Subordinate clauses. Sequential subordination of clauses - what is it

Lectures No. 10-11

Polynomial complex sentences (with several subordinate clauses)

Punctuation marks in complex sentences

Plan

1. Polynomial SPP with clauses related to one main:

a) homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses;

b) inhomogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

2. Multi-member SPP with sequential subordination.

3. Punctuation marks in NGN.

4. Parsing of polynomial NGNs.

Literature

1. Valgina NS Syntax of the modern Russian language: [Textbook. for universities on specials. "Journalism"] / NS Valgin. - M .: graduate School, 1991 .-- 431 p.

2. Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian language: Syntax / V.А. Beloshapkova, V.N. Belousov, E.A. Bryzgunov. - M .: Azbukovnik, 2002 .-- 295 p.

3. Pospelov N.S. Complicated sentence and its structural type / N.S. Pospelov // Questions of linguistics. - 1959. - No. 2. - S. 19-27

Complex sentences may have not one but several subordinate clauses.

Complicated sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are two main types:

1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause (homogeneous and heterogeneous, that is, parallel subordination);

2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc. (sequential subordination).

I. The clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Compound sentences with homogeneous subordination of clauses.

With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main part or to the entire main clause, answer the same question and belong to the same type of subordinate clauses. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by compositional unions or non-union (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous clauses with the main clause and among themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of a sentence.

For example:

[I came to you with greetings, tell what?], (that the sun has risen), (that it fluttered with hot light through the sheets). (A. Fet.)

[That , (who lives real life), (who are accustomed to poetry since childhood),always believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)

[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her family places which? ], ( where she was born) and ( where were the months of childhood so memorable).

In a complex clause with homogeneous subordination in the second subordinate clause, there may be no subordinate union.

For example: ( If there is water) and ( there will not be a single fish in it), [i won't believe water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Shudder], (if a bird suddenly flies up) or ( the elk will sound in the distance). (Yuri Drunina.)

2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of clauses (or with parallel subordination). With such subordination, the subordinate clauses include:

a) to different words the main sentence or one part to the whole main, and the other to one of his words;

b) to one word or to the whole main sentence, but answer different questions and are different types subordinate clauses.

For example: ( When in my hands A new book ), [I feel], (that something living, talking, wonderful has entered my life). (M. Gorky.)

(If we turn to the finest prose), [then we will make sure], (that they are full of genuine poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)

[From the world (which is called a nursery), the door leads into space], (where they dine and drink tea) (Chekhov).

II. Complicated sentences with sequential subordination of clauses.

This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (1st degree subordinate clause), the second subordinate clause refers to the 1st degree subordinate clause (2nd degree subordinate clause), etc.

For example: [ Young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back tears], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (although I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)

The specificity of the subordinate parts is that each of them is a subordinate clause in relation to the previous one and the main one in relation to the next.

For example: Often in the fall, I closely watched the falling leaves in order to catch that imperceptible fraction of a second when the leaf separates from the branch and begins to fall to the ground.(Paustovsky).

With consistent subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinate union: what and if, what and when, what and how, etc.

For example: [ The water came crashing down so terribly], (what, (when the soldiers were running below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).

There are also complex sentences with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.

For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and seemed to be looking closely, wanting to know), (where will the guest go). (Gogol)

This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.

The subordinate clause in the NGN does not have to be one. There may be several of them. Then it is worth considering all the options for what kind of relationship develops between the subordinate clauses and the main one.

It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal) as in the examples above. In order to clearly demonstrate the dependent relationship between the main clause and several clauses, block diagrams ( vertical).

So, for several clauses such cases are possible:

Uniform subordination. All subordinate clauses refer to the main one (or to some word in its composition). They also answer one question. And clauses are related to each other according to the same principle as homogeneous members suggestions.

The children stamped their feet with impatience and could not wait until it was time to set off, when they would finally see the sea, when everyone could run along the shore to their fullest.

Parallel subordination. All subordinate clauses refer to the main one. But they answer different questions.

When it was her turn to choose, Olya took the box that first came to her hand.

Consistent submission. One subordinate clause is attached to the main clause (it is called the first degree subordinate clause). Another second-degree subordinate clause is attached to the first-degree subordinate clause. By the way, with this type of subordination, one subordinate clause can be included in the other.

The guys decided that all together they would cope with the difficult task, which Misha bravely decided to shoulder.

Complex sentence parsing scheme

A reasonable question may arise, why are all these NGN schemes needed? They have at least one applied purpose - a mandatory part parsing complex sentence is the drawing up of its scheme.

In addition, it is the schema of a complex sentence that will help to correctly analyze it for parsing.

WBS parsing scheme includes the following items-tasks:

Determine what the sentence is in terms of the purpose of the statement: declarative, interrogative or motivating.

What - in terms of emotional coloring: exclamation or non-exclamation.

To prove that a sentence is precisely complex, you need to define and denote grammatical basics.

Indicate what kind of connection between parts of a complex sentence is present: union connection, intonation.

Indicate the type of complex sentence: complex sentence.

Indicate how many simple sentences are included in the complex, by what means are subordinate clauses attached to the main one.

Designate the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, you should designate them with numbers (degrees of subordination).

Indicate with which word in the main clause (or with the whole clause) the subordinate clause is associated.

Mark the way in which the predicative parts of a complex sentence are connected: a union or a union word.

If there are any, indicate the index words in the main part.

Indicate the type of subordinate clause: explanatory, attributive, connecting, adverbial.

And finally, draw up a complex sentence diagram.

Grechishnikova Marina Anatolyevna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU "Secondary School No. 2" Urengoy

Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses. Types of subordination.

Preparing for the GIA. Task B8.

Target - systematize the knowledge of students on the topic, improve the skills of working with tests and texts in preparation for the GIA

Lesson Objectives:

Educational

improve the ability to distinguish between types of subordination in a complex sentence;
to acquaint with the work of Yuri Afanasyev.

Developing

develop syntactic skills;
develop skills in working with text;
develop skills in working with tests (tasks A1 - B9).

Educational

foster love for the native land, respect for the culture of the peoples of the North inhabiting Yamal;
to educate the thinking reader on the works of Yamal writers.

Lesson equipment:

a computer;
interactive board;
textbook;
notebooks;
handouts (tests, texts).

During the classes

Language warm-up

Read the text - an excerpt from Yuri Afanasyev's story "Two Spruces" (print the texts for each student or project onto the blackboard).

1. Because of the storm, the tug was defended in the backwater. 2. Time was in a hurry. 3. For almost a week Eduk and Oksana traveled by channels to the village on the Kaldanka. 4. Almost a week is in time. 5. And in life for Eduk there was one moment. 6. During these days he learned about the world as much as the most ancient old man could not have known. 7. The world turns out to be very big and restless. 8. Like animals in the taiga, all sorts of people inhabit it. 9. Everyone has a lot of worries. 10. But the most incredible thing for Eduk was to hear that there are lands where people walk almost without clothes all year round. 11. Just think, imagine yourself in the Arctic without clothes, even if not in winter, even in summer (?!). 12. However, he could not help but trust Oksana. 13. Their relationship was so close, her eyes understood him so deeply that he was afraid of his bad thoughts. 14. “What? - thought Eduk. - Why not become related, be your own man in a warm, nourishing village?

15. And now the village suddenly appeared because of the thawed cape. 16. Scattered on the hillside houses on the slope huddled like chickens. 17. Among them the church towered like a capercaillie, glowing reddishly with larch logs. 18. And beyond the village spiky spruce trees were sticking out like a comb. 19. A subtle smell was dizzy warm bread... 20. Eater could distinguish this smell from a great distance. 21. You can't confuse him with anything ...

Find dialect words in the text, replace them with stylistically neutral synonyms.

Kaldanka (in ave. 3) - boat

Uval (in prospect 16) - upland, slope

Find comparisons in paragraph 2. Write down the numbers of the sentences with comparisons.

16 - like chickens

17 - wood grouse (instrumental)

18 - comb (instrumental)

Write down the sentence number with the introductory word.

Write the grammatical basics out of sentences 7, 12, 20

7 - the world is big, hectic

12 - he couldn't help but believe

20 - Eater could tell

Determine the type of subordinate relationship in the phrase "animals in the taiga" (sentence 8). Replace this phrase synonymous with the subordination agreement.

Communication - management; taiga animals

Define the type of subordinate relationship in the phrase "restless world" (sentence 7). Replace this phrase synonymous with the subordinate relationship management.

Coordination; peace without rest

Write down the numbers of complex sentences.

6, 10, 13

Knowledge update

Write out sentence 10 from the text.

But the most incredible thing for Eduk was to hear that there are lands where people walk almost without clothes all year round.

Build a diagram of this sentence: [===], (which === ____), (where ____ ===).

Determine the type of submission (sequential).

What types of subordination in a complex sentence do you know? (Memo, Appendix 1).

Give examples.

Anchoring

Determine the type of submission. Fill in the table (Appendix 2). Comment on the answer verbally. Print tables with sample sentences for each student. Graduates fill in only 2 columns.

Offer	Subordination type
The most important hero in Khanty mythology is a bear who considered the progenitor	Sequential (main → subordinate determinant → subordinate consequence)
do not cite that only scrupulous work will let him come out come	Homogeneous (main → explanatory subordinate clause, explanatory subordinate clause)
If you contact	Parallel, or heterogeneous ( clause clause→ main → explanatory clause)
have to overcomemany obstacles,	Parallel, or heterogeneous (clauses of a goal → main → clauses)
Task maintaining traditions complicated by the fact that many Russian speaking younglearn your native language, prefer	Sequential (main → explanatory subordinate → attributive subordinate)
the role figures in the legends.	Sequential (main → explanatory clause → clause of an assignment)
For the rights of the people, who turns out to be a poet who calls out	Parallel, or heterogeneous (subordinate attributive → main → subordinate attributive). In this clause, the clauses refer to different words in the main clause.
The writer is often resorts to taking"References to the past", to force	Homogeneous (main → clauses of the goal, clauses of the goal).

Compress the text. From sentences 6-8 (an excerpt from the story "Two spruces"), make 1 complex subordination with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

What is the name of this method of compressing text? (Simplification - merging several sentences into one).

Among the sentences below, find the SPP with sequential subordination of clauses:

1. Without making out the road, he fled to the forest-tundra, ran towards the Urals. 2. I ran to exhaustion. 3. He was afraid to stop. 4. He felt that if he stopped, he would be torn from the inside. 5. The heart will not stand it. 6. And he ran, ran off-road, splashing out of himself bitterness and resentment.

Answer: 4

Using the text of the story-were by Y. Afanasyev "Two Spruces", continue the sentences so that you get the SPP with different types of subordination:

Consistent: I cannot say how old these spruces are ... .. (which grow on the banks of the Ob).

Homogeneous : Loneliness or waiting for the morning brought us closer, when the village wakes up with fishing sweat, mooing of cows, breath of fresh wind,…. (when the snipe-snipe with a wooden shaman's trill informs the day that has begun.

Parallel (heterogeneous): When the headman smiles, it seems…. (that he, like a small fish, is ready to swallow you).

Testing. Part B8. Presentation (it is better to conduct a lesson with a mobile computer class, so that each graduate can independently work with the tests. If this is not possible, the assignments can be printed out for each student).

1. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) Many went not to explore the North and live on Yamal, but to earn money. (2) Did it come from here: I worked for 15 years, gave "all my strength" to the wild North - return me to my place, give me everything. (3) They both gave and kissed goodbye, and the “silent” ones were more and more thrown into the darkness, as if they had been sentenced in advance: you can't grow local cadres. (4) In the second and third generations, the children of dispossessed people were not given passports.

(5) “Yamal received the third blow with the beginning of the development of oil and gas. (6) Now the organizers themselves do not know why they built the cities, what to do with the population. "

2. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with parallel (non-uniform) subordination. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) With the closure of navigation, it is practically forbidden to put nets on the Ob. (2) But every year the nets are put, and it is impossible for the fish inspector with the fish to remove all of them. (3) How many holes do you need to cut ?! (4) In order to streamline amateur fishing, it is appropriate in some cases to apply licensed fishing according to the experience of Guryev residents. (5) This experience is justified with an insignificant by-catch of valuable fish species, which does not in any way negatively affect the reproduction of fish stocks, and in the fall on smooth sands, when the fishermen leave the latter, migrating to winter quarters.

(6) It should be borne in mind that northern fishing in the autumn, in the wind, in icy water, is not an easy pleasure.

3. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) The profitability of licensed fishing is not only in the collection of funds, part of which should go to the development of fishing, the main thing is in the education of the person himself. (2) If you want to fish, work on cleaning livestock, plant some bushes to strengthen the banks of spawning rivers, make your contribution to rescue juveniles. (3) The one who took the fish, but did not give it to it, who violated the fishing rules, may be excluded from society or suspended from fishing. (4) It seems that amateur fishermen at their place of residence will more jealously monitor their site, and will also help in the fight against malicious poaching. (5) The opening of the cases of the latter is so far insignificant.

4. Among sentences 1-7, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) Poachers. (2) Who are they? (3) Of course people. (4) But these are people who deliberately go to harm nature. (5) And what about the rest, who love their Ob, who, for one reason or another, fall into violators? (6) Does the word “poacher” offend his hearing? (7) So far, such a difference is not visible, and only because not everything is used in the organization of recreational fishing.

5. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) In the last days of the departing leap year the stocky log house in the village from the weight of the snow on the roofs pressed even more tightly to the ground. (2) An old office building, unable to withstand such a load, leaned against a nearby fence, but a flag fluttered proudly and brashly on a spruce pole, all wet and it was unknown when and by whom it was hoisted there. (3) The flag glorified the still indestructible and mighty Union, when for the second year in the courtyard there was a completely different political weather. (4) But the people of Yamalsk have not changed in any way morally and in their actions. (5) A peeling slogan still hung on the pediment of the office, which called on fishermen and fishwomen to work hard and give one more percent above the plan, for the fate of the Motherland depends on this percentage.

6. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex clause with parallel subordinate clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) "Now there will be a gig!" - explained Styopka to his mentor, who perceived the noise of children with migraine pain and waited impatiently for her watch to end. (2) Where she came from, Styopka did not know. (3) But how could he be interested in the fact that some go to the Far North to build, others - to work out the northern experience for retirement, for a coefficient. (4) But the teacher of the boarding school in the village was noticed for her unsociability, did not trust the cleanliness of the berries and malitsa, was wary of visiting tundra families. (5) It is not easy to gather reindeer herders and fishermen into a boarding school for a parent meeting, but coming to their home - chum - is revered. (6) And if the teacher began to speak, moreover, in their native language, then he became no less like a room - a friend who, on occasion, had to make a present.

7. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with homogeneous clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) The blizzard howled louder and angrier, but voices in the plague, illuminated from outside by several electric bulbs, could be heard far away. (2) Before Chuprov had time to throw back the canopy, a man in a mask threw a bucket full of ice water on his collar. (3) "What a joke," Styopka gasped. (4) The owner liked the joke, and this trick added noise and fun to all the guests.

(5) How then did he not foresee all the consequences? (6) After all, he should know that he is being invited and taken, like a hostage, to One-Eyed, that if necessary and for the sake of the owner, the purveyor is taken to the village.

8. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) He had known a brood of wolves since last year, and now four one-year-old puppies were also practicing in a blizzard. (2) As they cut all the weakened deer with a knife, their corpses turned black in the snow. (3) In some places, the wolverine tried: jumping from tree to tree, she gnawed at her throat, drank blood, and so she threw the animal ...

(4) Hunzi no longer thought about Zyryanov's promises - with one hundred percent safety of the reindeer to transfer thirty percent to him. (5) This whole market is not for him. (6) The only thing he just thought about was that the snow, sky, air, tundra, where he walks, no one can take away from him.

9. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) Hunzi went to the wolf unarmed, only with this stick-spatula. (2.) He had neither fear nor anger against the wolf. (3) What he dreamed was gone. (4) Hunzi, peering into the trail, saw that he was trying to jump over the ravine, but he took care of a large snow drift, that he sat, turned around and again moved directly.

(5) Finally Hunzi saw a wolf on the opposite bank of the Yugan River. (6) The floodplain was covered with snow two to three meters deep - you can't easily run across ...

10. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of clauses. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) Farther and farther the deer carries the shepherd away. (2) With such a deer, even an unarmed person is not afraid to go. (3) How not to rejoice in the reindeer shepherd, how not to sing a song about them! (4) Narasyukh, tell us about the blue wind of touch and about the deer-miniruv, the holy deer, who in his whole life does not know what a team is. (5) Tell us how the mineruv fastened the sun to its horns and how on a quiet night, from the fast running of the stars, they ring in the ears with bells ...

Answers

Reflection. Summing up the lesson.

What new did you learn in the lesson?
How to find complex sentences with different types of subordination?
What is the difference between homogeneous subordination and parallel submission?
What problems does Yu.N. Afanasyev in his works?
What kind lexical features can be noted in the texts used in the lesson? (Dialectal words, an abundance of means of expression, especially comparisons).
Have you noticed the syntactic features of the works of the writers of Yamal? (Simple sentences, introductory words, inversion).

Differentiated home assignment (optional).

Prepare a presentation of 20 slides on the topic “Preparing for the GIA. В8 "(Execution in groups is possible).
Develop a memo for memorizing theoretical material on the topic.
Make a table to systematize knowledge on the topic and memorize theoretical material.
Solve several options for tasks B8 from the collection for preparation for the GIA.

Bibliography

Gosteva Yu.N., Vasilievykh I.P., Egoraeva G.T. GIA 2014. Russian language. Grade 9. 30 variants of typical test items and preparation for the implementation of part 3 (C) / Yu.N. Gosteva, I.P. Vasiliev, G.T. Egoraeva. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2014.
Lvova S.I. GIA 2014. Russian language: training tasks: Grade 9 / S.I. Lvova, T.I. Zamuraeva. - M .: Eksmo, 2013.
T.N. Nazarova GIA. Workshop on the Russian language: preparation for the assignments of part B / T.N. Nazarova, E.N. Violin. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2014.
Russian language. 9th grade. Preparation for GIA-2013: teaching aid/ Ed. ON. Senina. - Rostov n / a: Legion, 2012.
Khaustova D.A. Russian language. Preparation for the GIA (writing a concise summary). Versatile materials with guidelines, decisions and answers / D.A. Khaustov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2012.

Internet resources

Gubkin Centralized Library System.http://www.gublibrary.ru
Afanasyev Yu.N. The rhythms of the tundra. Once stepping on a rake. Two ate. Corporate information and library portal of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.http://libraries-yanao.ru

Annex 1.

REMINDER

TYPES OF SUBMISSION

A complex sentence can have two or more subordinate clauses. The relationship of such subordinate clauses among themselves determine the type of subordination.

1. Parallel subordination

With parallel subordination, different types of subordinate clauses that answer different questions are related to one main thing:

Reason, (in spite of what?) Even if it is oppressed and neglected, ultimately always prevails (why?), Because it is impossible to live without it (A. France).

2. Uniform subordination

With homogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are of the same type, answer the same question and refer to the same member of the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole. Homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected with each other by a compositional or non-union connection:

Yegorushka saw (what?) How little by little the sky darkened and the darkness fell to the ground (what?), How the stars lit up one after the other (A. Chekhov).

3. Consistent submission

With successive subordination to the main clause, the subordinate clause (subordinate clause of the first degree) obeys, which, in turn, submits the next subordinate clause (subordinate clause of the second degree), etc. (the parts form a chain). With such a connection, each subordinate part becomes main in relation to the subsequent, but original main part there is only one left: which the considered the progenitor people, therefore, the largest number of legends is dedicated to him.

Historical experience proves that all attempts "Jumping" over some stages of culture is useless do not cite that only scrupulous Work to restore the historical memory, "childhood and youth" of the people let him get out on the main road of world culture and to come to the feeling of spiritual fullness of being.

If you contact To foreign literature then with confidence we can say that the fairytale hero of R. Rugin has long been known already in the vastness of Europe from France to Russia.

To become masters of your destiny , Khanty and other small peoples of Siberiahave to overcomemany obstacles, which modernity has prepared for them.

Task maintaining traditions complicated by the fact that many Russian speaking young Khanty who don't see the point learn your native language, prefer study English instead.

It is significant that the deer plays in Khanty mythology less significant role than in the legends of the Nenets, although also appears in legends.

Roman Rugin is also a fighter for the rights of the people, who addresses to the mind of its reader and sets out the facts, and the poet who calls out to the hearts of people and their emotions.

The writer is often resorts to taking"References to the past", to force a Khanty reader to look at his past, to go forward, to build the future.

Examines the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, a particular difficulty is usually caused by the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences, especially with three or more predicative parts. Let us consider, using specific examples, the types of SPP with several subordinate clauses, the ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, the rules for setting punctuation marks in them.

Complex sentence: definition

To clearly express a thought, we use a different sentence characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. SPN is a sentence in which the subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause and is attached to it using subordinate unions and / or For example, “ [Styopka was very tired by the evening], (WHY?) (Since he walked at least ten kilometers in a day)". Hereinafter, it is denoted main part, round - dependent. Accordingly, in the SPP with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area (WHAT?) (Which we were passing now) was well known to Andrey Petrovich], (WHY?) (Since a good half of his childhood passed here)". At the same time, it is important to correctly identify the sentences where you need to put the commas.

NGN with multiple clauses

A table with examples will help determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.

Type of subordination of the subordinate clause to the main	Example
Consistent	The guys ran off into the river, the water in which had already warmed up enough, because the last days it was incredibly hot.
Parallel (heterogeneous)	When the speaker finished speaking, there was silence in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what they heard.
Homogeneous	Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would arrive soon and that you just need to be patient a little.
With different types of subordination	Nastenka reread the letter for the second time, which was trembling in her hands, and thought that now she would have to quit her studies, that her hopes for a new life were not justified.

Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in the NGN with several subordinate clauses. The above examples will help with this.

Consistent submission

In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river with a run] 1, (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2, (because the last days it was incredibly hot) 3»First, we select three parts. Then, with the help of questions, we establish semantic relations: [… X], (in which… X), (because…). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.

Let's give one more example. " [There was a vase with wildflowers on the table], (which were collected by the guys), (when we went to the forest on an excursion)". The scheme of this SPP is similar to the first one: [… X], (which… X), (when…).

With homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such SPP with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link joins the one in front.

Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination

In this case, all subordinate clauses refer to the main one (to the entire part or the word in it), but answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1, [silence reigned in the hall] 2, (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 ". Let's analyze this SPP with several clauses. Its scheme will look like this: (when ...), [... X], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it comes before the main one) denotes the time, and the second - the reason. Hence, they will answer different questions. Second example: " [Vladimir certainly had to find out today] 1, (at what time the train arrives from Tyumen) 2, (to have time to meet a friend) 3". The first subordinate part is explanatory, the second is the goal.

Uniform subordination

This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such SPP with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence “ [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3»Subordinate clauses - 2nd and 3rd - refer to the same word, answer the question" what? " and both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected by means of an alliance. and without a comma. Let's represent it in the scheme: [… X], (what…) and (what…).

In the SPP with several subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination between the subordinate clauses, any creative unions- the rules of punctuation will be the same as for the registration of homogeneous members - and the subordinate union in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and watched] 1, (how cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers were unloading construction materials) 3».

SPP with several clauses with different types of subordination

Very often, four or more parts are distinguished as part of a complex sentence. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example in the table: “ [Nastenka read the letter for the second time, (which was trembling in her hands) 2, and thought] 1, (that now she would have to quit school) 3, (that her hopes for a new life did not come true) 4". This is a sentence with parallel (non-uniform) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [… X, (which…),… X], (what…), (what… ). Or another option: " [Tatiana was silent all the way and only looked out the window] 1, (behind which small, closely located villages flashed) 2, (where people were fussing) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4) ". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X], (followed by ...), (where ...) and (... ).

Punctuation marks at the junction of unions

To arrange in a complex sentence, it is usually sufficient to correctly define the boundaries of the predicative parts. The complexity, as a rule, is represented by the punctuation of the SPP with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X], [... X], (how (with whom ...), then ...) - when there are two subordinate unions (union words) nearby. This is characteristic of consistent submission. In such a case, you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double union in the proposal. For example, " [An open book remained on the sofa] 1, (which, (if there were time left) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2 ". Second option: " [I swear] 1, (that (when I get home from my trip) 3, I will definitely visit you and tell you about everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such a WBS with several subordinate clauses, the following rules. If the second subordinate clause can be excluded from the sentence without prejudice to the meaning, the comma between the conjunctions (and / or union words) is put, if not, it is absent. Let's go back to the first example: " [There was a book on the couch] 1, (which had to be finished in time) 2 "... In the second case, if the second subordinate part is excluded, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated by the word "that".

Remember

A good assistant in mastering the SPP with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help to consolidate the knowledge gained. In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm.

Carefully read the sentence, indicate the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
Select all means of communication, not forgetting about the compound or used by a number of unions.
To establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask her question (s) to the subordinate clause (s).
Build a diagram showing the dependence of the parts on it with arrows, place punctuation marks in it. Move commas to recorded sentence.

Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - SPP with several subordinate clauses specifically - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.

Only in the third quarter do ninth-graders get acquainted with the topic "Types of subordination of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence", but they prepare for the exam from the beginning of the school year.

Let's try to deal with task 13 in the test part of the OGE. For observation, let us turn to the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Expensive Lessons".

Let us recall the wording of this task: “Among the sentences ___ find a complex sentence chomogeneous subordination. Write the number of this proposal. " Instead of words highlighted in bold, there may be words like this: “ with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination" or " with consistent subordination».

Let's define the conventions that will help us in the analysis of the structure complex sentence(abbreviated as SPP). To highlight the main part, we use square brackets, for the subordinate clause - round (). We will draw up both linear and vertical proposal schemes.

First, we will practice drawing up SPP diagrams with one subordinate part. Please note that the position of the subordinate part can be different: pre-position, interposition and post-position. The prefixes in the word "position" already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence.

Let's look at some examples.

1. Preposition of an adverbial clause: (To make breathing easier) 1, [he always works in a nightgown] 2.

2. Interposition of adverbial subordinate time: [The next day in the evening, (when the clock showed five minutes to seven) 2, Alisa Osipovna came] 1.

3. Postposition of adverbial subordinate tense: [Vorotov felt this strongly] 1, (when, after leaving the university with a candidate's degree, he took up a little scientific work) 2.

In the first example, we found the clause at the beginning of the sentence, in the second - in the middle, in the third - at the end of the SPP.

Let us explain that complex sentences in the text there may be various cases of complications, and if you do not recognize them, you can get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. So, in the third sentence, the subordinate clause is complicated by a separate circumstance, expressed by the adverbial turnover (abbreviated to DO).

Determine if there are any types of complications in the following three examples. What position does the subordinate part take in them?

2) Her expression was cold, businesslike, like a person who came to talk about money.

3) If this strange proposal had been made by a minor, then, probably, she would have become angry and shouted.

You should have noticed that in the first two sentences the subordinate clause is in postposition, and in last example- in preposition.

So, we check our observation skills.

2. [Her expression was cold, businesslike like a man] 1, (who came to talk about money) 2.

3. (If this strange proposal was made by a minor) 1, [then she probably would be angry and shouted] 2 .

Linear circuits are very convenient.

Now let's find out what types of complications we encountered here. The first sentence contains standalone application, expressed by a proper name, and homogeneous predicates. In the second - isolated circumstance, expressed in comparative turnover, and homogeneous definitions are in the main part. Finally, the third sentence contains introductory word and homogeneous predicates in the main part.

We will not introduce all these complications into the schemes, since only homogeneous predicates play the main role in the structure of the SPP, and still we will keep them in mind.

Now let's get acquainted with the types of subordination in the WBS, which have several subordinate parts.

It is difficult to say exactly which type is more common; most likely, various combinations and mixed cases are possible, when several types of subordination can be in one NGN. But you will not find such examples on the exam.

Let's analyze the proposal:

And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside.

In this sentence, from the main part to two explanatory clauses, we ask the same question "what about?"

[And he also asked her] 1, (does she want tea or coffee) 2, (is the weather good outside) 3.

To compare the two types of schemes, we offer both: linear and vertical.

SCHEMES of SPP with homogeneous subordination:

This method of subordination is usually called homogeneous. If there were more than two subordinate parts with a similar structure, then one of the LI unions would be omitted to avoid repetition. But it is very easy to restore it.

Consider another suggestion:

Now we find the main and subordinate parts, draw up schemes.

[One winter afternoon, (when Vorotov sat in my office and have worked) 2, the footman reported] 1, (that some young lady asks him) 3.

SCHEMES of NGN with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:

Here we ask two different questions from the main part: the footman reported "when?" and "what about?" The clauses are no longer homogeneous, they have different meanings: one of them is adverbial, the other is explanatory. This method is called parallel.

Now let's turn to the last example.

Only once did bewilderment flash on her face when she found out that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat man.

We come to the conclusion that the subordinate clauses also answer different questions: the bewilderment flashed “when?”, She found out “about what?”. We ask these questions not from the main part, but sequentially: from the first subordinate clause to the second subordinate clause.

[Just once, bewilderment flashed on her face] 1, (when she found out) 2, (that she was not invited to teach children, a an adult, fat man) 3 .

SPN SCHEMES with sequential subordination:

This method of submission is called sequential.

We offer five suggestions for self-examination. Please note that you may encounter a mixed type of subordination if there are more than two subordinate clauses.

Self-test

1) Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, businesslike expression, answered him that she had finished the course in a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and making flowers ...

2) She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, since she would go straight to the ball from the lesson.

3) And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was for her and how hard it would be for her to lose this earnings.

4) She, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she was giving lessons out of need.

Prompt!

Here the unions are highlighted in color, and all complications are in italics:

1. [Alisa Osipovna with cold, businesslike she answered him with an expression] 1, (that she finished the course in a private boarding school) 2 and (has the rights of a home teacher) 3, (that her father recently died of scarlet fever) 4, (her mother is alive ) 5 and (makes flowers) 6 ...

2. [She apologized and said] 1, (which can only be practiced for half an hour) 2, (since it will go straight to the ball from the lesson) 3.

3. [And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, I understood] 1, (how dear the ruble was for her) 2 and (how hard it would be for her to lose this earnings) 3.

4. [She, apparently, I didn't want to] 1, (so that her gentlemen know) 2, (that she has students) 3 and (that she gives lessons out of need) 4.

Now let's re-read the whole story in full.

A.P. Chekhov

Expensive lessons

For an educated person, ignorance of languages is a great inconvenience. Vorotov felt this strongly when, leaving the university with a candidate's degree, he took up a little scientific work.

This is terrible! - he said breathlessly (despite his twenty-six years, he was plump, heavy and suffers from shortness of breath). - This is terrible! Without tongues, I am like a bird without wings. Just quit your job.

And he decided at all costs to overcome his innate laziness and learn French and German languages and began to look for teachers.

One winter afternoon, when Vorotov was sitting in his study and working, the footman reported that some young lady was asking him.

Ask, - said Vorotov.

And a young, in the latest fashion, exquisitely dressed young lady entered the study. She introduced herself as a teacher French, Alisa Osipovna Anket, and said that it was sent to Vorotov by one of his friends.

Very nice! Sit down! said Vorotov, gasping for breath and covering the collar of his nightgown with his palm. (To make it easier to breathe, he always works in a nightgown.) - Did Pyotr Sergeich send you to me? Yes, yes ... I asked him ... I'm very glad!

When negotiating with m-lle Questionnaire, he glanced at her shyly and with curiosity. She was a real, very graceful Frenchwoman, still very young. Her face, pale and languid, with short curly hair and an unnaturally thin waist, she could have been given no more than 18 years of age; looking at her broad, well-developed shoulders, at her beautiful back and stern eyes, Vorotov thought that she was probably at least 23 years old, maybe even all 25; but then again it began to seem that she was only 18. Her expression was cold, businesslike, like a person who came to talk about money. She never smiled, did not frown, and only once a bewilderment flashed on her face when she found out that she was invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat man.

So, Alisa Osipovna, - Vorotov told her, - we will study every day from seven to eight in the evening. As for your desire - to receive one ruble per lesson, I have nothing to object to. For a ruble - so for a ruble ...

And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside, and, smiling good-naturedly, stroking the cloth on the table with his palm, inquired in a friendly way who she was, where she had finished the course and how she lived.

Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, businesslike expression, answered him that she had finished the course in a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and making flowers, that she, m-lle Questionnaire, was studying in a private the boarding house, and in the afternoon, until the evening, he goes to good houses and gives lessons.

She left, leaving behind a light, very delicate scent of a woman's dress. Vorotov did not work for a long time afterwards, but sitting at the table stroked the green cloth with his palms and pondered.

“It’s very nice to see girls earning a piece of bread,” he thought. - On the other hand, it is very unpleasant to see that need does not spare even such graceful and pretty girls as this Alisa Osipovna, and she also has to fight for existence. Trouble! .. "

He, who had never seen virtuous French women, also thought that this elegantly dressed Alisa Osipovna, with well-developed shoulders and an exaggeratedly thin waist, in all likelihood, besides lessons, was doing something else.

The next evening, when the clock showed five minutes to seven, Alisa Osipovna came, pink with cold; she opened the Margot she had brought with her and began without any preamble:

French grammar has twenty-six letters. The first letter is called A, the second B ...

I'm sorry, - Vorotov interrupted her, smiling. “I must warn you, Mademoiselle, that for me personally you will have to change your method somewhat. The fact is that I know Russian, Latin and Greek well ... I studied comparative linguistics, and it seems to me that we can, bypassing Margot, directly start reading some author.

And he explained to the French woman how adults learn languages.

One of my acquaintances, ”he said,“ wishing to learn new languages, put the French, German and Latin Gospels in front of him, read them in parallel, and painstakingly analyzed each word, and so what? He achieved his goal in less than one year. We will do so too. Let's take some author and read it.

The Frenchwoman looked at him in bewilderment. Apparently, Vorotov's proposal struck her as very naive and absurd. If this strange proposal had been made by a minor, then she probably would have become angry and shouted, but since there was an adult and very fat man at whom it was impossible to shout, she just shrugged her shoulders barely perceptibly and said:

As you wish.

Vorotov rummaged in his bookcase and pulled out a tattered French book.

Is that okay? - he asked.

Does not matter.

In that case, let's get started. God bless. Let's start with the title ... Memoires.

Memories, - translated by m-lle Questionnaire.

Memories ... - repeated Vorotov. Smiling good-naturedly and breathing heavily, he spent a quarter of an hour with the word memoires and the same with the word de, and this tired Alisa Osipovna. She answered questions listlessly, was confused and, apparently, did not understand her student well and did not try to understand. Vorotov asked her questions, while he himself looked at her blond head and thought: “Her hair is not curly by nature, it curls. Marvelous! She works from morning till night and still has time to curl. "

At exactly eight o'clock she got up and, having said a dry, cold "au revoir, monsieur" (goodbye, sir - FR.), Left the office, and after her all that delicate, delicate, exciting smell remained. The student again did nothing for a long time, sat at the table and thought.

In the days that followed, he became convinced that his young lady teacher was sweet, serious and neat, but that she was very uneducated and did not know how to teach adults; and he decided not to waste time, to part with her and invite another teacher. When she came for the seventh time, he took out an envelope with seven rubles from his pocket and, holding it in his hands, was very embarrassed and began like this:

Excuse me, Alisa Osipovna, but I must tell you ... put in dire need ...

Glancing at the envelope, the Frenchwoman guessed what was the matter, and for the first time in all the lessons her face twitched, and the cold, businesslike expression disappeared. She blushed slightly and, lowering her eyes, began nervously fingering her thin gold chain with her fingers. And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was for her and how hard it would be for her to lose this earnings.

I have to tell you ... - he muttered, embarrassed even more, and something skipped a beat in his chest; he hastily slipped the envelope into his pocket and continued:

Sorry, I ... I will leave you for ten minutes ...

And pretending that he did not want to refuse her at all, but only asked permission to leave her for a while, he went into another room and sat there for ten minutes. And then he returned even more embarrassed; he realized that she could explain this leaving for a short time in her own way, and he was embarrassed.

The lessons began again.

Vorotov studied without any desire. Knowing that there would be no point in his studies, he gave the French woman full freedom, he did not ask her about anything and did not interrupt. She translated as she wanted, ten pages in one lesson, but he did not listen, breathed heavily, and, having nothing to do, examined now the curly head, now the neck, now the gentle white hands, inhaled the smell of her dress ...

He caught himself thinking bad thoughts, and he felt ashamed, or he was moved and then he felt grief and annoyance because she behaved with him so coldly, businesslike, as with a student, not smiling and as though afraid that he would touch unintentionally to her. He kept thinking: how to instill confidence in her, get to know her better, then help her, let her understand how badly she teaches, poor thing.

Alisa Osipovna once appeared for a lesson in an elegant pink dress, with a small neckline, and there was such a scent from her that it seemed as if she was enveloped in a cloud, as if one had only to blow on her and she would fly or dissipate like smoke. She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, since she would go straight to the ball from class.

He looked at her neck and at her back, which was bare near the neck, and, it seemed to him, understood why these French women enjoy the reputation of frivolous and easily falling creatures; he was drowning in this cloud of aromas, beauty, nakedness, and she, not knowing his thoughts and probably not at all interested in them, quickly turned the pages and translated at full speed:

- "He walked on the street and met the gentleman of his acquaintance and said:" Where do you rush, seeing your face so pale, it hurts me. "

Memoires had long been finished, and now Alice was translating some other book. Once she came to class an hour earlier, apologizing that at seven o'clock she had to go to the Maly Theater. After seeing her off after class, Vorotov got dressed and also went to the theater. He went, as it seemed to him, only to rest, have fun, and he had no thoughts about Alice. He could not allow a serious person, preparing for an academic career, heavy on his feet, to give up business and go to the theater only to meet there with an unfamiliar, not smart, little intelligent girl ...

But for some reason, during the intermissions, his heart beat, he, without noticing it, how the boy ran through the foyer and along the corridors, impatiently looking for someone; and he got bored when the intermission ended; and when he saw the familiar pink dress and beautiful shoulders under the tulle, his heart sank, as if with a presentiment of happiness, he smiled happily and for the first time in his life experienced a jealous feeling.

Alice was walking with some two ugly students and an officer. She was laughing, talking loudly, evidently flirting; Vorotov had never seen her like this. Obviously, she was happy, contented, sincere, warm. From what? Why? Perhaps because these people were close to her, from the same circle as she ... And Vorotov felt a terrible chasm between himself and this circle. He bowed to his teacher, but she nodded coldly and quickly walked by; she, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she was giving lessons out of need.

After meeting at the theater, Vorotov realized that he was in love ... During the next lessons, devouring his graceful teacher with his eyes, he no longer fought with himself, but gave full speed your pure and impure thoughts. Alisa Osipovna's face did not cease to be cold, exactly at eight o'clock every evening she calmly said "au revoir, monsieur", and he felt that she was indifferent to him and would be indifferent and - his position was hopeless.

Sometimes, in the middle of the lesson, he began to dream, hope, make plans, mentally compose a loving explanation, recalled that French women were frivolous and malleable, but it was enough for him to look at the teacher's face for his thoughts to go out instantly, like a candle goes out when in the country during the wind take it out on the terrace. Once, intoxicated, forgotten, as if in delirium, he could not stand it and, blocking her path when she left the office after the lesson in the hall, gasping and stuttering, began to declare his love:

You are dear to me! I ... I love you! Let me speak!

And Alice turned pale - probably from fear, realizing that after this explanation she would no longer be able to come here and receive a ruble for a lesson; she made frightened eyes and whispered loudly:

Oh, this is impossible! Don't speak, please! It is forbidden!

And then Vorotov did not sleep all night, suffered from shame, scolded himself, thought intensely. It seemed to him that with his explanation he offended the girl, that she would no longer come to him.

He decided to find out her address in the address desk in the morning and write her an apology letter. But Alice came without a letter. For the first minute she felt uncomfortable, but then she opened the book and began to translate quickly and briskly, as always:

- "Oh, young master, do not tear these flowers in my garden, which I want to give to my sick daughter ..."

She walks until today. Four books have already been translated, and Vorotov knows nothing but the word "memoires", and when asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.