And also how commas are spelled. Spelling "the same" and "the same": when in two and one word, examples, punctuation, synonyms
You often read news on the Internet and big serious materials from reputable, respected publications and you catch yourself thinking: who is the author of these illiterate lines, where did they study, who taught them so clumsily to use written Russian. In addition, mistakes in which, unfortunately, even philologists make, in the texts of would-be journalists, many flaws in the field of syntax and punctuation began to be encountered.
Simply put, the question of where to put the comma, whether it is needed here or not, and if so, why, causes enormous difficulties for most writers. One gets the impression that they have not studied this section of the Russian language either at school or at the university, and they put punctuation marks where there is a pause in the language - there they are trying to "stick" their "hook". But the language is not so simple - it has its own rules. MIR 24 decided to recall some of the features of punctuation in the Russian language.
Punctuation is understood as the system of punctuation marks in the written language of the language, the rules for their setting in written speech as well as a section of grammar that studies these rules. Punctuation makes the syntactic and intonational structure of speech clear, highlighting individual sentences and members of sentences. This greatly facilitates oral reproduction of the written.
(along with the colon and dash) is the most difficult punctuation mark. In order to understand whether a comma is put in this particular sentence, you need to remember a few simple rules. In writing, this sign is used to isolate and isolate participial and adverbial phrases, definitions, isolations, references, interjections, interjections, clarifications and, of course, introductory words.
Also, a comma is used to separate between direct and indirect speech, between parts of a complex, complex and complex sentence, homogeneous members of a sentence.
This punctuation mark is placed either singly or in pairs. Single commas serve to divide the whole sentence into parts, separate these parts, marking their boundaries. For example, in complex sentence it is necessary to separate two simple parts, and in a simple one - homogeneous members of the sentence, which are used in the enumeration. Paired commas highlight independent part proposals, marking the borders on both sides. On both sides, participial and adverbial phrases, introductory words, and appeals in the middle of a sentence are most often distinguished. To understand where the commas are put, remember a few rules.
The main thing is the meaning
The most important thing is to understand the meaning of the sentence to understand the meaning of the sentence. One of the functions of punctuation marks is to convey correct semantics. If a comma is put in the wrong place, the meaning is instantly distorted and a comic effect appears. For example: "Yesterday I entertained my sister who was sick with playing the guitar."
To highlight an independent part of the proposal, you must read the proposal without this part. If the meaning of the sentence is clear, then the removed part is independent. Commas, as a rule, always stand for adverbial turns, introductory sentences and words. For example: "Recently it became known that my friend, returning from vacation, forgot her phone in the train car." If you remove the adverbial turnover from this sentence, then its meaning will hardly change: “Recently it became known that my friend had forgotten her phone in the train carriage”.
However, there are cases when an adverb adjoins the predicate and becomes similar in meaning to an adverb. In such cases, single participles are not separated by commas. “What, sir, are you crying? Live laughing "(AS Griboyedov). If you remove the participle from this sentence, then it will become incomprehensible.
Insidious treatment
Always use commas in sentences. If it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence, it is not very easy to define it. For example: Tell me boy, is it far from the city? You are wrong, wife, when you say that Lionel Messi is not a football genius. Well, didn't you pay attention to the fact, sister, that the clock hanging on the wall stopped?
Compare
In almost all cases, a comma is used if it comes about comparative turnovers. It is easy to find in a sentence, mainly due to the unions as if, exactly, as if, as, rather than what, etc. However, there are exceptions. Comparative phrases are not highlighted if they are phraseological units. For example: He fell through the ground. Rain cats and dogs etc.
Between homogeneous members
Between homogeneous members a comma is put, but not always. The comma is necessary for conjunctions such as but, yes, but, but, however. Also, a comma is needed between homogeneous members that are connected by repeated unions (and ... and, or ... or, not that ... not that, either ... or). No need to put a comma between homogeneous members that are connected single unions yes, and, either, or. In addition, repeating conjunctions in front of homogeneous members of the sentence will help determine where the commas are placed.
Difficulties are encountered when one comes across homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Between homogeneous definitions a comma is needed. For example: interesting, exciting book... For heterogeneous definitions, you do not need to put a comma: interesting philosophical novel. The word "interesting" in this phrase expresses an impression, and "philosophical" means that the novel belongs to a certain genre.
Boundaries of simple sentences
In complex sentences, a comma is placed before the compositional conjunctions. These are unions like and, yes, or, or, yes and. The main thing here is to correctly determine where one simple sentence ends and another begins. To do this, you need to find in each of them grammatical basis(subjects and predicate) or separate a complex sentence by meaning.
The word defined in the participle
The comma is used in participial sentences, but also not always. The main thing here is to remember that the participles are isolated only if they stand after the word being defined. The word defined is the one from which the question is asked to the participial turnover. For example: A bus at a bus stop has broken down. If this does not happen, the comma is not needed: The bus at the bus stop has broken down.
A comma is always placed before opposing conjunctions - but, yes, ah.
Oh, these interjections
The use of a comma requires affirmative, interrogative, negative words, as well as interjections. A comma is always placed after the interjection: "Competent speech, alas, is a rarity these days"... But from here not everything is so simple. Interjection must be distinguished from particles such as oh, oh, well- they are used for amplification as well as particles O used when addressing. "What are you!", "Oh, close your pale legs!" (V. Brusov).
Here, of course, everything is very schematic and brief - Russian punctuation is much more complex and richer. But even these tips, I hope, will help to write correctly and put commas where they are justified by the rules, and not use them where there is no need for them. I wish you success in mastering the "great and mighty" and remind you:
How to pronounce, speak and write correctly - will test knowledge and teach the program New Season on the air of the TV channel "MIR" from September 3. The program will be aired on the 18th button on Sundays at 7:20.
Every week, viewers will be able to learn more and more Interesting Facts about "great and mighty". The program will continue to be hosted by the charismatic Sergei Fedorov, who promises to fill the program not only with intellect, but also with sparkling humor.
Ivan Rakovich
Good day! Tell me, is a comma required to separate the clarifying circumstances of the time in interrogative sentences like "During the last week (,), how often did you want apples?" I understand that if you swap both parts of the sentence in places, then the comma is not required. And what exactly in this case? Thanks.
In this case, the comma is also omitted.
| Question No. 285759 | ||
Good day! Can you please tell me if a comma is used in the expression "God knows who." And in the expression "God knows who else"? Thanks!
Russian language help desk response
The first combination does not require a comma. In the second, the comma is also not put if the turnover is used in the meaning "nobody knows".
| Question number 283995 | ||
Good afternoon. I do not know who. I don't know (,) with whom. In the first case, it is clear: if subordinate clause consists of one word, no comma. What is correct in the second sentence? Alexey
Russian language help desk response
In the second sentence subordinate part also consists of one significant word, so the comma is also not needed.
| Question No. 241965 | ||
Continuation to question no. 241935. If we specify "vanillin flavor is identical to natural", is the comma also put?
Russian language help desk response
Correctly: vanillin flavor identical to natural.
| Question No. 225695 | ||
Hello! My question is: do I need a comma after the index, before the name settlement(for example, "194291 (?) St. Petersburg, PO Box 4")?
Russian language help desk response
Usually the index is written at the end (see http://spravka.gramota.ru/blang.html?id=159 ["Writer"]), but if it is necessary to write at the beginning, then a comma is also needed.
| Question No. 207556 | ||
Good day! There is a proposal "It should also be noted that the crimes provided for by Articles 115 and 116 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in accordance with Article 20 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, belong to the category of cases of private prosecution, and criminal cases under these articles are initiated only upon the complaint of the victims." I believe that it is necessary to put commas before and after the words "belong to the category of private prosecution cases." The first is the closure of the refinement, the second is the splitting of the compound sentence. The words "in accordance with article 20 of the CPC" are a clarification (transition from a broader concept to a narrower one), and not a general part, and therefore are separated by commas. See the Rosenthal Spelling and Editing Guide (paragraph 97). About the second comma. The proposal can be presented in the form of "crimes are attributed and cases are initiated". This is a compound sentence in which a comma is placed before the union "and". My opponent believes that "Ozhegov, 1999, p. 747 - this is to the first comma (in the sense of why this comma should not be put). The second comma is also superfluous, because the words" in accordance with Art. 20 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation "- common for both sentences, that is, a comma will separate these words from the second sentence, and the reader may think that they do not apply to the 2nd sentence." Consider our dispute, pliz.
Russian language help desk response
Separation of turnovers with the preposition _according to_ is optional. The decision to place the comma is made by the author of the text. Therefore, if you want to put a comma in front of the word _relate_, you have every right to do so. But the absence of a comma will not be an error.
As for the second comma, it is not needed. Offenses _crimes under Art. 115 and 116 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in accordance with Art. 20 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, belong to the category of cases of private prosecution_ and _criminal cases under these articles are initiated only upon the complaint of the victims_ are homogeneous subordinate clauses that join the main _also should be noted_ and are connected by a non-repeating union And, therefore, the comma is not put.
If introductory word can be omitted or rearranged in another place of the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the conjunctions "and" and "but"), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - a comma need.
For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and secondly, everyone is tired."
If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") not put.
For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “… and therefore…”, “… or maybe…”, “…, which means…”.
If the introductory word can be deleted or rearranged, then the comma need after the conjunction "a", since it is not associated with the introductory word.
For example: "She not only did not love him, but maybe even despised him."
If at the beginning of the sentence there is creative union(in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “also”, “also”, “and that”, “otherwise”, “yes and”, “as well”, etc.) , and then the introductory word, then the comma in front of it need not.
For example: “And really, it was not worth doing it”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have also become clear”; "But of course, everything ended well."
It happens rarely: if at the beginning of the sentence there is an accession union, a introductory construction stands out intonationally then commas are REQUIRED.
For example: "But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."
Always write WITHOUT commas:
first of all
at first sight
for sure
similarly
More or less
literally
in addition
eventually
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
no matter what
afterwards
otherwise
as a result
due to this
in this case
in the same time
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
as maximum
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
for all (with) that
with (all) desire
on occasion
likewise
the biggest
the least
actually
in addition
to top it off
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
traditionally
A comma is NOT placed at the beginning of a sentence:
"Before ... I ended up ..."
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"To…"
"Instead of…"
"Actually ..."
"While…"
"All the more so ..."
"Nevertheless…"
"Despite the fact that ..." (while - separately); a comma is NOT placed before the "what".
"If…"
"After…"
"And ..."
« Finally"In the meaning of" finally "- not separated by commas.
« And this despite the fact that ..."- always put a comma in the middle of a sentence!
« Based on this, …"- at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is put.
BUT: "He acted so on the basis of ..." - no comma is put.
« After all, if ... then ..."- a comma before" if "is not put, since then comes the second part of the double conjunction -" then ". If “then” is not present, then a comma is placed before the “if”!
« Less than two years ..."- no comma is placed before" what ", because it is not a comparison.
Comma before "how" placed only in case of comparison.
« Politicians like Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ... "- the comma is put, because there is a noun "politics".
BUT: "… politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ... "- no comma is placed before" how ".
No commas are used:
"God forbid", "God forbid", "for God's sake"- not separated by commas, + the word "god" is written with a small letter.
BUT: commas are put on two sides:
"Thank God" in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - highlighted with a comma (with right side).
"By God"- in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word "god" in this case is written with a small letter).
"My God"- separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "god" - with a small letter.
Introductory words and punctuation marks with them are rules that often cause difficulties for writers: whether a comma is needed, where it is placed, whether these words are punctuated or not. Many people confuse a number of words with introductory words and isolate them, although this should not be done. This explains such a frequent, but incorrect spelling, as the use of a comma after "also" at the beginning of a sentence, where it does not belong at all.
The word "also" is separated by commas
Before the word
The word "also" is synonymous with the conjunction "and". Therefore, in a complex sentence, a comma (“and also”, “and”) is placed before the connecting part of the complex conjunction “also”. However, it must be remembered that the conjunction "also" according to the rules is used not at the junction of parts of a complex, but after one or more words. Using it at the junction is, perhaps, a colloquial, or even a vernacular option, that is, not always appropriate.
- The wind blew stronger and stronger, and the sea was buzzing and agitated. (it would be better: "the sea was also buzzing ...")
- Olga has already returned and sat down to work, and Irochka also came running and whispered with her friends.
No comma needed
- The car did not belong to the defendant. It should also be noted that he was not the property of her husband either.
- Nikiforov refused to comply with the order of his superiors. He was also repeatedly late for work without a good reason.
Do you know..
Which option is correct?
(according to statistics from last week, only 64% answered correctly)
Recently, a kind of cheat sheet for the Russian language has spread across LJ. I took it from here: http://natalyushko.livejournal.com/533497.html
However, there were errors and inaccuracies.
I corrected what I noticed, plus added information from my notebook and other sources.
Use it. =)
If you notice errors or you have additions, please write about it.
Memo to the editor. Part 1
Commas, punctuation
"In addition" is ALWAYS highlighted with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).
“Most likely” in the meaning “very likely, most likely” is highlighted with commas (Of course, all because of the brandy and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely remain silent.).
In the meaning of "fastest" - NO (This way most likely it was possible to come to the house.).
"Quicker". If it means "better, more willingly", then WITHOUT commas. For example: "She would rather agree to die than betray him." Also WITHOUT commas, if in the meaning "it is better to say". For example: "uttering a remark or rather an exclamation."
BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author's assessment of the degree of reliability of a given statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of "most likely" or "most likely"). For example: “It cannot be called smart person- rather, he is on his own mind. "
“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is NOT highlighted with commas at the beginning of the response, uttered in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!
Otherwise, the comma is REQUIRED.
Expressions "in general", "in general" are DESIGNED in the meaning of "in short, in a word", then they are introductory.
"First of all" are set apart as introductory in the meaning of "first" (First of all, he is a fairly capable person).
These words are NOT highlighted in the meaning of "first, first" (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).
A comma after "a", "but", etc. is NOT needed: "But first of all, I want to say."
When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: "There is a hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed."
"At least", "at least" - are isolated only in the inversion: "This issue has been discussed twice, at least."
“In turn” - is not highlighted with a comma in the meaning “on its side”, “in response when it’s turn.” And the quality of the introductory is isolated.
"Literally" - not an introductory one, not separated by commas
"Hence". If in the meaning "therefore, thus, means", then commas are needed. For example: "So you are, therefore, our neighbors."
BUT! If in the meaning "therefore, therefore, proceeding from the fact that", then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I have found a job, therefore we will have more money”; "You are angry, therefore you are wrong"; "You cannot bake a cake, therefore I will bake it."
"Least". If the meaning is "at least", then no commas. For example: "At least I will wash the dishes"; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional assessment, then with a comma. For example: "At the very least, this approach presupposes control", "This requires at least an understanding of politics."
“That is, if”, “especially if” - a comma, as a rule, is not needed
“That is,” is not an introductory word and is not comma-separated on either side. This is a union, a comma is placed in front of it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight a certain isolated construction or subordinate clause that follows it).
For example: “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour of walking” (a comma is needed), “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you go slowly, an hour of walking (a comma after“ that is, ”is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "If you go slowly").
"In any case" are separated by commas as introductory, if they are used in the meaning "at least".
“In addition”, “in addition to this”, “in addition to everything (other things)”, “apart from everything (other things)” are set aside as introductory.
BUT! "Apart from the fact that" is a union, a comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he himself does nothing, he also makes claims against me."
“Because of this,” “because of that,” “because of this,” and “along with that” - a comma is usually not required. Segregation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.
"All the more so" - WITHOUT a comma.
“Especially when”, “especially since”, “even more if”, etc. - a comma is needed before "all the more". For example: "Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement", "even more so if it is meant", "rest, especially since a lot of work awaits you", "you cannot sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance. "
"Moreover" - is highlighted with a comma only in the middle of the sentence (on the left).
"Nevertheless" - the comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.
If “however” means “but” then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: "However, what a wind!")
"In the end" - if in the meaning "in the end", then the comma is NOT put.
"Really" is NOT separated by commas in the meaning of "really" (that is, if this is an adverbial circumstance), if it is synonymous with the adjective "valid" - "real, genuine". For example: “The bark itself is thin, not like that of an oak or pine, which really are not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."
"Indeed" can act as an introductory and ISOLATED. The introductory word is distinguished by intonational isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In disputable cases, the issue of the placement of punctuation marks is decided by the author of the text.
“Because” - the comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical checkup because he fought in Vietnam”, “maybe all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because to “because” replace it is forbidden).
"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "anyway". Then this is introductory. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."
BUT! The adverbial expression “in one way or another” (the same as “in one way or another” or “in any case”) does NOT require punctuation. For example: "War is necessary in one way or another."
Always WITHOUT commas:
first of all
at first sight
like
seems to be
for sure
similarly
More or less
literally
in addition
eventually
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
no matter what
afterwards
otherwise
as a result
due to this
all the same
in this case
in the same time
generally
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
as maximum
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
for all (with) that
with (all) desire
on occasion
wherein
likewise
the biggest
the least
actually
generally
maybe
as if
in addition
to top it off
I suppose
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
as if
traditionally
ostensibly
The comma is NOT put
at the beginning of the sentence:
"Before ... I ended up ..."
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"To…"
"Instead of…"
"Actually ..."
"While…"
"All the more so ..."
"Nevertheless…"
"Despite the fact that ..." (while - separately); a comma is NOT placed before the "what".
"If…"
"After…"
"And ..."
“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” is NOT separated by commas.
"And this despite the fact that ..." - in the middle of the sentence, a comma is ALWAYS!
"Based on this, ..." - at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is put. BUT: "He acted so on the basis of ..." - the comma is NOT put.
"After all, if ..., then ..." - the comma before "if" is NOT put, since then comes the second part of the double conjunction - "then". If “then” is not present, then a comma is placed before the “if”!
"Less than two years ..." - a comma before "what" is NOT put, because it is NOT a comparison.
The comma in front of "HOW" is used only in case of comparison.
"Such politicians as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is put, because there is a noun "politics".
BUT: "... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is NOT placed before the "how".
Commas are NOT used:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God's sake” - do not stand out with commas, + the word “god” is written with a small letter.
BUT: commas are put on two sides:
"Thank God" in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
"By God" - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word "god" in this case is written with a small letter).
"Oh my God" - separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "god" - with a small letter.
If introductory word can omit or rearrange to another place of the sentence without violating its structure (this usually happens with the conjunctions "and" and "but"), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - the comma is NECESSARY. For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and secondly, everyone is tired."
If introductory word remove or rearrange it is forbidden , then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") is NOT put. For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “… and therefore…”, “… or maybe…”, “…, which means…”.
If introductory word can remove or rearrange, then the comma is NECESSARY after the conjunction "a", since it is not associated with the introductory word, that is, soldered combinations of the type "which means", "but by the way", "and therefore", "maybe", etc. are not formed. etc. For example: "She not only did not love him, but, perhaps, even despised him."
If at the beginning sentences worth writing union(in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “also”, “also”, “and that”, “otherwise”, “yes and”, “as well”, etc.) , and then the introductory word, then the comma in front of it is NOT needed. For example: “And really, it was not worth doing it”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have also become clear”; "But of course, everything ended well."
It happens rarely: if at the beginning the proposal is worth connecting union, a the introductory construction stands out intonationally then commas are REQUIRED. For example: "But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."
Basic groups of introductory words
and phrases
(separated by commas + on both sides in the middle of the sentence)
1. Expressive feelings of the speaker (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:
to chagrin
to amazement
Unfortunately
to chagrin
unfortunately
to joy
Unfortunately
to shame
Fortunately
to the surprise
to horror
unfortunately
for joy
for luck
not exactly one hour
there is nothing to hide
unfortunately
fortunately
strange affair
amazing thing
what good, etc.
2. Expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of the reported (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):
without any doubts
undoubtedly
indisputably
may be
right
probably
apparently
Maybe
Indeed
in fact
should be
think
seems
it would seem that
Certainly
maybe
may be
maybe
hope
presumably
is not it
undoubtedly
obviously
apparently
in all probability
genuinely
perhaps
I suppose
in fact
essentially
truth
right
of course
needless to say
tea, etc.
3. Indicating the source of the reported:
they say
say
pier
convey
In your
in the opinion of ...
I remember
to my mind
in our way
according to legend
according to ...
according to…
rumored
according to the message ...
in your opinion
audible
reported by others.
4. Indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:
all in all
At first,
second, etc.
however
means
in particular
main
Further
means
so
for example
Besides
by the way
by the way
by the way
by the way
finally
vice versa
for example
against
I repeat
emphasize
more than that
on the other side
one side
that is
in this way, etc.
howbeit
whatever it was
5. Indicating the techniques and methods of formulating the expressed thoughts:
or rather
generally speaking
in other words
so to speak
if I may say so
in other words
in other words
in short
better to say
to put it mildly
in a word
to put it simply
word
as a matter of fact
if I may say so
so to speak
to clarify
what is called etc.
6. Appealing appeals to the interlocutor (reader) in order to draw his attention to the reported, to instill a certain attitude towards the stated facts:
believe (whether)
do you believe (do)
see (do)
you see)
imagine (those)
let's say
do you know)
Do you know)
sorry)
believe me (those)
please
understand (those)
do you understand
do you understand (do)
listen (those)
suppose
Imagine
sorry)
let's say
agree
agree, etc.
7. Assessment-indicating measures of what is said:
at least, at least - they are isolated only in inversion: "This issue has been discussed twice, at least."
the biggest
the least
8. Indicating the degree of commonality of the reported:
it happens
used to
as usual
according to custom
happens
9. Expressive expressions:
no kidding
between us it will be said
between us speaking
need to say
it will not be said in reproach
frankly
conscientiously
in fairness
confess tell
to be honest
funny to say
honestly.
Comparative Expressions
(no commas):
poor as a church mouse
white as a harrier
white as a sheet
white as snow
beat like a fish on ice
pale as death
shines like a mirror
the disease disappeared like a hand
scared like fire
wandering around like a restless
rushed like mad
mumbles like a sexton
ran in like crazy
lucky, as a drowned man
turns like a squirrel in a wheel
as seen during the day
squeals like a pig
lying like a gray gelding
everything is going smoothly
everything is as on selection
jumped up like scalded
jumped up as if stung
stupid as a cork
looked like a wolf
goal like a falcon
hungry as wolf
as far as heaven from earth
trembled like a fever
trembled like an aspen leaf
everything is like water off a duck's back to him
wait like manna from heaven
wait like a holiday
lead a cat and dog life
live like a bird of heaven
fell asleep like dead
froze like a statue
lost like a needle in a haystack
sounds like music
healthy as a bull
know how flaky
have at one's fingertips
saddle fits like a cow
goes alongside as sewn
as if it sank into the water
roll like cheese in butter
swinging like a drunk
swayed (swayed) like jelly
handsome as god
red like a tomato
red as a lobster
strong (strong) like an oak
screams like a public
light as a feather
flies like an arrow
bald as a knee
like a shower
waving his hands like a mill
rushing about like crazy
wet as a mouse
dark as a cloud
dying like flies
hope like a stone wall
to the people like a herring in a barrel
dress up like a doll
you can't see your ears
dumb like a grave
dumb like a fish
rush (rush) like crazy
rush (rush) like crazy
worn like a fool with a written sack
worn like a chicken and an egg
needed like air
needed like last year's snow
needed as a fifth spoke in a chariot
needs a fifth leg like a dog
peel off like sticky
one like a finger
stayed like a cancer stranded
stopped dead
razor sharp
different as day from night
different as heaven from earth
bake like pancakes
turned pale as a sheet
turned pale as death
repeated as if delirious
go as cute
remember what your name was
remember as in a dream
get caught like chickens in cabbage soup
hit in the head
crumble like a cornucopia
similar as two drops of water
went down like a stone
appear as if by pike
devotee like a dog
stuck like a bath leaf
fall through the ground
good (good) like a goat of milk
disappeared as if into the water
just like a knife to the heart
was on fire
works like an ox
understands like a pig in oranges
cleared away like smoke
play like a note
grow like mushrooms after rain
grow by leaps and bounds
drop from the clouds
fresh as blood and milk
fresh like a cucumber
sat chained
sit on pins and needles
sit on coals
listened spellbound
looked enchanted
slept like a dead man
hurry like fire
stands like an idol
slender like a cedar Lebanese
melts like a candle
hard as stone
dark as night
accurate as a clock
skinny as a skeleton
cowardly as a hare
died like a hero
fell as if knocked down
rested like a ram
rested like a bull
mulish
tired as a dog
cunning as a fox
sly like a fox
gushing like a bucket
walked as if dipped in water
walked like a birthday boy
walk like a thread
cold as ice
thin as a splinter
black as coal
black as hell
feel at home
feel like a stone wall
feel like a fish in water
staggered like a drunk
how to be executed
as clear as two two four
as clear as day, etc.
Do not confuse with homogeneous members
1. The following stable expressions are not homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:
neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit;
neither end nor edge;
neither light nor dawn;
neither hearing nor spirit;
neither to myself nor to people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for no reason at all;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no hello;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and so and so;
both day and night;
and laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
in both.
(General rule: the comma is not placed inside whole phraseological expressions formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeating union "and" or "neither")
2. NOT separated by commas:
1) Verbs in the same form indicating movement and its purpose.
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go see.
2) Forming semantic unity.
Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.
3) Paired combinations of synonymous, antonymic or associative nature.
Search for truth-truth.
There is no end-edge.
Honor, praise everyone.
Off we go.
Everything is sewn-covered.
Anything expensive to see.
Purchase and sale issues.
Greet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.
4) Difficult words(interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs to which something is opposed).
For someone, you can't.
Somewhere, where, and everything is there.
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