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Jean d'Arc
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1. Words by A.S. Pushkin. 2. France in the era of Joan of Arc 3. Vision of Joan of Arc 4. Biography 5. Domremy 6-7. Joan - military leader 8-9. Trial and condemnation 10. Joan's signature 11-13. acquittal process
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Words by A.S. Pushkin
Centuries pass. But every generation again and again turns to such a simple and endlessly complex story of Joan of Arc. Appeals to join the enduring moral values. And if history is a teacher of life, then Jeanne's epic is one of her great lessons.
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France in the Age of Joan of Arc
Hundred Years War began in 1337 with an attack on France by the English king Edward III, who declared his rights to the French throne. Until 1415, the war went on with varying success: the French suffered severe defeats, but still they managed to control a significant part of the country and even from time to time win back some territories. But in 1415, the situation for the French deteriorated sharply: civil strife ceased in England, and the king of the new Lancaster dynasty, Henry V, launched a decisive invasion of the mainland. In France itself, the internal situation was catastrophic, the country was formally ruled by the mad King Charles VI, and groups of Armagnacs and Bourguignons fought for real power in the country.
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Vision of Joan of Arc
At the age of 13, Jeanne first heard the voices of the Archangel Michael, St. Catherine of Alexandria and, as it is believed, Margaret of Antioch, who sometimes appeared to her in visible form. After some time, they revealed to Jeanne that it was she who was destined to lift the siege from Orleans, raise the Dauphin to the throne and drive the invaders out of the kingdom. When Jeanne was 17 years old, she went to the captain of the city of Vaucouleurs, Robert de Baudricourt, and announced her mission. Being ridiculed, Jeanne was forced to return to the village, but a year later she repeated her attempt. This time, the captain, struck by her perseverance, was more attentive, and when Jeanne accurately predicted the sad outcome of the Herring Battle for the French under the walls of Orleans, he agreed to give her people so that she could go to the king. Moreover, Jeanne to the end preferred to dress in men's clothes, explaining that in men's clothes it would be easier for her to fight and at the same time not cause unhealthy attention to herself from the soldiers.
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Biography
The traditional date of Jeanne's birth is 1412, however, in the decree of Pope Pius X of January 6, 1904, adopted after the solemn meeting, at which the case of canonization of the Virgin was considered, the date was January 6, 1409/1408. Jeanne d'Arc was born in the village of Domremy on the border of Champagne and Lorraine in a family of wealthy peasants (according to another version, impoverished nobles) Jacques d'Arc and Isabella Rome. Jeanne never called herself Joan of Arc, but only "Joan the Virgin", specifying that in her childhood she was called Jeannette.
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Almost all of my short life- seventeen years out of nineteen - Jeanne lived in Domremy. She left there, having not only a firm intention to save the French kingdom, but also a clear plan of action, which she strictly followed. Whole preparatory stage her feat falls on Domremy.
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Jeanne - military leader
After the appointment, armor is made for Jeanne (she received special permission from the commission of theologians from Poitiers to wear men's clothing), a banner and a banner. Then she went to Blois, the appointed assembly point for the army, and already at the head of the army set out for Orleans. The news that the army was led by a messenger of God caused an extraordinary moral upsurge in the army. Hopeless commanders and soldiers, tired of endless defeats, were inspired and regained their courage.
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Jeanne - military leader
April 29 Jeanne with a small detachment penetrates into Orleans. On May 4, her army won its first victory, taking the bastion of Saint-Loup. Victories followed one after another, and already on the night of May 7-8, the British were forced to lift the siege from the city. Thus, a task that other French military leaders considered impossible, Joan of Arc solved in four days. Day 8 May is celebrated every year in Orleans as the main holiday of the city.
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Tower in Rouen where Joan was imprisoned
Trial and condemnation During the trial, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne - the girl held on to the court with amazing courage and confidently denied accusations of heresy and relations with the devil, bypassing numerous traps.
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Trial and condemnation
During the process, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne - the girl held on to the court with amazing courage and confidently denied accusations of heresy and intercourse with the devil, bypassing numerous traps. Since it was not possible to get a confession of heresy from her, the court began to concentrate on those facts where Joan's voluntary confession was not required - for example, wearing men's clothes, disregarding the authority of the Church, and also tried to prove that the voices that Jeanne heard came from the devil.
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acquittal process
After the end of the war in Normandy in 1452, Charles VII ordered that all documents relating to the trial of Joan be collected and an inquiry into its legality should be undertaken. The investigation studied the documents of the process, interviewed the surviving witnesses and unanimously came to the conclusion that during the process of Zhanna, gross violations law. In 1455, Pope Calixtus III ordered a new trial and appointed three of his representatives to supervise it.
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On July 7, 1456, the judges read out the verdict, which stated that every charge against Joan was refuted by the testimony of witnesses. The first trial was declared invalid, one copy of the protocols and the indictment was symbolically torn apart in front of the crowd. Jeanne's good name was restored. The canonization of Joan of Arc by decision of the Roman Curia, announced on May 9, 1920 by Pope Benedict XV, cost the French government 30 million gold francs.
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Secondary school No. 32 named after. S.A. Lavochkin "of the city of Smolensk
RESEARCH WORK
« JEANNE d "ARC - WARRIOR, MARTYR, SAINT"
Completed by: Samuta Daria,
6th grade student "B"
Checked by: Yalshenkova V.V.,
history teacher.
SMOLENSK
Introduction
"There are two stories: official history, which is taught in school, and secret history, in which the true causes of events are hidden."Honore de Balzac.
Jeanne d'Arc Day (May 8) is celebrated annually in France as a national holiday, an asteroid is named after her (1872) and french helicopter cruiser in 1964 In 1909 Christian church proclaims Joan of Arc blessed, and in 1920 canonizes saints. In a man's suit, armor and a sword in her hand, Jeanne is present in every church in modern France. The house in which she grew up has been preserved and has become a museum. Joan of Arc - the heroine of the French people, who led freedom movement against the English invaders, the most difficult period for France during the Hundred Years War. Jeanne's activities played huge role to organize the struggle of the French people against the British during the Hundred Years War. For six centuries historians different countries study life path Jeanne d, Arc. Documents about the liberator of the country are being collected and analyzed today.
This topic interested me, but many questions related to the role of Joan of Arc in history remained a mystery to me. How could an ordinary peasant girl be able to stand at the head of the troops and, on a par with the commanders - the nobles, defend France and prevent her from dying under the yoke of the British? Zealous piety provided Jeanne with the support of heavenly forces - this is how the legend about her says. Now every schoolchild knows that young Jeanne, dressed in a man's dress, somehow managed to convince the French dauphin, heir to the throne, that she was entrusted with the divine mission to return his lost throne to him.
The life story of Joan of Arc is covered in different ways in different periods of history. In the Soviet period, she appears as a patriot of her people, and in the post-Soviet period, as a holy martyr. In addition to the traditional version presented in textbooks, there are a lot of so-called alternative versions of French scientists, conditionally united in two large areas: “batardists” and “survivists”. Jeanne d "Arc is an eternal topic that has been worrying researchers for six centuries, and everything in it is far from being so simple and requires in-depth study.
The aim of this work is to study real life Joan of Arc and separating her from the mythological images that have developed in history, revealing her role and significance in the history of France. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the systematization of hypotheses related to the historical image of Joan of Arc.
Without pretending to finally resolve all these “strange” questions, in our study we tried to systematize many contradictions in the interpretation of the image of Joan of Arc, using her example to show the role of heroes in history.
Research objectives:
In our work, we were guided by the following methods:
The study of the actual documentary material.
Comparative analysis of sources.
Systematization of the material.
Object of study: - folk hero.
Subject of study: the historical figure of Joan of Arc.
Hypothesis:
If the role of Joan of Arc in history is purposefully exaggerated, but she inspired entire generations of people from different countries to do good deeds to protect their fatherland, then such “fictions” are historically justified.
Methods:
reproductive,
Scientific Literature Analysis
Synthesis of existing knowledge on the problem under study.
1. Official version in Russian textbooks N1: Zhanna is a folk heroine .
The terrible Hundred Years War had been going on for many decades. The British were advancing, the French army could not resist them - traitors reigned in the government, who had made an alliance with the British. France was in serious danger of losing its statehood and sovereignty, and the heir to the King of France, the Dauphin Charles VII, had to flee to the south of the country. And then they remembered the legend-legend. She said that a warrior girl was about to appear who would save France. And that this girl will be from the common people, but the troops will submit to her.
And this warrior girl appeared. This was Joan of Arc - the Maid of Orleans. A young heroine girl who was destined to change the course of that war.
1.1. Childhood.
Jeanne was born on January 6, 1412 in the village of Domremy in Lorraine, in a family of wealthy peasants Jacques d'Arc and Isabella de Vuton. She lived like everyone else, brought up in strictness in the Catholic faith. Of course, she saw what was happening around, heard the conversations of adults about the war, about betrayal at the top. Of course, she also knew the legend of the warrior girl.
But from the age of 13, the girl suddenly began to hear the voices of the Archangel Michael and St. Catherine of Alexandria. Sometimes she even saw their images. According to Jeanne herself, it was they who revealed to her the secret that the warrior girl is who she is. With this conviction, she grew up.
1.2. The beginning of the way
At the age of 16, Jeanne went to the city of Vaucouleurs, where French regiments were stationed at that time, and announced to the commandant of the city her intention to fight the French and liberate France. The girl was ridiculed, she was forced to return home. But a year later, she returned, found the same commandant, and repeated her demand. The commandant recognized her and was very surprised at such perseverance and self-confidence in the girl.
Of course, no one believed her. Jeanne decided to arrange several tests to expose her, and she withstood them with honor. In men's clothes with two of her faithful friends, she traveled for almost half a month to the Dauphin's residence.
The strange girl was not immediately admitted to him. An insidious provocation was prepared for her - the Dauphin seated his jester, dressed in royal clothes, on the throne. The Dauphin himself stood in the crowd of courtiers. But Jeanne recognized the future king, although she had never seen him before.
1.3. Jeanne the Commander
According to legend, Jeanne herself pointed out the place where the sword of Charlemagne was hidden. Specially sent messengers found him and brought him to Jeanne. Banners and banners were made for her. Under them, she went to the city of Blois - the place where the whole army was to gather. And from there she advanced to Orleans.
The news that the messenger of God was at the head of the army inspired the whole army. Soon all the French were confident in their victory over the British. All military leaders and ordinary soldiers were tired of endless defeats, the arrival of the long-awaited Warrior Maiden inspired everyone. And this enthusiasm gave the whole army courage and courage.
Soon Jeanne penetrates Orleans and wins there - her army took the first bastion. A week later, the long siege of the city was lifted. It happened on May 8, 1429, although other military leaders considered this task impossible. Jeanne has since been called the Maid of Orleans. To this day, the day of the liberation of Orleans from the British is considered the main holiday of the city.
Under the command of Jeanne, the army continued to liberate France. Many cities opened their gates to her without fighting at all. Everywhere she was greeted with joy, she was truly the people's favorite. Soon she helped to ascend the throne to Henry VII. France had its own king, and this was tantamount to declaring the independence of the state.
By order of the king, the military campaign was suspended and began only after almost a year - in the spring of 1430. It proceeded very sluggishly, the royal courtiers in every possible way interfered with Jeanne. On May 23, 1430, as a result of betrayal, she was captured. The king, who owed Joan his crown, did not save her. And soon she was in the hands of the British.
1.4. Judgment and death
Jeanne was kept in a high tower. Jeanne was kept as a prisoner of war, and was tried by a church court. At that time, the most terrible charges were brought against her - heresy and witchcraft, connections with dark forces. She was tricked into signing a slanderous paper against herself. Women's clothes were taken away from her and she was accused of wearing men's clothes - in those years it was considered a crime.
1.5. Justification
The war continued, but England could no longer recover from the defeats inflicted by Joan's army. The French were advancing everywhere, and the previously divided provinces were united. In 1453 the Hundred Years' War ended with a French victory.
Carl collected all the documents relating to Jeanne's trial. Her complete innocence was proven. The good name was restored, and on May 16, 1920, the Catholic Church canonized Jeanne - that is, elevated to the rank of saints.
2. Alternative points of view and legends about Jeanne d, Arc.
The ambiguities and discrepancies in official documents and chronicle reports have attracted the attention of some researchers - "bastardists" - who claim that Jeanne is an illegitimate princess, and "survivists" - who insist that she was saved.
2.1. Bastards.
French historians Jean Jacobi, author of the book The Secret of Joan of Arc Edouard Schneider, Jean Bosler and others believe that Jeanne was not the daughter of the peasant Jacques d'Arc and his wife Isabella Rome. She allegedly belonged to the royal dynasty, which explains her high status, her excellent knowledge of the court and the peculiarities of military affairs. Thus, the "bastardists" claim that Jeanne is an illegitimate princess. Here is how Jean Jacobi describes these events: "Cold november night 1407 in woodNude Domremya group of riders from Paris showed up at the house of Jacques d "Arc. The snow-covered and chilled warriors of the Duke of Orleans rode for eight days, and for this they had to have a very good reason. This good reason, as you might guess, was a baby wrapped in scarves, whom held in handah the woman who servednurse at the royal court.Maybe it was a child Queen Isabella of Bavaria and Duke Louis of Orleans, brother of King Charles VI. Illegitimate rqueen's babyfrom a lover put her indangerous position. The only real way out of such a situation is to destroy the traces of the child, declaring him dead or sending him to the wet nurse.
In support of this hypothesis, in 1934 a Catholic historian, an honorary citizen vatican and dad's friend Pius XI Eduard Schneider while working in Vatican Library, discovered the so-called "Book of Poitiers" - a record of the questions of the church commission appointed by the king in 1429, and the answers of Joan the Virgin. Schneider argued that the commission did not believe in the existence of "voices" and did not recognize Joan as a "messenger of God". The king sent two monks to Domremy to investigate. Their report stated that all the inhabitants of Domremy claimed that Jeanne was the daughter of Isabella of Bavaria and Louis of Orleans. Schneider, a deeply religious Catholic, assured in private conversations that he was forced to take an oath not to disclose this information.
2.2. Survivists.
The historians of this trend, the founder of which is Jean Grimaud, who published the book “Was Jeanne d'Arc Burned?” in 1952, are based on the fact that Jeanne could not have been burned at the stake in Rouen. According to this theory, she managed to escape, to marry and reappear under the name of Jeanne des Armois This theory is supported by Jean de Saint-Jean (author of Jeanne, 1407-1452), Gérard Pém (author of Jeanne des Armois), Étienne Weil-Raynal (author of "The Double Secret of Jeanne the Virgin"), Andre Brice, Pierre de Sermoise, Florence Maquet and others.
2.3. The nature of "Holy Voices"
The nature of the "voices of the saints" that Joan claims to have heard is one of the controversial points. As for the Church, both modern and medieval authors, who considered Jeanne the liberator of France, are unanimous that she was in fact the "will of heaven."
Materialistic-minded supporters of the traditional version consider them the result of a hallucination.
Supporters of the version of a political intrigue (which received the name “Operation Shepherdess” in the literature), the purpose of which was the appearance of Jeanne and her attraction to the side of the Dauphin Charles, for their part, indicate that the “voices” had a strange awareness. An example of this is the story of the sword, which Jeanne was ordered by "voices" to find in the church. St. Catherine in fierbois and use it in battles, this sword was actually found in the indicated place. Whether the young Joan of Arc was imbued with the stories of wandering monks about the prediction of the Great Merlin about the maiden savior from the Oak Forest of Lorraine, or, as historians suggest, she was chosen to fulfill their plans by the monastic brotherhoods of Saints Michel and Marseilles, who wanted to elevate Charles VII to the throne, is unknown. The second version is supported by her obvious preparedness for the role of a warrior: at the first meeting, the dauphin was surprised at how the fragile girl handles the weapon and confidently handles the horse.
2.4. The version that another woman was burned at the stake of the Inquisition.
Ukrainian anthropologist Sergei Gorbenko made a sensational statement: Joan of Arc was not burned, but lived to be 57 years old (Ukrinform reports). She was not a shepherdess, as the legend says, but came from royal dynasty Valois. The specialist is sure that the historical name of the Virgin of Orleans is Marguerite de Champdiver. While examining the remains in the sarcophagus of the Notre-Dame de Clery Saint-André temple near the city of Orleans, Sergei Gorbenko discovered that the female skull, which was kept together with the skull of the king, did not belong to Queen Charlotte, who died at 38, but to a completely different woman who was not less than 57 years old. The scientist came to the conclusion that in front of him were the remains of Joan of Arc, who in reality was an illegitimate princess of the Valois house. Her father is King Charles VI and her mother is his last mistress Odette de Champdiver. The daughter was brought up under the supervision of the father-king as a warrior, so she could wear knightly armor. Now it becomes clear how Zhanna could write letters (an illiterate peasant woman would not have done this). King Charles VII imitated the death of the Maiden of Orleans: another woman was burned instead.
Rumors that the real Joan of Arc did not burn in the fire of the Inquisition in Rouen in 1431 have always circulated in France. In the account book of the city of Orleans, there are entries indicating that five years after the execution, Jeanne's brother corresponded with his sister, traveled to her "in Luxembourg" and received money for postage and travel expenses. There is a version that Jeanne was in honorary captivity with her aunt, the Duchess of Luxembourg. According to another version (since Jeanne, imprisoned in the Rouen castle, was not forbidden to receive visitors), one of her friends could well have prepared an escape. Already today, in 1995, the remains of an underground passage were discovered, leading somewhere from the very Rouen castle in which Jeanne was languishing. Perhaps it was on him that the escape was carried out. Perhaps not even an escape, but an honorable surrender.
2.5. Legend. The maiden is getting married.
According to one of the legends, which, in particular, is set forth in Chernyak’s book “Judicial Noose”, Jeanne d’Arc not only escaped death, but also married a certain Robert d’Armoise and gave birth to two sons. The descendants of this d'Armoise still consider themselves to be relatives of Jeanne and claim that their venerable ancestor would never have married a woman who would not have provided him with genuine documents proving her origin. People who knew the real Jeanne, in particular, her brothers from the village of Domremi and the soldiers who fought with her, were firmly convinced that this was she. It is known that this mysterious lady lived in Arlon, where she led a stormy social life, then in Cologne, and later returned to Arlon due to political intrigues. In 1439, the miraculously resurrected Jeanne showed up in Orleans. Judging by the entries of the same account book, the inhabitants of the city she liberated received Jeanne d'Armoise more than cordially. She was not only recognized - in her honor, the noble citizens gave a gala dinner, and presented 210 livres as a gift: "for the good service she rendered to the specified city during the siege."
2.6. Legend. Jeanne was ruined by clothes.
It is known that Joan of Arc, the church court could not prove her guilt in heresy, accused her of wearing a man's suit. In this costume, she was seen by tens of thousands of people. In it, she not only fought, but also visited churches, prayed, confessed, took communion, and received pastoral blessings. Jeanne was also wearing a men's suit when she stood before the commission in Poitiers, which specifically clarified the issue of the compliance of the girl's words and actions with the norms of Christian morality. The professors of theology and experts in canon law who were part of this commission did not find anything reprehensible in the behavior of the subject. Therefore, they were not embarrassed by such a seemingly obvious violation of the canonical prohibition.
According to the largest French theologian of that time, Jean Gerson, Jeanne put on a man's suit for a charitable purpose, in order to protect her chastity, and the lawyers of the papal tribunal saw this as evidence of the moral purity of the girl.
IN this study Jeanne's biography was considered, an analysis of the personality and appearance of the Virgin was given, her military activities, trial and execution of her were told. The myths about Jeanne are analyzed, where her peasant origin and doubts about her execution are disputed. The author of this work believes that these versions are mythical and have no real basis. The very fact of the existence of such myths testifies to the ongoing attempts to falsify true story Joan of Arc.
In the course of my research, a lot of interesting material regarding the biography of Jeanne was studied, these various opinions are presented. Now it is difficult to find out her real appearance, since her portraits and statues have not been preserved, there are only oral descriptions of her contemporaries.
There is a controversial opinion about her execution. According to some sources, Jeanne was not burned, but calmly lived out her days under the name Dame des Armois, according to others, the French heroine was burned alive.
Zhanna believed in her mission and was able to gather her supporters around her from the first steps. She was needed at that time by France and Jeanne did what professional military leaders could not do - to liberate her country. But the rapid growth of her popularity: artisans and peasants flocked from all over the country under the liberation banners of the Virgin of Orleans, and even the impoverished knights and her influence on Charles VII were not pleasing to the courtiers. The French nobles were afraid that Jeanne, with her strength, which she drew from the people, would be the initiator of a new peasant war, like Jacquerie. Treacherous conspiracies began to weave around the girl. Approximate king decided to get rid of Jeanne.
When Jeanne, during an unsuccessful sortie near the city of Compiegne, retreated, she came across a bridge raised in front of her. Bribed by the French court, the commandant of the fortress of Compiegne raised a bridge in front of Jeanne, and she was captured by the Burgundians. King Charles VII, who owed his crown to her, did nothing to save her. He was afraid of the discontent of the court. The British bought her from the Burgundians, judged with the help of the corrupt French clergy and burned her alive at the stake in the central square of the city of Rouen. The place of her burning is still marked with a white cross on the stones of the square. After 25 years, Charles VII decided to use the dead Jeanne for his own purposes. By his order, the court case was reviewed, Jeanne was declared innocent. Thus, Charles VII absolved himself of accusations in connection with the witch. Later in 1920, the Virgin of Orleans was canonized. The name of Jeanne d'Arc has gone down in history forever as a symbol of selfless love for her native land, devotion to her people.
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"Joan of Arc - Presentation (2)"
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary school No. S.A. Lavochkin of the city of Smolensk»
Research student project.
Completed by: Samuta Daria Romanovna, student of grade 6 "B"
Checked by: Yalshenkova Victoria Viktorovna, history teacher
Target:
Explore the contradictions in the interpretation of the image of Joan of Arc, using her example to show the role of heroes in history.
Tasks:
- Read the biography of Joan of Arc.
- Outline official version the life and work of Joan of Arc.
- Explore alternative versions and legends about Joan of Arc.
- Explore cultural monuments dedicated to the memory of Joan of Arc.
France during the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
XV century. The never ending war between
England and France. King of France
Charles VI stepped down from government
country. French and English
relatives joined in the struggle for
succession.
which Henry V became viceroy.
The lull was short-lived.
After the death of Henry V and Charles VI, the unrest
flared up again. France was divided.
Dauphin Charles VII was ready to flee.
Biography of Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc was born in 1412.
in the village of Domremy on the river Meuse,
in northeastern France.
had visions in which she
saints and angels appeared,
urging her to save France.
Biography of Joan of Arc
At first, she was treated with suspicion, but then Karl and many close to him believed that she was sent to help God.
Biography of Joan of Arc
At the end of April, Jeanne, at the head of the detachment, went to Orleans. She knew nothing of strategy and tactics, but she discovered common sense, attacking the besiegers from the north, where they had no fortifications.
Biography of Joan of Arc
Accompanied by Jeanne and troops, Charles entered Reims
The next day, Jeanne stood near Charles during
his anointing on the kingdom.
Biography of Joan of Arc
May 23, 1430 The Burgundians took Joan prisoner near Compiègne. Charles offered no ransom, and Jeanne was sold to the British for 10,000 livres.
Trial against Jeanne
Six months passed before the fate of the Burgundian captive was determined, six long months were transferred from prison to prison, and then the torture of a young girl lasted for several months ... The Inquisition was afraid of the indignation of the Parisians.
Trial against Jeanne
The judges called her an inveterate heretic and found her guilty. The tribunal decided to excommunicate her from the church and burn her.
Legends and versions
Joan of Arc is a girl who was cleverly used for her own purposes by politicians and senior military officials. She was in the army as a "living mascot", to raise the patriotic spirit of the French soldiers.
Joan of Arc - the daughter of a nobleman who received good upbringing who knew the military very well. She could compete with the king and power.
"Jeanne" could be several. This is indirectly evidenced by the fact that after the death of Jeanne, "imposters" began to appear, posing as her.
Memory of Jeanne
In 1909 she was canonized as a saint,
since May 16, 1920, she has taken a place in the church calendar as the patroness of France. Every year on May 30, Saint Joan of Arc is celebrated in France.
Memory of Jeanne
In Orleans, in the central square, there is a monument to Joan of Arc on horseback and with a sword.
Here is the house museum.
Joan of Arc.
Memory of Jeanne
IN late XIX century, a large number of monuments to Joan of Arc appear: in 1875. in Paris in 1882. in Compiègne,
in 1891 - in Domremy.
The image of Jeanne in literature
Works dedicated to Jeanne were created by Schiller , A. France , Mark Twain , B. Show , P. Claudel , J. Anouil and others.
Musical works
TCHAIKOVSKY
THE IMAGE OF JANNE IN PAINTING
JEAN AUGUST DOMINIC
N.K. Roerich. Joan of Arc. 1931
Jules Leneve
Rouen. The tower is a prison.
In this donjon tower, the only one of the eight that have survived to this day in a castle built in the 13th century. Joan of Arc was imprisoned. Here she was interrogated on May 9, 1431.
Alexey Leonov.
Joan of Arc
Rouen. Old Market Square.
- Here, on May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned by the court's verdict. Joan's ashes were scattered over the Seine from the island of Lacroix. There is a legend that the fire did not touch the girl's heart. of the square indicates the place where the stands of the judges were located.
- Building in the center of the square Church of Jeanne d'Arc
THE IMAGE OF JANNE IN THE MOVIES
footage from movie Jeanne d " Ark Milla Jovovich.
About 70 films released
- There is in history historical figures, which become symbols of the state. And they are needed to instill patriotic feelings among the people.
Joan of Arc is the most prominent figure in the entire history of the Hundred Years War (which took place in the 14th and 15th centuries between England and France). Despite the large number of publications about this smart and courageous person, there are a lot of inconsistencies in her biography. But whatever it was, it was under her command that the French won several victories and, in the end, drove the British out of their territory.
Childhood
Jeanne was born in the village of Domremy in a family of wealthy peasants, besides her, there were four more children in the family. Jeannette was no different from her peers, she grew up as a cheerful, kind and sympathetic girl, willingly helped around the house, herded cattle, knew how to sew and spin flax. She didn't go to school and could neither read nor write. Since childhood I have been very pious as soon as she heard the bell ringing, she knelt down and began to pray.
Putting on a man's dress, the 16-year-old girl set off on the road. Upon arrival at the place, the king gave Jeanne a test, and after the young peasant woman withstood her, a military detachment was allocated to her.
Jeanne at war
Joan of Arc was not an experienced military leader, but natural intelligence and observation helped her defeat the enemy near Orleans. The announcement of the lifting of the siege from the city inspired the French, and they won several more victories and liberated the south-west of the country from the British.
A year later, the French under the command of Jeanne won a victory at Poitiers. This cleared the way, and the Dauphin, along with the army, were able to enter Reims. On July 17, 1429, the coronation of Charles VII took place, Jeanne was next to him all this time.
In September 1429, the French tried to liberate Paris but failed. During the battle, Jeanne was wounded, and the king ordered his army to retreat.
Jeanne was left with a small detachment and nevertheless entered the city.
Captivity and execution of Saint Jeanne
The popularity of the Orleans Virgin among the peasants grew every day, which greatly frightened Charles VII and his entourage.
May 23, 1430, betrayed by her compatriots, she is captured by the Burgundians. Jeanne tried to escape twice, the second attempt almost cost her her life: she jumped out of the window. She is later charged with attempted suicide at trial. The king did nothing to free the girl, although according to the customs of the Middle Ages, he could ransom her.
Then the Burgundians sold Joan to the British for 10 thousand livres, who gave it to the clergy.
The trial under the leadership of Pierre Cauchon began on February 21, 1431 and lasted more than three months. They tried to accuse Jeanne of heresy and in connection with the devil. By proving her guilt, the British could prove that Charles VII ruled France illegally. But blaming the illiterate commoner was not easy. The court was never able to get a confession of heresy from her.
Trying to break her will, her captives were kept in inhuman conditions, intimidated by torture, but she did not admit her guilt. Then she was accused of something that did not require evidence - wearing men's clothes.
Cauchon knew that if he sentenced the girl to death without proving her guilt, he would create a crown of the great martyr around her. Therefore, he went to meanness: a fire was built on the square and the bishop announced near it: if Jeanne signs a paper on renunciation of heresy, she will be pardoned and placed in a church prison, where the conditions of detention will be better.
However, the illiterate peasant woman was slipped another paper, in which it was written that she completely renounces her delusions.
Jeanne was deceived and again returned to the POW prison. Here, women's clothing was taken from her by force, and the girl had to put on a man's dress. This meant that Jeanne committed the crime again, and The court sentenced her to be burned at the stake.
On May 30, 1431, the 19-year-old French heroine was executed in Rouen on the Old Market Square, and the ashes were scattered over the Seine.
By order of Charles VII, a quarter of a century after the execution of Saint Joan, another process took place. 115 witnesses were interviewed who knew Joan of Arc during her lifetime. All charges were dropped from her and her feat was recognized.
In 1920, after almost 5 centuries, The Catholic Church canonized the Virgin of Orleans as a saint.
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slide presentation
Slide text: All-Russian festival of research and creative work of students "Student's Portfolio" Made by a student of grade 7 "A" MBOU "Secondary School No. 68 of Khabarovsk" Ekaterina Alekseevna Losova Supervisor - teacher in English Gymnasium No. 2 of Vladivostok Sopova Tatyana Vladimirovna JEANNE D'ARC - NATIONAL HEROINE OF FRANCE Khabarovsk, 2013
Slide text: The purpose of the work: to study the history of the feat of Joan of Arc Tasks: to find out the biography of Joan of Arc to study the historical situation in France during the Hundred Years War to define the term "appeal" to compose questions and conduct a study among students of the municipal budgetary educational institution "Gymnasium No. 2 of Vladivostok” to reveal their knowledge about the national heroine of France, Jeanne d'Arc.
Slide text: Jeanne d'Arc, Maid of Orleans January 6, 1412 - May 30, 1431 the national heroine of France, one of the commanders-in-chief of the French troops in the Hundred Years War, was captured by the Burgundians, Jeanne was handed over to the British and burned at the stake as a sorceress, was later rehabilitated and classified as a Catholic church to the saints.
Slide text: France in the era of Joan of Arc 1337 - the beginning of the Hundred Years War, the English king Edward III claimed his rights to the French throne until 1415, the French managed to control a significant part of the country in 1415, the situation for the French deteriorated sharply: in England it stopped civil strife, and the king of the new Lancaster dynasty, Henry V, launched a decisive invasion of the mainland
Slide text: Siege of Orleans: October 1428 - May 1429 February 12, 1429 - "Battle of the Herring" Joan of Arc - predicted that French troops will suffer defeat in this battle on March 4 - Jeanne's meeting with Charles VII, after checking, he appointed her commander-in-chief on May 4, her army won the first victory, taking the Saint-Loup bastion.
Slide text: Siege of Orleans: May 7 - 8 - victories followed one after another, the British were forced to lift the siege from the city, a task that other French commanders considered impossible, Joan of Arc decided 4 days on May 8 before today every year in Orleans as the main holiday of the city.
Slide text: Coronation of Charles VII On June 29, a "bloodless campaign" began in the direction of Reims. city after city opened the gates to the royal army, on July 17 the king was solemnly anointed in Reims Cathedral in the presence of Joan of Arc an extraordinary outburst of the national spirit in the country
Slide text: Military operations in 1430 after the coronation, Jeanne urged Charles to launch an attack on Paris, taking advantage of the favorable situation and confusion in the camp of the British, the king began to hesitate again only in September - the attack on the capital, but the offensive was quickly stopped on September 21 - the king gave the order to withdraw the army to the Loire, the army was disbanded in the spring of 1430, hostilities were resumed, but were sluggish.
Slide text: Capture of Jeanne May 23 - as a result of betrayal, Joan of Arc was taken prisoner by the Burgundians. King Charles did nothing to save Jeanne. for 10 thousand gold livres, the Burgundians sold her to the British November - December 1430 - Jeanne was transported to Rouen.
Slide #10
Slide text: Trial and conviction February 21, 1431 - the process began formally, Jeanne was tried by the church on charges of heresy, but she was kept in prison under the protection of the British as a prisoner of war, they were forced to confess her guilt on May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned alive in the square Old Market in Rouen
Slide #11
Slide text: After her death, the condemnation and execution of Joan of Arc did not help the British - they could not recover from the blow inflicted by her. in September 1835 - the final reconciliation of France and Burgundy, which concluded a treaty against the British. 1836 - The French take Paris. the decisive offensive of the French was delayed for several years due to intrigues and mutinies at the royal court. in 1449 the French launched an offensive in Normandy April 15, 1450 - victory at the Battle of Formigny. Normandy was captured by the French. in 1453 the French took Bordeaux, ending the Hundred Years' War.
Slide #12
Slide text: The acquittal process 1452 - after the end of the war in Normandy, Charles VII ordered an investigation into its legality On July 7, 1456, the judges read out the verdict - each charge against Joan is refuted by the testimony of witnesses. The first process was declared invalid, the good name of Jeanne was restored in 1909 Pope Pius X proclaimed Jeanne blessed May 16, 1920 Pope Benedict XV canonized her Commemoration Day - May 30
Slide #13
Slide text: Research results Between which countries was the Hundred Years War? Joan of Arc is the heroine of which country?
Slide #14
Slide text: Research results What was the name of Joan of Arc? How did Joan of Arc die?
Slide #15
Slide text: Conclusion As a result of the work done, we studied the history of the feat of Jeanne d'Arc, learned her biography, got acquainted with the historical situation in France during the Hundred Years War, made up questions and conducted a study among students of the municipal budgetary educational institution "Gymnasium No. 2 in Vladivostok" to identify their knowledge of the national heroine of France, Jeanne d'Arc. We can conclude that Joan of Arc saved the independence of France, boldly came out in defense of her homeland. Over the centuries, there have been and remain many secrets, contradictions, and ambiguities around her image. We would like to continue working on this topic.
Slide #16
Slide text: Thank you for your attention!
Class: 6
Target:
- Develop the ability to analyze the activities of an outstanding person, to work with a map, the text of a document, a picture.
- summon respect for the heroine of the French people and the desire to imitate her feat in the struggle for the independence of the motherland.
- Expand students' knowledge of the history of medieval wars.
Type of lesson: lesson learning new material.
Lesson form: lesson characteristic.
Equipment:
- textbook by Agibalova E.V., Donskoy G.M. “History of the Middle Ages” p. 19 (p. 6-8) - Moscow, Education, 2006;
- assignments for groups<applications 1, 2, 3> , <figures 1–15> and contour maps with atlas;
- educational picture “The Entry of Joan of Arc into Orleans” - Pictures of the Middle Ages (D.I. Nikiforov, A.A. Svanidze, N.I. Zaporozhets);
- wall map “Europe in the XIV-XV centuries”;
- CD-presentation “Jeanne d, Arc”<annex 4>;
- Memo on the characteristics of an outstanding figure<annex 5>.
During the classes
1. Introductory conversation, setting the goal of the lesson, explaining the work plan
Teacher's words: Each country has its own symbols, outstanding people who glorified the Motherland. In Russia it is Pushkin, Peter 1, Kutuzov, in England it is Nelson, Robin Hood, in France it is the Maid of Orleans<Appendix 4>. And who among you knows who the Maid of Orleans is?
Students' responses are heard.
Words of the teacher: The maid of Orleans was called Jeanne d, Arc. Almost six centuries have passed since the day when Joan of Arc was burned on the Old Market Square in Rouen. She was only nineteen years old. Almost all her life - seventeen years - she was an unknown Jeannette from Domremy. Her neighbors would later say that she was just like everyone else. For one year she was the celebrated Jeanne-Virgo, the savior of France. Her associates will later say that she was an experienced military man. And for another year she was a prisoner of war and defendant of the inquisition tribunal. Her judges will say: "a great scientist and he would hardly have answered the questions that she was asked."
Today in the lesson we will try to understand this story and give an objective description of Joan of Arc. Do you have memos on your desks?<annex 5> “Characteristics of a historical figure”, we will analyze the events of her life and make appropriate notes in the paragraphs of this memo. At home, using these notes, you will write an essay - a description of Jeanne d, Arc. For efficiency, we will divide with you into four groups, after the story, the teachers of the group will perform the corresponding tasks, and after 3-4 minutes we will listen to the answers of the groups. Answers will be evaluated by points - asterisks. So, we have “historians”, “politicians”, “artists” and “cartographers” represented.
2. Formation of the personality of Jeanne d, Arc
Words of the teacher: The first point of our study is the conditions for the formation of personality. You were given homework <Attachment 1>, we will check it now. “Artists” will be the first to tell<figures 1–4, see Annex 6> what did Jeanne d, Arc look like?
Answer of the group of "artists": Zhanna looked like ordinary peasant girls: a straight nose, big eyes, dark hair. In military armor, she looked determined and stern.
Teacher's words: how was Jeanne's childhood? Answer "historians".
The answer of the "historians": Zhanna came from the class of peasants. Her childhood was spent in the countryside, she did housework, learned to spin, knew how to do everything that was necessary for a peasant girl. She could not read and write, believed in God, was very superstitious.
Teacher's words: what was the environment in which Zhanna grew up, what happened in the country<figures 5–6, see Appendix 6>? “Politicians” and “artists” will tell.
The answer of "politicians" and "artists": There was a Hundred Years War between France and England. At the same time there was a feudal war between the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Orleans. Detachments of robbers terrified the defenseless peasants and townspeople, took away their livestock, robbed and killed. During the war, the armies plundered the cities, took away all the utensils, dishes, clothes, food from the people. After the conclusion of peace, the throne passed to the English king, who was not even a year old. Disagreeing with this, the legitimate heir to the French king, the Dauphin Charles, fled Paris. The British were advancing south of the country, they laid siege to Orleans, his fall would have opened their way to the south. The French feudal lords were confused, and the people began a partisan struggle.
Teacher's words: now let the "cartographers" show on the map which territories were occupied by the British by 1429, where the most important battles took place, the city of Orleans.
"Cartographers" show on the map.
Summing up: so, Jeanne's childhood passed in an atmosphere of war, robbery and violence, she did not receive an education (but we must not forget that at that time many noble people were illiterate), she was very religious, which also corresponds to that era. Make notes in your memos from which you can write a description of the life of Joan of Arc.
3. Path of glory
Words of the teacher: We are moving with you to the following items of the memo “Purpose of activity”, “Traits of character and abilities”.
The impressionable girl was convinced of her destiny and decided to lead the fight against enemies. She left home, overcame a many-kilometer path full of dangers and appeared before the Dauphin, the heir to the throne. She convinced him to give her an army and led a campaign against Orleans. She was greeted with joy by the townspeople and peasants. With the arrival in Orleans, decisive actions began against the British. The siege of the city was lifted, the turning point in the war came. With the participation of Jeanne, large areas of the country were liberated, and the Dauphin Charles was crowned and became King Charles VII.
Now each group is doing task number 2<Annex 2>, and after 3-4 minutes we will check who did it the way.
Group work with assignments.
Checking completed tasks.
The words of the teacher: the word “historians”, what goal did Zhanna set for herself?
“Historians”: Jeanne wanted to save the Motherland, wanted the king to give her an army with which she would lift the siege of Orleans, and then accompany the king to Reims for the coronation.
The words of the teacher: and now the politicians will answer the question: why did the Dauphin decide to give the peasant woman an army?
“Politicians”: The Dauphin thought: “If she recognizes me as the legitimate son of the king and everyone believes her, then all of France will recognize me as king! It would be nice to use it for your own purposes.”
The words of the teacher: and now the “cartographers” will show the path of Jeanne from native village Domremy to the castle of Chinon, campaigns of the army under the leadership of Jeanne d, Arc.
"Cartographers" work with the map, show Domremy, Chinon, Orleans, Troyes, Reims, Blois.
Teacher's words: it's the turn of the "artists"<figures 7-11, see Annex 6>, describe the painting "Entry of Joan of Arc into Orleans".
"Artists": the people met Jeanne with delight and faith in deliverance. There were knights in her army, she herself rode in front on a white horse, dressed in knightly armor, with a royal banner in her hands.
Teacher's words: how did she behave during the assault on the fortress?
“Artists”: During the assault on the fortress, Jeanne showed perseverance, intelligence, modesty, willpower, prudence, courage, and fortitude.
The words of the teacher: the word “politicians”, they will answer the question, why was the coronation necessary?
"Politicians": Until the dauphin performed the rite of coronation, he was not considered king, and the British had reason to represent the French, who were fighting the invaders, as "rebels" against the "legitimate authority". The coronation in Reims meant the rejection of the terms of the agreement in Troyes: from submission to the English crown. This was tantamount to declaring the independence of France.
Teacher's words: now let's see why the French began to win? What character traits did Jeanne show in this campaign? Answer "historians".
"Historians": The French believed in themselves, they felt part of a single whole - France. The war ceased to be a matter of one class, because everyone suffered under the yoke of the British. More and more new fighters flocked under the banner of Jeanne, the struggle became popular. Jeanne was disinterested, she did not want anything for herself personally, but asked the king to exempt the inhabitants of her native village from taxes. This speaks of her modesty and generosity.
Words of the teacher: please tell me what abilities, skills you need to have in order to achieve such results?
Students answer: you must have organizational skills, the ability to convince, lead.
Summarizing.
The words of the teacher: so, we see that Jeanne set a goal - to save the Motherland, led the army and lifted the siege of Orleans, achieved the coronation of Charles. At the same time, she showed herself to be courageous, convinced, stubborn and purposeful, persistent and resolute. She had good organizational skills and the ability to convince people. Make notes on the memo.
4. Captivity, execution and glory after death
Words of the teacher: Soon the king began to be burdened by the presence of Jeanne, became distrustful. Jeanne tried to take Paris, but was wounded, the French retreated. At the city of Compiègne, she was captured by the Burgundians, they sold her to the British. The king did not ransom Jeanne from captivity, she appeared before the court of the Inquisition, was accused and burned at the stake in the city of Rouen in 1431. A quarter of a century later, the King of France ordered a review of the court case, and Jeanne was acquitted, and in the 20th century she was canonized.
Let's see what personality traits Jeanne showed at the same time? What are the results of her activities?
Groups will perform task number 3<Annex 3 > <figures 12–15, see Annex 6>, after a while we will start checking it.
Group work.
Teacher's words: So, "cartographers" will show us last trip Jeanne, the city of Compiegne, near which Jeanne was captured, the city of Rouen, in which the Virgin was executed.
"Cartographers" work with the map.
The words of the teacher: and now the “artists” will show in what order the pictures should go, which fragments of the text correspond to them.
“Artists”: fragment of text A corresponds to picture No. 3<figure 12, see Appendix 6>, text B - picture No. 1<figure 13, see Appendix 6>, text B - picture No. 2<figure 14, see Appendix 6>, text G - picture No. 4<figure 15, see Appendix 6>.
Teacher's words: let's see how Jeanne behaved on litigation. The word "historians".
“Historians”: She very carefully answered the most difficult questions. In her answers, her mind, prudence, courage, justice were visible. She shed no blood in vain. She truly loved her country. She did not show more interest in her fame, she was modest.
Teacher's words: why did the king betray Jeanne? The answer is "politicians".
"Politicians": the memory of the peasant uprising of Jacquerie was still alive. “Who knows,” thought the feudal lords, “whether Jeanne will turn into a new Jacques?” The royal advisers were worried about the influence of Jeanne on the Dauphin, the love and respect for her of ordinary people. The all-powerful feudal lords were afraid that the Dauphin would cease to be a toy in their hands, but most of all they were afraid of an uprising of the people.
Words of the teacher: why did the king decide years later to justify the maiden?
"Politicians": he decided to refute the accusation still weighing on him that he received the crown from the hands of a sorceress.
Teacher's words: let's summarize. How did the Hundred Years War end? The “cartographers” will tell and show us.
“Cartographers”: show on the map the territories that remained in the hands of the British under the treaty of 1453.
Teacher's words: so, what are the results of Jeanne's activities?
Students' answers: with her struggle, Zhanna brought the liberation of the Motherland closer.
Teacher's words: let's add character traits and results of activity to the description.
5. Vital assessment
Teacher's words: How can you evaluate the life of Joan of Arc: was she a “messenger of God” or a sorceress? Was she an ordinary peasant woman or a talented military leader? Who was she?
Listen to the students' answers.
Teacher's words: Jeanne d'Arc was an excellent organizer, a talented leader. The release of Orleans and the subsequent coronation of the Dauphin at Reims dealt a severe blow to the then rumors that Charles was illegitimate and dispelled doubts about his right to the throne. Everything that she did, she herself attributed to the voices, but despite this, Jeanne must be regarded as a normal, sane woman. In military affairs, she was a realist: she understood a lot about artillery, and paid tribute to its capabilities. Jeanne had to deal with people of all classes - from workers to kings; at the same time, she did not feel any embarrassment, she behaved quite naturally, she got what she wanted from them. She knew how to persuade, she knew how to force. As befits a respectable peasant woman, she was aware of the importance of maintaining decorum and did not tolerate when foul language was neglected and religious rites were neglected.
6. Homework
Using the memo, write an essay describing Joan of Arc. Do not forget to determine your attitude towards our heroine.
7. Grades for the lesson
References:
- Donskoy G.M. Moral education in teaching the history of the Middle Ages in the 6th grade. – Enlightenment, 1988.
- Donskoy. G.M. Tasks for independent work on the history of the Middle Ages. - Enlightenment, 1987.
- Kryuchkova E.A. Workbook on the history of the Middle Ages. – Enlightenment, 2002.
- A book to read on the history of the Middle Ages. Edited by N.I. Zaporozhets, A.A. Svanidze. – Enlightenment, 1986.
- Raitses V.I. Joan of Arc. Facts, legends, hypotheses. Leningrad "Science" 1982.
- Stepanova V.E., Shevelenko A.Ya. History of the Middle Ages. Reader. 1-2 parts. - Moscow, Education, 1988.
