMH dPMZPTHLYI, B TEHMSHFBFE LPFPTPZP LOSSH yChBO bMELUEEChYYu VSCHM RPDCHETZOHF B oPChZPTPDE NHYUYFEMSHOPK LBOY "YUETE LPMEUPCHBOYE" B chBUYMYA mHLYYuH, uETZEA J yChBOH zTYZPTShEChYYuBN dPMZPTHLINE PFUELMY ZPMPCHSCH.

HOYUFPTSYCH CHETIPCHOSCHK FBKOSCHK UPCHEF, BOB yPBOOCHOB UPADBMB CH PLFSVTE 1731 Z. RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP CH OESP CHIMMY FTY UBOPCHOYLB: b. th. PUFETNBO, LOSHSH b. n. YUETLBUULIK Y ZTBZh z. th. zPMPCHLYO. h 1735 Z., RPUME UNETFY zPMPCHLYOB, YUMEOPN LBVYOEFB VSCHM Y'VTBO r. th. sZKHTSYOULIK, B EEE RP'TSE, Ch 1738 Z. - b. R. CHPMSCHOUULIK. rPDRYUSH FTEI LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPCh RPMOPUFSHA ABNEOSMB UPVPK RPDRYUSH YNRETBFTYGSCH.

VPMSHYHA TPMSH UFBM YZTBFSH FBLCE ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDNBTYBM V.-L. NYOYI, LPFPTSCHK CH 1730 Z. ABOSM RPUF RTEYDEOFB chPEOOPK LPMMEZEY (PTZBB, THLPCHPDYCHYEZP CHPTPTHTSEOSCHNY UIMBNY UVTBOSCH). oBLPOEG, OEPZTBOYEOSCHN CHMYSOYEN ABOUT YNRETBFTYGKH RPMSH'PCHBMUS ITS JBCHPTYF ь.-y. vYTPO. SFP TCE RTEDUFFBCHMSMY UPVPK MADI, PRTEDEMSCHYE LKHTU UVTBOSCH PE CHTENS CHKOSCH 1735–1739 ЗЗ.?

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dTHZYE DETTSBCHSCH, CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH teyush rPURPMYFBS Y rTHUUYS, FBLCE UVTENYMYUSH CHSFSH lKHTMSODYA RPD UCHPK LPOFTPMSH. u FPK GEMSHA POI FP RPDDETTSYCHBMY RTFEOOYY ABOUT LPTPOH DTKHZYI TPDUFCHEOOYLPCH RPLPKOPZP ZETGPZB, FP RCCHFBMYUSH RTEDMPTSYFSH BOOCHE OPBOCHE OPBOCHE. pUPVEOOP BLFYCHYYTPCHBMYUSH FBLYE RPRSCHFLY RPUME UNETFY rEFTB I. h LPOGE 1725 C tEYuSh rPURPMYFBS CHSCHDCHYOHMB H LBYUEUFCHE RTEFEODEOFB ON THLH J UETDGE bOOSch yPBOOPChOSch RPVPYUOPZP USCHOB RPMSHULPZP LPTPMS bChZHUFB II nPTYGB uBLUPOULPZP. lKhTMSODULPE DPHPTSOUFCHP ABOUT UCHPEN UEKNE EZP LBODYDBFKHTKH PPPVTYMP, DB Y ZETGPZYOE TSEOYI RPOTBCHIMUS, OP CH TPUUY RPDPVOSCHE DECUFFCHYS FTECHPCHBCHMUS. h nYFBChH OENEDMEOOP CHSCHEIBM THUULYK DYRMPNBF LOSSH h. m. dPMZPTHLYK (RPTSE LBOEOOSCHK bOOPK yPBOOPChOPK) LPFPTSCHK RTYOSMUS HZTPTSBFSH LHTMSODULPNH DCHPTSOUFCHH DRYER, YUFP H UMHYUBE YVTBOYS nPTYGB YEE PTSYDBEF RPMOPE RPZMPEEOYE rPMShYEK. h LBYUEUFCHE UPVUFCHOOOSHI LBODYDBFPCH TPUUYS RTEDMPTSIMB ABOUT CHSCHVPT MYVP ZETGPZB zPMYFEKO-zPFPFPTRULPZP, MYVP b. e. NEOSHYLPCHB, DBCHOP IMPRPFBCHYEZP P UCHPEN YVTBOY ZETGPZPN. ABFEN L'FYN DHKHN VSCHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH VTBFSHS LBTM Y MADCHYZ ZEUUEO-zPNVKHTZULYE, OBIPDYCHYEUS ABOUT THUULPK CHPEOOPK UMKHTSVE. yuBUFSH YUMEOPCH LHTMSODULPZP DPNB PE ZMBCHE U RTEUFBTEMSCHN ZETGPZPN ZHETDYOBODPN CHSCHULBMBMBUSH ЪB RTYOGB zEUUEO-lBUUEMSHULPZP. RPUME DPMZYY URPTPCH NEFTHBTFDOWS YOFTPCH, PE CHETSE LPFPTCHES BOB BOBOCHMSHFBGIK BB LPOHMSHFBGYSN H Refhewhtz, B Neosechlpch H Nyfbchem Miyuop HTPSBM LTHTMSUFBN CHCHUFE H Zetgpzuchp Chpkulb, Deamp Lpoymmpush Oyuen. ZETGPZYOS BNKHTS FBL Y OE CHCHYMB.

rPDPVOSCHE YOGYDEOFSCH, TBHNEEFUS, OBMPTSYMY OEYZMBDYNSCHK PFREUBFPL ABOUT IBTBLFET BOTH yPBOOPCHOSCH. at. n. UPPHShchshchki Ryubm RPD RFPH RPCHPDX FBL: "TBEDEOPOPHOPKE CHDPCHFCHP h Uphtboy UMBVPK, BBB HDD, OBD LPFTPK URPTYMY FTY Summary of the Weights, Utbebmi Yutkhylh Rpmyuyoleyi Pf, Upptbatsoyk; POB UFBMB OECHEUFPK CHUEI VEDOSHI RTYOGECH, TsembCHYI RPMKHYUYFSH lKHTMSODYA CH RTYDBOPE; RMBCH PTBLESHCHBMUSMYUSH TBDEMSCHBMYUSH, UNPFTS RP PFPHEYA NEFTDH TPUYEKS, RTMSHYKY RThuuyk ... Yubeb Hoisetais Linchem Khsphimpb DP TsEUFLBS, ZPTDBS, Chmboufmavychbs, Yukchufhemshobs L Hoisteua.

TBPTPCHBCH LPODYGYY, boOB yPBOOPCHOB RTPDPMTSBMB PRBUBFSHUS ъBZPCHPTPCH Y YOFTYZ UP UVPTPPOSCH TPDPCHIFPK BTYUFPLTBFY. pFUADB ITSEUFPLYE ZPOEOIS ABOUT ZPMYGSCHOSCHI, DPMZPTKHLYI, AUHRPSCHI, PFUADB Y RPRSCHFLB PREFUSHUS ABOUT "RTIYMSHI MADEK", YOPUFTBOGUCHYE YMEKHYTEYPK CHUE UPCHTENEOOILY UIPDYMYUSH CH FPN, UFP boob yPBOOPCHOB VSCHMB HNOB, OP NOPZYE RTY LFPN RPTYGBMY RTBCHYFEMSHOYGKH ЪB UFWPUFFUFSH rTY DPHPTE CHUE CHTENS OBIPDYMPUSH NOPTSEUFCHP YHFPCH, HTPDPCH, TBOPZP TPDB UHNBUYEDYYI, UNEYCHYYI YNRETBFTYGKH. pUPVEOOP MAVIMB boob yPBOOPCHOB TCEOEYO, LPFPTSCHE HNEMY VSCHUFTP Y VE'PUFBOPCHPYUOP ZPCHPTYFSH ("TSKHTSBFSH", RP UMPCHBN UPCHTENEOOYLB). yOPZDB CH YKHFB RTECHTBEBMUS YUEMPCHEL BOBFOPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOYS, OBCHMELYK OB UEVS ZOECH GBTYGSCH, LBL, OBRTYNET, EEE PDYO RTDUFFCHEFUCHEBEZHEMEKUKU chP CHTENS RTEVSCHBOYS ЪB ZTBOYGEK PO ZEOIMUS ABOUT YFBMSHSOL, RETEYEM CH LBFPMYUEUFCHP (UFP FPZDB UYUIFBMPUSH RTEUFKHRMEOYEN), B UUFUCHTBUFSHCH t boOB H 1733 Z. RTPYCHEMB OEUYUBUFOPZP CH "LBCHBMETSCH YHFPCHULPZP PTDEOB" uIPDOBS UHDSHVB RPUFIZMB LOSTS chPMLPOULPZP, RPRBCHYEZP CH YKHFSH ЪB UCHPE BOPUYCHPE RPCHEDEE.

hPPVEE KHOYCEOYE YUEMPCHELB TPDPCHYFPZP Y ZPTDPZP RPYUFY CHUEZDB DPUFBCHMSMP YNRETBFTEIGE HDPCHPMSHUFFCHIE. CIS MAVYMBF, OVTYNET, OBROPBCHMYCHBFSH ACOUNT SHEXNPTC VPNOBFICE WORDSBYUT, BUBUFBCHMSMB RPCMIMBS RPD UFPMPN, B. Yosti, h Yuhen-MIVP RTPCHYYYYUS, LBBBBBBB "YE CONTRUCHECHEOPCHESTHBCHBBM".

MADI, YURSCHFBCHYE ABOUT UEV ZOOCH BOBOSCH yPBOOCHOSCH, RP RPOSFOSCHN RTYUYOBN, TYUPCHBMY CH NENKHBTBI LTBKOE OERTYCHMELBFEMSHOSCHK ITS RPTFTEF.

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zhBCHPTYF YNRETBFTYGSCH BOBOSH yPBOOPCHOCH tUF-yPZBOO vYTPO PZHYGIBMSHOP OBIPDYMUS ABOUT RTYDCHPTOPK UMKHTSVE (PO VSCHM PVET-LBNETZETPN) uPZMBUOP YUUMEDPCHBOYSN OENEGLIYI ZEOEBMPZPCH b. vHIZPMShGB Y Zh. ZHPO MPTYOZIPCHEOB, vYTPO VSCHM CHOEVTBYUOSCHN USCHOPN LPTOEFB RPMSHULPK BTNYI lBTMB vyTEOB Y RTPUFPK MBFSHYLY, OSOSHLY EZP DEFEK. eEE H 1714 Z. ON RSCHFBMUS RPUFKHRYFSH ABOUT UMHTSVH L GBTECHYUH BMELUEA, USCHOH rEFTB I, PDOBLP, LBL YUEMPCHEL OYLPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOIS, PFLBYUIM. rP CHPCHTBEEOYY CH TPDOHA lKHTMSODYA, vytpo bbosm neUFP LBNET-AOLETB RTY dchpte bosch yPBOOCHOSCH, RTYUEN RPNPZ ENKH CH FPN ZPZDBETZHNEOYKUK. n. VEUFHTSECH. iPDYMY UMKHIY, UFP RTYYUYOPK RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHB SCHMSMBUSH MAVPCHOBS UCHSHSH NETSDKH veUFHTSECHSCHN Y UEUFTPK vYTPOB. CHULPTE MPCHLYK LKHTMSODEG RTECHTBFIMUS CH CHP'MAVMEOOPZP BOSCH Y RETCHSCHN DEMPN DPVYMUS HDBMEOIS veUFKHTSECHB, LPFPTSCHK FBLTSE CHSCHRPETMOSHPOZHDY “S CH OEUOPUOPK REYUBMY, - RYUBM veUFKHTESCH UCHPEK DPYUETY CH 1728 Z. - EDCHB PE NOE DHI DETTSYFUS, RPFPNKH, UFP YETEY Komshchi MADEK DTHZ NPK UETBYEBYUSCHK. ".

CHULPTE RPUME CNCUYEUFCHYS BOTH yPBOOPCHOSCH ABOUT RTEUFPM, VYTPO VSCHM HFCHETTSDEO CH DCHPTSOUFCHE, B ABFEN CHECHDEO CH ZTBZHULPE DPUFPYOUFCHP uCHSEENEOULPK. h 1737 Z. PO RPMHYUIM FIFHM ZETGPZB lKhTMSODULPZP Y uENYZBMSHULPZP. rP PFSCHCHBN VPMSHYOUFCHB UPCHTENEOOYLPCH, ZHBCHPTYF PYUEOSH TECHOYCHP Pvetezbm UCHPE RPMPTSEOYE RTY PUPVE YNRETBFTYGE Y VETSRTBMPUFFLPT TSYCHYK CH REFETVKHTZE CH 1733 Z. DYCHKHD PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPYI ABRYULBI: "x ZTBZHB NOPTSEUFCHP OEDTHZPCH. MADEK ЪBUFBCHMSAF VSHFSH PUNPFTYFESHOSCHNY Y RETSBFSH SЪSHL ЪB ЪKHVBNY OEBNEDMYFESHOSHCHE, UHTPCHCHE OBLBBBOYS, LPFPTSCHN RPDCHETEZBOYP OBDEP fBL CH RPUMEDOIK ZPD RTBCHMEOIS BOTH yPBOOCHOCH vYTPO PFRTBCHYM OB LYBZHPF LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTB b. R. chPMSHOUULPZP, RPRSCHFBCHYEZPUS PUMBVYFSH EZP CHMYSOYE ABOUT ZPUHDBTSCHOA.

lTPNE RPDP'TYFEMSHOPUFY, vYTPO PFMYUBMUS FSZPK L LB'OPLTBDUFCHKH, NPFPCHUFCHPN, FEEUMBCHYEN Y OEPDOPLTBFOP HYUBUFCHBCHBM CH UBNSI FENNOSHI. ZHEMSHDNBTYBM V.-L. nYOYI, LPFPTSCHK UOBYUBMB have ZHBCHPTYFPN DTHTSYM, B RPFPN CHTBTSDPCHBM, PFSCHCHBEFUS P Oen FBL "FPF YUEMPCHEL, UDEMBCHYYK UFPMSH HDYCHYFEMSHOHA LBTSHETH, OE YNEM CHPCHUE PVTBPCHBOYS, ZPCHPTYM FPMSHLP RP-TH OF OENEGLY UCHPEN RTYTPDOPN LHTMSODULPN OBTEYUYY; PO DBTSE DPCHPMSHOP RMPIP YUIFBM RP-OENEGLY, CH PUPVEOPUFY, EUMY RPRBDBMYUSH MBFYOULYE YMY ZHTBOGKH'ULYE UMPCHB. ON VSCHM DPCHPMSHOP LTBUYCHPK OBTHTSOPUFY, CHLTBDYUYCH Y PYUEOSH RTEDBO YNRETBFTYGE, LPFPPTHA OYLPZDB OE RPLEYDBM, OE POOFBCHYCH PLCHPMPEK OE yNRETBFTYGB OE YNEMB CHCHUE UFPMB Y PEDBMB YMY HTSYOBMB U UENEKUFCHPN vyTPOB Y DBCE CH LPNOBFBI UCHPEZP ZHBCHPTYFB. PO TSIM CHEMILPMEROP, OP CHNEUFE U FEN VSCHM VETETSMYCH, CHEUSHNB LPCHBTEO J LTBKOE NUFEMEO.

MEDY TPODP, OE YNECHYBS RTYUYO RIFBFSH L ZHBCHPTYIFKH OERTYSHOSH, FEN OE NEOEE, PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPEN RYUSHNE: “zETGPZ PYEOSH FEYUYUYO RIFBFSH LZHBCHPTIFKH OERTYSHOSH. ABOUT RTEITBEF THUULYI Y UFPMSH SCHOP CHSCHULBSCHCHBEF UCHPE RTEOEYE PE CHUEE UMKHYUBSI RETED UBNSCHNY OBFOSCHNY YY OYI, UFP, S DHNBA DEBDEBTSDCH.

MYGB, TSEMBCHYE UDEMBFSH RTYDCHPTOHA LBTSHETH, YYOPUFTBOOSCHE DYRMPNBFSCH YBYULYCHBMY O FPMSHLP RETED UBNYN vytpopn, OP Y RETEDUFFEZOP TP.

rP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHKH YCHEDB l.-t. vETLB, UBLUPOULYK RPUMBOOYL nPTYG mYOBT HDPUFPYM UHRTHZH vYTPOB "YUEUFY, RTYOBDMETSBEEK CHPPVEE-OP MYYSH YUMEOBN YNRETBFPTULPK ZHBNYMYY, GEMPCHBOYS THLY RTY CHIPDE ON LHTFBZ" B NOPZYE PZHYGETSCH "PVIBTSYCHBAF FBLTSE AOPZP ZTBZHB vYTPOB (USCHOB ZHBCHPTYFB b. n.) DCHEOBDGBFYMEFOEZP NBMSHYUKHZBOB ".

pDOIN YY UPPVEOYLPCH vYTPOB CH OEULPMSHLYI RYEOSH OEVMBZPCHYDOSHI DEMBI VSCHM PVET-ZPZHNBTYBM lBTM-TECOZPMShD mecheochpmshde, LPFPTShchk RPBPMShDE th. POOFETNBOB. oELPFPTSHE UPCHTENEOOOILY RPMBZBMY DBCE, UFP mecheochpmshde DPOPUIM pUFETNBOH P DEMBI ZHBCHPTYFB, B FPF UCHPEZP RTYSFEMS RPVBYCHBMUS. UBN PUFETNBO CH PFLTSCHFSCHK LPOZHMYLF U vytpopn OE CHUFHRBM, OP CHEM RTPFYCH YOFTYZY, LBL, CHRTPYUEN, Y RTPFYCH DTHZYI CHMYSFEMSHPSCH CHEMSHOTS.

of the ECE PDOYN CHEUSHNB RTYNEYUBFEMSHOSCHN YUEMPCHELPN SCHMSMUS bODTEK yChBOPChYYu hYBLPCh, THLPCHPDYFEMSH lBOGEMSTYY FBKOSCHI TPSCHULOSCHI DEM, UREGYBMSHOPZP PTZBOB RPMYFYYUEULPZP USCHULB, UPDBOOPZP × 1731 Z. hYBLPCh RTPYUIPDYM dv PVEDOECHYYI OPCHZPTPDULYI DCHPTSO, B OBYUBME uEChETOPK CHPKOSCH PFMYYUYMUS, LBL ITBVTSCHK PZHYGET J VSCHM OBOBYUEO A GBTA rEFTH BDYAAFBOFPN. H 1712 Z. Ubosm DPMTSOPSUFS Zhyolebmb, b h 1718 Z. Obukm Umkhtsvch h FBKOPK LBOHEMSTYY, LPFPTBS LBS Hytecdeod DMS Umpefuchys RP DEMS GBTECHYUB BMELES, OP OBBFEN UFBBBBBBNBFSUS TPBCHLPN RP RPMIFYYULNE DEBN CHPPVEE. YDEUSH HYBLPCH RTPYEM RPDMYOOHA YLPMH "LOHFPVYFYS" RPD OBYUBMPN r. b. fPMUFPZP. rTY DPRTPUBI CH LBOGEMSTEY YYTPLP RTBLFYLPCHBMYUSH RSCHFLY: ABOUT DSCHVE, TBULBMEOSCHNY AIRGBNY YMY ZPTSEYNY CHEOLBNY. h PFOPYEOY PODOPZP Y RPDUMEDUFCHEOOSHI fPMUFPK UPCHEFPCHBM hYBLPCHH "YUBEE EZP RSCHFBFSH, DPLPME YMY RPCHYOYFUS YMY YDPIOEF ...". pDOBLP H 1726 Z. fBKOBS LBOGEMSTYS VSCHMB MYLCHYDYTPCHBB, B ZPDPN RP'TSE BODTES yCHBOPCHYUB UBNPZP BTUFPCHBMY RP DEMH fPMUFPZP Y DECHYET. MYYSH UP CHUFHRMEOYEN ABOUT RTEUFPM BOTH yPBOOCHOCH HYBLPCH UNPZ CHETOKHFSHUS L RTICHCHYUOPNKH ABOSFYA. lBOGEMSTYS FBKOSHI TPSPHULOSCHI DEM OBRPNYOBMB fBKOHA LBOGEMSTYA OE FPMSHLP RP OBOCHBOYA, OP Y RP ZHHOLGYSN, Y RP NEFPDBN TBVPFSH. oEEHDYCHYFEMSHOP, UFP YNS HYBLPCHB CHOKHYBMP FTEREF UPCHTENEOOYLBN. "BTEUFPCHBOOPNKH RP EZP RTYLBJH YUEMPCHELKH, - RYUBM l. t. VETL, - CHRPTH ZPFPCHYFSHUS L LOHFKH ".

rPDP'TYFEMSHOPUFSH YNRETBFTYGSCH Y vYTPOB OETEDLP RTYCHPDYMB CH THLY hYBLPCH DBTSE BUMHTSEOOSHI UBOPCHOYLPCH. By HubufchpchBM H TBVPTE SELET LThrochki RPMYFYUYULY DEM GBTUFCHPCBOCKA YBBOBOCHT PDOPCHTEOPOP UFPMYGE UBB RPTSDLPN H Ufptime, LPNBodfchbm PDojn Ya Upnashi RTYCHEEZYTPHBOBSET TPUYKULYY RPMLPCH - MEKK ZChBTDY Wenopchuin. yOPUFTBOOCHE RHFEYEUFCHOOOIL OE TSBMEMY NTBYUOSHI LTBUPL DMS PRYUBOYS FEMEUOSHI OBLBOBOIK Y URPUPVPCH LBOY, RTYOSFCHI CH tPUUYKULPK YNRETEY. l. ie. the willow RPDTPVOP TBUULBSCHCHBEF J P "RSCHFPYUOPN VYFSHE, LPZDB PVCHYOSENPZP ... RPDOYNBAF UP UCHSBOOSCHNY UBDY THLBNY BLTERMEOOSCHNY OPZBNY J" J P VYFSHE VBFPZBNY, LPFPTSCHE "RTEDOBOBYUEOSCH ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN LCA UPMDBF NBFTPUPCH J", J P UNETFOPK LBOY. pDOBLP CH TPDOPK ENKH YCHEGYY CH FP CHTENS EEE RTEOSMPUSH LPMEUPCHBOYE, B CH yURBOYE - TBUFSYCHBOYE RTEUFKHROILB MPYBDSHNY. oBYUBMP XVIII CHELB CHPPVEE OE PFMYUBMPUSH NSZLPUFSHA OTBCHPCH.

l UPVUFCHEOOOP CHPEOOPK LMIFE RTYOBDMETSBM FBLCE ZEOETBM-RPTHYUIL (U 1736 Z. - ZEOETBM - ZHEMSHDNBTYBM) REFT REFTPCHYU mBUUY, RTPTSPDEYU ON RPUFKHRIM ABOUT THUULKHA UMKHTSVKH EEE CH 1700 Z., HYUBUFCHPCHBM CH UECHETOPK CHIPKOE Y rTHFULPN RIPDE rEFTB I, CH BCHZKHUFE 1725 Z. rp PGEOLE d. n. vBOFSHY-lBNEOULPZP, MBUY "U RTPUCHEEEOOSCHN KHNPN UPYUEFBM DPVTPE UETDGE, CHEUCHCHYEOOSHE YUKHCHUFCHB ... VSCHM TEYFEMEO CHEOOSHI RTEDPTUFFEPSTYPE; CHEOOOSHI RTEDPTUFFEPSTYPE; OE BOBM RTYDCHPTOSCHI YOFTIZ ... ". h UIMKH RPUMEDOEZP PVUFFPSFEMSHUFCHB MBUUY OETEDLP VSCHCHBM PFEUOEO PF TEIEOYS CHBTSOSHI ZPUHDBTUFCHEOSCHI CHPTPUPPCH Y TEDLP CHCHIPDYM UPCHBOESHUSPUK.

nOPZYE THUULYE BTYUFPLTBFSCH PE CHTENEOB BOTH yPBOOPCHOCH TSBMPCHBMYUSH ABOUT ABUYMSH OENGECH. chRPUMEDUFCHY RPDPVOSCHE PGEOLY RETEYMY Y CH FTHDSCH OELPFPTSHI YUFPTYLPCH, RTYYUEN CHUE DESFEMY LFPZP RETYPDB TBUUNBFTYCHBMYULSH YNIPUBUS LBUS pDOBLP, VMYCE L YUFYOYE VSCHM CHUE-FBLY u. n. UPMPCHSHECH, YUEFLP PFDEMSCHYK PUFETNBOB Y NYOYIB PF CHTENEOEYLPCH CHTPDE vYTPOB Y MECHEPMSHDE. rETChSchI IN IBTBLFETYPCHBM, LBL "YOPUFTBOGECH, PYUEOSH DBTPCHYFSCHI J HUSCHOPCHYCHYYI UEVS tPUUYY, OETBTSCHCHOP UPEDYOYCHYYI UCHPA UMBCHH her UMBCHPK" B CHFPTSCHI LBL "RBTBYFPCH, LPFPTSCHE RTPYCHPDYMY VPMEOEOOPE UPUFPSOYE tPUUYY B GBTUFCHPCHBOYE bOOSch".

2. "HYUTETSDEOYE REFTB CHEMYLPZP LTERLP UPDETTSBFSH".

uTBJH RPUME RTYIPDB L CHMBUFY OPCHPK YNRETBFTYGE Y EE ​​RTYVMYTSEOSCHN RTYYMPUSH TEYBFSH UMPTSOSCHE RTPVMENSCH, LBUBCHYYEUS CHPPTHTSEOSHY UYM UYM. REFT II CH FEYUEOYE UCHPEZP LTBFLPCHTENEOOPZP GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BTNYEK RPYUFY OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. rUMA PFUFBCHLY H 1727 Z. b. e. NEOSHYLPCHB, ON DBTS OE RPFTHDYMUS OBOBYUIFSH OPCHPZP RTEYDEOFB chPEOOPK LPMMEZEY. NYOYI UPUFFPSM CHYGE-RTEYDEOFPN, OP RTIE RTEEDDE DCHPTB CH nPULCHKH, PUFBMUS CH refETVKHTZE DMS OBVMADEOYS ЪB TBVPFBNY OB MBDPTSULPN LBOBME. fBL UFP LPMMEZIS VSCHMB ZhBLFYUEEULY PVEZMBCHMEOB. h PLFSVTE 1729 Z. CHTIPCHOSCHK UPCHEF DPMPTSIM YNRETBFPTKH, RUPTBFPTKH. UPCHEF TELPNEODPCHBM HYUTEDYFSH PUPVKHA LPNYUUYA, LPFPTBS ЪBOSMBUSH VSCh TB'VPTPN DEM PZHYGETPCH, HCHPMEOSCHI U CHPEOOPK UMKHTSVSCH, Y CHETOKHTPK OP RMBO LFPF OE VSCHM TEBMYSPCHBO. pOOFBMUS ABOUT VKHNBZE J BNSHUEM pUFETNBOB - KHUFTPYFSH CHEUOPK 1729 Z. RPD nPULCHPK CHPEOOSHK MBZETSH ABOUT DCHEOBDGBFSH FSCHUSYU YUMPCHOL, YUPPYFSCH II JEBUFYUFTU

JMPF REFTB II FPCE OE YOFETEUPCHBM. vPMShYYi RBTHUOSHI LPTBVMEK RTY OEN CHPPVEE OE UFTPYMY, B UPPTHTSBMYUSH PDOY MYYSH ZTEVOSCHE UHDB. H BLYME 1728 Z. PROBEKHPZPE CHATIPHPPP FBKOPZP UPTEFBM IFPVSKHPT RTLBM, IFPVSHKU Chuzp Tpuuykulpzp ZHPFB RPUFPSOP KHSTPDYMY HPTE MyshShschkt ztzbfb y Dchm Zhmekfb, dB EEE RSFSH Ztem BFCTPCHBA. rTPUYN LPTBVMSN, VHC "UVETECEOIS LB'OSCH" OBDMETSBMP PUFBCHBFSHUS CH RPTFBI. JTBOGKHUULIK DYRMPNBF N. NBOSCHSO UPVEBM studies of RTBCHYFEMCHUFCH, UFP on DFCHPTCHEOBI NPTSLPCH P OPVIPDINPUFY RPUFPSOP DETSPSPS LMPF About NPTA, GBTSh Pfchhephim: "LPDB OKDB RPFTEVHEF HRPTEVIFSH LPTBVMY, FP with RPKDH HPTE; OP S OE OBNETEO ZHMSFSH RP OEN, LBL DEDKHYLB ".

oETEZKHMSTOSCHE CHSCHRMBFSCH TsBMPCHBOYS CHEMI L PFFPLKH PZHYGETPCH Y CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UIM, B OEICHBFLB LPNBODYTPCCH, CHUCHPA PYUETEDSH, CHCHCHCHBMB YBDEUGUPYDPUDPUDPUHD chP CHTENS UYMSHOPZP RPCBTB CH nPULCHE CH BRTEME 1729 Z. ZCHBTDEKULYE UPMDBFSCH, RTYUMBOOSCHE DMS VPTSHVSCH U PZOEN, RTYOSMYUSH ZTBVYFSH DPNETSH DPNCHYCH, B PZHYGBFSH. fPMSHLP U RTYVSHFYEN CH ZPTPD YNRETBFPTB RPZTPNSH RTELTBFYMYUSH, OP OILFP YY CHYOPCHOSHI OBLBBO OE VSCHM, FBL LBL ЪB OYI BUCHBOHDIMUS yb

hCE CH YAOE 1730 Z. YNRETBFTYGB boob yPBOOCHOB TBURPTSDYMBUSH HYUTEDYFSH UREGYBMSHOKHA chPYOULKHA LPNYUUYA, GEMSHA LPFPTK VSCHMP RPTNTSDEOYBE. hLB ZPUHDBTSCHOY ZMBUYM "chUSLYK CHETOSCHK USCHO PFEYUEUFCHB RTYOBFSH DPMTSEO, YUFP LTERPUFSH VEPRBUOPUFSH ZPUHDBTUFCHB NY, NY UPDETTSBOYE NYTB UCHSFPZP RPLPS PF YUHTSYI OERTYSFEMEK Q, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, VMBZPRPMHYUYE CHUEI RPDDBOOSCHI RP vPE PF UPDETTSBOYS RPTSDPYUOPK BTNYY BCHYUYF; B RP LPOYUYOE DSDY OBYEZP NOPZYE OERPTSDLY J RPNEYBFEMSHUFCHB RTY OEK SCHYMYUSH J OSCHOE of the ECE SCHMSAFUS J RTPYUIPDSF, ICH RPRTBCHMEOYS LPFPTSCHI of the ECE RTY FEFLE OBYEK (b eLBFETYOE I. N.) J RMENSOOYLE OBYEN (b Reft II. N.) PUPVMYCHSCHE LPNYUUYY HYUTETSDEOSCH VSCHMY, OP CH DEKUFCHP OE RTPYCHEDESH. OBYE UPYCHPMEOYE EUFSH - HYUTETSDEOYE rEFTB CHEMYLPZP LTERLP UPDETTSBFSH, CHUE OERPTSDLY Y RPNEYBFEMSHUFCHB YURTBCHMSFSH Y RTYCHEUEFYEUPPU BTPNUPK rTEDUEDBFEMEN lPNYUUY OBOBYUMY V.-L. NYOYIB.

pUOPCHH THUULPK BTNYY L OBYUBMKH GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BOBOSH yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMSMB TEZKHMSTOBS REIPFB. pOB CHLMAYUBMB DCHB ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLB (rTEPVTBTSEOULYK Y uENEOPCHULIK), UPTPL BTNEKULYI RPMLPCH Y UENOBDGBFSH RPMLPCH PFDEMSHOPCHPZP

pDOPK Y'RETCHCHI NO RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB UFBMP UPDBOYE CH 1730 Z., CH nPULCHE, OPCHPZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP RPMLB, OBCHBOOPZP y'NBKMPCHULYN. Her RTyvmitzoszoshtsoshetchin Pfucksouoshchin's Pfucksoule L "Udbteschn" RTPVTBSoulpnh y y ynbkumpchulpnh zhbtdekulnh rpmlbn, h LPFPTSI UKHTSYMY RTDFBchyfemiy Tputkulpzp DCHPTSOFCHB. USHO ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB V.-L. nYOYIB TOUF nYOYI B UCHSY have FYN RPDYUETLYCHBM ON UFTBOYGBI UCHPYI BRYUPL "rTYNEYuBFEMShOP, YUFP RP UDEMBOOPNH RTPELFH, HRPNSOHFSCHK REIPFOSCHK RPML OE dv OBUFPSEYI TPUUYKULYI TELTHF, OP dv FBL OBSCHCHBENSCHI PDOPDCHPTGECH (RPFPNLPCH UMHTSYMSCHI MADEK, TSYCHYYI ON ZTBOYGBI UFTBOSCH b n.). YMY KHLTBYOGECH OBVTBO, B PZHYGETPCH PRTEDEMSMY CH POSCHK OE YOSHI, LTPNE MYZHMSODGECH YMY DTHZYI YUHTSEUFTBOSCHI. OBNETOYE RTY UEN VSCHMP FBLPE, YUFPVSCH DTECHOAA FPMRKH JVBMPCHBOOSHI Y OEPVH'DBOOSHI MADEK UPDETTSBFSH CH TXLBI, UFP, LBTSEFUS, DMS FPZVEBIEOYO rPMLPCHOILPN Y YEZHPN Y'NBKMPCHGECH UFBM ZEOETBM-BDYAAFBOF, PVET-YFBMNEKUFET YNRETBFPTULPZP DChPTB L.-z. MECHEOCHPMSHDE, B RPNPEOILPN L OENKH OBOBYUMY sLPVB LEKFB, YPFMBODGB RP RTPYUIPTSDEOYA. h VEOFSVTE 1731 Z. RPML VSCHM RETECHDEO Y nPULCHSCH CH refETVKHTZ, ZDE TBNEUFIMUS CH UMPVPDE AB TELPK zHPOFBOLPK.

h FPN TSE 1731 ЗПДХ ДЧБ BTNEKULIYI RPMLB TBUZHPTNYTPCHBMY. of the ECE DCHB ZPDB URHUFS, B UCHSY have RPDRYUBOYEN UPAOPZP DPZPCHPTB have rETUYEK, RPMLY oYPChPZP LPTRHUB CHPCHTBFYMYUSH tPUUYA H J L RTYUPEDYOYMYUSH BTNEKULYN, RTYYUEN RSFSH RPMLPCH CHPCHUE HRTBDOYMY, h h TEHMSHFBFE OBYUBMH CHPKOSCH have fHTGYEK, FE L 1735 Z., TPUUYKULBS REIPFB OBUYUIFSCHBMB FTY ZCHBTDEKULIYI Y RSFSHDEUSF BTNEKULYI RPMLPCH.

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h LBTSDPN REIPFOPN BTNECULPN RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., UMEDPCHBMP YNEFSH DCHE RHYLY, VYCHYE SDTBNY CHEUPN RP FTY ZhHOFB (1.2 LZ). dTBZHOBN RPMBZBMPUSH FPMSHLP RP PDOPK FBLPK RKHYLE ABOUT RPML, DB Y FP OE CHUEN RPMLBN. uHEEUFCHPCHBM FBLCE PFDEMSHOSCHK bTFYMMETYKULYK RPML YUYUMEOPUFSHA CH 1046 PZHYGETPCH Y OYTSOYI YUYOPCH. lBL EDYOPE RPDTBDEMEOYE ON OE DEKUFCHPCHBM, OP CH RPMECHCHI HUMPCHYSI YY EZP DEUSFY TPF ZHPTNEYTPCHBMYUSH VTYZBDSCH RTPYCHPMSHOPCHCHCHEMYUPPUIPPK l BTFIMMETYKULPNKH RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., RTYRYUSCHCHBMPUSH 63 PTKHDYS.

On CHPPTHTSEOYY RPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY OBIPDYMYUSH RHYLY CHEUPCHSCHN LBMYVTPN B FTY, YEUFSH, CHPUENSH DCHEOBDGBFSH ZHHOFPCH TH, TH RHDPCHSCHE RPMHRHDPCHSCHE ZBHVYGSCH, B FBLTSE NPTFYTSCH PUPVSCHE BTFYMMETYKULYE PTHDYS, RTEDOBOBYUEOOSCHE LCA CHEDEOYS OBCHEUOPZP EPC. dBMSHOPUFSH UVTEMSHVSCH X PTKHDIK TBOOPZP LBMYVTB OEULPMSHLP TBMYYUBMBUSH. fBL DCHEOBDGBFYZHHOFFCHCHE RKHYL NPZMY CHEUFY PZPOSH ABOUT 800 YBZPCH, CHPUSHNEYZHHOFFCHCHE RKHYLY - ABOUT 700 YBZPCH, YEUFYZHHHOFCHSCHE - OB 650 YEUFYZHHHOFCHCHE - OB 650 YBZHPCHP 500 FTEIZHPH. rPUMEDOYE VSCHMY OBYVPMEE KhRPFTEVIFEMSHOSCHNY Y UPUFBCHMSMY, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z. UFTEMSMY RKHYLY SDTBNY, TBTSCHCHOCHOSCHNY ZTBBFBNY, NEFBMMYUEULYNY RHMSHLBNY - LBTFEYUSHA Y VTBODULKHZEMSNY (UREGIBMSHOSHOSHNYFNEBBSHOTSHOZBNY). about OB LBTSDHA FTEIZHHOFPCCHA RKHYLKH, OBRTYNET, RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH 120 SEDET, 25 ZTBBF J 30 LBTFEYUOSHI ABTSDHCH.

h 1737 Z. NYOYI RTYYEM L CHSCHCHPDH P OEPVIPDYNPUFY HUYMEOYS RPMLPCHPK BTFIMMETYY. rP EZP TELPNEODBGY YNRETBFTYGB boob yPBOOCHOB RTYOSMB YNEOOPK KhLB, LPFPTSCHK RTEDRYUSCHCHBM YNEFSH RTY LBTSDPN REIPFOPN YUFHEMKHYPHLTE RPLT "Xchemyuyeooye RPMLPCHPK BTFIMMETYY RPYUFY CHDCHPE, - RYUBM RP LFPNKH RPCHPDH CHPEOOSCHK YUFPTYL b. vBKPCH, - OEUPNOOOOP, DP OELPFPTPK UVEREY HNEOSHYIMP RPDCHYTSOPUFSH RPMLPCH; PDOBLP, LFP OEHDPVUFCHP U YUVSCHFLPN ChP'OBZTBTSDBMPUSH FPK RPMSH'PK, LPFPTKHA BTFIMMETYS RTYOPUYMB RTY VPECHCHCHI UVPMLOPCHEYS-U FKHTLP. uMEDKHEF FBLCE ЪBNEFYFSH, UFP BCHFPTSCH OPCHPZP YFBFB CHUE TSE OABVCHCHBMY P RPDCHYTSOPUFY RPMLPCH: FKHEMYYUEOYE BTFIMMETYUFYUBTESCHOMP

PUBDOBS BTFIMMETYS RPDTBDEMSMBUSH ABOUT FTY LPTRKHUB. eE PUOPCHH B PRYUSCHCHBENPE CHTENS UPUFBCHMSMY NPTFYTSCH, B OE LTHROPLBMYVETOSCHE PUBDOSCHE RHYLY, LBL RTY reft I. lTERPUFOBS BTFYMMETYS OBIPDYMBUSH ZBTOYPOBI H J J LTERPUFSI CHLMAYUBMB, OBTSDH have PTHDYSNY, LPFPTSCHE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMY FTEVPCHBOYSN CHTENEOY, OENBMP HUFBTECHYYI NPDEMEK. yFBFSH PUBDOPK Y LTERPUFOPK BTFIMMETY RTEFETRECHBMY NOPZPLTBFOSCHE YNEOEOYS, OP OY PDYO Y CHCHTBVPFBOOSHI lPNYUUYEK CHBTYBOFFPCH FBL YCHET VTSCHMOE. PUOPCHOSCHE ITS VBBSH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH REFETVKHTZE, vTSOULE, PUTEDE.

TBTVBVPFLB OPCHCHI LPOUFTKHLGYK BTFIMMETYKULYI PTHDYK, RP NOEOYA NOPZYI CHEOOSHI YUFPTYLPCH, CHEMBUSH CH 1730-E ZPDSCH UMYYLPN CHSMEDSPY OERB. ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOF about. e. VTBODEOVKHTZ, THLPCHPDYCHYK CH 1877-1903 ЗЗ. bTFIMMETYKULYN NKHEEN, RYUBM: "CHUE PZTBOYUYCHBMPUSH PDOPK CHOEYOPUFSHA. ..... pDOBLP LBLIYI-MYVP DPChPDPCH CH RPMSHH FBLPK FPULY YTEOYS vTBODEOVKHTZ OE RTYCHEM. pFSCHCHCH TCE UPCHTENEOOYLPCH P VPECHCHI LBYUEUFCHBI THUULPK BTFYMMETYY PYUEOSH TBOPTEYUCHSCH. lTYFYUEEULY OBUFTFEOOSCHK YCHED t. l. VETL TBUULBSCHBEF, UFP RTY PUBDE THUULYNY CHPKULBNY dBOGYZB CH 1734 Z. NOPZYE RKHYLY OE UNPZMY UFTEMSFSH, FBL LBL "OE RPDIPDYMY, OY SDZHT. BOZMYUBOYO dC. lHL, OBRTPFYCH, ABSCHMSEF, UFP ABOUT refETVKHTZULPN MIFEKOPN DPHPTE "PFMYCHBAF OBYMKHYUYE CH NYTE RKHYL, NPTFYTSCH Y VPNVSCH".

l YUUMH VEUURPTOSHI OEDPUFBFLPCH TPUUYKULPK BTFIMMETYY CH 1730-E ZPDSCH UMEDHEF PFOUFY OETBGYPOBMSHOKH PTZBOYIBBGYA ITS MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB. Dempo H FPN, YUFP EDPCHSCHE (FE UPMDBFSCH J PZHYGETSCH, PFCHEYUBCHYYE B RETECHPLH PTHDYK J VPERTYRBUPCH) VSCHMY PFDEMEOSCH PF UPVUFCHEOOP BTFYMMETYUFPCH, UCHEDEOSCH H UBNPUFPSFEMSHOHA YUBUFSH ( "RPMECHPK ZHHTYFBDF") Q RPDYUYOEOSCH UCHPENH LPNBODYTH, OEBCHYUYNPNH PF LPNBODYTB bTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB.

pVEE THLPCHPDUFCHP BTFIMMETYEK PUHEEUFCHMSM ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFET. RFCPUBUBMSHP OKHKM UBN Nyoya, OP Hub 1735 Z. on the Vault Opproveo Zambchoplpnbodkhein H Decufchhahaeha BNYA, BTFimmeta ChPZZMBCHM Rthyog Madchiz-Cheymshzene-ypzboo Zeuuo-ZPNVHTZULYK. l. t. VETL PFNEYUBM CH UCHPYI ABRYULBI, UFP RTYOG "VPMEE TBURPMPCEO L FPPNKH (BTFIMMETYKULPNKH - b. n.) DEMKH, JUEN EZP RTEDYEUFCHEOOIL". CHRTPYUEN, OH RTYOG, OH NYOYI RTPZHEUUIPOBMSHOSCHNY BTFIMMETYUFBNY OE VSCHMY. dms TEYEOIS UREGEYBMSHOSHI CHPRTPUPCH RTY ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUEFETE YNEMUS YFBV.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE UPMDBF BTFIMMETYKULPZP RPMLB UPUFPPSMP Y LBZHFBOB Y LBN'PMB LTPUOPZP GCHEFB. rP RPLTPA LBZHFBO OBRPNYOBM REIPFOSCHK, OP, RPNINP GCHEFB, PFMYUBMUS PF RPUMEDOESP VPMSHYN LPMYUEUFCHPN NEDOSHI RHZPCHYG, LPFPDPTSHE RHZPCHIP

yFBFSH YOTSEOOETOSCH CHPKUL VSCHMY HFCHETTSDEOSCH OEBDPMZP DP CHUFKHRMEOIS BOBOSH yPBOOCHOSCH ABOUT RTUFPM, CH YAOE 1728 Z. h UVTBOE UHEEUFCHPCHBM yOTSEOETOSCHK RPML Y NYOOETOBS TPFB, RTYUEN UVTPECHPK YUBUFSHA VSCHMB FPMSHLP RPUMEDOSS. rPML UPUFFPSM RTEINKHEEUFCHEOOOP Y'PZHYGETPCH, LPFPTSCHE RP NETE OBDPVOPUFY LPNBODYTPCHBMYUSH DMS TEEEOIS LPOLTEFOSHI ABDBYU.

pF RPMECHCHI BTNEKULYI YUBUFEK VSCHMY YUEFLP PFDEMEOSCH ZBTOYSPOSCHE CHPKULB, RTEDOBYUEOOSHE DMS CHOHFTEOOEK UMHTSVSCH. SING FBLTSE UPUFFPSMY YY REIPFSCH Y DTBZHO. l 1730 Z. ZBTOYSPOOCHE CHPKULB OBUYUIFSCHBMY UPTPL DECHSFSH RPMLPCH Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHI VBFBMSHPOB REIPFSCH, YUEFSCHTE RPMLB Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHCHI DULBDTKHOPO DULBDTHOZ. h 1734-1736 ЗЗ. L OYN VSCHMY DPVBCHMESCH EEE FTY DTBZHOULYI RPMLB. lTPNE FPZP, DMS PITBOSCH MBDPTSULPZP LBOBMB UZHPTNYTPCHBMY UREGBMSHOSCHK MBDPTSULYK LBOBMSHOSCHK VBFBMSHPO. rPNYNP PUOPCHOPK ZHHOLGY, ZBTOYSPOSCHE CHPKULB UMHTSIMY DMS RETCHPOBYUBMSHOPK RPDZPFPPCHLY OPCHPVTBOGECH RETED PFRTBCHLPK CH RPMECHHA BTNYA.

OBTSDKH U TEZKHMSTOSCHNY CHPYOULYNY YUBUFSNY CH UPUFBCH TPUUYKULPK BTNY CHIPDYMY NOPZPYUUMEOOSHE YTTEZKHMSTOSCHE ZHPTNEYTPCHBOYS. RTETSDE CHUEZP, LFP VSCHMY LBBLJ: DPOULYE, NBMPTPUUYKULYE, YUHZHECHULYE, SYGLYE, UMPVPDULYE Y DT. lPMYUEUFCHP TEUFTPSHCHI (F.E. PZHYGYBMSHOP CHSFSCHI ABOUT HYUEF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN) DPOULY LBBLPCH CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOBOSH yPBOOCHMSCH PZHYGYBMSHOP YUEPHUPSCHM UPUFFMBCHPN NYOYI PYUEOSH CHSCHUPLP PGEOYCHBM DPOGPCH Y RYUBM CH PDOPN Y UCHPYI RTYLBHPCH, UFP POY "FBL CHETOP Y TBDEFEMSHOP L UMKHTSVE Y PFEUFEKHRBTCHM RPUPUP

h VPA DPOULYE LBBLY YUBEE CHUEZP CHCHRPMOSMY ZhHOLGY MEZLPK LBCHBMETY. mPYBDEK, PTHTSIE Y PDETSDKH POI RTYPVTEFBMY ABOUT UCHPK UYUEF. PSSCHYUOP DPOGSCH OPUMM UYOYE YELNEOY (PDOPVPTFOSCHE LBZHFBOSCH FTBDYGYPOOOPZP THUULPZP RPLTPS) VE RKHZPCHYG, YYTPLYE UYOYE YUELNEOI chPTHTSEOYE LBBLB UPUFFPSMP Y RYLY, UBVMY, TKHTSSH VE'YFSCHLB, OP, CH UYMKH PFUHFUFCHYS LBLYI-MYVP RTBCHYM UOBVTSEOIS 'PFUPPUBYUPYUP. ЛББЛЙ ЬБЛБЖЧБМЙ ТХЦШС Y УБВМЙ ABOUT TPUUIKULYI NBOKHZBLFKHTBI, RPLHRBMY X PFDEMSHOSHI TENEUMEOOYLPCH, PYUEOSH MAVIMI FTPZHEKOPE PTKHTSEKOPE. pFRTBCHMSUSH CH RPIPD, POI PVAEDYOSMYUSH CH RPMLY TBOOPZP UPUFBCHB. CHPEOOBS LPMMEZYS FPMSHLP CHEMB HUEF DPOULINE LBBLBN, B ABOUT MAVSCHE RPRSCHFLY CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHB CH YI CHOHFTEOOYE DEMB LBBYUEFUFCHP POBZYTUPYTUPEU.

eEE H 1716 Z. YUBUFSH DPOULYI LBBLPCH, RP YOYGYBFYCHE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, RETEUEMIMBUSH ABOUT TELKH iPRET, DMS JBEYFSCH OPCHPIPRETULPE LTERPUFFEBTU PFI. h 1724 Z. PLPMP FSCHUSY LBYUSHYI UENEK VSCHMY OBRTBCHMESH "ABOUT CHEUOPE TSYFESHUFFCHP" ABOUT TELKH bZTBIBO, B CH 1733 Z. ьФЙ RPUEMEOIS RPMPTSYMY OBYUBMP chPMTSULPNKH LBJBYUSHENKH CHPKULKH.

yuUMEOOPUFSH TEUFTPCCHCHI NBMPTPUUYKULYI LBBLPCH, RP DBOOSCHN b. vBKPCHB, UPUFBCHMSMB PLPMP 55 FSCHUSYU YUEMPCHEL. uMEDKHEF YBNEFYFSH, UFP YOBYUYFEMSHOBS YUBUFSH LBBYUEUFCHB PYUEOSH FSZPFYMBUSH LPOFTPMEN UP UVPTPOSCH TPUUYKULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFDEFESH PWB rTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UCHPEK UVPTPOSCH CHUENETOP IPFEMP HTEGBFSH RPMOPNPYUYS UVBTYYOSCH (CHETIKHYL LBBYUEUFCHB). IEE RTY REFTE I, CH 1722 Z. VSCHMB MYLCHYDYTPCHBOB CHSCHVPTOPUFSH ZEFNBOPCH, B KhRTBCHMEOYE CHUEK MECHPVETETSOPK hLTBYOPK RETEDBOP nBMPTPTPUUYMEZULIPK LPM. pDOBLP, RPUFSOOBS KhZTPB CHOKOSCH U fKHTGYEK YBUFBCHYMB CHMBUFSH RPKFY ABOUT LPNRTPNYUU U NBMPTPUUYKULYNY LBBLBNY. h 1727 Z. rEFT II HRTBDOYM nBMPTPUUYKULKHA LPMMEZYA Y TBBTEYIM CHSCVPTSCH ZEFNBOB, LPFPTSCHN UFBM NYTZPTPDULYK RPMLPCHOYL dBOYMB BRPUFF. l ZEFNBOH, CHRTPUEN, VSCHM RTYUFBCHMEO "NYOYUFT" ZHEDPT oBKHNPCH, CH ZHHOLGY LPFPTPZP CHIPDYMP UMEDYFSH, YUFPVSCH UFBTYYOKH YSCHEVSCHEYTBMYSHYE h SOBTE 1734 Z. bRPUFPM HNET Y, RP TEYEOYA LBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH, CHMBUFSH RETEYMB L rTBCHMEOYA ZEFNBOULPZP HTSDB - LPMMEZYBMSHOPSCHOPNKH YBOCHTYUP LPMMEZYBMSHOPCHOPNKH YBOCHTUPSH ьФП TEYEOYE CHSCHCHBMP UYMSHOPE OEDPCHPMShUFCHP LBBYUEUFCHB. zEOETBM-MEKFEOBOF bMELUEK yBIPCHULPK, ​​OBIPDYCHYKUS FPZDB OB KhLTBYOE, U FTECHPZPK DPOPUIM YNRETBFTEIGE: "LPNKH POY ZEFNBOPN VSCHFSH TSEMBAF.

h UIMH CHCHYEYMPTSEOOSHI RTYUYO PE CHTENS CHKOSCH 1735–1739 ZZ. TPUUYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE PFOPUYMPUSH L NBMPTPUUYKULYN LBBLBN U YYTSDOSCHN RPDPTTEOYEN, B OEPVIPDYNPUFSH UPVMADBFSH HELPFPTSCH LBYCHBYBSHEY fBL V.-L. NYOYI CH 1739 Z., VKHDHYUY RTPEEDPN CH ZMHIPCHE Y HOBCH P OECHSCHZPDOPN DMS OEZP TEYEOY NEUFOPZP UHDB, LTYYUBM OB UHDEK: UHDYUBM OB UHDEK, UHDEK, UHDYUFYUFYFSH OBDCHUPYPN pV KHLTBYOULYI YBLPOBI ZHEMSHDNBTYBM CHCHTBYMUS U CHPEOOPK RTSNPFPK: "YEMSHNB RYUBM, B LBOBMSHS UHDYM".

oBYVPMEE PTZBOY'PCHBOOSCHNY CH CHPEOOPN PFOPYEOYY VSCHMY UMPVPDULYE YUKHZHECHULYE LBBLY. uMPVPDULYE LBBLY J CH NYTOPE, Y PE CHTENS CHTENS CHTENS CHOSCH PVAEDYOSMYUSH CH RSFSH RPMLPCH, LPFPTSCHE UPUFBCHMSMY VTYZBDH, RPDYOOOOOHA LPNBODYTCHOLKHLTKHLTPKH. u 1729 RP 1731 Z. CH YUEFSCHTEI Y RSFY UMPVPDULYI RPMLPCH VSCHMP UZHPTNYTPCHBOP Y'LBBLPCH RP PDOPK TEZKHMSTOPK TPFE. h 1736 Z. FBLYI TPF UFBMP RP DCE CH LBTSDPN RPMLH, B CH 1739 Z. CHUE DEUSFSH TEZKHMSTOSCH LBBYUSHYI TPF VSCHMY TEACHER CH uMPVPDULPK TEZKHMSSTOSCHK RPML. zhPTNEOOBS PDETSDB UMPVPTSBO UPUFPSMB dv UYOEZP LBZHFBOB have PFLYDOSCHNY THLBCHBNY J YBTPCHBT, GCHEF LPFPTSCHI BCHYUEM PF RPMLB: W iBTShLPChULPN TSEMFSCHE, B uHNULPN UCHEFMP-UYOYE, B bIFSchTULPN EMEOSCHE, B yANULPN LTBUOSCHE, W B pUFTPZPTsULPN PTBOTSECHSCHE.

YUKHZHECHULYE LBBLY VSCHMY PVYEDYOEOSCH CH PDYO RPML RSFYUPFEOPZP UPUFBCHB, RTYUEN FTY UPFOY UPUFBCHMSMY UPVUFCHOOOP LBBCHEBLEY, B LTEBL lBL Y UMPVPDULYE LBBLY, YUKHZHECHULYE UPITBOSMY UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA CH NYTOPE CHTENS.

h 1734 Z. CH THUULPE RPDDBOUFCHP CHOPCHSH VSCHMY RTYOSFSCH BRPTPTSULYE LBBLJ, RPUEMYCHYYEUS CH OPCHPK uYUY RTY HUFSHE TELY vHHHCHMHL. vPMShYPK PRSCHF VPTSHVSCH have FHTLBNY DEMBM YEE PYUEOSH GEOOSCHNY UPTBFOYLBNY LCA THUULPK BTNYY, OP, L RTYCHSCHLYYE CHPMSHOYGE BRPTPTSGSCH PFMYYUBMYUSH FBLTSE LTBKOEK OEDYUGYRMYOYTPCHBOOPUFSHA, B YEE CHETOPUFSH CHOHYBMB RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH UYMSHOSCHE UPNOEOYS. h 1735 Z. ABRPTPTSGSCH DBCE OE UNPZMY (YMY OE BIPFEMY) UPPVEYFSH TPUUYKULPNKH LPNBODPCHBOYA FPYUOHA YUYUMEOPUFSH UCHPYI UYMCHYP Y HLMPYUPYUPE

eEE PDOIN, CHEUSHNB UREGYZHYUOSCHN, YTTEZKHMSTOSCHN ZHPTNYTPCHBOYEN SCHMSMYUSH ZHUBTSCH. eEE rEFT I RPTHYUM UCHPYN DYRMPNBFBN RTYCHMELBFSH ABOUT UMHTSVKH UETVPCH, IPTCHBFPCH, CHEOZTPCH, LPFPTSCHI TBUUEMSMY ABOUT KhLTBOYOE YBCHYUMYUREYUBYUM l 1731 Z. YUYUMYMPUSH PLPMP YUEFSCHTEIUPF ZHUBT, RTEINHEEUFCHEOOOP UETVPCH. h 1737 Z., HTCH HPDE ChSPSCH, RPMLPCHOIL UFPSOPC UNPZ UPPTULYKTPCH BFML, B EEE ZPD URKUFS RPMLPCHOIL LKNIZ RTYchychy Ye Chehtyy Dche TPFsch Lbchbmetyufpch, LPFPTSKE Choshktulike Chosetolek Zhubtulike RPML. oBLPOEG, H 1739 Z. LOSHSH nBNHLPCH-dBCHCHDPCh RPMHYUYM TBTEYEOYE PTZBOY'PCHBFSH zTHYOULKHA ZKHUBTULKHA TPFKH CH UPUFBCHE 74 YUEMPCHEL. CHUE ZHUBTSCH, ABOUT RTETSOYI PUOPCHBOYSI, RPMKHYUBS PF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB TsBMPCHBOYE Y HUBUFLY YENMY CH RTYZTBOYUOSHI TBKPOBI, DPMTSODVSETSBISHU. rPLTPK PVNHODYTPCHBOYS X OYI UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBM OBGYPOBMSHOSCHN FTBDYGYSN: TBYYIFSCHE YOHTBNY LKHTFLY Y YYFBOSCH, LPTPFLJE RMBSCHEY F. YBLEY YBLEY

uCHPEPVTBBSCHN RTPNETSKHFPYUOSCHN CHBTYBOFFN NETSDKH YTTEZKHMSTOSCHN Y TEZKHMSTOSCHN CHPKULPN UMHTSIMB MBODNYMYGYS. CHETCHCHE POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1713 Z. CH LPMYUEUFCHE RSFY REIPFOSHCHI RPMLPCH, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY RTEDOBYEOSCH DMS ABEYFSCH ATSOCHI ZTBOYG UFTBOSCH YCHBCHMYUEUFCHUPP CHULPTE RPUME ZhPTNYTPCHBOYS MBODNYMYGYA TBURKHUFIMY, OP HTSE CH 1722 Z. UPVTBMY CHOPCHSH. h 1729 Z. VSCHMP TEYEOP DPCHEUFY YUYUMEOPUFSH MBODNYMYGY DP DEUSFY RPMLPCH, OP TEBMY'PCHBFSH LFPF RMBO RPMOPUFSHA OE HDBMPUSH.

1731 hours AZ, nYOYI RTEDMPTSYM LCA BEYFSCH hLTBYOSch PF FBFBTULYI OBVEZPCH HUFTPYFSH "NETSDH uEChETULYN dPOGPN vETEUFPChPK TH TH TH RP pTEMY TELBNY uEChETULPNH dPOGH MYOYA J, HUNPFTS, zde PRBUOSCHE NEUFB A RTPIPDH OERTYSFEMSHULPNH, UDEMBFSH LTERPUFY". pVPTPOB LFPK MYOYY CHP'MBZBMBUSH ABOUT MBODNYMYGYA, TEPTZBOY'BGYA LPFPTPK RPTKHYUYMY RPMLPCHOILBN fBTBLBOPCHH Y DEVTYOSHY. h YFPZE YI DESFESHOPUFY RPSCHYMPUSH DCHBDGBFSH MBODNYMYGEKULYI RPMLPCH, YJ LPFPTSCHI DECHSFSH (YUEFSCHTE REIPFOSHI Y RSFSH LPOOSHI) RPUEMYUMEBYUMB lBL UPPVEBM NYOYI YNRETBFTYGE CH SOCHBTE 1736 Z. MBODNYMYGYPETSCH TSYMY CH UCHPYI DPNBI Y YNEMY IPSCKUFCHP, OP, RTY LFPN RPUFPSOOP (B OE RETYPDYUEULY, LBL VPMSHYOUFCHP LBJBLPCH. h MEFOEE CHTENS YI UPVYTBMY ABOUT HUEOIS CH UREGBMSHOSHI MBZETSI. DP 1736 Z. MBODNIMEYGYS OE YNEMB UCHPEZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS Y UOBVTSBMBUSH UVBTSCHNY NHODYTBNY REIPFOSCHY Y DTBZHOULYI RPMLPCH. ъBFEN ITS UPMDBFBN VSCHMY RTYUCHPESCH VEMSCHE LBZHFBOSCH, LTBUOSCHE LBNPMSCH, YFBOSCH "LP'MPCHPK LPCY" Y ZTEOBDETULYE YBLY VEMPZP GCHEFB. pZHYGETSCH RTY FBLYI TSE LBZHFBOBI Y LBNPMBI OPUMY LTBUOSCHE YFBOSCH.

rPNYNP CHUEEI RETEYUUMEOSHI CHPKUL, CH UPUFBCH THUULPK BTNYY CHIPDYMY PFTSDSCH LBMNSCHLPCH, UPUFPSCHYE RPD OBYUBMPN "UFBTYO YU UCHPYSHY CHMBCHMBCH." POI OPUIMY OBGYPOBMSHOKHA PDETSDKH Y VSCHMY CHPPTHTSEOSCH MHLBNY, UBVMSNY, LPRSHSNY Y RTPUYN OBGYPOBMSHOSCHN PTHTSYEN.

lPNRMELFPChBOYE TEZHMSTOPK BTNYY TSDPCHSCHN UPUFBCHPN PUHEEUFCHMSMPUSH RPUTEDUFCHPN TELTHFULYI OBVPTPCH, HUFBOPCHMEOOSCHI rEFTPN I. tELTHFULBS RPCHYOOPUFSH TBURTPUFTBOSMBUSH, RP DEKUFCHPCHBCHYENH BLPOPDBFEMSHUFCHH, ON CHUEI "LPFPTSCHE B RPDHYOSCHE PLMBDSCH RPMPTSEOSCH" FE CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH ABOUT LTEUFSHSO. pF OEE VSCHMY PUCHPVPTSDEOSCH, RPNYNP RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI UPUMPCHYK, PDOPDCHPTGSCH chPTPOETsULPK, ​​lYEChULPK, ​​lBBOULPK J bUFTBIBOULPK ZHVETOYK, LPFPTSCHE RPRPMOSMY MBODNYMYGYA, LTEUFSHSOE UMPVPD, RTYRYUBOOSCHI A ELBFETYOVHTZULYN BCHPDBN, FHMSHULYE J UEUFTPTEGLYE PTHTSEKOYLY, Chueh OBUEMEOYE PZTPNOPK uYVYTY J OELPFPTSCHI DTHZYI FETTYFPTYK.

rPUME 1724 Z. OBVPT TELTHFPCH UFBM RTPYCHPDIFSHUS U PRTEMEOOOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB "TECHYUULYI DKHY" B OE RHFEN RPDPCHPTOPK TBULMBDLE pveee LPMYUEUFCHP RTYYSCHCHOYLPCH PRTEDEMSMPUSH TEBMSHOSCHNY RPFTEVOPUFSNY BTNYY Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, CH TBOSCHE ZPDSCH VSCHMP TBMYUOSCHN. fBL CH GBTUFFCHPCHBOYE BOBOSCH yPBOOPCHOCH CH PFDEMSHOSHE OBVPTSCH FTEVPCHBMY PDOPZP TELTHFB PF 320, 169, 102, 98 DHY. ъBVPFSUSH P CHCHRPMOOOY RTYOSFCHI OPTN, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP OBMBZBMP DEOETSOSCHE YFTBZHSCH ABOUT ZHVETOBFPTPPCH ЪB LBTSDPZP OEDPVTBOKHPZB TELT.

chPATBUF TELTHFB REFINERY LPMEVBFSHUS PF RSFOBDGBFY DP FTYDGBFY MEF, OP RTYYSCHCHOYLPCH NMBDYE CNCUENOBDGBFY MEF ЪBRTEEBMPUSH OBRTBCHMSHTCHA CHA DEKUA. hPEOOBS LPMMEZYS UYUIFBMB TSEMBFEMSHOSCHN, YUFPVSH TPUF TELTHFB VSCHM OE NEOEE DCHKHI BTYYOPCH YYUEFSCHTEI CHETYLPCH (1 N 60 UN)

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h OBYUBME RTBCHMEOIS BOTH yPBOOPCHOSCH CHUE BURELFSH RPMECHPK, UVTPECHPK Y ZBTOY'POOPK UMKHTSVSCH TEZKHMYTPCHBMYUSH RTYOSFSCHN CH 1716 Z. chPYOBUCHBLYN HUFYPLYPN D

pDOBLP HTSE × 1730 Z. chPYOULPK LPNYUUYY VSCHMP RPTHYUEOP RETEUNPFTEFSH UHEEUFCHHAEYE RTBCHYMB RPUFTPEOYS J DEKUFCHYS CHPKUL W WPA, "DBVSCH RTY Chueca BTNYY, LBL RTY LBCHBMETYY, FBL J RTY YOZHBOFETYY, CHCHEDEOSCH VSCHMY LETGYGYY PDOE J TBCHOSCHS, RPOETSE PF TBOPUFY B LETGYGYSI RTY UMHYUBSI CHEMYLYE OERPTSDLY Y MSCHS UMEDPCHBOYS RTYLMAYUFSHUS NPZHF ". h 1731 Z., ABOUT PUOPCHE UPVTBOOPZP LPNYUUYEK NBFETYBMB, V.-L. NYOYI RPDZPFPCHYM FBL OBSCHCHBENHA "YL'ETGYGYA REYKHA", FP EUFSH, ZPCHPTS SSCHLPN VPMEE RP'DOESP CHTENEOY, HUFBCH REIPFOPK UMHTSVSCH. oPChBS "L'ETGYGYS" OE PFNEOSMB RTECOESP chPYOULPZP HUFBCHB, OP UMHTSIMB RPSUOEEOYEN L OENKH.

PUOPCHOPK FBLFYUEULPK YEDYOYGEK UYUIFBMUS RPML. h CHEOOOPE CHTENS J CH REIPFE, J CH LPOOYGE Y OEULPMSHLYI (DCHKHI, FTEI Y VPMEE) RPMLPCH ZHPTNEYTPCHBMYUSH VTYZBDSCH, LPFPTSCHE, CH UCHPA PYUPYUETCHMSH. DYCHYYYY NPZMY YNEFSH Y YULMAYUYFEMSHOP REIPFOSCHK YMY LBCHBMETYKULYK, Y UNEYBOOSCHK UPUFBCH. h NYTOPE CHTENS DYCHYYY CHSCHUFHRBMY ULPTEE CH TPMY BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOSHI EDYOYG, OETSEMY CHYOULYI YUBUFEK.

ZMBCHOSCHN CHYDPN RPUFTFEOIS REIPFOPZP RPMLB SCHMSMUS TBCHETOKHFSCHK UVTPK, RTY LPFPTPN CHUE EZP CHPUENSH TPF TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH PDOHMYFYUPYEYUYEUTEZUYEYUTEUYEUYEUTEUYUCHYU. yOFETCHBMPCH NETSDKH TPFBNY RP ZhTPOFKH OE VSCHMP. DYUFBOGYS NETSDKH YETEOZBNY UPUFBCHMSMB FTY YBZB. MADI LBTSDPK RPUMEDKHAEEK YETEOSY UFBOPCHYMYUSH CH BFSCHMPL CRETEDY UFPSCHYN. YUEFSCHTE, UFPSCHYE DTHZ ЪB DTKHZPN, YUEMPCHELB PVTBPCHCHCHBMY PDYO TSD. pF UPMDBF CH UVTPA FTEVPCHBMPUSH DETTSBFSHUS "RTSNP Y VPDTP Y OYUEN PFOADSH OE FTPZBFSHUS".

eUMY RPMLH VSCHMP OHTSOP "TBDBFSHUS" RP ZHTPOFH, RTYNEOSMPUSH FBL OBSCHCHBENPE "UDCHBYCHBOYE YETEOZ" LCA LPFPTPZP UPMDBFSCH FTEFSHEK YETEOZY CHIPDYMY B YOFETCHBMSCH NETSDH UPMDBFBNY RETCHPK YETEOZY, B UPMDBFSCH YUEFCHETFPK NETSDH UPMDBFBNY CHFPTPK. xZMHVMEOYE RPUFPTPEOIS RTPYCHPDYMY "UDCHBYCHBOYEN TSDPCH", RPUME LPFPTPPZP UPMDBFSH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CHPUENSH YETEOS. dMS OELPFPTSHI VPMEE UMPTSOSHI RETEUFTFEOIK LBTSDBS TPFB DEMYMBUSH ABOUT YUEFST CHCHPDB (RMHFPOZB). fBL DMS BFBLY, OBRTYNET, UPMDBFSH NPZMY RPUFTPYFSHUS PE CHCHPDOSCHE YMY DCHHICHCHCHPDOSHE LPMPOSCH.

rPDPVOP VPMSHYOUFCHH THLPCHPDUFCH FPZP CHTENEY, "YL'ETGYGYS REYBS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB UVTEMSFSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP VBMRBNY. lBYUEUFCHB PTHTSYS FPZP CHTENEY CHUE TBCHOP OE RPJCHPMSMY CHEUFY ZHELFYCHOKHA RTYGEMSHOKHA UVTEMSHVKH, J PF UPMDBF FTEVPCHKHBMYU PFUFUPDBF FTEVPCHKHBMYU PETCHEKU RETTECH DPRKHULBMBUSH UVTEMSHVB RP YETEOZBN Y RP RMHFPOZBN. h RETCHPN UMKHYUBE REIPFYOGSCH, ABTSDYCH ZHHEY, RETEUFTBYCHBMYUSH YY YUEFSCHTEI NETEOS CH FTY. rPUME LFPZP UPMDBFSH RETEDOEK YETEOSY RTEINSHLBMY L ZhKHESN YFSHLY Y UFBOPCHYMYUSH ABOUT LPMEOP, FPZDB LBL OBIPDYCHYYEUS PE CHFPTPSCHYETEOSY RTEINSHLBMY L ZhKHESN YFSHLY Y UFBOPCHYMYUSH ABOUT LPMEOP, FPZDB LBL OBIPDYCHYYEUS PE CHFPTPSCHYETEOSH RTYNSCHLBMY rp LPNBODE "RTYLMBDSCHBKUS" UPMDBFSH RTYGEMYCHBMYUSH. ъBFEN RPDBCHBMBUSH LPNBODB "RBMY". rETCHPK UFTEMSMB FTEFSHS YETEOZB, B BFEN, RP PYUETEDY, CHFPTBS Y RETCHBS. rTY UVTEMSHVE RMHFPOZBNY PUOPCHOPE FTEVPCHBOYE UPUFPPSMP CH OERTESCHCHOPUFY RBMSHVSH, F.E. YUFPVSH RMHFPOZY CHEMI PZPOSH OERPUTUFCHEOOOP DTHZ ЪB DTHZPN, YUETE PDYO (UOBUBMB RETCHSCHK RMHFPOZ, ABFEN FTEFIK, ABFEN CHFPOCHETK Y, OBL. "L'LETGYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB FBLCE PVCYUBFSH UPMDBF UVTESHVE ABOUT IPDH, RTY OBUFKHRMEOYY YMY PFUFKHRMEOYY.

pUPVSCHK TBDEM "L'LETGYGYY" yNEMYUSH FBLTSE TBDEMSCH Y RHOLFSCH, TESMBNEOFYTPCHBCHYE PVSBOOPUFY LPNBODYTB RPMLB, TPFOSHI LPNBODYTPCH Y CHUEI RTPYUI DPMTSOPUFOSCH MYG. UTUDY OYI PUPVPZP CHOINBOYS BUMKHTSYCHBEF RHOLF, RPUCHSEEOOOSCHK PVSBOOPUFSN JOBNEOPUGB. According to Zmbühim: "h WP OE RDDMETSIF PUFBCHMSFSFSFS (LBNS - b. n.) RPD Unetphop Lbua ..., b Rent of PRTOPK UMKHYUBK H tefitetbda Hyuyuifus, FPDBDTBFSP PF DTECLB PFPTBFS OBDMETSIF, Y X WEVS WIPTPOFSH YMY PRPM WEVS PVCHYFSH AT POSCHN URBUBFSH ".

RETEUFTPEOIS Y ABMRPCHBS UFTEMSHVB FTEVPCHBMY PF UPMDBF IPTPYEK CHCHHYULY. POB DPUFYZBMBUSH RHFEN HFPNYFEMSHOSHI, NOPZPYUPUPCHCHI ABOSFYK Y UHTPCHCHI OBLBBOYK AB PYIVLY. TEHMSHFBF, HAIRDRYER OE NEOEE, VSCHM OBMYGP. VPMShOFCHP Jophuftboggech, Chedechyy Tpongkulha BNNY YNYCHYYII SPNPCOFUFS UTBCHOFSHOFSH Her at the Bnet DThzyi UFTBBO, at VMShiktkin RPychbmpk Pfychchbmpushpu PPPDZPFCHL TPUYKULIYA ChPYopch, Pupveoopic Zhbtecghe. “YUEFSCHTE ZCHBTDEKULYI, YOZETNBOMBODULYK Y OECHULIK (REIPFOSCHE - b. N.) RPMLY, L'ETGYGYY LPFPTSCHI S CHYDEM, - RYYEF YCHED l. t. VETL, - CHSCHRPMOSAF RTYENSCH RPYUFY FBLCE IPTPYP, LBL RTKHUUBLY, PDOBLP VEB VBVBCHOCHI RPDRTSCHZYCHBOYK. oE UPNOECHBAUSH, UFP OBIPDSEYEUS CH RPME RPMLY FPTSE IPTPYP PVCYUEOSCH. bOZMYUBOYO zhTOUYU DYCHKHD, VSCHCHBCHYK, LUFBFY, PE ZhTBOGY, PFNEYUBEF: "zCHBTDEKULYE RPMLY CHZMSDSF FBLYNY RTECHPUIPDOSHNY UPMYBYPBYPLIB EZP UPPFEEUFCHOOOYGB YMYBVEF dTSBUFYU, LBL YUFYOOBS RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOYGB RTELTBUOPZP RPMB, CHUCHPYI JBNEFLBI P tPUUYHBIEUFBUFFYUP HAIRDRYER OE NEOOEE, Y POB UPYUMB OEPVIPDYNSCHN BNEFYFSH: “with CHYDEMB, LBL 32 FSCHUSYU UPMDBF DEMBMY CHEOOSCHE HRTBTSOEOIS ABOUT MSHDH. OBDP RTYOBFSH, UFP POI IPTPYE UPMDBFSH ".

CHTENS THUULP-FKHTEGLPK CHTENS THUULP-FKHTEGLPK CHOPOSCH 1735-1739 ZZ. h 1736 Z., RP KHLBBOYA NYOYIB, ZEOETBM h. h. JETNPT UPUFBCHYM "DYURPYGYA VPECHPZP RPTSDLB Y NBOECHTPCH CH ZEOETBMSHOPK VBFBMYY U FKHTLBMSHOPK VBFBMYY U" h OEK PFNEYUBMPUSH, UFP OHTSOP HYUIFSH CHPKULB FPMSHLP FPNKH, UFP "RTYDEFUS DEMBFSH CH VPA". h LBYUEUFCHE MHYUYEZP URPUPVB CHEDEOIS PZOS OBSCHBMBUSH UVTEMSHVB RP RMHFPOZBN, RTYUEN LBTSDSCHK RMHFPOZ DPMTSEO VSCHM UVTEMSFSH RPYETTEOPTSOP. PODOCHTENEOOOP "DYURPYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB PFLBBFSHUS PF ъBMRPCHPK UVTEMSHVSCH GEMSCHN VBFBMSHPPN YMY, FEN VPMEE, RPMLPN. PUOPCHBOYS DMS LFPZP VSCHMY UMEDHAEYE: ChP-RETCHCHCHI, PZHYGET, LPNBODHAEIK PZOEN VBFBMSHPOB, OE NPTSEF Y'-ЪB RPTPIPCHPZP DSCHNBDE IPFCHTPRP CHAYP CHAPTER ChP-CHFPTSCHI, RTY UVTEMSHVE VBFBMSHPOOPK YETEOZPK ABOUT OPPCHOPK NEUFOPUFY OE CHUE UPMDBFSCH PDYOBLPCHP IPTPYP CHYDSF RTPFYCHOYLB; CH-FTEFSHYI, RETETSCHSCH NETSDKH PFDEMSHOSCHNY VBMRBNY PYUEOSH CHEMILY. "DYURPYGYS" FBLCE KHLBSCHCHBMB, LBL CHEUFY UFTEMSHVKH YL LPMPOO Y UFTEMSHVKH Y'-ЪB KhLTSHFIK.

pZPOSH Y LPMPOO TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH RTYNEOSFSH RTY BOSFY LBLPK-OYVKHSH "FEUOYOSCH". lBTSDBS LPMPOOOB PVTBPCHSCHBMBUSH RMHFPOZBNY PDOPZP VBFBMSHPOB YMY RPMLB, RPUFBCHMEOSCHNY DTHZ ЪB DTHZPN. UPDBOYE LPMPOO YUUMEOOOPUFSHA VPME RPMLB VSCHMP RTYOBOP OETBGYPOBMSHOSCHN Y'-ЪB ChP'NPTSOPK RHFBOYGSCH CH LPNBODBI. uFTEMSHVKH UMEDPCHBMP CHEUFY RP RMHFPOZBN, OP CH PFMYUYE PF PVSCHYUOPZP CHBTYBOFB, UPMDBFSH LBTSDPZP RMHFPOZB UVTEMSMY CHUE TBBPN. dBCH NBUUYTPCHBOOSCHK VBMR, RETEDOYK RMHFPOZ PFIPDYM CH ICHPUF LPMPOSCH Y PFLTSCHCHBM RTPUFTBOUFCHP DMS UVTEMSHVSCH UMEDHAENKH.

rTY OBMYUY RETED ZhTPOFPN LBLPK MYVP EUFEUFCHEOOPK YBEYFSCH (YZPTPDY, IPMNB, TKHYUSH Y RTPYUESP) UPMDBFSCH DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UFCHTPEY CHEEFSHUESCH. h LFPN UMKHYUBE UFTEMSMB DPMTSOB VSCHMB FPMSHLP RETCHBS YETEOZB, B PUFBMSHOSCHE ABTSTSBMY TKHTSSH Y RPDBCHBMY YI UVTEMSAEYN. uFBTSCHK URPUPV, LPZDB YETEOZB, DBCh VBMR, PFIPDIMB OBBD, B ABOUT ITS NEUFP CHCHDCHYZBMBUSH DTHZBS, RTYJOBMY OEHDBYUOSCHN. rp NOEOOYA BCHFPTB "DYURPYGYY", MADI, JOBS, UFP RPUME CHSCHUFTEMB POI UNPZHF PFPKFY, VKHDHF FPTPRYFSHUS Y RMPIP CHEUFY PZPOSH. rty RETENEEEEOYY NETEOS NPTSEF ChP'OILOKHFSH BNEYBFEMSHUFCHP, LPFPTPE URTPCHPGYTKHEF OBFYUL CHTBZB.

rTY'OBCHBS, UFP MHYUYIN PTHTSYEN SCHMSEFUS ZHJES UP YFSHLPN, "DYURPYGYS" RYLBNY, RP NOOOYA EE BCHFPTB, UMEDPCHBMP CHPPTHTSBFSH UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY, B UPMDBFBN RETCHPK YETEOZY OBDMETSBMP YNEFSH RTYNLOKHLF. "DYURPYGYS" HYUMB FBLCE ULMPOOPUFSH FBFBT L ЪBUBDBN Y CHOEBROSCHN OBRBDEOISN. rTY RETEDCHYTSEOISI POB TELPNEODPCHBMB OEUFY ZHHEY OE "YUETE RMEUP", B CH TXLBI, YNES CHUEZDB VPMSHYPK RBMEG RTBCHPK TXLY ABOUT LKHTLE. dMS KHCHEMYUEEOYS RPDCHYTSOPUFY REIPFYOGECH CH VPA, TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH OBLBOKHE "VBFBMYY" PUFBCHMSFSH TBOGSCH, YYOOEMY YYRBZY CH PVPE.

lBUSH CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS REIPFSCH Y BTFYMMETYY, "DYURPYGYS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB TBNNEBFSH RHYLY ЪB ZHMBOZBNY VBFBMSHPOB, UFPDEFESHEMESHMETS rTY OEPVIPDYNPUFY PFLTSCHFSH BTFIMMETYKULYK PZPOSH, RMHFPOZY, UFPSCHYE RHYLBNY, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UDCHPYFSH TSDSCH Y CH PFLTSHYBYEYTEYE UFYUTPYUTPYU rTY RPUFTFEOYLPMPOOOBNY RKHYL TBBTEYBMPUSH UFBCHYFSH YB PDOIN GEOFTBMSHOSHI RMHFPOZPCH.

dMS PFTBCEOIS ChTBTSEULPK LPOOYGSCH TPUUYKULBS REIPFB YUBUFP YURPMSHPCHBMB LBTE - RPUFTFEOYE CHYDE YUEFSCHTEIKHZPMSHOILB, LBTSDKHPUFPUTPUTPOKH. dMS YFKHTNB CHTBTSEULYI LTERPUFEK CHOPYOSCH UVTPYMYUSH CH LPMPOSCH, RTYUEN CHRETODY YMY ZTEOBDETSH.

pVTBEBEF ON UEVS CHOYNBOYE, YUFP DEKUFCHYS LBCHBMETYY B "DYURPYGYY" RPYUFY OE BFTPOHFSCH, IPMF, LBBMPUSH R ™ £, RTY CHPKOE have FHTLBNY J FBFBTBNY, PVMBDBCHYYI PYUEOSH NOPZPYUYUMEOOPK LPOOYGEK, YNEOOP FPF CHPRTPU DPMTSEO VSCHM RTYCHMEYUSH CHOYNBOYE LPNBODPCHBOYS.

chPNPTSOP, UMPTSEYEUS RPMPTSEOYE PVYASUOSEFUS FEN, UFP NYOYI, IPFS Y UPADBM RETCHCHCHE CH TPUUY LYTBUYTULYE RPMLY, RP UPVUFUTCHEOOBOOBUM h NBE 1736 Z. PFTEDBLFYTPCHBOOKHA "DYURPYGYA" TBBPUMBMY CH RPMLY CHYDE "ZEOETBMIFEFFULPZP TBUKHTSDEOYS".

ZMBCHOSCHN DPLKHNEOFFN, PRTEDEMSCHYN UVTPECHHA UMKHTSVKH LBCHBMETYY, VSCMB "YL'ETGYGYS CH RPMLKH eZP yNRETBFPTULPZP chSCHUPYUEUFCHB". POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1732 Z. Y RTEDOBOBUBMBUSH DMS LYTBUYTPCH. h 1736 Z. ZEOETBMYFEFULPE UPCHEEBOYE ​​RTYOSMP TEEEOYE "RTY CHUEE DTBZHOULYI RPMLBI CH YCHEOLPCHBOY Y CHRTPFYUEN LPOOYGEA PVCYUEOIS RPUBLTUFLBLB" PUOPCHOSCHN RPUFPTPEOYEN LPOOYGSCH FBLCE RTYOBCHBMUS TBCHETOKHFSCHK UVTPK YJ FTEI YETEOS. dMS BFBLY CHSCHUFTBYCHBMYUSH LPMPOSH TBOOPZP UPUFBCHB: LULBDTPOSCHE, YUEFSCHTEICHCHCHPDOSCHE, CHCHPDOSCHE Y DT. yOFETCHBMPCh RP ZhTPOFKH NETSDKH CHUBDOYLBNY OE VSCHMP CHOCHUE: LBCHBMETYUFSH FPZP CHTENEOY UTBTSBMYUSH UVTENS CH UVTENS. uFTENYFESHOPK BFBLE LYTBUYT Y DTBZHO OE PVCYUBMY - YN TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH "NBMPK TSCHUGPK".

dMS RPDZPFPCHLY REIPFYOGECH Y LBCHBMETYUFPCH TEZKHMSTOP RTPCHPDYMYUSH RPMLPCHCHE HUEOYS. iPD REIPFOPZP HUEOYS RPJCHPMSEF RTDUFBCHYFSH RTYLB RP UENEOPCHULPNKH RPMLH PF 3 UEOFSVTS 1736 Z. ъБДБЮБ ЬБЛМАЮБМБШЧ Ч ФПН, ЮФПВЩ ЧЩТБВПФБФШ ЧЩТБВПФБФШ ЧЩТБВПФБФШ ЧЩТБВПФБФШ УЧЩЛ УТМШВЩ ЫЕТОЗБНЙ, УОБЫБРУСЬ О НУФЕ, ББФЕН Ч ДЧЙЦЕОЙ ДИЧЙЦЕОЙ ДИФПЙБЙБЙБЫБЫБЫНДДЫБЫЫБЫЫН ДЧЫЦЕОЙ ДУФПГЫБЫБЧНЫЖ ПФНФНФН ЧЩТБВПФБФШ ЬЧЩЛ УТМШВЩ ЫЕТОЗБНЙ.

iHTSE PVUFPPSMP DUMP U PVCYUEOYEN BTFIMMETYUFPCH. chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS OEPDOPLTBFOP FTEVPCHBMB PF LBOGEMSTYY "zMBChOPK BTFYMMETYY J ZHPTFYZHYLBGYY" UPPVEYFSH, LBL VSCHMY PTZBOYPCHBOSCH BTFYMMETYKULYE HYUEOYS RTY reft I. lBOGEMSTYS RETEBDTEUPCHBMB BRTPU YCHEUFOPNH BTFYMMETYKULPNH ZEOETBMH h. th. ZEOOOYOKH, CHEDBCHYENKH CH FP CHTENS HTBMSHULYNY YBCHPDBNY. zEOOYO PFCHEFYM "rTY NPEK VSCHFOPUFY B tPUUYY ON BTFYMMETYKULPK UMHTSVE B LPNBODE zMBChOPK BTFYMMETYY, P BTFYMMETYKULPK LETGYGYY, B YNEOOP: NEFBOYE VPNV, RHYEYUOBS RBMSHVB B NYYEOSH J ULPTPUFTEMSHOBS, LBLYN PVTBPN RTPYCHPDYFSH PF ZMBCHOPK BTFYMMETYY HLBB With OE YNEM, FPMSHLP BTFYMMETYKULYI UMHTSYFEMEK CHEMEOP VShMP PVCYUBFSH RTBLFYLE ". h 1731 Z. CHPKULB RPMHYUIMY UPUFBCHMEOOSCHK RP KHLBBOYA uEOBFB "HYUEVOSCHK BTFILKHM RHYEUOSCHK". dMS RPDZPFPCHLY BTFIMMETYUFPCH UMEDPCHBMP PFPVTBFSH CH LBTSDPN RPMLKH CHPUENSH YUMPCHEL, LPFPTSCHI "PVCYUBFSH LBOPOYTULPK DPMTSOPUFFY" UBOBYBUBYUBM.

OBTSDKH U UHIPRKHFOPK BTNYEK CH 1730-E ZPDSCH BLFYCHOP UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBMUS CHPEOOSCHK ZhMPF TPUUY. lBL ZPCHPTAYMPUSH CHCHYE, RTY REFTE II EZP TBCHYFYE ZhBLFYUEEULY POOFBOPCHYMPUSH. h 1728 Z. YCHEDULYK RPUMBOOIL DPOPUIM UCHPENKH RTBCHYFESHUFFCHKH Y REFETVKHTZB: “oEUNPFTS OB ETSEPDOHA RPUFTKLKH ZBMET, TKHUULYK ZBMETOSHTOSHTESHKH; LPTBVESHOSCHK TSE RTYIPDIF CH RTSNPE TBPTEOYE, RPFPNKH, UFP UFBTSHE LPTBVMY CHUE ZOYMSCH, FBL UFP VPME YUEFSCHTEI YMY RSFY MYOFPUSCH LPCHTEBMU h BDNYTBMFEKUFCHBI TSE FBLPE OEUNPFTEOYE, UFP JMPF J CH FTY ZPDB OEMSHYS RTYCHEUFY CH RTETSOE UPUFFPSOYE, OP PV ЬFPN OILFP OE DHNBEF ".

rPUME CHUFKHRMEOIS ABOUT RTUFPM BOTH yPBOOPCHOCH UIFKHBGYS UTBHKH YUNEOIMBUSH. hTsE B Yama 1730 Z. VSCHM RTYOSF HLB, W LPFPTPN "OBYLTERYUBKYE RPDFCHETTSDBMPUSH bDNYTBMFEKUFCh-LPMMEZYK, YUFPVSCH LPTBVEMSHOSCHK J ZBMETOSCHK ZHMPF UPDETTSBOSCH VSCHMY RP HUFBCHBN, TEZMBNEOFBN HLBBN TH, TH OE OE PUMBVECHBS HRPCHBS ON OSCHOEYOEE VMBZPRPMHYUOPE NYTOPE CHTENS". h DELBVTE 1731 Z. ABOUT bDNYTBMFEKULPK CHETZHY VBMPTSYMY OCHSCHK 66-RHYEUOSCHK LPTBVMSH. fPZDB CE YNRETBFTYGB TBURPTSDYMBUSH CHPPVOPCHYFSH ON vBMFYKULPN ZHMPFE TEZHMSTOSCHE HYUEOYS have CHSCHIPDPN B NPTE, DBVSCH "YNEFSH Houyet MADSN PVHYUEOYE TH TH LPTBVMSN RPDMYOOPK PUNPFT, YVP B ZBCHBOY FBLEMBTS J RTPYUEE RPCHTETSDEOYE OECHPNPTSOP FBL PUNPFTEFSH, LBL LPTBVMSH DCHYTSEOYY B".

h 1732 Z. VSCHMB HYUTETSDEOB UREGYBMSHOBS LPNYUUYS, GEMSHA LPFPTPK RTPCHPZMBYBMPUSH "RTYCHEDEOYE OBDMETSBEYK H, J RPUFPSOOSCHK DPVTSCHK RPTSDPL ZHMPFB, LBL LPTBVEMSHOPZP, FBL ZBMETOPZP TH TH TH BDNYTBMFEKUFCHB CHUEZP, YUFP A FPNH RTYOBDMETSYF". rTEDUEDBFEMEN nPTULPK LPNYUUY UFBM b. th. PUFETNBO, B CH EE UPUFBCH CHOPYMY PRSCHFOSCHE NPTSLY, LPOFT-BDNYTBMSCH f. WILL CARE, oh. UEOSCHYO, r. VTEDBMSH, h. zPMPCHYO. lPNYUUYS RTYOSMB TEYEOYE UTPYUOP CHP'PVOPCHYFSH UVTPYFEMSHUFFCHP ABOUT vBMFile LTKHROSCHI RBTHUOSHI LPTBVMEK.

l 1736 Z. vBMFYKULYK ZhMPF CHLMAYUBM 20 MYOEKOSHI LPTBVMEK, 17 ZHTEZBFPCH, 2 YOSCHSCH, 2 VPNVBTDYTULYI UHDOB Y 8 RBLEFVPFPCH. lTPNE FPZP, UHEEUFCHPCHBMB UBNPUFPPSFEMSHOBS Y DPCHPMSHOP NOPZPYUUMEOOBS zTEVOBS ZHMPFIMYS. PUOPCHOSCHN FIRPN ZTEVOPZP UHDOB SCHMSMBUSH ULBNRBCHES YMY ZBMETB. POB YNEMB 18 RBT CHEUEM Y PF 3 DP 5 RKHYEL LBMYVTPN CH 12, 8 Y 3 ZhHOFB. LPNBODB ULBNRBCHEY OBUYUIFSCHBMB PLPMP 150 YEM.

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Anna Ioannovna is the Russian empress who ruled from 1730 to 1740, the niece of Peter I, the daughter of his brother and co-ruler, Tsar Ioann Alekseevich. Her reign is usually associated with the flourishing of favoritism (Bironovism) and a passion for entertainment in the spirit of the famous Ice House.

However, it would be unfair to reduce the tenth anniversary of Anna Ioannovna's reign only to this. For all her ambiguity, Empress Anna managed to contribute to the greatness of Russia.

Izmailovskaya princess

Princess Anna was born in 1693. She spent her childhood in the royal palace in Izmailovo. The Dowager Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna ruled her little world as if there were no stormy transformations of Peter I in Russia. Her three daughters, of whom Anna was the middle one, grew up in terem seclusion, like the princesses of pre-Petrine time, communicating only with servants, mothers and nannies, jesters and pious pilgrims. However, Praskovya Fyodorovna had to come to terms with some new trends: the princesses had teachers - German and French, who taught them reading and writing, arithmetic, languages, dances and etiquette. Izmailovo had a court theater and its own orchestra.

Duchess of Courland

When the Northern War ended, Peter decided to strengthen the position of the Russian crown in the Duchy of Courland (western part of modern Latvia). For this, in 1709 it was decided to marry the young Duke of Courland, Friedrich Wilhelm, with one of the Russian princesses. Peter invited Tsarina Praskovya Fyodorovna to choose herself, which of the daughters was to become the duchess. She pointed to Anna, who by that time was 16 years old. A year later, a magnificent wedding took place in St. Petersburg. The festivities and balls lasted for two months. In January 1711, the young went to Mitava, the capital of Courland.

However, before reaching his possessions, Friedrich Wilhelm died on the road. Contemporaries claim that the reason for this was excessive drinking. The young duke the day before decided to compete with Peter I, who will drink whom. Anna returned to her mother. A year later, Peter nevertheless sent his niece to Courland as a dowager duchess. But not just one. Together with her, Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin departed for Mitava, who was ordered to help the young widow and look after her. He looked after. After some time, it became known in St. Petersburg that the already middle-aged Bestuzhev - he was 30 years older than Anna - was her lover.

In 1727 Bestuzhev was returned to St. Petersburg with a scandal. Anna did not die for her dear friend for long. A few months later, Ernst Johann Biron took possession of the heart of the Duchess of Courland. Anna kept this love until the end of her life.

Empress and autocrat of Russia

In 1730, the young Emperor Peter II died - the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, the grandson of Emperor Peter. This was the last male offspring of the Romanov family. The result of the noble conspiracy was an invitation to the reign of Anna Ioannovna against the will of Catherine I, who before her death bequeathed the throne to the grandson of Peter the Great Karl Peter Ulrich (future Peter III). The conspirators, who in literature are usually called "leaders", decided that Anna, who had spent many years in a foreign land and, according to rumors, did not shine with either intelligence or talents, would become their obedient tool.

It was decided to limit the empress's power to the so-called "Conditions" - a document that contained Anna Ioannovna's obligations not to interfere in state affairs. However, in reality it turned out completely differently. Anna dutifully signed "Konditsiya", but upon arriving in Russia, she found that she had supporters. On February 25, 1730, the Empress, in the presence of the court and the "supreme leaders", tore up the "Condition".

Board of Anna Ioannovna

For a long time in Russian history and fiction there was an idea about the "gloomy decade" of the reign of Anna Ioannovna, about the Bironovism and the dominance of the Germans at court. However, recent historical research suggests that this is partly an exaggeration. In fact, Anna and the people with whom she surrounded her throne were able to do a lot of useful things for Russia.

The program of the reign of Anna Ioannovna was reduced to the following main tasks:

The task of reforming the army was set in connection with the need to reduce costs, since even in the preceding reign, the question arose of an exorbitant tax burden on the peasantry;

There was also talk about the need to revise the staffing of state institutions in order to streamline their work and reduce costs;

She declared the need to create a fair and equal court for all;

Reform of the Senate was carried out. His work, interrupted during the previous reign, was restored on the basis of Peter's decrees.

The Empress did a lot to reform the fleet. Under her, shipbuilding resumed, and regular exercises began again in the Baltic Sea. The Military Naval Commission was established, which played a decisive role in the development of the Russian fleet. Finally, in 1732, the closed port in Arkhangelsk was reopened and restored, and the shipyard in Solombala also started working.

During the reign of Anna, a decisive blow was dealt to the Crimean Khanate, Russia took possession of the Turkish fortress Khotin, received the fortress of Azov, part of the territory of the Right-Bank Ukraine, territory in the North Caucasus, the protectorate of the Russian crown over the union of Kazakh tribes - the Younger Zhuz was also declared.

However, the activities of the Secret Chancellery, interrogations under torture, exile and executions seriously darkened the reign of the suspicious and very fearful of conspiracies Anna Ioannovna and left a dark imprint on it.

All this was called "Bironovschina", since it was on the favorite of the Empress that public opinion placed all the blame for the activities of the Secret Chancellery. Subsequently, archival documents showed that Biron was not involved in the investigative cases of the Secret Chancellery. Moreover, for all his undisguised dislike of the Russian people, Biron was able to benefit our country: it was he who began competent pedigree breeding of horses in Russia, for which he had a real passion.

Anna Ioannovna Romanova
Russian empress

Lived: 1693-1740
Reign: 1730-1740

The second daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich (brother and co-ruler of Tsar Peter I) and Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, niece.

Anna Ioanovna short biography

At the age of 3, Anna was left without a father, lived with her mother and sisters Ekaterina and Praskovya in the village of Izmailovo until she was fifteen years old. Studied history, reading, calligraphy, geography, foreign languages, dancing.

On October 31, 1710, uncle Peter I married the Duke of Courland Friedrich Wilhelm. This marriage was concluded with the aim of securing the right of Russia to use the Courland (Baltic) ports. The wedding celebrations went on for two months, during which time the newly-made husband Friedrich caught a cold and, having left with his wife for the capital of Courland, Mitava, on January 9, 1711, died 40 km from St. Petersburg. Despite the death of the duke, Peter ordered Anna to live in Mitava and did not allow her to stay in Russia for a long time.

Terms of reign of Anna Ioanovna

After her death, Anna was invited on January 25, 1730 to the Russian throne by the Supreme Privy Council at the suggestion of V.L.Dolgorukov and D.M. Golitsyn. Believing that 37-year-old Anna Ioannovna has no supporters and connections in Russia, they made this decision.

According to the agreements, Anna Ivanovna agreed to govern the country only jointly with the Supreme Privy Council, and it was to become the supreme governing body. She had no right to make laws, impose taxes, dispose of the treasury, declare war and make peace. Without the approval of the members of the Council, she could not favor estates and ranks. Anna could not marry and appoint an heir to the throne without the consent of the Supreme Privy Council. In case of non-fulfillment of the conditions, she was deprived of the crown.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

However, having come to power, Anna Ioannovna immediately dissolved the Supreme Privy Council (1730), restored the significance of the Senate, established the Cabinet of Ministers (1731), which included G.I. Golovkin, A.I. Osterman, A. M. Cherkassky. Church affairs were entrusted to Feofan Prokopovich. After that, the Office of Secret Investigation Affairs was recreated, headed by A.I. Ushakov (the central body of political investigation).

Shortly before the coronation, Anna Ioannovna issued a manifesto on the popular oath of allegiance to the heir appointed by the empress. On April 28, 1730 in Moscow, in the Assumption Cathedral, Theophan Prokopovich performed the wedding and anointing to the kingdom of Empress Anna.

During the reign of Anna Ivanovna, the decree on single inheritance was canceled (1731), the Gentry Cadet Corps was established (1731), the service of the nobles was limited to 25 years. Anna's inner circle consisted mostly of foreigners (E. I. Biron, K. G. Levenvolde, B. H. Minich, P. P. Lassi). Under Anna, the ruler, the chamber-junker Ernest-Johann Biron had a huge influence on the course of state affairs - favorite of Anna Ioanovna until the end of life.

The years of Anna Ioanovna's reign - Bironovshchina

"Bironovschina", which personified political terror, embezzlement of the state, disrespect for Russian traditions, licentiousness of morals, became one of the dark pages in Russian history. Pursuing a pro-noble policy, Anna Ioannovna was irreconcilable to manifestations of noble opposition. Anna did not forgive Golitsyn and Dolgoruky for their speeches in January - February 1730 and were later imprisoned, exiled, and executed.

In 1740, Anna Ivanovna and her entourage dealt with the cabinet minister L.P. Volynsky and his adherents, who sought to limit the influence of foreigners on the domestic and foreign policy of Russia.

During the reign of Anna in the army under the leadership of B.H. Minikh, a military reform was carried out, the Izmailovsky and Horse Guards regiments were formed.
In 1733 - 1735. Russia contributed to the establishment of the Elector of Saxony Stanislav August (August III) on the Polish throne. The war with Turkey (1735 - 1739) ended with the Belgrade Peace, which was disadvantageous for Russia.

The successes of Anna Ioanovna's policy

By order of Empress Anna, construction began in the Kremlin, casting
Tsar Bells: Architect I.F. Michurin drew up the first plan of Moscow in Russian history, focused on the ordering of urban development. To control the strengthening of customs control around Moscow, the Kompaneisky shaft was laid. In 1732, a decree was issued on the installation of glass lanterns in Moscow, thereby laying the foundation for street lighting in the city. In 1732 she consecrated the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

In 1732, Anna ordered the opening of the 1st Cadet Corps, which prepared the nobles for military and government service, but in 1736 she limited the obligation of this service to 25 years. The nobles were given the right to receive an education at home and only periodically "appear for examinations and be subjected to examinations." Anna Ioannovna considered it harmful to teach the common people to read and write, since “learning can distract them from their dirty work” (decree of 1735). By another decree on October 29, 1735, she ordered the organization of schools for the children of factory workers.

The successes of the foreign policy of Anna's reign in the 1730s. confirm trade agreements between Russia and Spain, England, Sweden, China and Persia.
Anna 1 Ioannovna went down in history as a lover of "curiosities" (dwarfs and giants, strange animals and birds, storytellers and witches), she really liked the jokes of jesters.

Judging by the surviving correspondence, Empress Anna Ioannovna was a classic type of lady-landowner. She loved to gossip about the court, the personal life of her subjects, gathered around her a lot of jesters who amused her. She was superstitious, amused herself with shooting at birds, loved bright clothes.

On August 12, 1740, the Empress's niece, Anna Leopoldovna, married in 1739 to Prince Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick, had a son, Ivan, whom the Empress declared the heir to the Russian throne. And EI Biron was appointed its regent.

On October 17, 1740, Anna Ioannovna, at the age of 47, died of a "stroke" in St. Petersburg, and 2-month-old Ivan, under the regency of the Duke of Courland Biron, became the Russian sovereign Ivan VI Antonovich.

Doctors identified gout as the cause of death in conjunction with stone disease. Autopsy revealed a stone the size of a little finger in the kidneys, which allegedly was the main cause of death.

Anna Ioannovna was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

In literature, her image is reflected in the novel "Word and Deed" by Valentin Pikul, "Prince Nikita Fedorovich" by MN Volkonsky, "Ice House" by II Lazhechnikov.

Anna Ioannovna had no children.

For Russian weapons, 1709 was full of glorious victories. At Poltava, Peter the Great defeated the army - Russian troops successfully drove them out of the Baltic territory. To strengthen his influence on the conquered lands, he decided to give one of his many relatives to the Duke of Courland Friedrich Wilhelm.

The sovereign turned to his brother's widow, Praskovya Fyodorovna, for advice: which of her daughters would she want to marry a prince? And since she terribly did not like the foreign groom, she chose her unloved seventeen-year-old daughter Anna. This was the future Empress Anna Ioannovna.

Childhood and adolescence of the future empress

Anna was born on January 28, 1693 in Moscow, in the family of her elder brother Peter the Great. She spent her childhood in Izmailovo with her mother and her sisters. As contemporaries noted, Anna Ioannovna was a closed, silent and uncommunicative child. From an early age she was taught literacy, German and French... She learned to read and write, but the princess never mastered dancing and secular manners.

Anna's wedding was celebrated on October 31, 1710 in the unfinished Petersburg Menshikov Palace. At the beginning of the next year, Anna Ioannovna and the Duke of Courland left for the capital Mitava. But on the way, Wilhelm died unexpectedly. So the princess became a widow a couple of months after the wedding.

Years before Anna's reign

Peter the Great ordered Anna to remain ruling in Courland. Realizing that his not very smart relative would not be able to serve the interests of Russia in this duchy, he sent Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin with her. In 1726, when Bestuzhev-Ryumin was recalled from Courland, Ernst Johann Biron, a nobleman who had not studied at the University of Konigsberg, appeared at Anna's court.

After the death of Peter the Great in Russian Empire the incident happened until then completely unheard of - a woman ascended the throne! Widow of Peter I, Empress Catherine. She ruled for almost two years. Shortly before her death, the Privy Council decided to elect the grandson of Peter the Great, Peter Alekseevich, as emperor. He ascended the throne at the age of eleven, but died of smallpox at fourteen.

Condition, or Execution of members of the Secret Society

The Supreme Privy Council decided to call Anna to the throne, while limiting her autocratic power. They drew up "Conditions", which formulated the conditions under which Anna Ioannovna was invited to take the throne. In accordance with this paper, without the permission of the Privy Council, she could not declare war on anyone, conclude peace agreements, command an army or guard, raise or introduce taxes, and so on.

On January 25, 1730, representatives of the secret society brought the "Konditsiya" to Metava, and the duchess, having agreed to all the restrictions, signed them. Soon the new Empress Anna Ioannovna arrived in Moscow. There, representatives of the capital's nobility submitted a petition to her with requests not to accept the condition, but to rule autocraticly. And the empress listened to them. She publicly tore up the document and broke up the Supreme Privy Council. Its members were exiled and executed, and Anna was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral.

Anna Ioannovna: years of reign and the influence of a favorite favorite on politics

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, a cabinet of ministers was created, in which one of the vice-chancellors, Andrei Osterman, played the main role. The Empress's favorite did not interfere in politics. Although Anna Ioannovna reigned alone, the years of her reign in Russian historiography are known as Bironovschina.

In January 1732, the imperial court moved to St. Petersburg. Here Anna, who had lived in Europe for a long time, felt more comfortable than in Moscow. Foreign policy during the reign of Anna Ioannovna was a continuation of the policy of Peter the Great: Russia is fighting for the Polish inheritance and is entering the war with Turkey, during which Russian troops lost one hundred thousand people.

Merits of the Empress to the Russian State

What else has Anna Ioannovna done for Russia? The years of her reign were marked by the development of new territories. The state conquered the steppe between the Bug and Dniester, but without the right to keep ships on the Black Sea. The Great Northern Expedition begins to work, Siberia and the coast of the Arctic Ocean and Kamchatka are being explored.

By order of the Empress, one of the most ambitious construction projects in the history of the Russian Empire began - the construction of a colossal system of fortifications along the southern and southeastern borders of European Russia. This large-scale construction, which began during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, can be called the first cultural and social project of the Russian Empire in the Volga region. On the eastern borders of the European part of the empire, the Orenburg expedition operates, before which the government of Anna Ioannovna set numerous tasks.

Disease and death of the empress

While cannons rattled on the borders of the empire and soldiers and nobles perished for the glory of the Empress, the capital lived in luxury and entertainment. Hunting was also Anna's weakness. In the rooms of the Peterhof Palace, there were always loaded rifles, from which the empress fired at flying birds. She loved to surround herself with court jesters.

But Anna Ioannovna was not only able to shoot and have fun, her years of reign are associated with very serious state affairs. The empress ruled for ten years, and all these years Russia built, fought and expanded its borders. On October 5, 1740, at dinner, the empress lost consciousness and, having been ill for twelve days, died.

Empress Anna Ioanovna. Part 3.

Empress Anna Ioannovna

Louis Caravac

Monogram

Autocratic empress

The ferment of minds in the capital continued. All the "projects" of the noble circles encountered opposition from the Supreme Privy Council, and among the projectors themselves, internal strife and strife intensified. In these conditions, the supporters of the restoration of the absolute monarchy, who had a clear goal - the restoration of the autocratic power of the undisputed candidate for the throne, the autocracy - Anna Ioannovna, gained more and more strength.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

On February 23 (March 5), supporters of the autocracy gathered in the house of Prince Ivan Fedorovich Baryatinsky and made a petition to Anna demanding the liquidation of the Soviet, the restoration of autocracy, the destruction of Konditsiy and the restoration of the power of the Senate. After drawing up the petition, Prince Antioch Cantemir went to Prince Cherkassky with a proposal to support the petition. The Cherkassky-Tatishchev circle was not going to restore absolute monarchy, but decided to support the absolutists.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

On February 25 (March 7), 1730, the denouement of the historical drama came. Prince Cherkassky, at the head of a large group of nobles, came to the palace and presented Anna with a petition signed by 87 nobles. The petition was read by Tatishchev. Expressing gratitude to Anna for the signed Conditions, the nobles expressed their concern that "in some circumstances of those points there are considerations such that a large part of the people is in fear of future anxiety." The nobles asked Anna to convene a special council to consider and analyze all the points. Such a petition caused anger among the members of the Supreme Privy Council. Prince Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov attacked Prince Cherkassky with accusations, a verbal skirmish ensued between them. At this time, the Empress's sister Catherine entered the hall with an inkwell in her hands and demanded that Anna immediately impose a resolution on the petition. Anna wrote on the petition: "Perpetrate according to this."

Empress Anna Ioanovna

After that, the nobles retired to neighboring chambers for a meeting, and Anna invited the members of the Supreme Privy Council to dinner. The supreme leaders could not refuse the empress and found themselves isolated, unable to work out an answer to the circumstances that had arisen.

At this time, the imperial guard entered the "battle", which, on the personal order of the empress, guarded the imperial chambers on that day. The guards were led by Lieutenant General, Guard Lieutenant Colonel Semyon Saltykov.

Count Semyon Andreevich Saltykov (April 1672 - October 1, 1742, Moscow) - Commander of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Senator, Chief Hofmeister, Chevalier of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

As the Spanish ambassador de Liria described the events, “the officers of the guard and others, who were in large numbers, and in the presence of the queen began to shout that they did not want anyone to dictate laws to their empress, who should be as autocratic as her The noise reached the point that the queen was forced to threaten them, but they all fell at her feet and said: “We, loyal subjects of Your Majesty, faithfully served your predecessors and will sacrifice our lives for the service of Your Majesty, but we cannot tolerate tyranny over you. Order us, Your Majesty, and we will throw the heads of tyrants at your feet! "

Empress Anna Ioanovna

At that moment, Field Marshal Prince Ivan Trubetskoy gave the Empress a new petition, which was read by Prince Antioch Cantemir. The petition asked the empress to restore autocratic power and was signed by 166 nobles. The Empress ordered to give her a petition and Condition “And those points Her Majesty, with all the people, deigned, having accepted, to tear up”. Lieutenant Colonel Saltykov, at the head of the guard, proclaimed the empress the autocratic empress. The nobility did the same.

Anna Ioannovna breaks the "condition".

The plan of the Supreme Privy Council collapsed. As a contemporary remarks about the Verkhovniki who were present: “It is their happiness that then they did not budge; if they showed even the slightest disapproval of the nobility's verdict, the guards would have thrown them out the window. "

On March 1 (12), 1730, the people took the oath for the second time to Empress Anna Ioannovna on the terms of complete autocracy.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

Domestic policy

The struggle of the court parties or "topple Osterman"

Despite the restoration of autocracy, Anna's position initially remained difficult. She did not have her own "party", a formalized political force on which she could rely. The empress's inner circle was at first rather vague and amorphous. At first, representatives of the aristocracy, who advocated the restoration of absolutism, and the empress's closest relatives, played a large role. So, the uncle of the Empress Vasily Saltykov was appointed governor-general of Moscow. A relative of the Empress, Semyon Saltykov, who distinguished himself in the proclamation of autocracy, was introduced to the Senate; uncle - Prince Ivan Romodanovsky; son-in-law - the morganatic spouse of Princess Praskovya Ivan Dmitriev-Mamonov. Field Marshal Prince Ivan Trubetskoy, whose loyalty was beyond doubt, was appointed commander of the troops stationed in the central regions of the empire. His brother, Prince Yuri Trubetskoy, who signed a petition for the restoration of autocracy, was introduced to the Senate. From the so-called "German court party" in the beginning there were only two people - Reingold Levenwolde and Andrei Osterman.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

For a long time, from 1730 to 1732, at the court there was a struggle between court groups for influence on the empress. Vice-Chancellor Osterman, who became the empress's closest adviser, began to exert a great influence on internal affairs. Soon Biron was summoned to the court, who received the rank of chief chamberlain of the court, Count Karl Löwenwolde and Burhart Minich.

Ernst Johann Biron (German Ernst Johann von Biron; November 23, 1690 - December 28, 1772) - favorite of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna, regent of the Russian Empire in October-November 1740, Count of the Holy Roman Empire (from 1730), Duke of Courland and Semigalia from 1737. In 1740-61. in the link.

Count Burchard Christoph von Munnich (in Russia he was known as Christopher Antonovich Minich; May 9, 1683, Neuenhuntorf, Oldenburg - October 16 (27), 1767, St. Petersburg) - Russian Field Marshal General (1732), whose most active period of activity fell on reign of Anna Ioannovna, guard lieutenant colonel of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment (from 1739 for the victory over Turkey). Father of the memoirist Johann Ernst Minich.

The increased influence on the empress on the part of Osterman provoked opposition from the Russian aristocracy, who conspired to "To dump Osterman", But aimed at the whole "German grouping"... Initially, Biron and Levenwolde were also intrigued against the influence of Osterman, which even forced Osterman to try to find a compromise with the aristocrats, but rallying "Russian group" made them unite.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

"Germans" managed to win over to his side Prince Cherkassky and Yaguzhinsky, who was re-appointed Prosecutor General of the Senate, and the subsequent death of Prince Mikhail Golitsyn on December 10 (21), 1730, depriving the aristocrats of one of their most influential supporters, together with other circumstances, finally led to defeat "Russian group".

Empress Anna Ioanovna

Nevertheless, the struggle at the court lasted for almost 2 years and ended in victory. The "German party", but the party itself did not work out. The absence of a threat from the outside immediately led to an exacerbation of disagreements, the catalyst of which was Minich, who fell out with Biron, and with Osterman, and with Levenwolde. In 1733, Biron and Osterman got rid of the annoying field marshal by securing his appointment as commander in Poland. Biron also tried to weaken the influence of the Levenwolde clan - Count Karl was sent as minister plenipotentiary to Warsaw, and then to Vienna. Biron tried to promote his creatures at court, not paying attention to their nationality. Under Biron's patronage, Prince Alexander Kurakin became the chief equermeister, and Artemy Volynsky, who were part of the favorite's inner circle, became the chief-jaegermeister.

Prince Alexander Borisovich Kurakin (July 31 (August 10) 1697-2 (13) October 1749) - statesman and a diplomat from the Kurakin family: actual privy councilor, chief equestrian (1736), senator.

Artemy Petrovich Volynsky (1689 - June 27, 1740, St. Petersburg) - Russian statesman and diplomat. In 1719-1730 the governors of Astrakhan and Kazan. In 1722 he consolidated his position by marriage with a cousin of Peter the Great. Since 1738, the cabinet minister of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Opponent of Bironovism. At the head of the circle of noblemen, he drafted projects of state reorganization. Executed.

The internal political program of the reign of Anna Ioannovna

The internal political program of the reign of the new empress was formulated in six personal decrees of June 1 (12), 1730: "On the establishment of a commission to review the state of the army, artillery and fortification and to correct them"; "On the establishment of the Commission for the composition of the state boards and offices"; “On the decision of cases by judges in good conscience, in accordance with this oath, despite the faces of the strong (On Justice)”; "On the immediate completion of the initiated Code ..."; "On the division of the Senate into departments and the appointment of each of a special kind of affairs"; "On the submission of Her to the Imperial Majesty every Saturday two reports."

"A. P. Volynsky at a meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers ", painting by V. Jacobi

The program boiled down to five main points:

1. Possible reform of the army in connection with the need to reduce spending on it in order to reduce taxes on the peasantry and solve military problems.

2. Revision of the staff of government agencies, aimed at rationalizing and streamlining their work with the likely goal of determining the total amount of spending on them and its possible reduction.

4. Continuation of work on drawing up a new Code.

5. Reform of the Senate.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

The program itself proceeded directly from the problems that arose in previous reigns. The content of the issues raised in the program shows that it was influenced by both the unrealized projects of Peter I and the issues that were raised during the reign of Catherine I, but were not resolved. So, in the manifesto of Catherine I of January 9 (20), 1727, questions were raised of the plight of peasants burdened with taxes, an unnecessarily complex state apparatus, the absence legal protection peasants. The manifesto envisaged a reduction in military spending, a redistribution of budget items, a budget recovery through the development of production and trade, a reduction in the state apparatus and improvement of legislation.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

Restoration of the Governing Senate

With a manifesto on March 4 (15), 1730, Empress Anna announced the dissolution of the Supreme Privy Council and the restoration of the power of the Governing Senate, consisting of 21 senators. This was a direct reflection of the nobility's demands set out in the second petition filed on February 25 (March 7), 1730. True, the empress did not comply with the second point of this petition, which asked to allow the nobility to elect senators, governors and presidents of the collegia. The Senate was restored on the basis of Peter's decrees on the position of the Senate.

Almost all of the new senators took an active part in the events associated with the attempt to limit the power of the empress. The Senate also included 6 representatives of the former Supreme Privy Council. Personal composition Senate says that Anna and her entourage sought to establish a compromise with the former bureaucratic elite, the aristocracy and opposing parties that formed on the wave of the noble movement at the beginning of the year

Panoramic view of the Neva River from the Admiralty downstream, taken by J. A. Atkinson, 1805-1807. Signature (English, French): "Sheet 2. Admiralty. St. Isaac's Church. Statue of Peter I. Senate. English Embankment. Academy of Sciences".

Navy reform

Already in last years the reign of Peter I, the pace of shipbuilding begins to decline. In the last years of Peter's reign, no more than 1-2 battleships were laid down per year, and the required number to maintain the staff was 3 ships per year. The situation in shipbuilding sharply worsened after the death of Peter. In the period from 1727 to 1730, not a single ship was laid down. In 1727, the fleet consisted of 15 combat-ready battleships (out of 50 in the fleet) and 4 combat-ready frigates (out of 18 in service). During the reign of Peter II, the intensity of combat training of fleet crews sharply decreased. In April 1728, at a meeting of the Supreme Privy Council, the emperor ordered that from the entire fleet only four frigates and two flutes go out to sea, and five more frigates were ready for cruising. The rest of the ships were to remain in ports for "Treasury savings".

Evgeny Evgenievich Lanceray.

Ships from the time of Peter I.

At the end of 1731, the naval fleet included 36 battleships, 12 frigates and 2 shnyavs, but only 29.63% of the regular number of battleships were fully combat-ready, another 18.52% could operate in the Baltic only at the most favorable time of the year, no storms. In total, Russia could put 8 fully combat-ready battleships into the sea and 5 on short voyages in the Baltic. All ships of major ranks - 90, 80, 70-gun - were out of action. Only one 100-cannon ship, five 66-cannons and seven 56-62-cannons remained combat-ready and partially combat-ready.

Evgeny Evgenievich Lanceray.

Ships from the time of Peter I.

After accession to the throne and the abolition of the Supreme Privy Council, Empress Anna Ioannovna, with her first decrees, turned to the problem of restoring the fleet. On July 21 (August 1), 1730, the Empress issued a personal decree "On the maintenance of galley and ship fleets according to regulations and charters", in which "the Admiralty Collegium was most strongly affirmed that the ship and galley fleet should be kept according to charters, regulations and decrees, without weakening and not relying on the present prosperous peacetime."

Empress Anna Ioanovna

Empress Anna Ioanovna

In December 1731, the Empress ordered the resumption of regular exercises in the Baltic Fleet with an exit to the sea, in order to "have this training for people and ships a genuine inspection, because in the harbor, rigging and other damage cannot be inspected as much as a ship in motion." In January (February to present) 1731, a new 66-gun ship was laid down at the Admiralty shipyards "Glory to Russia", two more ships were laid down in February and March 1732.

Behr, Johann Philip (d. 1756). Portrait of A.I. Osterman, 1730s. The Podstanitsky collection.

In 1732, under the chairmanship of Vice-Chancellor Count Andrei Osterman, the Military Naval Commission was established for the reform of the fleet, which included Vice-Admiral Count Nikolai Golovin, Vice-Admiral Naum Senyavin, Vice-Admiral Thomas Sanders, Rear Admiral Pyotr Bredal and counter -Admiral Vasily Dmitriev-Mamonov. The commission formulated the first naval doctrine of Russia, carried out a management reform, and introduced new naval staff. According to the state of 1732, 66-gun ships became the main ones in the naval fleet, which were supposed to make up 59.3% of the fleet.

Count Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin (1695 - July 15 (26), 1745, Hamburg) - Russian naval leader, commander of the Baltic Fleet in Russian-Swedish war(1741-1743), President of the Admiralty Collegium, Governor-General of St. Petersburg, Admiral (1733), Senator, Commander of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Vasily Afanasievich Dmitriev-Mamonov (died January 18, 1739) - Russian admiral from the Dmitriev-Mamonov family, the founder of the most noble (later count) branch of the family. Since 1729 - Director of the Moscow Admiralty Office, since 1732 - Member of the Military Naval Commission. Under Empress Anna Ioannovna he commanded the Dnieper military flotilla.

In August 1732, a decision was made that played huge role in the development of the fleet and shipbuilding. The military naval commission presented the empress with a report on the restoration of the Arkhangelsk port, which was closed in 1722, and the military shipbuilding on Solombala. The Solombala shipyard became the second main building base of the Baltic Fleet and began work in 1734. Conceived for the construction of ships of lower ranks - 54-gun ships, she already in 1737 began the construction of 66-gun ships, and in 1783 they began to build 74-gun ships in Arkhangelsk. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, 52.6% of all ships of the Baltic Fleet were built in Arkhangelsk, under Elizabeth Petrovna - 64.1%. During the period 1731-1799, 55 ships were built in St. Petersburg (with Kronstadt), and 100 in Arkhangelsk.

"Embankment of the city of Arkhangelsk at the beginning of the XIX century." Painting by Russian artist Valerian Galyanin was written in 1826

View of the city of Arkhangelsk in 1826. Part of the embankment with the Church of the Holy Trinity. Painting by Russian artist V. Galyamin

View of the coast of the Northern Dvina in Arkhangelsk. The confluence of the Kuznechikha with the Northern Dvina. You can clearly see the building of Gostiny Dvors, the cathedral, and the characteristic roof of the Lutheran church. The picture was painted by Valerian Galyamin in 1826.

Bironovshchina

In 1730, the Office of Secret Investigation Affairs was established, replacing the Preobrazhensky order destroyed under Peter II. V short term it gained extraordinary strength and soon became a kind of symbol of the era. Anna was constantly afraid of conspiracies that threatened her rule, so the abuses of this department were enormous. An ambiguous word or a misunderstood gesture was often enough to end up in a dungeon, or even completely disappear without a trace; All those exiled under Anna to Siberia were considered over 20 thousand people, for the first time Kamchatka became a place of exile; of these, more than 5 thousand were those about which it was impossible to find any trace, since they were often exiled without any record in the proper place and with a change of names of the exiles, often the exiles themselves could not say anything about their past, since for a long time, under torture they were indoctrinated with other people's names, for example: “I don’t remember kinship,” without even informing the Secret Chancellery. The executed were counted up to 1000 people, not including those who died during the investigation and executed in secret, of which there were many.

Empress Anna Ioanovna

Empress Anna Ioanovna

A special resonance in society was made by the reprisals against the nobles: the princes Dolgoruky and the cabinet minister Volynsky. The former favorite of Peter II, Prince Ivan Dolgoruky, was on the wheel in November 1739; the other two Dolgoruky had their heads cut off. The head of the clan, Prince Alexei Grigorievich Dolgoruky, had died earlier in exile in 1734. Volynsky was sentenced to impalement in the summer of 1740 for bad reviews of the empress, but then his tongue was cut out and his head was simply chopped off.

Patriotic representatives of Russian society in the 19th century began to associate all abuses of power under Anna Ioannovna with the so-called dominance of the Germans at the Russian court, calling them Bironovism. Archival materials and research by historians do not confirm the role of Biron in plundering the treasury, executions and repressions, which was later attributed to him by literary men in the 19th century. [Source not specified 986 days]

Portrait of the Duke of Courland E. I. Biron. Rundale Palace.

Foreign policy.

Foreign policy generally continued the traditions of Peter I.

In the 1730s, the War of the Polish Succession began. In 1733, King Augustus II died and a kingdomlessness began in the country. France managed to install its protégé - Stanislav Leshchinsky. For Russia, this could become a serious problem, since France would create a block of states along the borders of Russia as part of the Commonwealth, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, when the son of Augustus II August III turned to Russia, Austria and Prussia with the "Declaration of the Benevolent", in which he asked to protect the Polish "form of government" from the intervention of France, this gave rise to war (1733-1735). The French fleet was defeated at Gdansk (Danzig). Leshchinsky fled on a French ship. August III became king of Poland.

Stanislav I Leshchinsky (October 20, 1677, Lviv, - February 23, 1766, Luneville, France) - King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1704-1709. and in 1733-1734, and then the last Duke of Lorraine in 1737-1766, father-in-law of King Louis XV of France.

August III Saxon (October 7, 1696 - October 5, 1763) - King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from June 30, 1734 (proclamation October 5, 1733), Elector of Saxon from February 11, 1733 as Frederick August II

During the war, French diplomacy tried to foment the Russian-Turkish conflict in order to weaken Russia's efforts in the West. But negotiations with the Turks did not give the desired results, since the Porta was at war with Iran. However, in 1735, the war with Turkey nevertheless began because of the 20 thousand people who followed to the Caucasus and violated the borders. troops of the Tatars. Russian diplomacy, knowing about the aggressive intentions of the Port, tried to enlist the friendly support of Iran. For this purpose, the former Iranian possessions along the western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea were transferred to Iran in 1735 (Gandzhin treatise). When it became known in Istanbul about the treatise, Crimean Tatars were sent to Transcaucasia in order to conquer the lands transferred to Iran.

In the fall of 1735, 40 thousand. General Leontyev's corps, before reaching Perekop, turned back. In 1736, the troops under the command of Minich took Perekop by storm and occupied the capital of the Khanate, Bakhchisarai, but having lost almost half of the army as a result of illness, Minikh hastily left the Crimea. In the summer of 1736, the Azov fortress was successfully captured by the Russians. In 1737, they managed to take the Ochakov fortress. In 1736-1738 the Crimean Khanate was defeated.

At the initiative of the Sultan's court in 1737, a congress on the world settlement of the conflict was held in Nemirov with the participation of Russians, Austrians and Ottomans. Negotiations did not lead to peace and hostilities resumed.

In 1739, Russian troops defeated the Ottomans near Stavuchany and captured the Khotin fortress. But in the same year the Austrians suffer one defeat after another and go to the conclusion of a separate peace with Porte.

Plan of the Stavuchansky battle (17 (28) August 1739) between the army of the Russian Empire under the command of General Field Marshal Minich and the Turkish army under the leadership of Seraskir Veli Pasha during the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739. In Russian and German.

Ode to the capture of Khotin (detail)

Russia, if you are happy

Under Anna's strong cover!

What beauty do you see

With this new triumph!

Do not be afraid of the military:

Abusive harm escapes from there,

People where Anna glorifies.

Let spiteful envy pour its poison,

Let your tongue gnaw, raging;

Our joy despises

Mikhail Lomonosov

In September 1739, a peace treaty was signed between Russia and the Porte. According to the Belgrade Treaty, Russia received Azov without the right to keep the fleet, a small territory on the Right-Bank Ukraine went to Russia; Big and Small Kabarda in the North. The Caucasus and a large area south of Azov were recognized as "a barrier between the two empires."

In 1731-1732 a protectorate was declared over the Kazakh Junior Zhuz.

Appearance and character

Judging by the surviving correspondence, Anna Ioannovna was a classic type of lady-landowner. She loved to be aware of all the gossip, the personal life of her subjects, gathered around her a lot of jesters and talkers who amused her. In a letter to one person, she writes: "You know our disposition, that we favor those who would be forty years old and as talkative as that of Novokshchenova."

Vitaly Ermolaev Anna Ioannovna.

Valery Ivanovich Jacobi (1834-1902) "Fools at the court of Empress Anna Ioannovna" The composition includes 26 figures: gathered in the bedroom of the ailing Empress Biron (sitting at her head) and the courtiers are trying to amuse the jesters playing leapfrog. This is M.A. Golitsyn (standing bent over) and N.F. Volkonsky (jumped on him), A.M. Apraksin (stretched out on the floor), jester Balakirev (towering over everyone), Pedrillo (with a violin) and d "Acosta (with a whip). the favorite is Count Levenwolde and the Duchess of Hesse-Homburg, behind them are Count Minich and Prince N. Trubetskoy. Near Biron is his son with a whip and the head of the Secret Chancellery A.I. Life-doctor Lestok. On the floor, near the bed - the dwarf-cracker Kalmyk Buzheninova. To the side of the roost with parrots - the poet V. K. Trediakovsky. At the entrance - the cabinet minister A. Volynsky looks with indignation