Biography

Start of activity

Father, Viktor Mikhailovich, - Comrade of the Prosecutor of the District Military Court in Warsaw, for the liberal views of the resignation, died in 1905 in a psychiatric hospital; Mother, Sophia Aleksandrovna, nee Yaroshenko (1852/1855-1923, Nice), sister of the artist N. A. Yaroshenko - Journalist and playwright, author of the Chronicles of Revolutionary Nataris of His sons (wrote under the pseudonym S. A. Chevil). Senior brother Alexander - Social Democrat, was exiled to Siberia, committed suicide in the Yakut reference in 1904; Junior, Victor is an officer of the Russian Army (1916-1917), a journalist, an artist, a participant in the exhibitions "Bubnoy Vnet", Mason. Sisters: Vera (1872-1942; in marriage is soft) - teacher, critic, employee of the magazine "Russian wealth"; Sofia (1887/1888-after 1938; In marriage Turinovich) - Aerica, Emigrant.

Savinkov studied at the gymnasium in Warsaw (at one time with I. P. Kalyaev), then at the University of St. Petersburg, from which it was excluded for participating in student riots. For some time increased education in Germany.

Savinkov becomes deputy head of the Agefe combat organization, and after its exposure - the leader. Together with Azef, he initiates the murder of the priest Georgy Gapon, suspected in cooperation with the Police Department.

On the night after the escape of Savinkov, wrote the following, printed in a large number of instances notice.

On the night of July 16, according to the resolution of the combat organization of the batch of socialist revolutionaries, and with the assistance of a voluntarily 57 Lithuanian regiment V. M. Sulyatitsky, a member of the Socialist Party of the Revolutionaries Boris Viktorovich Savinkov, held on the main fortress gaptwatherate, was released from custody. Sevastopol, July 16, 1906

Emigration

1917 year. Failed dictator

In Poland

Porrows with white movement, Savinkov was looking for connections with nationalist currents. Its interest in Mussolini, with whom he met in -. However, in the end, Savinkov turned out to be in full political isolation, including from Serc. At this time, he took up work on the story of the "horse of the rorone", comprehending the results of the civil war.

Arrival in the USSR, arrest and death

Process over B. V. Savinkov, 1924

In early August 1924 Savinkov came illegally in the USSR, where it was taken as a result of the developed OCP operation "Sindikat-2". On August 16, Minsk was arrested along with his latest lover with Efimovna Dicgof's love and her husband A. A. Dicgof. At the court of Savinkov recognized his guilt and defeat in the fight against Soviet power. He began his testimony like this:

"I, Boris Savinkov, a former member of the combat organization of the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, a friend and comrade of Egor Cologne and Ivan Kalyaeva, a member of the killings of Plev, the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, a member of many terrorist acts, a person who worked only for the people, in the name of his , I am accused now the working and peasant authority in what came against Russian workers and peasants with arms in hand. "

The burial place is unknown.

A family

• spouse - Vera Glebovna Asspenskaya (1877-1942), Daughter of the writer Gleb Uspensky. From 1935 in the link. After returning died of hunger during the blockade of Leningrad.
  • son - Viktor Borisovich Uspensky (Savinkov) (1900 - 1934) arrested among the 120 hostages for the murder of Kirov, December 29 was sentenced to VMN, shot.
  • daughter - Tatyana Borisovna Assumption-Borisova (Savinkova) (1901-)
• spouse - Evgenia Ivanovna Zilberberg
  • son - Lev Borisovich Savinkov (1912-1987) Poet, Prose, journalist. During the Civil War in Spain, the captain of the Republican Army was heavily wounded (Himing Hernest Hemingway mentions in the novel "Bell calls"). In the Second World War, fought in French resistance. He was buried at the Cemetery of St. Geneviev de Boua.

Savinkov as a writer

Savinkov began to engage in the literary work since 1902. Its first stories 1902-1903. Recove the effect of Stanislav Pshibyshevsky and caused negative feedback Maxim Gorky. Already in 1903, Savinkov (the story "at dusk") appears his leitmotif - a revolutionary, experiencing disgust for its activities that feel the sinfulness of the murder. Subsequently, Savinkov-writer will constantly argue with the Savinkov revolutionary, and the two parties to influence each other (in this way, the rejection of the Esera of his former leader is in many ways precisely with his literary creativity).

In 1905-1909, Savinkov acts as a memoirist, the author written on the hot pursuit of essays about comrades in bo and famous terrorist attacks; These essays were the basis of the book "Memories of the Terrorist" (the first complete publication - 1917-1918, was reprinted repeatedly). Revolutionary N. S. Tyutchev argued that Savinkov-writer in memoirs "kills" the Savinkov revolutionary, criticizing the incredibility of a number of passages, for example, when killed Sazonov "halfway on Earth, leaning his hand on stones"; "Memories" thoroughly critically disassembled M. Gorbunov (E. E. Kolosov).

In 1907, Parisian acquaintance with Merezhkovsky defines all the further literary activities of Savinkov. He meets their religious ideas and glances to revolutionary violence. Under the influence of Merezhkovsky (and with a solid editor, Hippius, who proposed the pseudonym "V. Ropshin" and title), his first story "horse pale" (published in 1909) was written. The plot is based on real events: Kaliaev's murder (under the leadership of Savinkov) Great Prince Sergei Alexandrovich. The events are granted a strong apocalyptic color (given by the title), a psychological analysis of a generalized type of terrorist close to the "strong person" Nietzsche, but poisoned by reflexion; Stylistics book reflects the influence of modernism. The story caused a sharp criticism of the Socialists of the ECOV, who found the image of the main hero slanderous (it was fed and the fact that Savinkov was to the last defender of the Azepis exposed at the end of 1908).

Roman Savinkova "What was not" (1912-1913, a separate publication - 1914; a newly similar reaction of radical criticism and party comrades) already takes into account the subjects of provocation, weakness of the leaders of the revolution and sinfulness of terror; The main character is a "quarring terrorist".

In the 1910s, Savinkov appealed episodically as a poet, printed in a number of magazines and collections; His poems vary Nietzshean's motives of early prose. In life, he did not assemble his poems; Posthumous Collection "Book of Poems" (Paris, 1931) was published hypius. Vladislav Khodasevich, during this period the literary enemy Hippius, found that in the verses of Savinkov "The tragedy of the terrorist is reduced to the hysterics of the middle loser"; But close to the aesthetic views of the Meriazhkovskiy Georgy Adamovich stated the "cooled bayronism" and the "chilled syllable" of Savinkov's poetry.

In 1914-1923, Savinkov printed almost exclusively journalism and essays: "In France during the war" (1916-1917), "From the Army" (1918), "to the case of Cornilov" (1919), "For homeland and freedom", "The fight against the Bolsheviks", "On the way to" Third "Russia" (1920), "On the eve of the new revolution", "Russian People's Volunteer Army in Hike" (1921). After the end of the stormy events of Savinkov in Paris ("Having climbed into the gap", on their own admission), wrote the story "Horse Voronene" (1923). This is the continuation of the "horse pale", with the same main character (which turned into a "colonel") and the same apocalyptic symbolism; The action takes place during the Civil War, the hikes of Bulak Balakhovich and the rear anti-Bolshevik struggle are depicted.

The last book of Savinkov - Lubyanka "stories" written in prison, satirically depicting the life of Russian emigrants.

Savinkov in fiction

Savinkov - the prototype of the terrorist Dudkun in Petersburg Andrei White, high in the "life and death of Nikolai Kurbova" Ilya Ehrenburg, led under normal name In documentary fiction, Alexey Remizov and Roman Gulya.

• Surmachev O.G. On the question of the first publication of the story A. Remizov "Fortress".

Works

• Horse pale. - Nice, 1913.
• What was not. - 3rd ed. - m.: Zadlong, 1918.
• From the existing army. M., "Zadlong", 1918
• Cornilov's case. - Paris, 1919.
• Fighting the Bolsheviks. - 1925.
• Horseforn Paris ,. - 1923; L., 1924.
• In prison (Preface A. V. Lunacharsky). - m., 1925.
• Latest landowners. M., "Ogonёk", 1926
• In prison. M., "Ogonёk", 1926
• Posthumous articles and letters. - m., 1926.
• Memories of a terrorist (preface F. Kona). - 3rd ed. - H., 1928.
• Favorites. - L., 1990.
• Memories of terrorist. - m., 1991.
• Scrapbook terrorist. - m., 2002.

Films

• Savinkov's activities are devoted to the 1968 film "Krach".

• Mini-series (6 episodes) of 1980 "Syndicate-2".

• "Vyborg Side" (1938).

• "Unforgettable 1919" (1951).

• "Emergency Order" (1965).

• "December 20" (1981) and others.

• In the series "Operation" Trest "" (1967), various information about Savinkov is repeatedly voiced (his activity after the October Revolution, arrest, recognition in the court of Soviet power, etc.).

• In 1991, based on the story of the "Pale's horse", the film "Festival of Ada" (dir. Vasily Panin).

• In 2004, Karen Shakhnazarov removed the film "Rider by Death" based on the books of Savinkov "Memories of the Terrorist" and "horse pale".

• In 2006, the series Yuri Kuzina "Stolypin ... Unbearable lessons" came out, based largely on the autobiographical work B. Savinkov "Memories of a terrorist".

Cynovoplocity

• Siegfried Schurenberg ("LockSpitzel Asew", Germany, 1935)
• Vsevolod Sanaev - ("Unforgettable 1919th", 1952, not specified in the credits)
• Vladimir Erenberg ("On October", 1958)
• Semen Sokolovsky ("Emergency Order", 1965)
• Christian Rist ("Azev: Le Tsar de La Nuit", France, 1975)
• Georgy Shahtya ("Walking on the flour", 1977)
• Alexander Porokhovshchikov ("No special accepts", 1978 "Crash Operation" Terror ", 1980)
• Vladimir Golovin ("December 20", 1981)
• Clive Merrison ("Reilie: King of Spies", 1983)
• George Tarautkin ("Caught Hell", 1991)
• Alexey Delotchenko (Stolypin ... Nearby Lessons, 2006)

Literature

• Savinkov's mystery. - L., 1925.
• Ardamatsky V. Retribution. - m., 1975.
• K. Vendianagolsky. Savinkov // New Journal. 1963. № 71, 72.
• Davydov Yu. V. Secret League. - m., 1990.
• Gusev K. V. Knight terror. - m., 1992.
• Shikman A. P. The figures of domestic history. Biographical reference. - m., 1997.
• Gorodnitsky R. A. Combat organization of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries in 1901-1911. - m., 1998.
• Savchenko V. A. Multician Savinkov // Avenue of Civil War: Historical Investigation. - M .: Act, 2000. - P. 256-289. - ISBN 5-17-002710-9
• Boris Savinkov on Lubyanka: Documents. - 2001. - ISBN 5-8243-0200-6
• The case of Savinkov. // Leningrad: Operating Publishing Surbo, 1924 (on the site of Cronos).
• David Footman. B. V. Savinkov. Oxford, St. Antony's College, 1956 (St. Antony's Papers on Soviet Affairs).
• Karol Wędziagolski. Boris Savinkov: Portrait of a terrorist. Twickenham, Kingston Press, 1988, 249 pp.
• Richard B. Spence. Boris Savinkov: Renegade on The Left. Boulder (CO), 1991, 540 pp. (East european Monogram, 316).
• Jacques-Francis Rolland. L'Homme Qui Défia Lénine: Boris Savinkov. Paris, Grasset, 1989, 330 pp.

Notes

Links

	Portal "Russian history"

End of the XIX and the beginning of the 20th century - this is a heyday revolutionary movement in tsarist Russia. Its carriers in the overwhelming majority were young people from secured families. They loudly stated that they were fighting for the happiness of the people, however, this very people knew extremely badly. Basically, the revolutionary public public was guided by various philosophical ideas in which the people were considered only as a faceless mass that serves as a tool to achieve mythical goals.

But why was a full and prosperous young man hit everything hard? What did she not have enough in life? Most likely, the Barchuks missing from idleness lacked from idleness. Secured quiet life seemed to them too fresh. This public wanted something extraordinary, bright, boiling so that every new day was not like the past. This desire successfully coincided with the social contradictions that accumulated in Russian Empire Over the past 150 years.

That is why various revolutionary parties began to appear in Russian land. In principle, there is nothing wrong with any party. Bun for the rights of people, rally, seek changes in the Constitution, in the laws. All this can be solved peaceful way, forcing the power to make compromises. However, Russian revolutionaries elected terror main to their instrument. They began to kill the reigning persons, ministers, officials, and succeeded most of all the esters or socialist revolutionaries. Boris Viktorovich Savinkov became the most bloody terrorist among them (1879-1925).

This person is pretty remarkable. In it, great conceit was intertwined with a naughty attitude towards people's life. The esters themselves characterized Savinkov as a man of adventurous, with a rich fantasy, an extremely subjective, fondant, dreaming about a bright life. It should be said that Boris Viktorovich received a bright life fully. That's just the end of this dreamer revolutionary was by no means bright, but very prosaic. Court, prison and incomprehensible death. Whether he committed suicide, whether he was killed - it is still unknown to this day.

A revolutionary terrorist was born on January 19 (according to the old style) of 1879 in the city of Kharkov. Soon the family moved to Warsaw, where Father Viktor Mikhailovich began to serve as a military prosecutor. Sophia Alexandrovna's mother was engaged in dramatic, writing a play and a story. Bori had an older brother Alexander. He became a Social Democrat, he fell into a link and committed suicide in 1904. The trouble happened to the Father also. In the end of life, he found himself in a psychiatric hospital, where he died in 1905.

Boris himself first studied at the gymnasium in Warsaw, and then entered the University of St. Petersburg. There he began to gnaw granite science, dreaming to become a lawyer. But this dream could not be realized. The young man was kicked out of the university for participating in the riots. After that, Savinkov with his head plunged into revolutionary activities. In 1901, he was arrested, and at the beginning of next year they were sent from the capital and sent to a permanent place of residence in Vologda (Podstolic Siberia). In this peculiar link, he fell under the influence of Serc and became a socialist revolutionary.

In 1903, the newly minted esser ran out of the reference and found himself in Switzerland. There he became a member of the combat organization of Social University, who supervised such a person as Evno Azep. The combat organization was engaged in terrorist acts, and Boris very quickly took the leading position among its accomplices. It was he who led such loud terrorist acts as the murder of the Minister of Internal Affairs of Plev and the Grand Prince Sergey Alexandrovich (Uncle Nicholas II) in 1904-1905.

In 1906, an unsuccessful attempted at Vice Admiral Chukhnin, commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He fired in him, Aerica Catherine Izmailovich. She wounded the commander in his shoulder and belly, but he stayed alive. The same terrorist immediately shot a military patrol on the personal order of the admiral.

Boris Savinkov led this terrorist act. His authorities were arrested and planted in a Sevastopol prison. But the main terrorist fled from it on July 16, 1906, left Russia, moved to Romania, and then, hitting Europe, donkey in Paris. In this city, he met Zinaida Nikolaevna Hippius - a poetess, writer, literary criticism, an ideologist of Russian symbolism.

Because of her influence, Boris Viktorovich took up literary activities. He wrote such works as the "memories of terrorist" and "horse pale". Much later, from under his feather, the novel "What was not there" and the story "horse of the rorone" came out. All these works were written under the pseudonym V. Ropshin.

At the end of 1908, it became known that one of the main leaders of Socialist Evno Azep is an agent of the royal guard. It was a terrible blow to a combat organization. Savinkov himself did not want to believe that his immediate curator was a provocateur. He performed in his defense, but then believed in the two-handedness of the European Azep. Boris Viktorovich himself volunteered to kill him, but the former Some Social leader ran.

As a result, 1909 became the end of the combat organization of Social. She was overwhelmed with a crisis of distrust, lurking in caseless. And yet Savinkov tried to organize terrorist attacks, but they were all unsuccessful. In 1911, the combat organization was officially dissolved and ceased to exist. After that, Boris Viktorovich began to lead the life of an ordinary town man. In 1912, he married the second time (first marriage in 1899). In this marriage he had a son Lion, who died in 1987 in France. It seemed that the bright, life-filled life was over, but after the February Revolution of 1917 everything changed.

In early April 1917, Boris Savinkov arrives in Russia. He is favorably meets Eris Kerensky, and the former revolutionary terrorist is very quickly becoming a deputy (comrade) of the Military Minister. Boris Viktorovich is set up friendly relations with General Kornilov. It is on its urgent recommendation that the Supreme Commander is appointed. Both Savinkov, and Kerensky, and Kornilov stepping for the continuation of the war against Germany to a victorious end, thereby expressing the devotion to Antante and allied debt.

Sit Cornilov (left) and Savinkov

At the end of August, when the Cornilovsky rebellion began, Boris Viktorovich remained faithful to the Team Government. He even offered Kornilov to stop the offensive on Petrograd, but Kerensky concluded a union with the Bolsheviks, which caused a sharp rejection from the former revolutionary terrorist. On August 30, he resigned with himself all the powers and resigned. He was accused of flirting with Kornilov and in early October 1917 were excluded from the party of Serc.

In the same month, after the October coup, Savinkov went underground and began to fight the Bolsheviks. In March 1918, he created the Union of Protection of Motherland and Freedom. This was a combat organization in which many officers entered. Her goal was the overthrow of the Bolshevik power. Boris Savinkov organized uprisings in Murom, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl. They held a bloody raid in Belarus. But by the beginning of June, all these uprisings were suppressed, and many of the participants of the Union were arrested.

Savinkov helped in every way white movement. I was looking for allies abroad, I met Churchill, Pilsudsky. In 1919, the portraits of the former terrorist revolutionary were discussed throughout Petrograd, and the Bolsheviks promised a great reward for his head. But our hero was unfortunately. In 1920, he settled in Poland, putting a good relationship With Pilsudsky. In Warsaw, Boris Viktorovich created the Russian Political Committee and began to form the 3rd Russian Army.

He put in front of him to crush the Bolshevik regime and on the bays of the troops loyal him and the folk anger to enter Moscow on a white horse. Savinkov said that he was the leader of all the anti-Bolshevik forces of Russia and called them a "green movement". The former revolutionary terrorist concentrated on the border with Belorussia.

But the Bolsheviks seized one of the assistants Boris Savinkov and turned it over. This person revealed all the plans of his leader, as well as the presence and concentration of troops at the border. The Bolshevik government sent Poles a protest. The concentration of a large army on the border contradicted the peace treaty between Poland and Soviet Russia of March 18, 1921. As a result, in October 1921, Pilsudsky was forced to send Boris Viktorovich from the country, and his army was disbanded.

In December, the failed dictator of Russia arrived in London. There, Soviet Russia's sales representative Leonid Borisovich Krasin met with him. He suggested Savinkov to cooperate with the Bolsheviks without obsteak. But he rejected the attempt to recruit and even told the British about it. After that, our hero was ass in the already native Paris and began to establish contacts with various nationalist movements.

Bolsheviks are judged by Savinkov (standing on the left)

But he was not needed anyone and uninteresting. At the same time, Boris Savinkov continued to present a potential danger to Soviet Russia, as he was the leader still a combat-ready anti-Soviet underground. Therefore, under the leadership of Dzerzhinsky, a secret operation was developed under the name "Sindicat-2". Her implementation began in May 1922.

Chekists came up with a fictional liberal-democratic organization operating in a deep underground in Russia. Soon, Boris Viktorovich found out about this organization. He began to actively cooperate with her. The correspondence began, the transfer of secret agents into the territory of Russia, meeting with representatives of the organization at neutral territory. Chekists did everything to lure their sworn enemy to their territory. And in the end, they succeeded.

In early August 1924, Savinkov decided to go to the USSR. On August 15, 1924, Boris Viktorovich, his assistants Alexander Dikgof Derental and his wife, and Fomichev, crossed the border in Belarus. They got to Minsk and on August 16, they were arrested by OGPU employees. Already on August 18, they were in Moscow on Lubyanka.

The verdict Boris Savinkov was made on August 29, 1924. He was sentenced to shooting, which immediately replaced the 10-year-old prison. The convict officially recognized the Soviet power and sent the letters to the leaders of white emigration, calling them to stop all the struggle with the world's first state of workers and peasants. The Bolsheviks placed the former enemy in a 2-bedroom chamber with the right to walk in the park, visit 1 time per week Theater and restaurant.

Such a life that has little resembled prison continued until May 7, 1925. On that day, Boris Viktorovich wrote a letter to Dzerzhinsky, and late in the evening, coming from a walk, he jumped out of the window of the 5th floor and fell into the prison yard. According to official data, death occurred 30 minutes after the fall.

The last path of Eser Savinkova

There is an assumption that Boris Savinkov did not jumped out of the window, and helped him. And they dropped into the staircase and only then the body was transferred to the prison yard. But this version is little similar to the truth, since the former revolutionary terrorist has no longer represented any danger to Soviet power. On the contrary, his death led to a lot of extra and provocative conversations, especially abroad.

But be that as it may, and the very fact of death of a fiery fighter for the happiness of the people remains an indisputable fact. It is not known only the burial place of this person. Most likely, it was cremated so that no traces left, no memory left. About the traces it turned out, but the memory remained. Painfully, Boris Viktorovich was a colorful figure in life. His name fell into history, and therefore it could no longer be chosen.

In early August 1924, Savinkov came illegally in the USSR, where it was tipped as a result of the developed OCP operation "Sindicat-2". On August 16, he was arrested in Minsk along with his last mistress with love Dicgof and her husband.

At the open court, held in Moscow, Savinkov recognized his guilt and "historical defeat."

He began his testimony: "I, Boris Savinkov, a former member of the combat organization of the Socialist-Revolutionaries party, friend and comrade Sazonov and Ivan Kalyaeva, a member of the killings of Plev, the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, a member of many terrorist acts, a person who worked only life For the people, in his name, he is accused of now the working and peasant authorities in what was against Russian workers and peasants with arms in his hands. "

One of the participants of the agent-operational game was a young employee OGPU Grigory Syroyzhkin. For the successful implementation of shares within the Sindicate-2 operation, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. And he was the last one who saw Savinkov alive. And not just saw, but from the last forces kept with her own hands ...

According to the official version of Savinkov, she committed suicide into the flight of a staircase. Abroad, there was a doubtless of such an internal end of the "terrorist number one". In the period of restructuring and after it, another version began to appear on the pages of books and print editions. It was alleged that Boris Viktorovich himself was committed to life with life, but was coldly eliminated by convoirs.

"Let me tell you the truth about the death of Savinkova," Boris Huds suggested, the oldest employee of the special services at that time. Our conversation took place in the mansion of the press bureau CVR on Ostozhenka.

For more than a hundred years, Boris Ignatievich was distinguished by excellent health and strong handshake. It is characteristic that from Stalin's times he had the habit of working in the evenings and even at night, what he, grinning, did not fail.

His mentor and a friend of the family was one of the leaders of OGPU Arthur Artovzov, well known for the classical operations "Syndicate" and "Trust".

For his long operational biography, Huds managed to work in all special services Soviet Union. And moreover, being outside the system and avoiding the execution, could grow from a simple bus driver to a major boss.

So, Savinkov ...

"I failed to keep his comrade in the sixth department, the operational worker Gregory Sergeyevich Syroyzhkin," explained Hudz. - That day Gregory just sat at the ill-fated window. Savinkov blinked nervously around the room. The fact is that we contained Boris Savinkov on Lubyanka in an internal prison in special conditions. Its camera, with carpets and comfortable furniture, looked like a room in a good hotel. For a while, a wife even was allowed to him. And to the process in August 1924 and after our employees took him to walk to the city.

And after one such a walk, it was on May 7, 1925, he was in the office of the Deputy Head of Counterintelligence of Roman Alexandrovich Pilyar, who, by the way, had to Felix Dzerzhinsky's cousin. Pier and arrested Savinkov when we lured him to Russia. He crossed the border through our, the Chekist "Window", thinking that heroically penetrate the country unnoticed. The pile took him in Minsk the next day and brought to Moscow.

A court began on which Boris Savinkov said that he refuses his former beliefs, turned to comrades, and he had a lot of them, with a call to stop the fight against the USSR. He sentenced him to the highest way, but the CEC of the USSR replaced the shot ten years.

The decision to mitigate the sentence accepted without his requests. But the self-conception of Savinkov is a huge. And after eight months after the sentencing, he wrote a letter to Dzerzhinsky: he wanted to eventually released him and gave some important work.

Do not consider the anecdote, but once at the interrogation of Artovulov, it was already after conviction, Boris Viktorovich talked: "If you invite me to do some job, I am ready. However, understand me correctly, Arthur Christianovich, go to your position will be not enough for me, you need something else. " And do not smile. It's true.

Of course, no one was going to agree on his conditions. In the end, he understood it. And so - nine evenings. Cabinet Piral. In the room, the Chekist, who traveled to him for a walk, another person and my cheesecake. Just that Savinkov brought from the restaurant ... I will tell you what I never told anyone. Savinkov was not drunk, I think, and not suitable, but in the restaurant he still drank a little. Perhaps because of this and rolled out sadness with longing? Understood hopelessness and ...

Then they carried out an autopsy. And the physicians wrote in the conclusion: traces of alcohol were detected. But someone from the bosses did not like it at all. And the mention of alcohol was seized.

Well, after the restaurant brought Savinkov to the office on the fifth floor. From here it was possible, not going down, through a separate special move to get to jail. There is no lattice on the open window. Savinkov nervously squinted around the room, waiting for the challenge of prison. And those must translate it into the chamber. The window sits cheesecake. Notice, Gregory is sitting in the chair, and not me. The windowsill is very low. Do you understand how everything came out?

Previously, there was no window, but a balcony. Then the balcony was broken, the window was laid with brick, but the windowsill were made low. Savinkov is excited: "When will eventually decide with me? Either let's shoot, either give me a job. " Damn him knows, maybe they really reconciled any alcohol degrees? Walks, walks - and suddenly - sharply from the window down the head. No wonder there was a terrorist. Skills are still those.

Gregory, although everything happened suddenly, managed to grab him behind his feet. Strong man. But in Syroyglass, one hand is slightly weaker: in his youth, it was a good wrestler and in a fight on the carpet broke his hand. Hold, and then it was pulling down, along with Savinkov. That kilograms 80 weighed. How can I keep a person who has already bent there?

Syroezhkin shout: "Let go, fly behind him!" Did not resist. And Savinkov flew from the fifth floor ... crashed immediately and death. The rest of the stories seem to be lost to him themselves - or first killed, and then drove out of the window, are false.

Grisha did everything that could. It all happened unexpectedly. He, Savinkov, was still a person. But the next day, the whole operational group of the sixth compartment is in shock. We missed Savinkov! We understood what kind of blow. Speak, as if he was dropped. Well, why was it to dump it when could sentenced to shooting? Did not shoot, gave ten years, so why to destroy him in this way? And we, of course, got a catch from the bosses, "finished his story Boris Ignatievich.

Payment of bills

During the Civil War in Spain, Syrozhkin was engaged in the acquisition and preparation of special groups of the Republican Army for deployment partisan traffic and organization of sabotage in the rear of Frankist troops.

In the fall of 1937, a special 14th corps was created, in which Gregorio Grande became a senior military adviser. He not only prepared for the abandon the sabotage groups, but also went to the rear of the opponent more than once.

By the way in Spain, Syroezhkin met the son of Boris Savinkov. He grew up in emigration, worked as a driver in France. In Spain, Borisovich went to Spain shortly after the start of the civil war, fought at the front against Frankists in the ranks of one of the international brigades.

"For old memory", Syroezhkin contributed to the fact that Lion Savinkov became the captain of the republican army. In the fall of 1938, Syroezhkin crossed him to France. Allowed the long-standing death of the Father, he saved his son on the eve of the defeat of the Republicans. Yes, your ways are defective, Lord!

During the occupation of France, Lev Savinkov participated in the French resistance movement and in August 1944 as part of the group from the "Union of Russian Patriots" by the Red Flag of the Soviet Embassy building in Paris.

At the end of 1938, the Senior Major State Security (i.e., Major General) Syrozhkin was recalled under the pretext of the present order to him. In Moscow, he was arrested on charges of espionage in favor of Poland and participation in a counter-revolutionary organization. On February 26, 1939, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced him to the highest punishment.

Russian Public Affairs, Social Democrat, then - Eser, Head of the Communist Party of the Social Community, Comrade (Deputy) of the Military Minister for the Temporary Government in 1917, the Participant of White Movement to Siberia, Organizer and Member of the Green Movement during the Civil War, Political Adventurer, publicist and writer. Known under pseudonyms: "B.N.", Veniamin, Pavel Ivanovich, Kramer, Kseshinsky, V.Pushin (literary pseudonym), Galley James, Rode Leon, Tok Rene, Tomashevich Adolf, Chernetsky Konstantin, Subbotin D.E.

A family

Boris Viktorovich Savinkov was born on January 19 (January 31 for a new style) 1879 in the city of Kharkov, in a family, close to revolutionary democratic movement. Father was a judge in Warsaw, but for the liberal views was dismissed and died in 1905 in a psychiatric hospital. Mother Sophia Aleksandrovna, nee Yaroshenko (1852/1855-1923, Nice), Native sister of the artist N.A. Yaroshenko - journalist and playwright, author of the chronicles of revolutionary solarms of their sons (wrote under the pseudonym S. A. Chevil), their friend, assistant And the mentor in revolutionary activities. Alexander Savinkov's elder brother was exiled for revolutionary propaganda to Siberia and committed suicide in the Yakut link. The younger brother Victor is an officer of the Russian Army (1916-1917), a journalist, an artist, a member of the exhibitions "Bubnovoy Vnet", Mason. Sisters: Vera (1872-1942; in marriage is soft) - teacher, critic, employee of the magazine "Russian wealth"; Sofia (1887/1888-after 1938; in marriage Turinovich) - also revolutionary, Ixocu, Emigrant.

Childhood and youth

Childhood Boris Savinkova passed in Poland. He studied at the gymnasium in Warsaw (at the same time as I.P. Kalyaev - the future killer of the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich). After graduating from the gymnasium, he entered the University of St. Petersburg, from which he was soon excluded for participating in student unrest. Completed his education in Germany.

In 1898, Savinkov was part of the Social Democratic Group "Socialist" and "working banner", during the period of social democratic activities was familiar with Jozef Pilsudsky - the future prime minister and the head of free Poland. In 1899, Boris Viktorovich was arrested, but soon dismissed. In 1901, he worked in the group of propagandists of the Petersburg Union for the Fight for Liberation of the Work Class. "

In 1902, Savinkov was again arrested and expelled before the court sentence in Vologda. In the link, he wrote the article "Petersburg Movement and Practical Objectives of Social Democracy", which received a wide response among party comrades. Through his wife, the daughter of the Democratic Writer G.I. Supenssky, was associated with the ideologists of populism. The link at the same time was departed with N. A. Berdyaev, A. A. Bogdanov, A.V. Lunacharsky, A. M. Remizov. In the Vologda link, Savinkov met the former population, one of the leaders of the party Sherso E.K. BRASHKO BRASHKOVSKA ("Grandma" of the Russian Revolution). Under its influence, the young revolutionary survived a deep disappointment in Marxism as a theoretical course and decided to "go to terror". In 1903, without waiting for a court sentence, Savinkov fled abroad to Geneva, where he entered into the party of Serc. At the leader of Shersov, V.M. Chernova he made the impression of "cute, modest, perhaps, too restrained and closed young men." But from this "modesty" was subsequently left and the trace.

"Very proud people - I understood later - there are or cutting or exaggeratedly shy and alert," - wrote about Savinkov V.M. Chernov.

After many years, already in emigration, the leader of the Party of former Socialists also tried to "disappear" from the odious figure B. Savinkov, as his previous comrades in the party and white struggle did:

"... The psychological gap of Boris Savinkov from the party began for a long time. In essence, he has never been a real party man. He was rather a "fellow traveler" in the party ... Savinkov just a skeptic in relation to all party theories, a skeptic not at some deeper approach, and in the undue to think about and inadvertently for this serious training. ... "I, V.M., because in the essence of Anart," Savinkov said with some lame after a trip to London and several conversations with P.A. Kropotkin. If Savinkov could seriously deal with an anarchist, he, of course, would have chosen the non-communist anarchism of Kropotkin, but some kind of anarcho-individualism. " V.M. Chernov "Before Storm. Memories". N.-Y. Ed. Chekhov named. 1953. p.187-188.

However, all this did not prevent B. Savinkov in 1903 to offer its services of the combat organization of the ECOMOV (Bo) party - the heiress of the organizations of poporrists-populists. From the first days he became in it the Deputy Head, E.F. Azef.

Terrorist

Since 1904, Savinkov has repeatedly chosen in the Central Committee of the Erser Party. He lived in Geneva, often hesitally came to Russia. Vel. active work in the party and in bo. He participated in the organization of a number of terrorist acts, which was manifested by its courage, determination, a tendency to aventure. Savinkov belongs to the authorship of such high-profile terrorist acts as the murder of the Minister of Internal Affairs V.K. Plev (1904), the murder Vel.Kn. Sergey Alexandrovich (1905), attempts at Governor General V.F. Dubasova, Minister of Internal Affairs P.N. Dunovo, Admiral G.N. Chukhnin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of P.A.Stolapine, Emperor Nicholas II. Like any talented organizer, Savinkov acted only in the role of "Cooking", but did not accept participation in terms of participation. In the preparation of the attempt on G. Chukhnin Savinkov, a police was issued to another, no less talented "kuklovod" by E. Azep. In May 1906, the second person in Bo Serc is arrested and sentenced to hanging. With strange circumstances, Savinkov managed to escape from custody and get away from Sevastopol in Romania, then to France. He took the most active part in the exposure of the Azep provocateur, and from the end of 1908 he tried to unsuccessfully revive Bo, which was finally dissolved in 1911.

Writer

In 1909, Savinkov wrote "Memories of the Terrorist" - part of the history of the Social Party, which is mainly related to its combat organization, as well as the story "horse pale". Heroes of the story are similar to the main acting persons The other works ("What was not", "Kon Voronene") - these are tired of the struggle, imbued with mysticism, repeated terrorists. Historians of the revolutionary movement and historians of literature and to this day arise: how reliably reflect the real events in these works? In any case, to B.V. Savinkova to the topic of de romanticization of the revolutionary terror in Russian literature, no one appealed.

Since the beginning of World War II, B. Savinkov - Military Correspondent of the newspaper "Day" in France. As a volunteer, he took part in the fighting of the French army in the Western Front.

Politician

On April 9, 1917, after the renunciation of the Russian emperor and the establishment of dvoevsty, the revolutionar of Savinkov returned to his homeland. From June 28, he - Commissioner Southwestern frontwho was in the bid of the Supreme Commander of General A.V.Alekseeva. The convinced right esister, Savinkov became vigorously for the war to the victorious end, fought with the "decomposing army" the agitation of the Bolsheviks, persuading the soldiers not to add weapons. The leader of the ECEROV party V.M. Chernov with irony called Savinkov "the main purchase" of the South-Western Front. In the 1st and 2nd compositions of the coalition government, Savinkov was a friend of the Minister, the manager of the military and the maritime ministry at the Military Minister and the commander-in-chief A.F. Karensky. I tried to introduce strict discipline in the army.

In August 1917, Savinkov entered the Council "Union cossack troops"Supported General L.G. Kornilov in his decision to introduce the death penalty at the front. According to General A.I. Denikin, Savinkov saw in L.G. Cornilov "tool to achieve a strong revolutionary power" in which he (Savinkov) should belong to the first role. Neither Kornilov, nor Kerensky such a position, for quite understandable reasons, was not satisfied.

On August 27, 1917, at the occurrence of Cornilov, Petrograd Savinkov was appointed by the military governor of Petrograd and I.O. Commander of the troops of the Petrograd Military District. Military governor, understanding his powerlessness against the "rebels", continued to lavish, offering Cornilov to submit to the Team Government. August 30, allegedly in protest against provocative actions of Kerensky, Savinkov resigned. At the meeting of representatives of the Cossack Parts, he stated that "I completely agree with Cornilov for his own purposes, but it went with him in the means and plans."

The main discrepancy between Savinkov, both with Cornilov, and with Kerensky was most likely that neither one nor another offered him any prominent role in the event of his victory.

According to the "Kornilovsky case" of Savinkov was caused for the proceedings in the Central Committee of the ECO Party. Considering that this party no longer has "neither moral nor political authority," he did not appear at the Central Committee meeting, for which he was soon excluded from the members of the party. On the so-called "Democratic Meeting" on September 22, 1917, Savinkov was elected to Prepaired (Temporary Council of the Russian Republic) as a deputy from the Kuban region.

Savinkov and White Movement

The Oktyabrskaya Revolution is a former terrorist regarded as "the seizure of the power of the hands of people." On October 25, he tried in vain to free the Winter Palace from the Cossacks from the detachments of the Red Guard. After failure, he fled to Gatchina to General P.N. Krasnov. He participated in the offensive of Kerensky - Krasnov to Petrograd (fighting under Pulkovoy), after his failure went to Don. The White Generalists gathered in Novocherkassk were at first surprised by the appearance of the "old revolutionary" in their ranks and accepted him more than cool. However, Savinkova did not embarrass this. He persistently argued by A.M. Army Kaltedina and M.V. Alekseev that the fight against the Bolsheviks cannot head alone only the military. In the eyes of the people, such a struggle would be only a counter-revolution seeking to restore the past. Ultimately, the eloquent ex-minister managed to convince Alekseeva in the benefits of his "cooperation" with Dobramia. In December 1917, Savinkov became part of the Don Civil Council under the beginning of General M.V.Alekseeva. The former terrorist was even "torturing" with Cornilov, who first refused to have such an odious figure in his environment, but then changed his mind. However, most of the leaders of the army, including A.I. Denikin, occupied against Savinkov a completely irreconcilable position. Therefore, in January 1918, Savinkov left Novocherkassk to Moscow to lead a more familiar underground work there.

"The participation of Savinkov and his group did not give the army not a single soldier, not a single ruble and did not return to the path of statehood not a single Don Cossack, caused only bewilderment in the officer's environment," - he wrote later General A.I. Denikin, looking back at the short-term stay of Savinkov in the south of Russia.

In February-March 1918, B.V. Savinkov created the "Union of Protection of Motherland and Freedom" on the basis of organizing guards officers (about 800 people). The members of his organization took part in speeches against Soviet power in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk and Murome in the summer of 1918. After the rapid and cruel suppression of these reges, Savinkov disappeared into Kazan, occupied by the reserved prisoners of war. For some time he was in the detachment of VO. Cappel, and then moved to Ufa. Considered as a candidate for the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs as part of the Council of Ministers of the Interim All-Russian Government (Ufa Directory). On behalf of the chairman of the directory, N.D. In the late 1918, Savinkov left the Military Mission to France. Having learned about the revolution of Admiral A.V. Kolchak, he headed the Kolchakov Bureau "Union" abroad.

In 1919, B.V. Savinkov became part of the Russian delegation of the "Russian Political Meeting" in Paris. Up to the death of Kolchak, he led negotiations with the governments of the Entente countries about the help of Russian white movement in the fight against Soviet power. However, the diplomat and the petitioner from the former terrorist turned out to be unimportant. Its activity in Paris little gave the armies of Kolchak, doomed to tragic defeat.

After a number of white failures in the south of Russia and there was a "diplomatic" mission from allies, Savinkov moved to Warsaw. For some time he managed to find mutual language With the ruler of Poland - the former terrorist Jozef Pilsudsky. In 1920, Savinkov preparations on the territory of Poland volunteer detachments under the command of General S.N. Bulak Balakhovich, who committed raids to the Russian territory. He even took a personal part in one of the offensive in the equestrian shelf (campaign on Mozyr). During this period, Savinkov tried to present himself a leader of all the anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings, united by the name of the "green" movement.

In August 1920, stating the recognition of the authorities of General Wrangel and his willingness to submit to him, Savinkov began the formation of the 3rd Russian Army in Poland and the Russian Political Committee in Warsaw. Together with Merezhkovsky issued an anti-Bolshevik newspaper "For Freedom!".

After signing the Poland of the Riga World with Soviet Russia (March 1921), Savinkov decided to revive the organization "Union of Protection of Motherland and Freedom". In June, the congress of this organization was held in Warsaw, which was now called the "People's Union of Protection of Motherland and Freedom" (NSzris) and sets its goal of active fighting with the Bolsheviks.

Congress excited the Soviet government and the Polish authorities. In November 1921, at the insistence of the Soviet authorities, Savinkov was expelled from Poland and moved to France.

On December 10, 1921 in London, he secretly met with the Bolshevik diplomat Krasin. Krasin considered the desired and possible cooperation of Savinkov with the Communists. Savinkov said that the Agreement of Right Communists with "Green" would be the most reasonable when completing three conditions: 1) the destruction of the CC, 2) recognition of private property and 3) free elections to the councils, otherwise all the communists will be destroyed by revising peasants. Krasin answered that it was mistaken to believe that in the RCP (b) there are disagreements and the "right wing", and the peasant movement is not as scary, but promised to convey the thoughts of Savinkov to his friends in Moscow. In the following days, Savinkov was invited to Churchill (at that time, Minister of Colonies) and Lloyd George, who spoke about a conversation with Krasov and informed his thoughts about three conditions, offering to nominate them as a condition for recognizing the Soviet government to British. Savinkov reported on his negotiations in a long letter to Pilsudsky, subsequently published.

In 1921-1923, Savinkov tried to lead sabotage activities against the Soviet state through the "People's Union of the Protection of Motherland and Freedom." With the assistance of the Polish and French General Headquarters, he led the training of detachments that carried out to the Western province of Russia, but in the end disappointed in the prospects and "white" and "green" anti-Soviet movements.

Porrows with white movement, Savinkov was looking for connections with nationalist currents. Its interest in Mussolini, with whom he met in 1922. However, by 1922-1923, Savinkov turned out to be in full political isolation: the esters did not consider him "their own" for a long time, and Monarchists-Wranghelevts would never have forgiven his adventurous revolutionary past. Nothing remained, as reappearing into literary creativity again, and Savinkov took up work on the story of the "Horse Voronev", comprehending the results of the civil war.

Victim of provocation

The emergency activity and intransigence of Savinkov in the anti-Bolshevik struggle could not escape from the attention of the ICC bodies. Already in 1923, one of the first, former ECER-terrorist and the enemy of the Soviet power B.V. Savinkov turned out to be drawn into the provocation "Trust".

Acting on behalf of the allegedly existing "underground" anti-Bolshevik organization "Liberal Democrats" (LD), AGPU agents were in contact with prominent leaders of white emigration and distributed provocative information. To verify information about "LD", in mid-1923, Savinkov sent its agent to Russia. The agent was, of course, immediately turned over. Returning, he confirmed that "LD" exists and wants to see Savinkov his leader (Chekists knew what to catch an incorrect ambition!). According to information collected by the emigrant historian and publicist B. Polyshnikov, the OGPU managed to "break" and force to participate in the provocation of Colonel S.E. Pavlovsky is one of the most devoted to Savinkov people. Pavlovsky "Savinkovtsy" believed unconditionally.

An old acquaintance B.V. Savinkova V.L. The Burtsev is a Russian publicist and the publisher who earned for his exposure of provocateurs of the royal guard the nickname "Sherlock Holmes of the Russian Revolution" - unsuccessfully tried to dissuade the leader of Nszris from a trip to Soviet Russia. He once helped Savinkov to expose Azef, and now did not believe in the existence of such a large underground organization as "LD", considering it a certain provocation.

On August 10, 1924, Savinkov left Paris through Berlin in Warsaw, through the "window" crossed the border, and on August 16 was already arrested in Minsk and was devoted to the court. On August 29, 1924, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court he was sentenced to shooting.

Conducting this operation, the employees of the OGPU very skillfully played on the separation and mutual distrust of the BeloEmigrant leaders. In 1923, representatives of the "Trust", using the same techniques, tried to enter a direct contact with Wrangel, but suffered a fiasco, thanks to the clear actions of its closest environment (N.N. Chebyshev at the first meetings "Slavolov" Bolshevik Emissar Fedorova-Yakushev) . However, the Chekistam managed to contact the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, and then, using the internal contradictions in the White Emigration environment, to involve quite a few records in its networks. Even after the arrest and death of Savinkova, A.P. Kutepov continued its activities on the "inner line" of the Ross, on which considerable means were released by monarchical emigration. Contrary to Wrangel's warnings, grand Duke And the "General-Terrorist" did not roll contacts with the "trust", believing that Savinkov, according to his own will, "Perevathed" to the side of the Bolsheviks. By the way, the Bolshevik provocateurs were thrown exactly the same "duck" and in relation to the disappearance of Kepovoy himself in 1930.

The Supreme Court applied to the Presidium of the CEC CEC on mitigating the sentence, because Savinkov completely repent of the court, recognizing his guilt and defeat in the fight against Soviet power. The petition was satisfied, the execution was replaced by imprisonment for 10 years. In Savinkov prison, he had the opportunity to engage in literary work, according to some reports had hotel conditions. He applied with letters to some leaders of white emigration, in which he called on to stop the fight against the Bolsheviks and the Soviet state, wrote a scandalous article "Why did I recognize the Soviet power?"

According to the official version, on May 7, 1925, while in prison on Lubyanka, B.V. Savinkov committed suicide, having thrown away from the window. According to other information, he was dropped into the span of the prison staircase after submitting an exemption. There were rumors that F.E. Dzerzhinsky found the "old conspirator" is too dangerous. In foreign historiography, there is a third version: Savinkov was killed while trying to move the border, and everything else was farce, skillfully played OGPA in propaganda purposes.

The attitude of the BeloEmigrant public to the death of Savinkov was very unequivocal. All newspapers, regardless of their political direction, not without hidden gloating, reported suicide "involved in the terrorist Bolsheviks".

After Savinkov's public statements about the recognition of Soviet power, the legendary terrorist was not sorry for anyone from his compatriots, even former ...

To all of the above, it should be added that, despite the significant mass modern literatureBy illuminating the life and activities of Boris Savinkov, to this day, the ambiguity of a number of parties is apparent to its rich events, an extraordinary biography. In many important episodes, there are no information confirmed by other sources, except for the works of the Savinkov writer (Ropshina). Savinkov and in life often sought to play the role of the literary hero, and therefore the lives of the "legends of the Russian terror" seems to be the descendants only like the adventurous-adventure novel, the true final of which remained the secret archives of the Soviet special services ...

Boris Savinkov is a Russian politician and writer. First of all, he is known as a terrorist who was part of the leadership of the combat organization of the Social Party. Take an active part in white movement. Throughout his career, he often used pseudonyms, in particular Galley James, B. N., Veniamin, Kseshinsky, Kramer.

A family

Boris Savinkov was born in Kharkov in 1879. His father was an assistant to the prosecutor in a military court, but was fired for too liberal views. In 1905, he died in a psychiatric hospital.

The mother of the Hero of our article was a playwright and journalist, described the biography of his sons under the pseudonym S. A. Chevil. Boris Viktorovich Savinkova was Alexander's older brother. He joined the Social Democrats, for which he was referred to Siberia. The link in Yakutia committed itself in 1904. The younger brother Victor is an officer of the Russian army, participated in the exhibitions "Bubnoy Vnet". He lived in emigration.

Two sisters grew up in the family. Faith worked in the magazine "Russian wealth", and Sofia participated in the movement of Socialists.

Education

Boris Savinkov himself graduated from the gymnasium in Warsaw, then he studied at the University of St. Petersburg, from where he was expelled after participating in student unrest. Some time studied in Germany.

For the first time, Boris Viktorovich Savinkov was arrested in 1897 in Warsaw. He was accused of revolutionary activities. At that moment, he entered the group "Working Banner" and "Socialist", belonged to Social Democrats.

In 1899, he was again detained, but soon dismissed. In the same year his personal life was set up when he married the daughter of the famous writer Gleb Uspensky faith. Boris Savinkov had two children from her.

At the beginning of the 20th century, it begins to actively printed in the newspaper "Russian Thought". Participates in the St. Petersburg Union of the struggle for the liberation of the working class. In 1901, he was arrested again and sent to Vologda.

At the head of the fighting organization

An important stage in the biography of Boris Savinkova comes when in 1903 he runs from the link to Geneva. There he comes into becomes an active member of her combat organization.

Takes part in the preparation and implementation of several terrorist attacks in Russia. This is the murder of the Minister of Internal Affairs Vyacheslav Plev, the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich. Among them were also unsuccessful attempts at the Moscow Governor General Fedor Dubasov and Minister of Internal Affairs Peter Dunovo.

Soro Savinkov becomes deputy head of the fighting organization Ego Azep, and when it is exposed, it is headed himself.

In 1906, being in Sevastopol, preparing the murder of the commander of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Chukhnin. He is arrested and sentenced to the death penalty. However, Boris Viktorovich Savinkov, whose biography, is given in this article, can run to Romania.

Life in emigration

After that, Boris Savinkov, whose photo is in this article, is forced to stay in emigration. In Paris, he meets Hippius and Merryovsky, who become his literary patrons.

Savinkov at the time is engaged in literature, writes under the pseudonym V. Ropshin. In 1909, he releases the books of the "Memories of the Terrorist" and the story "horse pale". Boris Savinkov in the last work tells about the group of terrorists who prepay the attempt on major statesmen. In addition, there is a reasoning about philosophy, religion, psychology and ethics. In 1914, he released a novel "What was not there". The esters were very skeptical to this literary experience, demanding even expel Savinkov from their ranks.

When Azeph was exposed in 1908, the hero of our article did not believe in his betrayal for a long time. Even made a defender during the court of honor in Paris. After trying to revive Combat organizationBut not a single successful attempt to organize him. In 1911, she was dissolved.

By that time he was already the second wife Yevgeny Zilberberg, from whom he had a son lion. With the beginning of the First World War receives a military correspondent certificate.

Attempt to become a dictator

The new stage in the biography of Boris Savinkov comes after the February Revolution - he returns to Russia. In April 1917, it renews political activities. Savinkov becomes the Commissioner of the Provisional Government, agitates for the continuation of the war to the victorious end, supports Kerensky.

Soon becomes an assistant military minister, starting claiming dictatorial authority. However, everything turns around unexpectedly. In August, Kerensky causes him to negotiate with Cornilov, then Boris Viktorovich leaves for Petrograd.

When Kornilov sends troops to the capital, becomes the military governor of Petrograd. Trying to convince Cornilov to obey, and on August 30, he retisurates, not consistent with changes in the temporary government. In October, he is excluded from the party of Socialists from "Cornilovsky".

Confrontation with Bolsheviks

The October Revolution meets in the bayonets. I tried to help the temporary government in a deposited Winter Palace, but unsuccessfully. After left to Gatchina, where he received the post of commissioner with the detachment of General Krasnov. At Don participated in the formation of a volunteer army.

In March 1918, in Moscow, Savinkov creates a counter-revolutionary "Union of the Protection of Motherland and Freedom". About 800 people who included in his composition were considered to be interacted by the overthrow of the Soviet power, the establishment of a dictatorship, the continuation of the war against Germany. Boris Viktorovich even managed to create several combat groups, but in May, the plot was revealed, most of his participants were arrested.

Some time was hiding in Kazan, consisted of kincpel detachments. Arriving in Ufa, claimed the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Interim Government. On behalf of the chairman of the Ufa Directory, went with a mission to France through Vladivostok.

It is noteworthy that Savinkov was a massone. He consisted in lodges and in Russia, and in Europe, when it was in emigration. In 1919 he participated in the negotiations on the help of the White Movement by the Entente. During the civil war, he was looking for allies in the West, personally communicated with Winston Churchill and

In 1919 he returned to Petrograd. Hiding on the apartment from the Parents of Anennsky, at that time his portraits were disclosed throughout the city, a good remuneration was promised for the capture.

In Warsaw

When the Soviet-Polish war began in 1920, Savinkov settled in Warsaw. It was invited by Pilsudsky himself. There he created the Russian political committee, together with Merezhkovsky published the newspaper "For Freedom!". I tried to get up at the head of the anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings. As a result, in October 1921, he was expelled from the country.

In December, London met with the diplomat Leonid Krain, who wanted to organize his cooperation with the Bolsheviks. Savinkov said that it was ready for it only under the condition of acceleration of the CC, recognition of private property, conducting free elections to tips. After that, Boris Viktorovich met with Churchill, who at that time was the Minister of Colonies, and the British Prime Minister George, offering to nominate these three conditions set out before Krasin, as an ultimatum when recognizing the Soviet government.

At that time, he finally broke all connections with a white movement, starting to look for outputs to the nationalists. In particular, in 1922 and 1923 met for this with Benito Mussolini. Soon found himself in full political isolation. During this period, Boris Savinkov is written during this period. In it, he tries to comprehend the results and results of the final civil war.

Homecoming

In 1924, Savinkov is illegally coming to the USSR. It was able to take it in the framework of the operation "Syndicate-2", organized by the GPU. In Minsk, he was arrested with the mistress of love Dicgof and her spouse. The trial of Boris Savinkov begins. He recognizes defeat in confronting with the Soviet authorities and his guilt.

In August, the 24th sentenced him to the shooting. Then he is replaced by ten years in prison. In prison, you provide the opportunity to write books Boris Viktorovich Savinkov. Some even claim that it was contained in a comfortable environment.

In 1924, he writes a letter "Why I acknowledged Soviet Power!". He denies that it was insincere, adventurously and done for the sake of saving his life. Savinkov emphasizes that the coming to power of the Bolsheviks was the will of the people who need to be submitted, besides, "Russia is already saved," he writes. Until now, different opinions are expressed, why Boris Savinkov recognized the Soviet government. Most are convinced that it was the only opportunity to save his life for him.

Letters with a call to do similarly, he sends him from prison to the heads of white movement in emigration, calling to stop the fight against the USSR.

Death

According to the authorities, on May 7, 1925, Savinkov committed itself, taking advantage of the fact that on the window in the room, where he was led after the walk, there was no lattice. He jumped into the courtyard of the TCC at Lubyanka from the fifth floor. He was 46 years old.

According to the conspiramic version, Savinkov was killed by the Employees of the GPU. Alexander Solzhenitsyn in his novel "Archipelago Gulag" leads such a version. The place of its burial is unknown.

Savinkov was married twice. His first spouse Vera Uspenskaya, as he, took part in terrorist activities. In 1935, was sent to the link. Returning, died of hunger in blocade Leningrad. Their son Victor was arrested among the 120 hostages for killing Kirov. In 1934 he was shot. On the fate of the daughter of Tatiana, born in 1901, nothing is unknown.

The second wife of the leader of a combat organization, Eugene, was the sister of the terrorist Lion Zilberberg. She with Savinkov was born the son of Lion in 1912. He became a prose, poet and journalist. Participated in the Civil War in Spain, where he was hardly injured. Lion Savinkova In his novel, "the command calls the bell" mentions the American classic Ernest Hemingway.

During World War II participated in French resistance. Died in Paris in 1987.

Creative activity

For many Savinkov - not only a terrorist and ancer, but also a writer. He began to study literature in 1902 seriously. His first published stories written under the influence of Polish Prosaik Stanislav Příbyshevsky, criticized bitter.

In 1903, a revolutionary appears in his newer "at dusk" for the first time, who is experiencing disgust for what makes it worries that it is a sin. In the future, on the pages of its works, it is possible to regularly observe a peculiar argument of the writer with a revolutionary about the admissibility of extreme measures for the achievement of the goal. In the combat organization, Serc ESSEROV considered to be more negative literary experienceAs a result, they became one of the reasons for its overthrow.

Since 1905, he writes a lot of memories Boris Savinkov, describing the famous terrorist attacks, carried out by the combat organization of Socialists, literally on hot trails. For the first time a separate publication, these "terrorist memories" were published in 1917, after that they were repeatedly reprinted. Nikolay Tyutchev revolutionary noted that in these memoirs the Savinkov writer desperately argues with the Savinkov revolutionary, ultimately proving his rightness, the inadmissibility of extreme measures to achieve the goal.

In 1907, it begins to closely communicate in Paris with Merezhkovsky, who becomes a kind of mentor in all the subsequent activities of the writer. They are actively discussing religious views and ideas, attitude towards revolutionary violence. Just under the influence of Hippius and Merezhkovsky Savinkov writes the story "horse pale" in 1909, which publishes under the creative pseudonym V. Ropshin. The plot is based on real events with him or in his surroundings. For example, this is the murder of the terrorist Kalyaev Grand Prince Sergei Alexandrovich, who Savinkov himself directly led. The author described by the events attaches a very apocalyptic color, which is already asked in the title of his story. It conducts a thorough psychological analysis of the average terrorist, conducting a parallel with superholesale Nietzsche, but at the same time heavily poisoned by its own reflexion. In the style of this work, you can observe the explicit influence of modernism.

Among the esserov, the story aroused deep discontent and criticism. Many found the image of the main hero slanderous. This guess was fueled by the fact that Savinkov himself supported the previous leader of the Azep combat organization, exposed at the end of 1908.

In 1914, for the first time a separate publication, the novel "What was not there". It is once again criticized by party comrades. This time, take into account the weakness of the leaders of the revolution, the subject of provocations and sinfulness of terror, Savinkov makes the main character of the entering terrorist, as in his early story "at dusk".

In the 1910s, the poems of Boris Savinkov appear in the press. They are printed in various collections and magazines. They prevail nietzshean motives for his early prosaic works. It is noteworthy that during his lifetime she did not collect his own poems, after his death in 1931, a collection under the simple title "Book of Poems" released hypius.

Khodasevich, who at that time was in confrontation with Hippius, emphasized that in verses of Savinkov, he driving a tragedy of terrorist to the hysterics of the weak loser of the middle hand. Criticates the poetic work of Boris Viktorovich even Adamovich, who was close to the aesthetic views of Merezhkovsky.

From 1914 to 1923, Savinkov almost completely leaves fiction, concentrating on journalism. His famous essays of that period - "in France during the war", "to the Cornilov case", "from the current army", the fight against the Bolsheviks "," for the homeland and freedom "," on the eve of the new revolution "," on the way to "the third "Russia", "Russian People's Volunteer Army in Hike".

In 1923, being in Paris, he writes the continuation of the story of the "horse pale" called "Horse Voronene". It has the same protagonist in it, the apocalyptic symbolism is again guessed. The action was transferred during the civil war. Events unfold in the rear, and on the front line.

In this work of his main hero, Savinkov calls Colonel Georges. At the heart of the plot of Bulak Balakhovich's campaign on Mozyr, which took place at the end of 1920. Savinkov then commanded the first regiment.

The second part is written on the basis of the stories of Colonel Sergey Pavlovsky, whom the writer himself appointed a writer in 1921 at the head of the rebel and partisan detachments on the Polish border.

The third part is completed, which is devoted to the underground work of Pavlovsky in Moscow in 1923.

The last work of Savinkov was the collection of stories, written in prison on Lubyanka. In it, he satirically describes the life of Russian migrants.