Who was the first president of the French Academy of Sciences. French Academy of Sciences

By the quarter Saint-Germain, it is best to come from the river, from the side Lover , according to the elegant pedestrian bridge, called the Art Bridge.

From here, you will open a beautiful, who has already become a classic view of island Site. , with barges moored for the embankment of the Contion on the left bank and silhouettes towers Saint-Jacques And the town hall buildings on the right bank.

Graceful dome and the fronton, which you will see at the end of the bridge, belongs to the building of the metropolitan college of four nations, where now there is a world-recognized Institute of France (Institut De France).

Of the five academies of art and sciences, the oldest and most famous - French Academy (Academy of Frances) - the most famous meeting of the best writers and scientists, the credibility of which is to award literary awards and obstruct clean french.

The last achievement in the area of \u200b\u200bconservation of the language was the French word "Balaj" to refer to the player instead of English "Walkman" However, in general, the efforts of scientists to combat Anglo-Saxon terms in science, management and computer business are hopelessly inefficient.

The title of academician is higher degree Recognition of merit, so those who won this title are called "immortal" (immorter), although there is a proportion of irony. The fact is that by the time when people are worthy of the title of academician, many of them are already in a rather old age, so they really do not have prospects to enjoy their title.

The list of "immortal" is small: at the time of writing this article there were about forty, including one cardinal and only two women. Visitors are allowed to take a walk in the courtyard.

If you politely contact your employee at the entrance, you will be given a pass for visiting the magnificent Libraries Mazarini (Monday-Friday from 10.00 to 18.00; Self-free entrance) Looking into the hall, you will see how people engaged in the history of religion are sitting in silence surrounded by Corinth columns, marble busts and crustaceans, enjoying the reading of the foliants of the XVI-XVII centuries, - their The library has about 200 thousand volumes.

Organizational structure of the Institute of France

(Institut de France) - the main official scientific institution France, the organizational structure of which consists of the association of five national academies:

French Academy (ACADEMIE FRANCAIS), established under Cardinal Rickel in 1635 to improve French and literature, consists of 40 members ("Immortels");

French Academy of Inscriptions and Elegant Literature (Academie Des Inscriptions Et Belles-Lettres), founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in February 1663, initially for the compilation of inscriptions on monuments and medals in honor Louis Xiv., later united by humanitarian scientists in the field of history, archeology and linguistics; The official status of the Academy has been 55 French and 40 foreign member since 501;

French Academy of Sciences (Academie Des Sciencees), founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Batista Kolbera for mathematics, natural Sciences and medicine;

French Academy of Fine Arts ACADEMIE DES BEAUX-ARTS) was created in 1803 as a result of the merger of the French Academy of Painting and Sculpture (founded in 1648, dissolved in 1793), the French Academy of Music (founded in 1669), the French Academy of Architecture (founded in 1671 ); The official status of the Academy since 1816; Cinematography and photographs are currently added; 57 Chairs, of which on January 1, 2010 are employed 48.

French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences (ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES MORALES ET POLITIQUES), founded in 1795, dissolved in 1803, restored in 1832; Currently has sections: philosophy; moral sciences and sociology; legislation, public law and jurisprudence; political economy, statistics and finance; history and geography; General.

The surroundings of the Institute of France

House number 11 on the Embankment of Connya, next to the Institute of France, is the building of the Mint-Dvor (Hotel de Monet). At the end of the XVIII century, it was redone under the mint, and now it is located here Museum of Mint (Monday-Friday, 11.00-17.30, Saturday and Sunday, 12.00-17.30; 8 euros).

A strict collection of a museum containing coins of all kinds and devices for their manufacture can impress except for those who experience nostalgia, good old franc, or on admirers of Balzak, who wanted to see the money, which flowed like water between the young fingers Rustyanka, from Golden Liudor to a simple su.

To the West of the Institute of France is the Higher National School of Fine Arts (Ecole de Boe-AR). On the sunny days, her students, novice artists occupy the embankments, making numerous sketches in their notepads.

Sometimes open exhibitions are arranged at school. student work. Another west, in the house No. 5-bis on the street, Serzh Genzbour (up to death that followed in 1991) is a legend person who opposing himself with traditional art.

Nowadays, his daughter Charlotte lives in this house, the famous film actress. For many years, the garden of this house was covered with several layers of graffiti, quoted by the words of the most famous verses of Hazubur, such as the "Lord smokes Havana cigars"; Silhouettes applied with aerosol paint were also.

French Academy(Académie Française) - Socked Society in France, specializing in French and literature. There is from the 17th century.

The French Academy was born from a small circle of writers, which, starting from 1629, gathered in the house of the lover-like-amateur Konrah (1603-1675) and conducted conversations on various topics, mainly on art. In 1634, Cardinal Richelieu decided to create on the basis of this purely private circle, the official body, who ends with the issues of language and literature. From March 13, 1634, although the Academy has not yet been formally formed, its members (just over thirty people) elected their director (Zh.De Serizie), Chancellor (J. Demare de Saint-Sorlen), Lifetime Secretary (Bontrar) and Started the protocol of the meeting. January 2, 1635 Louis XIII complained a patent for the creation of the Academy.

In the same year, Richelieu Charter of the Academy was developed and approved, which determined its composition and election order. Memberships at the Academy have honored persons contributing to the glorification of France. The number of academics should have been permanent; Only in the case of the death of one of them, a new term was elected in his place. The Charter provided for the exception for reprehensible acts incompatible with the high rank of academician. When choosing a candidate, it was supposed to say a speech in which the "honor of the virtue of the founder" was prescribed, and Praise Cardinal for a long time remained an indispensable rhetorical part of their entrance words.

At the head of the Academy stood the director presiding for meetings, and the Chancellor, the victim of archives and the seal; And the one, and the other was elected by lot for a two-month term. Secretary of the Academy, whose duties were included preparatory work And the maintenance of the protocols was appointed in the lot life and received a fixed salary.

24 The article of the Charter of 1635 formulated the main task of the Academy - the regulation of the French language, common and understandable for all, which would equally used in literary practice and in colloquial speech; To this end, it was assumed to create Drug, as well as Rhetoric, Poetics and grammar. Such a task was answered by the depth need of French society: the nation was aware of themselves as a whole within a single state, and the language should have become the cementing basis of this unity. The merit of Richelieu is that he understood and implemented this need.

The first period of the history of the French Academy(up to 1793.). July 10, 1637. The Paris Parliament registered the royal patent, and on the same day the first official meeting of the Academy took place. By this time, its constant composition was established - "forty immortal" (Quarante Immortels). The first speech on the case of adoption at the Academy said on September 3, 1640 Famous lawyer Olivier Patria (1604-1681), where in high style due not only Richelieu, but also to his predecessor. The speech of O. Patray was a model that has followed from that time, with rare exceptions, all generations of academicians. From 1671 meetings on the reception of new members became public.

From the very beginning of its existence, the Academy was under the care of the state. Its first official "chapter and patron" was in 1635-1642 Cardinal Richelieu; After his death, the Protectorate moved to Chancellor Pierre Segeye (1642-1672). In March 1672 Louis XIV (1643-1715) made patronage over the King Privilege Academy; After him, this right was carried out by Louis XV (1715-1774) and Louis XVI (1774-1793).

Up to 1672, the Academy did not have its own premises. The meetings were held in the house of one or another academician; From 1643, the house of Chancellor P. Sega became their permanent residence. In 1672, Louis XIV gave them one of the halls of the Louvre, at the same time complaining of 660 volumes that have compiled the first library fund of the Academy.

The first public act of "immortal" was the article Opinion of the French Academy about Side(1637), tragicomedy P. Kornell, who had a huge success. Although negative evaluation SiduThis submission of Richelieu turned out to be more than a predensive, the importance of this act was huge - the beginning of a literary and critical tradition in France was found. From now on, many writers, and not only French, appealed to the Academy and for the assessment of their writings, and as an arbitrator in literary disputes.

The main case of the Academy was the preparation Drug. In 1637, the Guide to compose it was laid on the Claude of the Favor delated (1585-1650); After his death, it passed to Francois Ed de Mesard (1610-1683); in the work of Signag. Pierre Cornel (1606-1684), Jean de Lafonten (1621-1693), Nicola Bouoyon-Depeo (1636-1711), Jean Rasin (1639-1699). Surrendered in the set in 1678, the first Dictionary of the French Academyit was published in 1694. He included 18 thousand lexical units and answered the main principle: a compromise between the former, etymological, spelling and spelling based on a modern pronunciation. The first edition followed the second (1718), the third (1740), fourth (1762). Concerning Grammar, Rhetoricand PoeticsThese projects were not implemented.

In addition to compilation DrugThe Academy assumed the function of patronage. In 1671, she established a premium for eloquence and the best poetic work. In 1782, the famous philanthropist Baron J.-B.-A. De Montiion installed a premium for a noble act.

Members of the French Academy in the 17-18th centuries. There were not only the largest writers of France, but also representatives of other professions. It included scientists and philosophers: natural scientist J. L.D. Buffon (1707-1788), mathematician and philosopher J.-L.D. "Alamber (1717-1783), a philosopher-sensualist E.Te Kondiigh (1727-1794) , mathematician and philosopher J.-A.-N. Kondorse (1743-1794), Astronomer Zh.-S. Baiy (1736-1793), etc., as well as state, military and church figures.

In 1663 Zh.-B. B. Bolber created at the French Academy the so-called small academy of four members of the Big Academy appointed by the Minister. They were instructed to draw up inscriptions and motto for monuments built by Louis XIV, and medals that minted in his honor. Having exhausted this area, academicians took up another: the development of legendary plots for royal tapestries. He led by the Small Academy after the death of Kolbera M. Luvua (1641-1691) expanded its field of activity, inviting it in 1683 Andre Felibiena (1619-1695), the keeper of the Museum of Antiquities, and in 1685 Pierre Rensan (1640-1689), the Keeper of the Royal Medals . In 1701, having received from Louis XIV the status of the Academy of Inscriptions, the Small Academy turned into an independent institution. Their circling circles included studying the history of France, preparing medals in memory of her the most important events, description of the items of the past from the Cabinet of the King; In addition, a search was conducted with the obligatory commenting of all the antiquities located in France. In 1716, this body received the name of the "Academy of Inscriptions and Literature" by the Special Ediction. From that time began to be published Memoirs of the Academy(1717), printed historical, archaeological, linguistic and other studies.

Second period of the French Academy(1795 to the present). During the French revolution, the Decree of the Convention of August 8, 1793, the French Academy, and, together with it, the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature, the Academy of Painting and Sculpture (founded in 1648), the Academy of Sciences (founded in 1666), the Academy of Architecture (founded in 1671) were dissolved like royal institutions. On October 25, 1795, the directory restored their activities, but in the new status: now it was the French Institute (L "Institut de France), consisting of three offices: Department of Physical and Economic Sciences, Branch of Literature and Fine Arts (both on the basis Obligas) and newly created separation of moral and political sciences. January 23, 1803, during the consulate, another reorganization occurred - instead of three departments, it became four (without the section of moral and political sciences, abolished by Napoleon): separation of French and literature, separation of sciences, The branch of the history and ancient literature and the separation of elegant arts. The French Academy, thus, was restored, albeit under a different name. Napoleon provided the French Institute Palace Mazarin (or a college of four nations) in which he is and today. In the same 1803 was Established special clothing for academicians - Fractures with a collar and lapels, embellished green palm branches (Habit Ver T), the tricon, cloak and sword.

March 21, 1816 Louis XVIII (1814-1824) returned its former title to the French academy, but it remained an integral part of the French Institute.

At 19 in. The Academy was under the auspices of the reigning Persons: Napoleon I (1804-1814), Louis XVIII, Karl X (1824-1830), Louis Philippa (1830-1848), Napoleon III (1852-1870), and from 1871 to this day - Presidents of the French Republic.

The French Academy of the last centuries decorated such famous names as writers and poets F.R.D. Shatubin (1768-1848), A.Da Lamartin (1790-1869), V.Guhug (1802-1885), P. America (1803 -1870), P.Valery (1871-1945), F. Moriak (1885-1970), A.Mrua (1885-1967) and many others; Nevertheless, some great French were denied this honor: O.The Balzak (1799-1850), three times trying to become "immortal", Sh. Bodler (1821-1867), A.Dume-Father (1802-1870). Among Academicians - Military and state figures: Presidents of France A.Ter (1797-1877), R. Puancare (1860-1934) and V.Zhiskar D "Esten (Rod. 1929), Prime Ministers Duke A.-E. de Richelieu (1766-1822), He is the builder of Odessa, Count L.-M.Mole (1781-1855), F.Gizo (1787-1874), J. Klemso (1841-1929) and E. Errio (1872-1957), Marshals F. Fosh ( 1851-1929), J. Zhofffr (1852-1931), FD Espre (1856-1942), A.Zhuen (1888-1967); Priests: Cardinal E. Tissareran (1884-1972), President of the Ecumenical Council of Churches Pastor M. Begner (1881-1970), Cardinal J.Grant (1872-1959); Scientists: Chemist and Biologist L.Paster (1822-1895), Nobel Laureate Physicist L.The Brunce (1892-1987), Mathematician A. Puancare (1854-1912), etc.

In 1980, the academy doors finally opened for women. The first woman-academician became the 1980 Writer M. Yursenar (1903-1987). Currently, a woman is also a permanent secretary of the Academy - Historian J.The Romiya (born 1913).

The Academy has survived two waves of exceptions for political reasons. After the restoration, the titles of academics of the Revolution and Empire figures were lost: E.Zh.Siees (1748-1836), J.Gar (1749-1833), P.L. Rower (1754-1835), Y. Mare (1763-1839), Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840), Brother Napoleon, Chairman of the Council of five hundred, Zh.zh.Kombaseres (1753-1824), former second Consul and Archored Empire. The second wave followed after liberation: the head of the Vishche Marshal F.P. P.Pote (1856-1951) was excluded for the collaborationism (1856-1951), the Minister of Education of Vichy, writer A. Bonnar (1883-1968), Head of Akson Francsez, writer S.Morras (1868-1952) .

The history of the Academy knew protest acts from its members. The irreconcilable royalist F.-R.D. Shatubrevan, elected in 1812, refused to utter the praise to his predecessor - Revolutionary J.-M. Schini (1764-1811) and to submit to Napoleon I. The same intransigence showed Legitimist A.berry (1790-1868) who did not want to apply Napoleon III. On the other hand, the demonstrative panechnician Napoleon III, which his former Prime Minister E. Vollilly (1825-1913) included in 1870, was the reason that the Academy postponed his adoption for four years. In 1871 F.-A.-F. Dupalan (1802-1878), Bishop Orleans, left her walls in protest against the election of lexicograph E. Litter (1801-1881), thereby creating a precedent of voluntary exit from the high assembly. A.Franz (1844-1924), a consistent Dreyfusar, stopped attending meetings of the Academy.

The French Academy continued (and continues) to exercise its main purpose - follow the development of French, fix his condition for each this moment and say language norm. Even in the most difficult period of its existence, she managed to release the fifth edition of the academic Drug. In 1835 the sixth edition came out , in 1878 - seventh, in 1932-1935 - eighth. With each new edition increased its volume. The eighth contained 35,000 vocabularies, i.e. twice as bigger than they were in the first Dictionary1694. Currently currently, the multi-volume ninth edition has already about 60,000 words; Such a lexicographic explosion is obliged to scientific and technical terminology, foreign borrowing, neoplasms in the dialects of French-speaking countries.

During the existence of the French Academy, its charter, adopted in 1735, was basically unchanged. If the amendments were made to it, they concerned mostly procedural issues.

The Academy meets every Thursday. At the end of the year, a solemn meeting is held, on which the names of the laureates of academic premiums are announced.

The nature and scale of the academy's patrimonial activities has changed significantly. If, in its creation, it awarded only two awards, now their number reaches one hundred forty, of which about seventy literary (for the best novel, novel, biography, drama, essay, poetic work, historical work, philosophical essay, artistic critical essay, etc.). In 1986, a premium for Francophone authors was established, in 1999 - for Writers from Latin American countries. In addition, the Academy presents awards of various literary and scientific societies, provides scholarships to students and students, notes the award-winning of the courage, and also carries out a charitable function, providing assistance to widows and large families.

Evgenia Krivushin

(President of the Academy), this is one of five academies.

history

Heroic image of the Academy's activities from 1698

The Academy of Sciences leads its origin of the Colber Plan to create a common academy. He chose a small group of scientists who met on December 22, 1666 in the King Library, and then spent two times a week working meetings. The first 30 years of the existence of the Academy were relatively informal, since neither the charters were not yet laid for the establishment. Unlike his British colleague, the Academy was founded as a body. The Academy is expected to remain apolitical, and avoid discussing religious and social problems (CONNER, 2005, p. 385).

From January 20, 1699, Louis Xiv gave society his first rules. The Academy received a name Royal Academy of Sciences And was installed in the Louvre in Paris. After this reform, the Academy began to publish the volume every year with information about all the work done by its members and necrologists for members who died. This reform is also codified by the method by which members of the Academy could receive pensions for their work. From August 8, 1793, the National Convention canceled all academies. From August 22, 1795, National Institute of Sciences and Arts It was put in place that unites the old Academies of Sciences, literature and art, among them the French Academy and Disc ACADEMIE. Almost all the old members of the previously abolished Académie were formally re-elected and wanted their ancient places. Among the exceptions was Dominique, Count de Cassini, who refused to take his place. Membership in the Academy was not limited to scientists: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte was elected a member of the Academy and three years later, presidentially in connection with his Egyptian expedition, which had a scientific component. In 1816, renamed the "Royal Academy of Science" became autonomous, when forming a part; The head of state became his patron. In the Second Republic, the name returned at the Academy of Sciences. During this period, the Academy was funded and reported to the Ministry of Folk Enlightenment. The Academy came to control French laws, patent for the eighteenth century, speaking as a binder of the knowledge of artisans to public domain. As a result, academician dominated technological events in France (Conner, 2005, p. 385). Proceedings of the Academy were published under the name Comptes Rendus de L "Academy of Sciences (1835-1965). Rendus Comptes. Now a series of magazine with seven names. The publication can be found on the website of the French National Library.

In 1818, the French Academy of Sciences declared a competition to explain the properties of light. Engineer Fresnel entered this competition, presenting a new wave theory of light. Poisson, one of the members of the Judicial Commission, studied Fresnel theory in detail. Being a supporter of the parties-theory of light, he was looking for a way to refute him. Poisson believed that he found a flaw when he shows that Fresnel's theory predicts that on the axes a bright spot would exist in the shadow of a circular obstacle, where there should be a complete darkness in accordance with the particle-theory of light. Poisson's stain is not easy to observe in a daily situation, so it was only naturally Poisson to interpret it as absurd, and that he should refute the theory of Fresnel. Nevertheless, the head of the Committee, Dominic Francois-Jean Arago, and who, by the way, later became the Prime Minister of France, decided to conduct an experiment in more detail. It molding a 2 mm metal disk with a glass plate with wax. To universal surprise, he managed to observe the predicted spot, which was convinced by most scientists of the wave nature of light.

Within three centuries, women were not allowed as members of the Academy. This meant that many women, scientists were excluded, including a two-time laureate Nobel Prize Maria Curie, Nobel Irene Zolio-Curi laureate, Mathematics Sophie Germain, and many other decent women - scientists. The first woman confessed as a member of the correspondent was a Curie student, Margherit Feast, in 1962 the first female actual member was the Ivonna Shock-Bruss in 1979.

Today Academy

Today, the Academy is one of the five academies that are part of. His members are elected for life. Currently, there are 150 valid members, 300 members - correspondents and 120 foreign people associate. They are divided into two scientific groups: mathematical and physical sciences and their applications and chemical, biological, geological and medical sciences and their applications.

Medals, rewards and prizes

Each year, the Academy of Sciences distributes about 80 prizes. They include:

Grande Medaille is awarded annually, in rotation, in the relevant disciplines of each branch of the Academy, French or foreign scientist, who contributed to the development of science in a decisive way.
Lalande award, awarded from 1802 to 1970, for outstanding achievements in the field of astronomy
Valz Prize, awarded from 1877 to 1970, in honor of the achievement in the field of astronomy
Richard Launsbury Prize, together with the National Academy of Sciences
The prize of Erbran, in mathematics and physics
Prize Paul Pascal, in chemistry
bowelae Prize for a great contribution to mathematical modeling in the field of finance
Prize Michelle Mon T Bubble for Informatics and Applied Mathematics, awarded since 1977
Lekontt Prize, is awarded annually since 1886, recognize important discoveries in the field of mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural history and medicine

People Academy

presidents

Treaschairs

Permanent secretaries

Mathematical sciences

Physical sciences

Connor (2005), lacking The product is quoted twice in the text, but the link is not listed here. Incomplete links.
Crossland, Maurice P. (1992), Science under control: French Academy of Sciences, 1795-1914 , Cambridge University Press, ISBN
Stéphane Schmitt, "Animal research and an increase in comparative anatomy at the Parisian Royal Academy of Sciences and around in the eighteenth century," Science in context 29 (1), 2016, p. 11-54.
Stroup, Alice (1987), Royal Financing of Parisian Académie Royale des Sciencees in 1690 , Diane Publisher,

At the time of Reomiura, the French Academy of Sciences was a recognized center of world science and approached its fiftieth anniversary. It was based on the Board of Louis XIV, in 1666, shortly after the leadership of the Finance (Minister) of Finance entered the famous his reforms Jean Baptiste Colbert.

I contributed to the development of the Academy, in front of which the task was raised from the very basis practical application scientific knowledge for the benefit of the state. In this work, the reassur took part with great enthusiasm.

Visit King Louis XIV
To the Academy of Sciences in 1671

Let us dwell a little on the structure of the Academy of Sciences of France began XVIII century. And let's see what questions did a reassur in it in for different years. In 1699, Louis XIV introduced the Rules of the Academy of Sciences, who left the privilege for him to introduce members of the Academy's submission. The President and Vice-President King appointed from among the honorary members. In total, 70 people were part of the Academy:

10 honorary members who were appointed by the king should have been submitted by the French monarch, possess significant knowledge in the field of mathematics and physics;
20 boarders who paid guesthouse: three people per each of the six areas of knowledge (geometry, astronomy, mechanics, anatomy, chemistry, botany), as well as the secretary and the "eternal" treasurer. Actually, boarders and provided casual work Academy of Sciences;
20 associated members: 12 French subjects (two for each discipline) and eight "free" - regardless of the specialty, including foreigners;
20 listeners (adjunctions) attached to the boarders of the corresponding specialty. Their obligations included the preparation of experiments and paperwork.

Starting from 1700 from among 18 boarders (i.e., without secretary and the treasurer), the director and assistant director were elected annually - responsible officials, replacing the president and vice-president in the event of their absence. In this form, with insignificant changes, the Academy of Sciences existed to the reform of Lavoisier in 1785

As already noted, the Reomyur entered into the ranks of the Academy of Sciences in 1708 at the age of 25 years to the post of a geometry listener to the Pierre Varinone Pierre. From that moment on, he regularly acted with reports and took the most active part in the work of the Academy. On May 14, 1711, the Reomieur ranked after the death of Louis Carre Place a boarding person of mechanics. Performing the charges of a boarding person, he in different years, from 1713 to 1753, was appointed as an assistant director and 11 times as director.

Reomuur himself considered zoology to the main business of life. In 1715, his first work in this area saw his light. It was devoted to the study of a substance giving the shine of fishing schellow. After a year, the following was printed in the formation of pearls in mollusc shells. Subsequently, the reassur was especially interested in the life of public insects, primarily bees. C1734 to 1742. Six volumes of its most voluminous labor "Natural history of insects were consistently published. However, the research of the zoology reomuyur was constantly interrupted in connection with the most important work for which he personally answered the Academy of Sciences.

(Académie Française) - Socked Society in France, specializing in French and literature. There is from the 17th century.

At the head of the Academy stood the director presiding for meetings, and the Chancellor, the victim of archives and the seal; And the one, and the other was elected by lot for a two-month term. Secretary of the Academy, whose duties included preparatory work and the maintenance of the protocols, was appointed on the lot life and received a fixed salary.

In 1663 Zh.-B. B. Bolber created at the French Academy the so-called small academy of four members of the Big Academy appointed by the Minister. They were instructed to draw up inscriptions and motto for monuments built by Louis XIV, and medals that minted in his honor. Having exhausted this area, academicians took up another: the development of legendary plots for royal tapestries. He led by the Small Academy after the death of Kolbera M. Luvua (1641-1691) expanded its field of activity, inviting it in 1683 Andre Felibiena (1619-1695), the keeper of the Museum of Antiquities, and in 1685 Pierre Rensan (1640-1689), the Keeper of the Royal Medals . In 1701, having received from Louis XIV the status of the Academy of Inscriptions, the Small Academy turned into an independent institution. Their concern was the study of the history of France, preparation of medals in memory of its most important events, a description of the subjects of the past from the Cabinet of the King; In addition, a search was conducted with the obligatory commenting of all the antiquities located in France. In 1716, this body received the name of the "Academy of Inscriptions and Literature" by the Special Ediction. From that time began to be published Memoirs of the Academy(1717), printed historical, archaeological, linguistic and other studies.

March 21, 1816 Louis XVIII (1814-1824) returned its former title to the French academy, but it remained an integral part of the French Institute.

The French Academy of the last centuries decorated such famous names as writers and poets F.R.D. Shatubin (1768-1848), A.Da Lamartin (1790-1869), V.Guhug (1802-1885), P. America (1803 -1870), P.Valery (1871-1945), F. Moriak (1885-1970), A.Mrua (1885-1967) and many others; Nevertheless, some great French were denied this honor: O.The Balzak (1799-1850), three times trying to become "immortal", Sh. Bodler (1821-1867), A.Dume-Father (1802-1870). Among Academics - Military and Governmentists: Presidents A.Ter (1797-1877), R. Puancare (1860-1934) and V.Zhiskar D "Esten (Rod. 1929), Prime Ministers Duke A.-E. de Richelieu (1766-1822), he is the builder of Odessa, Count L.-M. M. M.Gizo (1787-1874), J. Klemso (1841-1929) and E. Errio (1872- 1957), Marshals F. Foš (1851-1929), J. Zhofffr (1852-1931), FD Espre (1856-1942), A.juen (1888-1967); Priests: Cardinal E. Tissareran (1884-1972), President of the Ecumenical Council of Churches Pastor M. Begner (1881-1970), Cardinal J.Grant (1872-1959); Scientists: Chemist and Biologist L.Paster (1822-1895), Nobel Laureate Physicist L.The Brunce (1892-1987), Mathematician A. Puancare (1854-1912), etc.

The Academy has survived two waves of exceptions for political reasons. After the restoration, the titles of academics of the Revolution and Empire figures were lost: E.Zh.Siees (1748-1836), J.Gar (1749-1833), P.L. Rower (1754-1835), Y. Mare (1763-1839), Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840), Brother Napoleon, Chairman of the Council of Pyatsot, J.J. Kambaseres (1753-1824), former Second Consul and Archored Empire. The second wave followed after liberation: the head of the Vishche Marshal F.P. P.Pote (1856-1951) was excluded for the collaborationism (1856-1951), the Minister of Education of Vichy, writer A. Bonnar (1883-1968), Head of Akson Francsez, writer S.Morras (1868-1952) .

The French Academy continued (and continues) to exercise its main purpose - follow the development of French, fix his condition for every moment and approve the linguistic norm. Even in the most difficult period of its existence, she managed to release the fifth edition of the academic Drug. In 1835 the sixth edition came out , in 1878 - seventh, in 1932-1935 - eighth. With each new edition increased its volume. The eighth contained 35,000 vocabularies, i.e. twice as bigger than they were in the first Dictionary1694. Currently currently, the multi-volume ninth edition has already about 60,000 words; Such a lexicographic explosion is obliged to scientific and technical terminology, foreign borrowing, neoplasms in the dialects of French-speaking countries.

During the existence of the French Academy, its charter, adopted in 1735, was basically unchanged. If the amendments were made to it, they concerned mostly procedural issues.

The Academy meets every Thursday. At the end of the year, a solemn meeting is held, on which the names of the laureates of academic premiums are announced.

The nature and scale of the academy's patrimonial activities has changed significantly. If, in its creation, it awarded only two awards, now their number reaches one hundred forty, of which about seventy literary (for the best novel, novel, biography, drama, essay, poetic work, historical work, philosophical essay, artistic critical essay and etc.) In 1986, a premium for Francophone authors was established, in 1999 - for Writers from Latin American countries. In addition, the Academy presents awards of various literary and scientific societies, provides scholarships to students and students, notes the award-winning of the courage, and also carries out a charitable function, providing assistance to widows and large families.

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