Hitty modern territory. Hittite History: Wars

1. Opening Hittov

Hetta were known until the middle of the last century only according to the Bible. In the Russian translation of the Bible "Sons of Hettov", "Hette's Sons", "Hittakes", "Hetteyans" is named one of the daughters of Palestine and Syria. That is why scientists first considered the birthday of Hettites Palestine or Syria, which was not confirmed by further research. As for the ancient authors, they did not even have the ideas about Hettites.

The existence of hittites as one of the major peoples of the Ancient East was confirmed in the last century the successful decryption of Egyptian hieroglyphic and Akkadian clinopy.

From the end of the last century, the Hitttes also became aware of the clini texts of the archive of Tell-Amarna in Egypt, containing the diplomatic correspondence of the Egyptian pharaohs (in particular, Amenhetep III and Amenhetep IV - Ehnaton) with different kings of the Middle East states (in Akkadian). Judging by this correspondence, the Hett kingdom could be considered as a strong state, the center of which was somewhere in Asia Minor, and its political influence was distributed to the districts of Northern Syria, where the interests of Egyptians, Hettites and Mitarian were faced. It was clear that the Hattch kingdom (in Egyptian, in conditional reading, Heta; in Akkadi Hutty) was the largest power of the Ancient East, competing with both Egypt and Assyria.

The assumption of the dominance of Hettites in Malaya Asia was fully confirmed only from the beginning of our century, when in 1906-1912. Under the leadership of German Oriental Dedica, the first archaeological excavations were performed in the Turkish village of Bogazkoy (150 km east of Ankara). Archaeologists opened thousands of clinox tables here, some of which were drawn up in the Akkadian language, and the overwhelming majority is written in a well-known Accade Clean end, but at some unknown ancient language, the decodes of which scientists immediately took up. Already in 1915, the Czech researcher B. Grozny managed to determine the nature of this language and conclude that he belonged to the Indo-European language family. Scientists called it "Hett clinp" (as opposed to the "Hattic hieroglyphic" - or rather, Luvian, - the samples of which were also discovered in Northern Syria and Malaya Asia before the beginning of the last century). The most ancient population of Malaya Asia called the "Hatt clinicultural" language "NEITTSKY" (by name G. Nesa). In the same archive, texts and other ancient languages \u200b\u200bof Malaya Asia were found.

The decryption of the plates found in the born showed that a clinical archive was found, containing texts of different character. At the site of the rod was located the capital of Hettov - Hattus, or Khattush. Hetti designated his country (and kingdom as a whole). The main territory of the propagation of the actual hittites (neutites) included not Palestine and Syria, as was supposed earlier, but the central part of Malaya Asia. Most Anatoly and the Areas of Northern Syria (and sometimes northern Mesopotamia) only submitted to Hettites.

The deciphering of hatt clinical texts from Bogovka laid the beginning of a new science - hettology, studying history, languages \u200b\u200band culture of the population of small Asia (from ancient times until the middle of the Millennium BC). The archaeological excavations, which are held and understood in different places of Low Asia, revealed not only new clinical texts, but also the most valuable monuments of material culture, indicating that the roots of the historical development of Malaya Asia go from the II millennium BC. e. far into the depths of centuries.

Asian part of modern Turkey - Anatolia, - ancient times called Malaya Asia, is one of the oldest civic policies. Recently in Chatal-Khayuk, in the central part of Malaya Asia, archaeologists discovered the Neolithic settlement of urban type with paintings in the sanctuations and with a finely religious sculpture, which dates from the VII-V millennia BC. e. It had lively connections with remote areas.

The early historical development of small Asia continued in subsequent epochs when individual cultural and economic regions were finally formed in Western and Eastern, in North and South, as well as in the Central Region Anatoly. During the periods of Eneolyt and early Bronze, the central and eastern parts of Malaya Asia have achieved significant success in economic and cultural development, which are indicated by the dated IV-III millenniums BC. e. Archaeological materials mined at Aladja-Hyuk settlements, Alcheuto-Hyuk, Khorozhe Tepe. It was in Central Anatolia that the Hattch kingdom was created later, which existed throughout almost only the II millennium BC. e.

Small Asia was a link, a peculiar bridge connecting the Middle East with the Aegean Mir and the Balkan Peninsula. A particularly important role in these stories was played by the city of Troy, who stood in the Asian shore from Gellespont, or the Dardanelle Strait, which leads from the Aegean Sea (parts of the Mediterranean) to the Black Sea. Here, the mutual influence of the tribes of the Balkan and Majoria Peninsula was clearly felt. However, not only a favorable geographical location was different asia in antiquity. The decisive role in the economic and cultural development of Anatoly played its natural wealth, especially metals (copper, silver, lead, gold), which have long been attracted and neighboring the countries of the ancient Middle East near the Malaya Asia.

Already to the III millennium BC e. The fortified items located on the hills of the eastern part of Malaya Asia were the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of low-immiginous tribes. However, the oldest these tribes were not hittles-neutites (Indo-European), which appeared in Malaya Asia, according to written sources, only later, probably since the end of the III millennium BC. e. Scientists call the ancient native tribes "protoxians" (i.e., who lived in the specified parts of Anatoly before the formation of the Hett state) or Hatti, since their language is named in the Hittte clinox texts drawn up in the second half of the II millennium BC. er, Khattsky. This term comes from the name of the central part of the country of Hutti - Hutty (this name only later borrowed Hetti-undertakes to designate their country). The center of their political and cultural and economic life was the city of Hattus.

Natural wealth led to Anatoly merchants different countries Ancient Middle East. According to one late Hett legend, for example, Akkadovsky merchants appeared in Asia Minor, allegedly in the XXIV century. BC, i.e. During the reign of Sargon Ancient, the king of Akkada.

By the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. In Malaya Asia, merchants from different countries lived among the local population - mainly from Ashur and Northern Syria. This we learn from the so-called Cappadocian (at the later name of the eastern part of the Malaya Asia) of the clinical plates found at the Kül-Tepory settlement (near the modern Cayseri), in the place of which in antiquity was located in the city of Kanish (Hattus) and Alishar-Hyuku (perhaps the ancient city of Ambaw).

According to the "Cappadocian" tablets, foreign merchants for the purpose of the best organization of trade in Malaya Asia, trading settlements of two types were created - Karum (letters. "Harbor" - a colony of foreign merchants who had the right of autonomous self-government at the local city-state) and Vabantum - trade mill. The organized center of all foreign trade communities was located in Kanumen Kanish.

Among the merchants of trading colonies under the cities of Malaya Asia were local natives, but there were especially many citizens of Ashura; They also listed the first writing and writing language to the Old Asian Dialect of Akkadsky. Through them, Ashshur had a great influence on the activities of trading communities. But Karum Kanish could independently enter into contracts with local rulers. The task of shopping colonies was the organization of trade in silver-lead ores and wool.

Apparently, ore was cleaned in Ashshire, where many leads were gradually accumulated, which even became a measure of prices. A lively trade in copper and bronze, mainly inside the most Asia, was carried out. It also knew iron (apparently not only meteorite), but its production places were preserved by local residents in the greatest mystery, and the export of his Malaya Asia to the end of the II millennium BC. e. It was categorically prohibited, although foreign merchants tried to engage smuggling.

For the manufacture of full bronze, there was a lot of tin, but for Malaya Asia, his origin is still controversial.

Transportation of goods occurred using caravans of donkeys. The path went through a lot of small towns of states, and from each king had to be bought off the duty in the form of a share of goods. Nevertheless, on arrival at the place, merchants received enormous baryrs, because all peoples were vital in the production of bronze. The technological properties of bronze is much higher than copper or the more stone, and only become inferior. Simple iron was subsequently before bronze only the advantage of the cheaper and abundance of its deposits.

Due to weak development at the time of the commercial economy and the danger of transportation of precious metals, intermediate calculations were carried out by merchant societies (or large families) mainly on credit. The bill of exchange was discharged by clinox on clay signs.

Local residents are quickly involved in trading operations. The accumulation of funds they used to lend to the local free peasantry on the bible conditions, when crumbling or other natural and social circumstances set the agriculture in a difficult situation and he could not handle the harvest before the harvest.

A lot of own names and individual words of Indo-European origin remained in the "Cappadocian" signs, but the appearance of Indo-European tribes in the Malaya Asia should be attributed to an earlier period. The question of the exact time and the way to promote Indo-European tribes in small Asia has not yet been resolved. There are hypotheses about their relocation to Anatoly in ancient era through the Balkans, through the Caucasus, through the eastern regions, but none of them is confirmed completely. There is even the assumption that Indo-European tribes could initially live in the most Asia. Correspondingly is currently the fact that by the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. Indo-European tribes have already been dissected on noncomers who occupied the territory, apparently, to the south or southeast of Central Asia Minor, from where they gradually spread to the north, where Hatti lived ("protuchs"), on the palaits who lived in the country fell in the north of Malaya Asia, where they were also in contact with the Hutty, and, finally, on the Luvians, whose country - Luvia - extended to the south and southwest of Malaya Asia. The Luvians also spread to the south-east of Anatolia, where the Hurret ethnic element also appeared at the same time.

Significant shifts that occurred in the economy and technology of the eastern part of Malaya Asia from the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. (in particular, in the XIX-XVIII centuries. BC), caused appropriate changes in the field public relations. The process of social and property differentiation is far among the local population. On the territory of the eastern part of Malaya Asia, it was apparently in the III of the Millennium BC. e. Several political entities of the type of state cities were created, at the head of which they stood Ruba (kings) or Rubatum (Queen). Under the royal yard there was a lot of "great", which occupied various public positions ("head of the stairs", "Chief of Kuznetsov", "the main vinorperpia", "the main one over the gardeners" and many others). City-states of Malaya Asia enjoyed writing and written language borrowed from the Ashursky merchants. Among the cities - the states there was a struggle for political hegemony; At first, the top of Parushanda took, the ruler of which was considered the "great king" among the other rulers of the states-states of Minor Asia. Later, the situation has changed in favor of the city-state of Kussar, located somewhere in the south or south-east of Central Anatolia.

Of the first rulers of the Kussar, we are known to Pithan and his son Anitta (about 1790-1750 BC. Er). Even when Anitta was the "head of the staircase", the expansion of the ownership of the Kursar begins. From the text drawn up by the antente and rendered to us on the Hittte (Nevitsky) language only in the late editorial office, we learn that "King Kursara (i.e., the father of an attachments) with a whole set (troops) from the city downwards and the city put at night the attack took. The king of the browse, he grabbed, and (from) sons (i.e. citizens) of the evidence of evil did not cause anyone. And he made their mothers and fathers. " Anitta's conquest politics continued by Aitta, who conquered a number of nearby regions of Central Asias. He won the king of the country of Hatti twice twice, and Hattus focused on earth. Anitta went hiking against the Parushanda, who conquered the king without a battle, handing him the signs of the royal power (Iron throne and Skiptere). Anitta made his royal residence of the city of Nesu, where he built fortresses and temples, and already married himself with the "great king". His city was revered by the Deities of Indo-European and Organ Hatt Origin.

The Cussar Kingdom created under antente was the most powerful political association that existed in Central Asia Minor to the formation of the Hittt state. With the conquests of the anynts, apparently, ingenic trading colonies (factory) disappeared across the entire Anatolia.

It is also assumed that during the reign of an attachments there was a gradual distribution of Indo-European Nesti tribes throughout the central part of Anatoly, where Hatta still lived. During this hatt-khattsky contact, a few centuries, during which the seed Indo-Europeans merged with the indigenous population, the Khattsky language was absorbed by the Hatt-Nesitsky, which at the same time has undergone certain changes (in phonetics, vocabulary, morphology). As a result of the merger of Indo-Europeans with the Aboriginal Hattsky tribes in the Central Asia Asia, the Hett ethnos was formed, which created approximately the middle of the XVIII century. BC e. The powerful Hittite state, the entirely perceived by the rich cultural traditions of the Hattov. The history of this state, scientists are conventionally divided into three main periods: ancient, average and new kingdom.

3. The Ancient Half Kingdom (about 1650-1500. BC)

Hittite historical tradition tied ancient period Hittite stories with a kissar, which was the capital at the beginning of the existence of the Hittite state. However, after the anitta, there were some public and cultural changes that were expressed, by the way, the Hitttes replaced the official Old Acceptry Akkadii dialect and writing on native language And another version of the clinopy, borrowed from Northern Syria through the tribes who lived there. The founder of his historical tradition was the founder of his historical tradition, which was not the first known to us of the Kousar rulers, that is, Pithana or Anita, and Labarna, also the king of Kussara, but later. At the beginning of the reign, when "the country was Mala", labarna of the power of the weapon conquered the neighboring areas. He suffered a struggle and in the area located in the south and north of Malaya Asia, spreading the ownership of Hittites "from the sea to the sea" (i.e. from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea).

The next ruler of Hettov - Hattusili I (he is labarna II) reigned in Kursar; Hattusili ("Hattutussky") was named because of strategic reasons, he suffered a center of his kingdom from Svatar to the north, in Hattus. Since that time, Hattus, who, apparently, after conquering her antente, was subordinate to the Kussar, becomes the capital of Hettites and remains it until the fall of the Hattite state. The name of the country "Hatti" began to be used to designate the Hittt state as a whole.

After the conquest of a number of areas located in Malaya Asia, Hattusili went hiking to Northern Syria. Subordination of Alalah (modern town of Tall-Atchan), one of the strong cross-semitic states of Northern Syria, Hattusili defeated two major cities of the same area - Urshu (Warswa) and Hashshu (Hassawa) - and began a long-term struggle against the third - halab, however - the disease could not bring the case to the end; It fell to his successor to Mursili I.

Conquering Haleb, Mursili went to the distant Babylon, who was the rules of Samsuditan from the Hammurapi dynasty, seized the city and in 1595 BC. e. destroyed it by taking big prey. During hikes to Chalet and Babylon, Hurrites, who lived in the left bank of the Euphrate and Northern Mesopotamia, also won Mursili; Their extensive country was called Hurry.

Military operations Hattusili I and Mursili I in Northern Syria and Mesopotamia had a well-known impact on the course of events in the Middle East. Victory Hettov over Alalah, Haleb, etc. laid the foundations of the Hittte domination in Northern Syria. Since then, the question of Syria has always stood as one of the most important foreign Policy Hatti. The victory over the Babylon was put an end to the kingdom of the I Babylonian dynasty. These major victories were full of great importance for Hittites: from that time, their state became a number of great powers of the Middle East, turned into a powerful power in a militarily, with which the Great Kingdom of Halbor could not cope with the "Great Kingdom".

During the Board of Hattusili I and Mursili I began military clashes between Hitts and Hurts. Hurrita from Armenian Highlands and from Northern Syria began raids on Hatti, devastating the eastern province of Hittites. At the very beginning of the reign of Hattusili I, Khanigalbata (Northern Mesopotamia) invaded the country of Hettov, as a result of which many subsequent hittons were postponed. Only the city of Hattus remains unharmed. Sometimes the Khurrita attacked the ownership of Hettites and from Northern Syria, as it happened, for example, during the reign of the next king of Hettov - Hattili, when Khurrita, raving the Hett territories, captured the queen, and then executed her together with sons. Khantilly reflected the invasion of the crossbars, but the fight against them continued at subsequent times.

By the end of the ancient kingdom, the Hetta achieved success in Kitstsuvatne - an important strategic area located near the northeast angle of the Mediterranean. With the king of Kitzuvutn, he concluded a friendly agreement The last ruler of the ancient school of the kingdom - Bulkina. From now on, Kittsuvatna took political orientation on Hatti, gradually freeing from the influence of Haleba and Hurry.

Throughout the ancient school kingdom, a fierce struggle for the strengthening of the royal authorities, which was strongly limited by the People's Assembly - Panke. Initially, it united all men capable of carrying a weapon, later a circle of persons included in the Panke, significantly declined, limited by representatives of the highest layers of nobility. The meeting was the right to determine the heir to the throne, the conduct of court cases, etc. The king, who was a high title of Hatt origin - Tabarna, could only nominate the candidacy of the future lord of the country, which Panka claimed or rejected. The circle of candidates for the royal throne was quite wide, since the king could be not only Tsarevich, but with his absence and grandson of the ruler of Hutty, the son or husband of the sister of the king, etc. Starting with Khantilly, frequent cases were cases of the throne of the contenders.

The question of the inheritance of the royal authorities was finally resolved by the Culbina, published by "Legislation on the Preconsession", according to which only the sons of the king on seniority received the right to enter the throne. In the absence of those, only husband of the king's daughter could take the throne. All others were excluded from the number of possible applicants for the throne, and Panke should have followed the observance of the law. This inheritance procedure, strongly strengthened the royal power, acted on all the length of the existence of the Hittite state.

However, the king did not become the sole absolute monarch of the country and during the Thale, in which, apparently, other hatt laws were also edited. The royal power was still limited by the meeting, although now it stood above the king only if he organized the law on the throne or arbitrarily executed the royal parents. In other state affairs, Panke did not interfere. In the period of the Novokhettsky kingdom, the meeting has ceased to function at all.

4. Novokhett's kingdom (about 1,400-1200 years before N. E.)

Due to the lack of study of the history of the Midnhyett state, which covered approximately 1500-1400. BC e. We will further touch the main points of the history of the Hittons of the period of the new kingdom, when Hutty was considered as equal to Egypt, Babylonia and the Power Assyria.

The gaining policy was started by Tuthalia III at the end of the XV century. BC e. And successfully lasted until the middle of the XIII century. BC e. Almost all throughout the new kingdom, the Hetta took hiking to the southwestern regions of Malaya Asia, where countries united under the general name of Artsava were located, as well as south. All southern territories were inhabited by nearby Hettites Luvians and was called Luvia in general. In the composition of the countries of Artsava included both Vilus (many scientists believe that the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Troy, or Ilion was called the region. In the earlier era of Artsava, there was a relationship with distant Egypt, which is clearly seen from one letter of Pharaoh Amenhetep III, compiled on the Hatt-Nevitsky language and the King of Artsava addressed to the king (Pharaoh appeals to the king with a request to send his daughter in his harem).

After the military operations of the son of Tuthalia, Pubiruliumi I, and the Son of the Last, Mursili II, the Country of Artsava were conquered and almost with each were concluded peace agreements. The rulers of the Artsava countries pledged to regularly send military auxiliary detachments to Hatti together with combat chariots, systematically send tribute to the Hittte ruler, to issue fugitives from Hatti in a timely manner, etc. Hetty promised to help Artsa in the event of an enemy. Peaceful agreements were bonded by the oath of loyalty, however, it was fragile, because the rulers of the countries of Artsava, hemitting the moment immediately departed from the Hittites.

Hatt historical documents The period of the new kingdom is full of descriptions of the struggle of the Hittites with the tribes of the porridge, inhabited in the north and northeast from Hutty, in the mountains along the southern coast of the Black Sea. Especially numerous information about the helmets in the "Annals of Supailulium I" and "Annals Mursili II". Hittte texts tell us that in the country of Kaskov "The Board of one (Human) was not accepted", that is, they did not have a king, and they were still on the primitive community stage of social development. However, since the reign of Mursili II, some rulers of the Casque Country (for example, Pichunia from the Casque Region of Tipius) begin to rule the country "not causky", but "in the royal".

The fight against helmets was systematic in the time of the reign of Tuthalia III, which was caused by both frequent raids of porridge on the territory of Hettites and the gripful aspirations of the Hittite rulers. Casas ruined not only border from Hutty region, but sometimes they invaded and deep into the country, threatening the capital of Hittites. Casca question could not finally resolve none of the Hett rulers, although sometimes they concluded peace treaties with helms. War hiket hikes vs. Casque only temporarily suspended their ruin raids.

On the eastern periphery of Malaya Asia, the Hetta subordinate to the Azzi Haiasu, with the people and with the ruler of which the Houpilululium's ruler concluded a peaceful treaty, according to which Hukkan received the Hett Tzarevna, but forbidden to him, by the way, to apply for other Women of Hatt royal housethat shows the presence of highly ancient marriage relations in Haias (the right to cohabit with sisters and cousins \u200b\u200bof his wife).

Large results achieved Hetta at this time in the struggle for North Syria. Taking advantage of the temporary weakening of Hatti after the fall of the ancient kingdom, as well as the city of Ashur, who prevailed until the Northern Mesopotamia, made major success of the Euphrates, especially in Northern Syria: Halup, Alalah, Carkemish and other kingdoms were under their political hegemony. In the Matthan Tsar, Saussadattar, Mitanans won and destroyed G. Ashshur and mastered the lands east of the tiger. The rulers of Mitanni (Judgment II and Drartata) were supported with Pharaohs Amenhetepheep III and Amenhetephem IV (Ehnanton) friendly relations, which were fixed by the marriages of the Egyptian kings with the daughters of the Mitarian rulers. Mitanni, like the Hattch kingdom, consisted of a whole system of semi-broadcasting kingdoms and state cities required by tribute and military assistance to the Supreme Tsar of the entire Mitrial Association.

Supilulium I put the end of the power of Mitarian. Crouching through the Upper Euphrates, the Hittte troops invaded the minor garrite kingdoms in the valley of the river and left the north to visit wishes - the capital of Mitania. Hetta defeated the capital, but the contendent on the throne of Mitarian retreated without taking the battle. At the throne of Mitatni Pubirululuma planted his supporter to Shautivazz, issuing his daughter married him. After successful hiking of Pubirululums in Northern Syria, the Mitarian kingdom lost all his possessions to the west of Euphrates. Then Mitanni could not repel the strikes of the Assyrians and by the end of the XIII century. BC e. turned into an integral part of the Assyrian Power. Supilulium I not only defeated Mitanni, but also managed to overthrow almost all the rulers of the Syrian principalities depended from him, stretched to the Lebanese mountains. From this period, the long-term dominance of Hettites in Northern Syria begins. After the Khalaba conquest, as well as the Carkemis, an important city with a crossing through the Euphrates, Suppilulium put on the throne of these cities of his sons - Palsyli and Bulkina, having laid this foundation of the hatt dynasties in Carkemich and Khalet, who existed for a very long time. Supilulium won And Alalah, who also owned Hurrita. And here the Hetta kept domination to the end of the existence of their kingdom. In the period of the Novokhettsky state, other principalities of Syria were also under the strong influence of Hettites. The domination of the Grozny Northern neighbor was strengthened in Syria with a periodic appearance of the Hittty troops here.

With Pubirulium between Hatti and Egypt did not exist intense relationships. Proof of this Congratulat's Congress Letter Pharaoh Ehnathon in connection with his entry into the throne. But the politician of Hettites conducted in Syria led them to a collision with Egypt.

Since the XIX dynasty, in front of Egypt, the task of restoring the past influence in Palestine, Phenicia and Syria, lost in the first half of the XIV century. BC e. Now Hatti has now become the main rival of Egypt in Asia, against whom the struggle of Pharaoh Ramses II. In the fifth year of his reign (about 1312 BC), Ramses II gathered a twenty thousandth army and went to Syria, where the king of Hettov Muvatallallallaly was preparing to meet him with his army, held out of 30 thousand soldiers. In Kadesh (Kinza), the detachments of the Hett troops, which included the militia from various subordinate countries, including Dardanyan, that is, the Trojans, arranged to Pharaoh the ambush, suddenly attacked him and defeated the Egyptian squads with him. Although Ramsesu managed to escape from the environment and reflect the enemy, he never managed to defeat Hettites and master the cadet. However, Hetti failed to advance to the south; The struggle against the Egyptians continued.

After a long struggle, in the 21st year of the reign of Ramses II, i.e., presumably in 1296 BC. e. When the king of Hitttes was already Hattusili III, a peace treaty was concluded between Egypt and Hatti, providing for mutual inviolability, assisting each other in the event of a common enemy, mutual issuance of fugitives, etc. The contract was fixed by marriage Ramses II with the daughter of Hattusili Iii, after which the Egyptians and Hetta never fought with each other.

Hittte clinox texts of the period of the new kingdom contain many information about the contacts of the Hittites with the State of Akhiyava (apparently, the same as "Akayivash" of Egyptian hieroglyphs). Akhiyava is mentioned in connection with areas located in the West and the south-west of Malaya Asia. The name of some scientists itself is identified with the term "Aheitsa", who denoted the Union of the ancient Greek tribes from Homer, although other linguistic reasons resolutely reject this identification. Akhyava is still not localized finally; The researchers allowed the opportunity to look for it on Rhodes or Cyprus, in Crete or somewhere in Anatolia (in the south-west, west or northwest). IN lately More and more supporters acquire the initial assumption of the identification of Akhyava with Mikna Greece.

Between Ahhihihi and Hatti, there were friendly relations since the reign of Pubirululuma I. However, subsequently, these relations worsened, as Ahhyava sought to strengthen in the south and south-west of Malaya Asia, especially in Milavaida (perhaps the later mite), as well as in Alasia (Oh-in Cyprus), where the interests of both powers came across. By the second half of the XIII century. BC e. "Man (from) Ahhiya (you)", i.e., the ruler of this country, increasingly devastated the territories of countries depended from the Hittites and located on the distant west of Anatoly.

From this time, the gradual decline of the power of the Hittt Power. Cusk tribes still attacked the northern border areas of the weakened neighbor, as some scientists believed - under the pressure of the Abkhaz and Georgian tribes from the Caucasus who began movement from the Caucasus; In the east of Malaya Asia, various political associations of the Valley of the Upper Euphrate (Pakhhuwa, Tsuhma, etc.) were activated. An unfavorable situation was created for Hittites and in the Countries of Artsava, who were striving to obtain political independence, which contributed to the strengthening of the cultural and religious influence of the Luvian world in the Hutty itself.

By the end of the XIII century. BC e. The Hittch kingdom experienced a domestic crisis. Continuous military trips have greatly weakened the economy of the country, raving various branches of the economy. From one letter addressed to the Hett king to the ruler of Ugarit, it turns out that at this time Hutty experienced a greater shortage of food. The invasion of the Aegean Peace tribes named in the Egyptian sources of the nations of the sea was added to everything. "No country, ranging from Hutty, has not resulted in front of their troops," notes in one of the Egyptian inscriptions. In the earliests themselves, the Hittite sources did not preserve information about this catastrophe, which proceeded, apparently the last king Hittites - Suppylulium II.

Approximately 1200 BC. e. Or a little later, the once terrible kingdom of Hatti fell forever along with his capital Hattus. Eastern Small Asia launched at three hundred and four hundred years. In the same years, the famous three killed in the war with the Ahetans, which binding the civilization of Malaya Asia and the Balkan Peninsula. The legends about the fall of Troy were subsequently given by the material for the great Greek epic poems, which were attributed to the legendary poet Homer, - "Iliad" and "Odyssey."

5. Socio-economic relations in Hatti

The main occupation of the population of the Hett Society was agriculture and cattle breeding, reflected in many paragraphs of Hittte laws. Hetta was engaged in breeding sheep, goats, pigs and cattle. In the II millennium BC. e. In Malaya Asia, horse breeding is spread. Subsequently, Hetta studied the most perfect methods of learning combat horses on the Hurrist allowances translated into the Hett language from the textbook of the Kykkuli Kishkuli. Hittte laws retains us prices for various cattle: a horse or mule cost from 15 to 40 silver siquses (Sikl \u003d 8.4 g), bull - 4-12 Sicle, sheep - 1 SIKL, etc. Hittites have developed poultry farming, Beekeeping and other industries.

In the economic activity of Hettites, the agriculture occupied a great place. Land plots of direct manufacturers usually consisted of arable land or gardens of vineyards. Compared to the cattle, the land plot was cheaply: 1 ICA (0.35 hectares) of the untreated land was worth 1 silver siquses treated - 2-3 siquses. Gardens of vineyards were more expensive: 1 Iku vineyard was worth 40 silver siquses.

Along with cattle breeding and agriculture in the Hittte society, the craft was highly developed: Metallurgy Bronze, the manufacture of guns from it, as well as a pottery. Excellent samples of agricultural and craft guns, weapons, highly artistic dishes due to archaeological excavations reached this day. A significant level of agriculture and craft led to the development of the Hittites of trade.

Forms of land tenure and land use were different. In the Hett State there were tsarist (palace), temple and private (communal) land. The royal and temple lands were in the immediate disposal of the Supreme State Power, because the king was already considered not only the supreme ruler of the country, but also the Supreme Priest, therefore, the chief owner of the palace and temple lands. However, he was not the owner of all lands of the country. A certain part of the land was outside the state economy (sector). Such lands are freely alienated (buying and selling, donation, etc.).

Government lands could be transferred - usually in the form of whole settlements - different Tsarsky (palace) and temple economies. The royal economy covered various "houses" -holds: "King House" (sometimes called the "House of Sun"), the "House of Queen", "House of the Palace", etc., in which various categories of direct manufacturers worked. A certain part of them was attached to the "house". Among the temple farms were the "House of God" (i.e. temples), so-called stone houses, bone houses, houses of printing, houses signs, etc. They had their own contingents of direct manufacturers, often attached to the lands of these temples ( as well as generally cult, such as clock) farms. "Houses" was transferred to operation and various royal or temple employees, as a rule, together with workers, attached to the land of a particular settlement. Plots and without personnel were issued.

Large "homes" of the public sector disintegrates ultimately on small farms - individual "houses", which served as the main production cells in the Hett society. The possession and use of state-state land were associated with the implementation of the states of two types - Sakhhan and Lutszi. Sakhhan is a natural service, she obliges individual direct manufacturers or large farms to supply in the finished form of all kinds of production products (dairy or other food, wool, etc.), as well as cattle in favor of the king and large civil servants ("Mr. Countries ", Head of the County, Grador, etc.). Lutszi is a labor service, it consisted in performing work on the fields or vineyards, plowing of the Earth, repair of fortresses, construction or other state and public works In favor of the ruler of the country (palace) or state dignitaries. These duties included and the responsibilities of the Tsarist employee or major state economy to supply the state auxiliary detachments, of which the Hatt army was formed.

From the implementation of Sahhan and Lutsk were released only by the special decree of the king. Usually, churches and various cult institutions, direct manufacturers of which worked only in favor of "God" were released from stately states. However, there were cases and dual exploitation when the direct manufacturer was forced to work both on the king or his dignitaries and the temple.

In the process of agricultural production in the public sector, the economic relations of two types were developing and developed: a slave-owned nature and a serfdom (implied a working point). Methods of exploitation were mostly slave-owned, with which the forms of operation of a serfdom were combined. Therefore, direct manufacturers of public sector can be called "dependent people of slave-serf type". It should be borne in mind that the Hett "serfs" did not make up a class, isolated from slaves, and the Hettites themselves, although they distinguished them from private slaves of the usual type, nevertheless were denoted and serfs as "slaves and slave heads". Therefore, now they are often considered as a division of the same class of non-free.

Hittte laws share the Hett society on free people and on opposite non-free ("slaves"). From the very beginning, "free" was called persons liberated by the king (palace) from the state duties of Sakhhan and Lutszi not only in favor of the king (palace) or large civil servants, but also in favor of the temple, as well as other cult institutions. People-free from all concerns gradually became "noble, honorable, noble", that is, socio-free. Of these, the top, dominant layer of society (Tsarist employees, military leaders, various representatives of the administration, temple employees, etc., owned by cereal land), for which labor activity has become a shameful or one of the forms of punishment.

"Unbreakable" were persons who were not liberated from labor activity - from fulfilling at least one of the state-friendly - and as a result of this, as socially incomplete. If such a person was freed from duties, for example, in favor of the king and large civil servants, he had to work in favor of the temple, that is, remained non-free, dependent. "Unprofitable" covered wide ranges of direct producers (pahalas, shepherds, artisans, gardeners and many others) who made up the lowest social layer of Hatti. They included proper slaves, serfs, mercenaries, etc., i.e., people who were in different forms of dependence.

The war provided the Hett society with a utility workforce and material benefits. In the campaigns of Hetta captured a lot of prisoners. Only Mursili II brought 66 thousand prisoners from the Artsava countries, called in the "Annals of Mursili II" Sumerian term us-RA (Hattski was read as Arnuvala), that is, "deported" (dismissed population of the conquered territory). Some of these deportes turned into slaves of various categories, others were incended to Earth as the obligations of the Cean's subjects obliged (sometimes they were enrolled in the army). After a certain time, they turned out to be equivalent to the labor population of Hatti.

There were various categories of direct manufacturers of material benefits. Some of them were entirely deprived of the rights of ownership or property to the means of production and forced to work on the owner direct violence. These were slaves, usually speaking only as objects of law. They were used as servants for the processing of the Earth "House" or Castle Care, etc. Others have facilitated means of production, but only with the conditional rights of ownership, but not property. Economically (but, apparently, not estimated) they differed from them that, usually speaking as subjects of law, had their "homes" (farms), which included a family, land plot (As a rule, only on the rights of ownership), a certain amount of cattle and worker personnel - their slaves. With all this, an economic opportunity was created for the well-known material interest and economic initiative of small manufacturers of material goods. From a legal point of view, all categories of direct manufacturers accounted for a single operated class-class "dependent, non-free, subanely people" of the Hattite society.

The state of Hettov had a loose structure. In this regard, it did not differ from the ditase and other relatively short-term public associations of Malaya Asia, Syria and Northern Mesopotamia. In addition to cities and regions, submitted directly to the king or queen, there were minor semi-dependent kingdoms (for Tsarevichi), as well as the areas allocated to the management of major dignitaries. At the head of all the states, the king was stood (Xaccy), which was also called Tatulnaya Tatula, and the Queen, which could be the title of Tavanna, if she was the mother of the heir to the throne or the king himself. The king had important military, cult and religious, legal, diplomatic and economic functions. Queen-Tavanan, along with the king, held a high position in Hitt social organization: She was a supreme priestera with a wide range of cult and political rights and responsibilities, received independent income.

Under the royal yard, there were many officials and ministers: "Sons of the Palace", "Golden Spear Suns", "Jumping People", "Superwesters over Thousands", "Vinolrypia", "Clauses", "Cooks", "Crested", "Cradobrey "," Bakeries "," milkers "and others. The king was serviced by" Kozhevniki "," Supozhniki "," manufacturers of royal combat chariots ", etc. They were called" slaves (servants) of the king ", although they were not slaves in the literal sense the words. All of them received a plot of land on the proximity.

Temples were large farms similar to the structure of the royal economy. In the temple, various categories of people worked. These were the ministers of the cult ("great priests", "small priests", "anointed", "musicians", "singing"), servants of the "kitchen" ("Kravsky", "Clap", "cook", "baker", " winemakers "), direct manufacturers (pahari, shepherds, sheeps, gardeners). All of them are indicated as "God's slaves and slaves." In fact, they were not actually slaves.

6. Law and Law

The laws of Hittites attributed divine origins, although in their text it is not reflected. The collection of laws that came to us consists of two main tables, the first of which was drawn up at the beginning of the ancienthettian period (there is a later version of the laws dated XIII century. BC. E.). Hittte laws, having class character, paid great attention to the protection of property, especially the right of ownership of the "free" person. They established a solid price fare - proof of the known development of the commodity-monetary system (there are also prices for craftsmen: gonchars, kuznetsov, carpenters, leather goods, tailoring, tapes, birds - from 10 to 20 silver sixes). A number of paragraphs are devoted to family law, as well as right, inheritance. The family of Hettov wore a patriarchal character: her father stood at the head. His power was distributed not only for family property, but also to his wife and children, although the rights of the head of the family in relation to its members were not limitless. Exist various forms marriage: marriage implied to pay a certain amount from the family of the groom; Marriage Ehrebu, in which the son-in-law was in the bride who paid redemption; Scrap-abduction. Marriages were allowed between different representatives of free and non-free.

7. Hittite culture

If the Hatt Ethnic Group was formed as a result of the merge and crossing of the Hatt and Indo-European tribes, then in the process of merging the cultural achievements of these two ethnic groups, a hatt culture was created, which from the very beginning was characterized by an abundance of local, Hatt traditions. In the formation of hitt cultural culture, the Khurritsky and Luvish cultural elements were played. It was also influenced by Severosyrian and Sumero-Akkada cultural worlds.

The Bogatiy Archive retains us rich hatt literature containing official texts (decrees of kings, annals), as well as myths, legends. Thanks to this archive, we met with one of the early autobiographies in the world literature - "Autobiography Hattusili III." A significant number of works of the literature of the Middle East of the Middle East (Epos about Gilgamesh, Hurroman myths were translated into the Newhettian period. The hurricane epic story of the kingdom in heaven is the greatest importance, which tells about the transition of power from one dynasty of the gods to another, and the Hurrites of the Epic Poem about God Quamarby - "Song of Ollikummi". These works are served by the link connecting the ancient literature of the Middle East with an ancient Greek mythological and poetic tradition, in particular with the "theogonium" of the Gesiod. The plot of the poems about the change of four generations of the gods in heaven is similar to the story of the Gesiod about the transition of power from uranium to Kronosu and from Kronos to Zeus. The plot of "Songs about Ullikummi" is very similar to the Gesiodovsky Myth of Typhon.

It is quite rich in the Hett mythological literature that has incorporated the myths of Hatt origin. One of them is the mythological story of the protochette New Year's ritual - "MIF about Mellianka". The ritual passed the battle between the divine hero and his opponent - Dragon Illiankoy, which took place in connection with the approach of the New Year. This fight is compared with ritual battles, which were arranged during the later New Year holidays around the world. The Hatt tradition is ascebated by the myth about the temporarily disappearing and newly resurrecting the Divine - "Myth about the Bulkina". One of the attributes of the cult of this deity was an evergreen tree.

The monuments of the Hett art draw up attention to the variety and originality of forms and types (silver and bronze animal figures, bowls and jugs of gold, gold ornaments, so-called silica, sometimes depicting a deer). Unique stone idols from Cul-Tepe, ceramics samples (dishes, ritons, vases). From the period of the Novokhettsky kingdom in Central Asia, a monumental style appears in different areas of art (reliefs on the stone, animal images - sphinxes, lions), as well as in architecture. High level I have reached a stone processing in Hatti, an excellent example of which is the sculptural gallery carved in the rock. The original samples of hatt glyptics are preserved: inscriptions performed by the "Hittskaya" (actually Luvian) hieroglyphic and hatt clinops are placed on the royal seals.

Hett religion played a colossal role in the ideological and economic life of society. As the Hettites believed themselves, there were a thousand gods of Hatti, including the deities of Hett, Indo-European (Nevitsky, Luvian, Palaisky), Hurritsky, Assiro-Babylonian, Aryan and other origin. The chief deity was the god of thunderstorms, referred to as the "king of the sky, Mr. Hutty," whose wife was considered the goddess of the sun from the city of Arinna - "Mrs. Chatty, Sky and Earth, Mrs. Kings and Tsarits Hatti."

The traditions of the hatt culture did not disappear and after the fall of the Hett Power.

The content of the article

Hittch kingdomthe feudal state in Malaya Asia, based on the middle of the II thousand BC. Hetta invaded this region, probably in a small number and, conquering the local population, became the ruling layer of society. 1800 BC They searched most of the Malaya Asia and attacked Babylon (1595 BC). At the 14th century BC, with a decline of the Egyptian power, the penetration of hittites in Northern Syria began, and a century later, with Pharaoh Ramses II, the Egyptians had to recognize the attractions of the hittons on the area around the cadet. However, after 1200 BC. The Indo-Europeans invisible to Malny Asia pushed them into the north of Syria, and the elevation of Assyria contributed to the further weakening of the Hittal power. The last stronghold of Hettov became Carhemish in Eufrat, but at the end of the 8th century. They were defeated by Assyrians.

For a long time, the origin and culture of the Hettites remained a mystery. Clay clinical plates found at the beginning of the 20th century. In their capital, in modern robia in Turkey, they were not perhaps reading until the Hett language belongs to the Anatolian (Hetto-Luvian) branch of the Indo-European Group was established.

The Hittal Power was feudal state, at the head of which was the hereditary ruler - the great king of Hettov. He himself was a military leader and the Supreme Priest, and his power supported the Council from representatives of the Hett nobility. Peripheral regions were controlled by vassals under the non-primary control of the Great Tsar. Mostly, those who took place from the Hittites themselves belonged to the host in the Hett Power, while the local population belonged to the middle class - merchants, artisans and soldiers. There was also the poorest layer in which urban workers and rural workers were included. Despite the existence of developed trade and handicraft production, the foundation of the economy in the possessions of the hittites was agriculture and cattle breeding. The main source of welfare of the Hittites served as iron; Under their control, its main deposits were found in the Middle East, and it was them, apparently, the first mastered the processing of this metal.

Hetta borrowed the Babylonian clinical system of the letter, and the Hett arrears of laws are clearly Babylonian origin. The art of hittites, having Babylonian roots, nevertheless in many ways originally. A stone and metal sculpture received widespread, and the Hittite masters created both reliefs and volumetric statues. Hittte palaces and fortresses were distinguished by massiveness, built of stone and bricks. Information about their religion is fragmentary. The residents of Malaya Asia existed the deity of the sky, the worship of the mother-earth was also an important role - the goddess of fertility. In the pantheon of the Hettov themselves, the main deities are the sun and the moon.

The best names and acts of those Hattt kings, who rule between 1400 and 1200 BC, are known. The first one of them is Suppilulium I (1380-1340 BC), who began the conquest of Northern Syria, then Mlowali (1306-1282 BC) and Hattusili III (1275-1250 BC), which signed the famous Agreement with Egypt about nonsense in 1269 BC

ATTACHMENT. Hittte laws

(fragment)

§ 1. If someone kills a man or a woman during a quarrel, he must deliver the corpse himself; 4 heads he must give instead of men or women, respectively, and he answers his home.

§ 2. If someone kills a slave or slave during a quarrel, he must deliver the corpse himself; 2 heads he should give instead of men or women, respectively, and he answers his home.

§ 3. If someone hit a free man or a free woman, and if the victim dies, and he did not have intent on it, he should deliver the corpse himself; 2 heads he should give in return, he must be in his house.

§ 4. If someone hit the slave or slave and if the victim dies, and he did not have intent on this, he must deliver the corpse himself; 1 person he must give in return, and he answers his home.

Latest version § 4. If someone hit the slave and he will die, and he had no intent on it, he should give ... min silver. If a slave woman dies, he should give 2 mines of silver.

§ 5. If someone kills the Hatt merchant, then he must give 100 minutes of silver, and is responsible for his home. If this happens in the country of Luvia or in the country fell, he must give 100 minutes of silver and compensate him good. If this happens in the Hatti country, he must also deliver the corpse of the merchant himself.

Latest version § 5. If someone kills the Hett merchant because of his property, he must give ... min silver and reimburse his property in a triple size.

If it does not have the property with him and someone will kill him during a quarrel, he must give 6 minutes of silver. If he did not have intent on this, he should give 2 mines of silver.

§ 6. If any person, a man or a woman, will die with a violent death in someone else's community settlement, then he will die on whose plot, must cut off 100 hyperzars from his field, and the heir should get them.

Latest version § 6. If a person dies with a violent death on a field belonging to another person, and if the deceased is a free person, then a person died on a whose field, there must be a whole field, a house and 1 mine 20 silver siquses. If a woman dies, he must give 3 silver mines. If there is no field belonging to another person, then the distance from the murder of 3 data in one direction should be measured and in 3 data in the other direction, and whatever the village at this distance is found, the heir to those inhabitants of the village should take compensation . If there is no settlement at this distance, then it is deprived of compensation.

§ 7. If someone blinds a free person or choose a tooth, then first revenge 1 minutes of silver, now it should give 20 silver siquses, and he must send them into the house.

Latest version § 7. If someone is blinding a free man during a quarrel, then he must give 1 min silver. If he did not have intent on this, he should give 20 silver siquses.

§ 8. If someone blinds a slave or slave or choose a tooth / her, then he must give 10 silver siquses, and answers his home.

Latest version § 8. If someone during a quarrel blinds a slave, then it must give 20 silver siquses. If he did not have intent on this, he should give 10 silver siquses.

If someone chooses his teeth with a free person, then in case it chooses 2 or 3 tooth, it should give 12 silver siquses. If it is a slave, then the guilty must give 6 silver siquses.

§ 9. If anyone breaks a man's head, then 6 Silver Sixers were usually given. Of these, the victim took 3 Sikl Silver and for the palace, they usually took 3 siquses. Now the king canceled the proportion of the palace, and only the victim himself should take 3 siquses of silver.

Latest version § 9. If someone breaks a man's head, then the victim should take 3 silver siquses.

§ 10. If someone causes harm to a person and make it sick, he must care for him. He must give a man instead, and he must work in the house of the victim until he becomes hardened. When he recovers, the guilty must give him 6 Sikles of Silver, and he himself should also pay a doctor.

Latest version of § 10. If someone hurts his head very much, he should take care of him. He must give a man instead, and he should work in the affected house until he recovers. When he recovers, the guilty must give him 10 silver siquses, and he should also give a fee of a doctor in the size of 3 silver siquses. If the victim is a slave, then the guilty should give 2 silver siquses.

§ 11. If someone breaks your hand or leg a free person, then he must give him 20 silver siquses, and he answers his home.

Latest version § 11. If someone breaks your hand or foot with a free person, then in case it remains crippled, it should give him 20 silver siquses. If he does not remain crippled, he should give him 10 silver siquses.

§ 12. If someone breaks your hand or leg a slave or slave, then it must give 10 silver siquses, and he answers his home.

Latest version § 12. If someone breaks his hand or leg a slave, then in case it remains crippled, it should give him 10 silver siquses. If he does not remain crippled, he must give him 5 silver siquses.

§ 13. If someone breaks off his nose with a free person, then he must give 1 min silver, and he answers his home.

§ 14. If someone breaks off the nose to slave or slave, then he must give 3 Sikl Silver, and he answers his home.

§ 15. If someone breaks his ear to a free person, then he must give 12 silver siquses, and he answers his home.

§ 16. If someone breaks the ear to slave or slave, then it should give 3 silver siquses.

§ 17. If on someone's fault, a free woman gives birth to time and if it happens on 10 months of pregnancy, then the guilty must give 10 silver siquses; If this happens on 5 months of pregnancy, he must give 5 silver siquses, and he answers his home.

(We are talking about lunar months. Ten lunar months correspond 280 days)

Latest version § 17. If on someone's fault there is a free woman formerly, then the guilty must give 20 silver siquses.

§ 18. If for someone else the wine slave will give birth, then if this happens on 10 months of pregnancy, the guilty must give 5 silver siquses.

Latest version § 18. If for someone else the wine slave will give birth, then the guilty must give 10 silver siquses.

§ 19. A. If a person from the country of Luvia will steal a man - a man or a woman - from the city of Hattusas and will lead him to the country of Luvia, his master will find him, he can pick up his whole day.

B. If in the city of Hattusas, someone of the country of Hatti steals the man of the country of Luvia and will lead it to the country of Luvia, then it was usually 12 people, now he should give 6 people, and he answers his home.

§ 20. If any person of Hutty's country will steal the slave of the Hutty country from the country of Luvia and lead it to the country of Hutty, his owner will find him, then the kidnapper must give him 12 silver siquses, and he answers his home.

§ 21. If someone has a slave belonging to Luvius, from the country of Luvia and lead it to the country of Hutty, his owner will find him, he must take himself only the slave itself; No compensation.

§ 22. If the slave will run away and someone will lead it back, then if he caught a slave nearby, he (the owner of the slave) should give him shoes; If he caught a slave on this side of the river, he should give him 2 Silver Sycl if he caught a slave on the other side of the river, he should give him 3 Sikl Silver.

§ 23. If the slave will run away, and if he goes to the country of Luvia, then the one who will lead it back, the owner must give 6 silver siquses. If the slave runs out, and if he goes to an enemy country, then the one who still will lead it back, he must take this slave himself.

§ 24. If the slave or slave is escape, then the one whose focus their owner will find them, must give a fee for a man for 1 year 2.5 minutes of silver, and for a woman for 1 year he should give 50 silver siquses.

Ancient option § 24. If the slave or slave is running out, then the one whose focus will find their owner, must give a feet for a man for 1 month 12 silver siquses, and for a woman for 1 month he should give 6 silver siquses.

§ 25. If a person is defiled a vessel or source, then 6 silver sequels were allowed; The one who desecrated, gave 3 silver siques, and for the palace they usually took 3 silver siques. Now the king canceled the proportion of the palace. Only one who desets should now give 3 Sikles of Silver, and he answers his home.

§ 26. A. If a woman runs from himself a man ... then she must give him ... and the share of the heir ... A man must take his children.

B. If a man leaves a woman ... then he can sell it; The same who buys her should give 12 silver siquses.

§ 27. If a man takes his wife himself and lead her to his house, he takes her dowry along with her. If a woman in his house will die ..., then a man should get her dowry. But if she dies in the house of his father and if children remain, a man should not get her dowry.

§ 28. A. If the girl is engaged with one man, and the other will lead it away, then the one who takes it, must refund the first person what he gave (for the bride). Father and her mother should not give compensation.

B. If the Father and Mother themselves give her to another man, then the father and mother give compensation.

V. If the father and mother refuse to give compensation, then they must separate it with him.

§ 29. If a girl is connected on a marriage agreement with a man, and he will pay a marriage redemption for it, and later the father and mother break the agreement and separated it with this man, they must compensate the redemption in a double size.

§ 30. If a man has not yet taken a girl and refuses her, he must lose the ransom, which he paid for her.

§ 31. If a free man and slave will love each other and will live together, and he will take her to his wife, and they will have their own farms and children, and later they will either raise, or peacefully decide to disperse and share their farm, then a man Must be children, but a woman should take one child.

§ 32. If the slave takes into his wife a woman, then for them the court decision will be exactly the same.

Ancient option § 32. If the slave takes my wife a free woman and children will have children, then when they will share their home and property, most children should take a woman, and one child is a slave.

§ 33. If the slave takes a slave, then for them the court decision will be exactly the same.

An ancient option § 33. If the slave takes a slave, and children will have children, when they will share their home and will share their property, most children will take a slave, but the slave will take one child.

§ 34. If the slave gives a marriage redemption for a free woman and take her to his wife, then no one can free her from marriage obligations.

§ 35. If the supervisioner or shepherd will run away with a free woman and will not give it a marriage redemption for her, she should become a slave to the third year.

Ancient option § 35. If the shepherd runs off with a free woman, then it becomes a slave for the third year.

§ 36. If the slave will give a redemption for a free young man and take him as a son-in-house, then no one can free it from marriage obligations.

§ 37. If someone leads a woman, and with the kidnapper will be a detachment of assistants, when two or three people will die, then there is no refund. The law says: "You have become a wolf!"

§ 38. If people are taken for the trial and someone comes to them as an intercession, and if their opponents come into rage, and an assistant one of the opponents will hit, and he will die, then there is no refund.

§ 39. If a community settlement person takes the other field, it will execute Sakhhan (certain services or payments) associated with this field. If he (later) leaves this field, then another person can take this field to himself; He will not be able to sell this field.

§ 40. If the "man of position" disappears, and it will be (on shift) the man of Sakhhan, and if this man Sahhan says: "This is my position, and this is my Sakhhan," then he will ensure the right to own the person "man posts. " He will take this position by law and will have to perform (appropriate) Sakhhan. If he abandon his position, the field of the "man of office" is declared empty and will be handled by people of this community settlement.

If the king gives Arnuvalas (the so-called people whom the Hett kings were mistaken and hijacked out of military campaigns), then this field should give him, and he will have to take this position.

§ 41. If the Sahhan man disappears, and it will be (on shifting) the man of Sakhhan, and this "man of office" will say: "This is my position, and this is my Sakhhan," then it will ensure the right to own the man of Sakhhana. He will take this position by law and will have to bear (appropriate) Sakhhan. If he refuses this Sahhan, the Sahhan man's field must be taken for the palace, and this Sakhhan abolished.

§ 42. If someone hires a person, and he goes to war and dies, if the board has already been given, there is no refund. If the board was not yet given, then the tenant should give 1 person and fee in the amount of 12 silver siquses, and he must give a fea fee in the size of 6 silver siquses.

§ 43. If a person, as usual, passes the River Vbod with his bull, and if his other will pound it and grab the bull behind the tail and go across the river, and the owner of the bull will take the river, then this person must take.

§ 44. A. If someone pushes a person to the fire, and he will die, he must give him a young man for him.

B. If someone accompany the rite of human purification, then the residues should be attributed to the place of cremation; If he takes them to whose field or in someone else's house, then this is a witchcraft, and is subject to the royal court.

Latest version § 44. B .... then he must again take over it the ceremony of purification. If in the house that hurts, then he must again take over him the ceremony of purification. He must reimburse one more accuracy that in it (home) will disappear.

§ 45. If someone finds utensils, he must return it to the owner, the same should reward him. If he does not give it away, he will become a thief.

Latest version § 45. If someone finds utensils or bull, sheep, horse or donkey, then he must drive them down and take them back to the owner. If he does not find the owner, he must enlist witness. If subsequently, their owner will find them, he must return to him what disappeared, safe and safe. If he won't wake up witness, and their owner will not find them, he will become a thief and should give compensation in a triple size.

§ 46. If someone has a Sakhkhan field in a communal settlement as "Ivara", then if he was given the whole field, he must bear Lutszi (state labor service). If he was given only part of the field, he should not bear Lutsi, people from his father's house should be performed. If the part of the "Kule" owner "Ivara" will be cut from the field of the owner of Ivara or if the people of the community settlement give him a field, he must bear Lutsi.

Latest version § 46. If someone has a Sakhkhan field in a community settlement as "Ivara", then if he was given the whole field, he must bear Lutsi. If he was not given the whole field, but only his part, he should not bear Lutsi, people from his father's house should be performed. If the field of owner "Ivara" launched or if the people of the community settlement give him a field, he must bear Lutsi.

§ 47. A. If someone has a field as a gift of the king, then he should not bear Lutsi. The king will take bread from the table and give him.

Latest version §47. A. If someone has a field as a gift of the king, then he must bear Lutsi. Only if the king liberates him, he should not bear Lutsi.

§ 47. B. If someone will buy the whole field of "man of position", then he must bear Lutszi. If it is buying (how much) most of the field, then he should not bear Lutsi. If he from the field "Kule" part will cut, or the residents of the community settlement give him a field, then he must bear Lutsi.

Latest version § 47. B. If someone buys the whole field of the "person of the post", and the owner of the field will disappear, then what Sakhhan king will put him, he will fulfill him. But if the owner of the field is alive and if the house (family) of the field owner will continue in the one, in another area, then he should not bear Sakhhan.

Laterary article, parallel § 47.

A. If someone has a field as a gift of the king, then he must bear Lutszi associated with the possession of this particular field. If he is liberated by order of the palace, he should not bear Lutsi.

B. If somebody will buy the whole field of the "man of office", then the king should be asked, and the bought the field must bear Lutszi, which the king will determine. If he bakes up someone (part) of the field, then he should not bear Lutsk. If the field is abandoned, and if the residents of the community settlement give him a field, then he must bear Lutszi.

§ 48. Hipparas (Hipparasa - a special category of prisoners of war, of which the state formed pseudo-general groups - twikans) carries Lutsk, and no one should enter into a trading deal with Hipparas. No one should buy his son, his fields or his vineyard. The one who enters the deal with Hipparas should lose the paid price. What would Hipparas sold, he should get it back.

§ 49. If Hipparas decides, there is no refund. If there is an union of the "tweak" to which it belongs, it is the association "Tweese" and should give compensation. Sometimes everyone accuses to theft, as if they were all deceivers or all became a thieves. Then the victim, let him grab one of them, and he grabbed another of them; They will be given to the king.

§ 50. People have the sacred titles that have a ritual power in the cities of Nerick, Arinna and Cippaland, and the priests in all cities are free, but the people of their hereditary share must bear Lutsi. (...) He, in the gate of whose house there is an evergreen sacred tree, loosely free (from duties).

§ 51. Before the house of one who became weaving in the city of Arinna, was free (from the duties), and the people of his hereditary share and the people of his kind were free (from duties). Now, only his own home is free, and the people of his hereditary share and the people of his kind must bear Sakhhan and Lutsi; In the city of Cippaland the same.

§ 52. Slave of the Stone House, Karevich's slave and the head over Supchada, who have fields among the fields of "People of Positions", should bear Lutsk.

§ 53. If the "man of office" and the man of his hereditary share live together, and if they are sent and decide to divide their homework, then if there were 10 goals on their land, "the person" should take 7 heads and the person of his hereditary share should Take 3 heads. Bulls and sheep on their land they should be divided in the same way. If anyone has a gift of the king with a certifying clinox table about this gift, then in case they will share their previous fields, "man of position" should take two thirds of the gift, and the man of his hereditary share should take one third.

§ 54-55. 54. Before the warriors (tribe) manda, warriors (tribe) of Sala, warriors of the cities of the tamelok, Hatra, Tskhina, Hammuva, archers, carpenters, the stories and their people have not carried their services and did not perform duties. 55. When the sons of the city of Hatti - People Sahhan - came and began to ask the father of the king, they told him: "No one pays fees for us, and we reject, saying:" You are some people carrying Sahan! " Then the father of the king in Tulia came and announced the next decision, bonded by stamp: "Go, since you are my neighbor, you should be the same!"

§ 56. None of the medical officers are free from participation in fortification during the hike of the king and from the suspension of vineyards. Gardeners must carry all Lutsk.

§ 57. If someone steals a tribal bull, then if it is a checker calf, it's like a tribal bull, and if it's a one-year-old bull, it's like a bull not a tribal bull, if it is a two-year bull, only then he It is considered for the breeding bull. Before, 30 bulls were usually given 30 bulls for this. Now the thief should give 15 heads of livestock - 5 two-time bulls, 5 year old bulls and 5 calves-savings. And in the house of the victim, he must send them.

§ 58. If someone stalls a tribal stallion - if it is a foal-sucking, it's like a tribal stallion, if it is a one-year-old stallion, it's like a tribal stallion, if it is a two-year stallion, only then he It is considered for a tribal stallion. Previously, 30 tribal stallions were usually given in the virgin for this. Now the thief must give 15 horses - 5 two-time stallions, 5 year old stallions and 5 foals-saules. And his home is responsible.

§59. If someone steals the tribal ram, first of the sheep was usually given. Now the thief must give 15 sheep - 5 rune sheep, 5 rams, 5 lambs. And his home is responsible.

§ 60. If someone finds a tribal bull and will give a brand from him, and his master will find it, then the guilty should give 7 heads of livestock: 2 two-time bulls, 3 year old bulls and 2 calves. Suns. And his home is responsible.

§ 61. If someone finds a tribal stallion and will drive a brand from him, and his owner will find it, then the guilty must give 7 horses: 2 two-year horses, 3 year old horses and 2 foals-Suns. And his home is responsible.

§ 62. If someone finds a tribal ram and will give a brand from him, and his owner will find it, then the guilty must give 7 sheep: 2 Ruthhew Sheep, 3 Baranov, 2 lambs. And his home is responsible.

§ 63. If someone steals arable bull, then it was usually given 15 heads of livestock. Now the thief must give 10 bulls - 3 two-time bulls, 3 year old bulls, 4 calves-savings. And his home is responsible.

§ 64. If someone will steal a hardened horse, then his case is solved in exactly the same way.

§ 65. If someone stares the home (?) Goat, or a tamed wild goat, or a tamed mountain sheep, then refund for them is the same as if it was a goat.

§ 66. If a arable bull or a harp horse, or a cow, or a harp donkey will get to the pen, or if the home (?) Goat, or a rune sheep, or a ram will go to the pen, and his owner will find it, then the owner (livestock?) Must take it (as it is) is safe and safe. His (the owner of the charter?) Should not take as a thief.

§ 67. If someone steals a cow, then it was usually 12 heads of livestock. Now the thief must give 6 bulls - 2 two-time bulls, 2 year old bulls and 2 calves-savings. And his home is responsible.

§ 68. If someone steals a hardened mare, then his case is solved in exactly the same way.

§ 69. If someone steals a rune sheep or a ram, then 12 sheep was usually given. Now he must give 6 sheep - 2 Ruthhew Sheep, 2 rams and 2 lambs. And his home is responsible.

§ 70. If someone will steal a bull, or a horse, or a mule, or a donkey, and his owner will find it, then the owner of livestock should take it safely and safety. Moreover, the thief should give it a dual size compensation. And his home is responsible.

§ 71. If someone finds a bull, a horse or mule, then he must drive him to the royal gate. If he finds him in an open area, then the elders can transfer it to the found, and he can damage it. If the owner of livestock finds it, he must return it safely and preservation. And if the elders do not pass livestock, (and he will still take him), then he will be a thief.

§ 72. If someone has someone else's bull on the field, then the owner of the field must give 2 bulls. And his home is responsible.

§ 73. If someone is divided into parts of the live bull (produced on its land), it is equal to the Warmer.

§ 74. If someone breaks the horn or leg to the bull, then he should take this bull, and the owner of the bull should give a bull in good condition. If the owner of the bull says: "I would take my own bull," then he must take his bull, and the guilty should give him 2 siquses of silver.

§ 75. If someone harms a bull, a horse, mule or donkey, and he will fall, or he would devourge his wolf, or he will disappear, then instead he must give the same animal for the same animal safely and maintenance. If he says: "He died of God," he must bring an oath.

§ 76. If someone takes on the guarantee of the bull, a horse, mule or donkey, and he falls on his land, he must give compensation for him, and his price should give.

§ 77. A. If someone hits the villa's a cow and cause a miscarriage, then it must give 2 silver siquses. If someone hits the bed mare and causes a miscarriage, he must give 2 silver siquses.

B. If somebody chooses the bull or horse's eye, then it should give 6 silver siquses. And his home is responsible.

§ 78. If someone hires a bull and attach to him Beach or Knut66, and his master will find it, then the hired must give 1 neck (silver).

§ 79. If the bulls go on the field and the owner of the field will find them, then for one day he can bargain them, until the stars come down. Then he must drive them back to the owner.

§ 80. If someone leaves the sheep wolf, then her owner must take meat, and he himself must take himself a sheep skin.

§ 81. If someone steals a pig, fattened on fat, then first usually gave 1 min silver. Now he must give 12 silver siquses. And his home is responsible.

§ 82. If someone steals a pig from the courtyard, then it should give 6 silver siquses. And his home is responsible.

§ 83. If someone is stealing a pregnant pig, then it should give 6 silver siquses. The piglets also must count, and for every 2 piglets it should give one measure of grain. And his home is responsible.

§ 84. If someone hit the pregnant pig and it falls, then his case is solved in exactly the same way.

§ 85. If someone separates a small piglet (from the uterus) and steals it, he ... should give 1 neck (silver).

§ 86. If the pig will walign on the park, or on the field, or in the garden, and the owner of the gum, the field or garden will hit it and it will fall, he must return it to her owner. If he does not return it, he equates to the Warr.

§ 87. If someone hit the shepherd dog and it will die, then it must give 20 silver siquses. And he answers his home.

§ 88. If someone hits the hunter's dog and it will die, then it should give 12 silver siquses. And he answers his home.

§ 89. If someone hits the yard dog and it will die, then it should give 1 silver sikle.

§ 90. If the dog will devour the singer fat and the owner of Sala will find it, he can kill her and get fat from her stomach. No refund for it.

§ 91. If someone stacked bees from the hive, then 1 min silver was allowed. Now the guilty must give 5 silver siquses. And he answers his home.

§ 92. If someone will steal 2 hiles or 3 hiles, then before the perpetrator was given to the egregate of the bees. Now he must give 6 silver siquses. If someone steals the hive, in which there was no bee, then he should give 3 silver siquses.

§ 93. If you grab a free man in advance while he has not yet climbed into the house, he must give 12 silver siquses. If slave grab in advance while he has not climbed into the house, he must give 24 silver siquses.

§ 94. If a free person is painting in the house, he must give back things safe and safety. Before theft was usually given over that 1 minutes of silver. Now the thief must give 12 silver siquses. If he steals a lot, then he will be obliged to give great reimbursement. If he decides little, then it will be obliged to give a little refund. And he answers his home.

§ 95. If the slave takes theft in the house, he must give back things safe and safety. For theft, he must give 6 silver siquses. He also needs to cut off his nose and ears and give it back his owner. If he steals a lot, then he will be obliged to give great reimbursement. If he decides little, then it will be obliged to give a little refund. If his owner says "I will give compensation instead of him," he must give compensation. If he refuses to give compensation, thereby he deeces this slave.

§ 96. If a free person does theft in the bread barn and take grain from the bread barn, then it should fill the barn with grain and give 12 silver siquses. And he answers his home.

§ 97. If the slave takes theft in the breadmbar and take grain from the bread barn, then it should fill the barn with grain and give 6 silver siquses. And he answers his home.

§ 98. If a free person set fire to the house, he must build a house again. He must definitely refund for the fact that he will disappear in the house, be it a person, cattle or sheep.

§ 99. If the slave originates the house, its owner must give compensation instead. Slave should be cut off the nose and ears and give it back to the owner. If the owner of the slave will not give compensation, then he is deprived of this slave.

§ 100. If someone originates the barn for livestock, then he must feed the cattle of the victim, and the next spring he should give compensation: he must give a shed. If there was no straw in it, then it should build a barn.



The creation of extensive states occupied in ancient times quite a long period. First, tribes or residents united into a small city, which, thanks to their military successes and diplomacy, could expand the territory and acquire the status of the state. Large formations became referred to as empires. Their kings had unlimited power and were named despots. The state system held at the power of the army, united from representatives of different nations And settlements, often spoken in different languages.

Historians claim that the first state in Eastern lands has become ancient civilization Egypt of the period of the new kingdom. At the same time, the birth of the Hittite Empire is noted.

The emergence of the hatt state

About the II millennium BC. On the lands of Malaya Asia, the process of the settlement of Indo-European peoples began. One part of them went to India, these were the peoples of Aria. And the other who were Hetta, went to master the territory of Malaya Asia. They were distinguished by militancy and won local settlements, forming an ancient civilization - the Hittite state. Lands of Malaya Asia are stored unable deposits of copper and iron. The advantage that Hetta had in front of other countries, including ancient Egypt, is the ability to produce military armor from these materials. Hetta became the best masters in the melting of daggers, swords, shields.

When opening the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamon of the civilization of ancient Egypt in 1924, the expedition of Howard Carter in it was discovered a registered dagger, the blade of which was stitched from iron. Probably he was donated by the king of the Hittt state.

Army Empire Hittov

Managed the ancient hatt state king. The main role in the stability of the state was playing by the army. It has infantry, equestrian detachments and chariots. Hetta became one of the first states ancient Mirawho carried out military operations on the sea. They had a military fleet and built galleys to capture the neighboring territories. Ancient Egypt was forced constantly in a state of war with the Hittch kingdom, whose troops constantly made raids on the northwestern lands of ancient civilization. Several times the Hett troops captured power in the Mediterranean over Cyprus.

International Relations of the Hittte Empire

Successful the Hittite people were not only in warning war, but also a negotiation with other nations. Agreements with other dynasties were assigned by marriages and achieve agreements. A special office was organized for diplomats like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in modern times. End of times an ancient civilization met in the XII century. BC. With a raid of Cypriots.

See the legend of the map below.

The Hittch Kingdom is an ancient state in Malaya Asia, which existed in the 18th - early 12th centuries BC. e. The predecessors of the Hett kingdom were low-immiginous political associations of the 20-19th centuries BC. er, referred to in the documents at the Old Acceptance Dialect of the Akkadian language found in the shopping centers, where the colonies of Assyrian merchants were: Kanes (Hatt, Assist Burushhand). These associations, as later, and the Hittt kingdom, included the population belonging to different ethnic Group: Hittites, Hatti, etc.

Early period (1 half of the 18th century BC. E.). At the Hitt Tsar of the city of Kussar - Anittas (about 18th century) began the state association of some areas of Anatoly, former to this centers of trading colonies. Anittas won the city of Heca (according to which the Hett language was called Nesii), Hattusas. Vassal Anittas became the city of Bourushand. The capital of the Hittch kingdom under him and the other first kings of the Hett kingdom was a kissar. The inscriptions found in the Bogatoi archive make it possible to fill the gap between Anittas and the founder of the ancient Labar dynasty (or tobarnaya) (beginning of the 17th century; his name was the title of hatt kings).

Ancient hatt kingdom (2nd half of the 18-16th century BC. Er). According to the texts of the later time, Labarnan expanded the boundaries of the Hittch kingdom "from the sea to the sea." The ruler of the Busurowanda he appointed his son. Under the successor of Labarna - Hattusili I (mid-17th century) was finally included in the Hett kingdom of Tsalp and a number of southeastern regions of Asia Minor. The capital was transferred to Hattusas. In a number of documents of the ancient Hittt kingdom, starting with the "Annals" of Hattusili I, the struggle of Hittites with the city of Halab or Halp (in Northern Syria, modern Haleb (Aleppo)) is mentioned. This city was conquered by the king of Mursili I (the end of the 17th century) - the son of Hattusili I, at later sources - the grandson, in which the military power of the Hattch kingdom reached the highest lift. Around 1595 (or on another chronology - around 1650), Mursili I took Babylon. With his successor, Khantili I, Cascian tribes made a devastating raid on the northern part of the Hittt kingdom and threatened its capital. The period covered by about a hundred years, which followed the reign of Mursili I, was filled with internecasters, acts of blood revenge and palace coup. The last major king of the ancient Hittt kingdom was a culberry (end of the 16th century).

Judging by the "testament" Hattusili I from the Boggian archive, the power of the king at that time was not limitless. As a significant authority possessed the meeting Pumpkus (Hett Pankus - a meeting of all), which united all free members of society, capable of carrying weapons. By the meeting, the king was addressed on the issues of the throne. Hattusili I in my "will" appeals to the meeting about the change in the order of inheritance: instead of the nephew of the king on the female line, he announces the heir of the son of the king and declares that no one should appoint the son of his sister to the heir (this can be considered as a reflection of the transition from the account kinship by the mother to the Rodance account in the father's line). Hattusili I prescribed the future king to consult with the meeting on cases related to crimes, especially the Relig. character.

In an effort to put an end to the epoch, the bloody civilians and strife in the royal genus, Bulkina revived the Rights of the Assembly, which (as in the time of Hattusili I) had to disassemble the king's disputes with members of the royal family. In the period preceding the joint venture, the crimes committed by representatives of the highest nobility remained unpunished. In fact, the highest dignitaries have ceased to be a comprehensive meeting, which was a consequence of the 17th century on the 17th century in the texts of the 17th century, the inequality of the highest dignitaries and ordinary courts. Under the Bulkina, the meeting received the right to judge not only the highest dignitaries, but also the king - in case he will encroacitate members of a kind. Fastening the reform of the order of inheritance of the royal power, launched Hattusili I, the Bulbina established the rules operating during the follow-up history of the Hett kingdom.

One of the options of the ancient Hittch kingdom include one of the options of Hittte laws, which reported that at the "father of the king" (possibly, the television) there was a reform of legislation that led to significant sense of sentences and cancellation of ancient customs. By this time, the hatt law begins to navigate not so much on the punishment of the perpetrator, how much to compensation for the victim. During the ancient Hittch kingdom, part of the lands was the ownership of the king. Directly the king (or authorized persons of the king) was subordinate to the two categories of persons - royal employees ("people service") and royal workers. There was a system of lands of land with higher dignitaries who received immunity, in particular, from the national duty (Luzzi). Community members carried the subsitude of Luzzi, "People of Service" and "Heads of Slave and slaves", who submitted directly to the king. In Hett law, the difference in the social situation of free and slaves is reflected, in particular the difference between punishments for a crime committed in relation to a free person, and for a similar crime committed in relation to slave. By the time of drawing up the ancient hatt laws (about the 16th century), its central region was the main part of the Hittte kingdom - "Country of Hittites" (Hett.) With the center in Hattusas, Luvia (Hett., The area in the south-west of Asia Minor; in one of The options for hatt laws are used by the later name of the country in the south of Malaya Asia - Artsava) and Pala - the area in the north-east of Malaya Asia. In each of these areas, there was a language (respectively, the Hatt, Luvian and Palaisy), and the ancient language of the Aborigines - Hatti retained for the area of \u200b\u200bthe panel and "country countries". The main language of the entire Hittch kingdom has already become a hatt, the so-called Nevii language. The middle Hittt Kingdom (15 is the beginning of the 14th centuries BC. Er). During this period, the role of the southern regions with the prevailing Luvian and the Hurrist population sharply increased. The names of the kings of the Middle Agerth period, preserved in the lists of the kings - Luvian. The statement of data on this period, which reduced mainly to the grades of the land and lists of the names of the kings, can be explained by the fact that at that time the role of the Southern Luvian regions and, accordingly, the hieroglyphic Luvian inscriptions, respectively, were particularly increased, apparently, at the time they wrote on the tree and therefore Unreleased, unlike clinox hatt clay plates. One document of the hatt king of the new Hittte kingdom of Mursili II (14th century) can be interpreted as a message that he commanded to write on clinical tables those religious establishments that before that (with the kings of the middle kingdom) were distorted through the fault of scribes who wrote hieroglyphs on the tree. This text is consistent with the hypothesis of artificial restoration at the beginning of the new Hittt kingdom of the Hett-language tradition and hatt clinopy in the country, where the prevailing role has already belonged not to Hettites. The name "The Hittite Kingdom" during this period was already conditional, but it had a well-known justification that the Hittite (Nesii) language remained the main official language of the Office of the Hatthe Kings, the capital of which was still named Hattussas, although her death and the whole of the whole embodied in it The actual hatt tradition was prepared since the end of the ancient kingdom due to the elevation of the Southern Luvian-Hurrist regions. From the 15th century, the Hattch kingdom was increasingly experienced since Hattusili I began the influence of the culture of the Hurrites, speaking in Northern Syria and Mesopotamia as the most powerful opponents of Hittites.

The new Hett Kingdom (14 is the beginning of the 12th centuries BC. Er). The Hatt kings of this time were Hurrites: at birth they received garrital names, and the hatt names were given to the throne on the throne. Near the capital of Hattusas in the sculptural gallery of the Language, which is a monument of the Hurritsky-Luvian monumental style, Luvian hieroglyphs recorded the garrite names of the gods and goddesses. In the scribes who recorded the hatt texts, at this time there were usually Luvian and garrite names. Suppylulium I was the first major king of the new Hittt kingdom (early 14th century), which after a long war defeated Mitarian, made his vassal to Ugrit. His sons began to rule the Syrian states - Hlabas and Karka (see Carchemish). Tsar Mursili II carried out a number of campaigns that led to the complete restoration of the Hattt military power. Starting from the reign of Mursili II, Egypt and the Hittch kingdom as the two most powerful powers of the Middle East entered into martial arts for the predominance of Syria. After the battle between the Egyptians and the Hettites at the Cadet of about 1312 (on other chronology, about 1291), the Egyptians were forced to accept the power of the Hittic kings. With Hattusili III between Egypt and Hitts in 1296 (on another chronology, 1269), an agreement was concluded on friendship, according to which Egypt recognized the rights of hittons to Northern Syria. Against the Hett kingdom, they performed: at the Hitt Tsar Tudkhalia IV - Akhyava, who had previously supported friendly relations with the Hatthe kingdom; With Tsar Arnouvanda III (end of the 13th century) in the West of Malaya Asia - the coalition of states, which included Achiev and Artsavi. At the end of the 13th - early 12th centuries, the Hett kingdom Palo is mainly for the reasons of internal nature. Thanks to the increased centrifugal tendencies of the rulers of vassal regions and the Allied Tsarki, deposited from the main center of the Hitttsky kingdom, which led to his death, which did not prevent, but, long-term preservation of the cultural tradition in the southern vassal regions with the Luvian population. The impetus to the fall of the Hett kingdom was the resettlement of the so-called "peoples of the sea".

During the period of the new kingdom, the center of the Hett kingdom was surrounded by a chain of allied and vassal states that played the role of buffer between the hitts and their powerful opponents (such as Egypt). The similarity of government treaties with the instructions of officials can be considered evidence that the latter could be considered as a special category of Wassals of the Hittt King. The hierarchical organization of the entire state, where the individual regions were ruled by the governors, who received them from the king, corresponded to the scale of all society, the structure of incidents (donations), in which those received landings had to bear the appropriate economic service (Hattt) or military service. Slaves constituted a relatively small part of the entire population. There was an intermediate social variety of prisoners of war between slaves and free hitts, which were given special land. The presence of this class, as well as the role of two specific forms of service (and luzzi) similar to the vassatitet, is distinguished by the Hittite society among other ancient warehouse societies close to slave-owned. As special social classes, in addition to the king and senior officials, "warriors" (Hett Tuzzi - army) and "Priests" (Hett Sankunni). The economy of the community that provided themselves with everything we needed a closed self-sufficient nature; She could cover a number of scattered land, included not only cattle breeders and farmers, but also artisans.

In the period of the new kingdom, the power of the king became unlimited, he acquired the features of the deified oriental despot. The military exploits of the kings in the annals are considered as the expression of the power, by the missing gods. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe divine origin of the King power is clearly expressed in prayer about the king, according to which God thunderstorms - the ruler of the sky, the Earth and the people gave the country of Hettites to the king, so that he rules. In this prayer, the relationship between God and the king is described in the same terms that are usually used in the hatt texts when it comes to the relationship between the Hitttian king and its vassals.

Rulers of the Hittt kingdom. Early period (1 half of the 18th century BC. Er): Pithanas; Anittas.

Ancient kingdom (2nd half of the 18th and 6th century BC): Tudkhalia I (1740-1710); Pusarrum (1710-1680); Labarna I (1680-1650); Labarn II (Hattusili I) (1650-1620); Mursili I (1620-1590); Hantili I (1590-1560); Cidant I (1560-1550); Ammune (1550-1530); Juice (1530-1525); Television (1525-1500).

The average kingdom (15 is the beginning of the 14th century BC. Er): Alusumna (1500-1490); Hantili II (1490-1480); Cidant II (1480-1470); Juice II (1470-1460); Tudlalia II (1460-1440); Arnouvanda I (1440-1420); Hattusili II (1420-1400); Tudlalia III (1400-1380).

The new kingdom (14 is the beginning of the 12th century BC. E.): Suppululium I (1380-1340); Arnouvanda II (1340-1339); Mursili II (1339-1306); Mustatali (1306-1282); Urkhi-teashub (Mursili III) (1282-1275); Hattusili III (1275-1250); Tudkhalia IV (1250-1220); Arnouvanda III (1220-1190); Suppululium II (1190-1180).

Note. Dating is given in accordance with the works of Hetttologists B. Grozny, O. Görni, A. Gotze. The dating offered by the other chronology based on general chronology for all of the front Asia is divided into this approx. for 60 years for the ancient kingdom and approx. For 30 years - for the new kingdom. Periods of the reign of most kings are given approximately.

V. V. Ivanov. Moscow.

Sovetskaya historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 15. Fellahi - Chasalinor. 1974.

Literature:

Menadbe E. A., Hittite society, TB., 1965; Giorgadze G. G., Essays on socio-economic history. Hett state, TB., 1973; Zamarovsky V., Secrets of Hettov, (per. From Slovak), M., 1968 (Bible. Sost. V. V. Ivanov); Neuere Hethitenforschung, HRSG. VON G. WALSER, WIESBADEN, 1964; Friedrich J., Die Heethitischen Gesetze, Leiden, 1959; Götze A., Kleinasien, 2 aufl., Münch., 1957; Gurney O. R., The Hittites, 2 ED., L., 1961; Otten N., Das Heethiterreich, in the book: Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients, Stuttg., 1961.

Cane - Trade colonies of Assyrian merchants of the XIX-XVIII century BC.

Bold dotted - the main core of the Hittt kingdom at the end of the XVI century BC

Double point line - the maximum area of \u200b\u200bpropagation of the influence of the Hittites of the XIV-XIII century BC

Arinna (Underlined by a wavy feature) - the main cities of the Hittt kingdom.

The bold circle and the ring around - the capital of the Hett kingdom (Kussar - in the XVIIIVEK BC, Hattusas - in the XVIIVEK BC).

The bold circle is the places of finds of the Hittte and Latehatetsky (hieroglyphic Luvian) monuments.

The numbers are indicated:

(on the map from the book Gotzea. Kleinasien, 2 aufl. Munchen, 1957):

1. SIPILE, 2. Carabal, 3. Bakee, 4. Yagra, 5. Iflatunpanar, 6. Keylutol, 7. Fazilers, 8. Gaveurgale, 9. Aladjahyuk, 10. Body, 11. Karga, 12. Alishar Heyuk, 13 . Kyroshir, 14. Chalapverdi, 15. Karaburun, 16. Sivas, 17. Topada, 18. Emirgazi, 19. Kyzyldag, 20. Mahalach, 21. Andalov, 22. Bor, 23. Bulgarmaden, 24. Ivriz, 25. Bakhche , 26. Egricky, 27. Erkilation, 28. Asarchicchik, 29. Tickerbent, 30. Cultepe, 31. Sultanhan, 32. EGREK, 33. Fyractin, 34. Taschin, 35. Haniery, 36. Imamkul, 37. Kubrul, 38 . Karakoy, 39. Havuzkay, 40 Gürun, 41. Palanga, 42. Daende, 43. Bakery, 44. Ketyukal, 45. Rays, 46. Elbistan, 47. Malatya, 48. Sirkel, 49. Iskodender, 50. Marash, 51. Karaburchlu, 52. Sengirlli, 53. Islahiye, 54. Sakchagiyuyu, 55. Gaziantep, 56. Chagdyn, 57. Selgin, 58. Kurtoglu, 59. Samsat, 60. Boyda-Pynarra, 61. Biredzhik, 62. Jarabluly, 63. Tel-Akhram, 64. Jackke, 65. Haleb, 66. Antakya, 67. Tel-Achan, 68. Caltya-El Mudik, 69. Hama, 70. Refidence. 71. Karateta, 72. Erzincan.

Note. In the list are given modern names. On the map, modern names are given in parentheses. The question of the question marked the estimation of the location of settlements.

Art and architecture of Hittites

Art and architecture of Hittites. During the highest point of his heyday, the Hetta had a lot of strength in strengthening and decorating their capital Khattush. The kings lived in a powerful citadel, where the main palace complexes, administrative buildings, storage facilities and archives were erected. Citadel Bureukal has risen on an impregnable rock guarding the passage to the north. The territory of the city, which occupied about 160 hectares was built up smaller in size by citadels, monumental temple complexes and residential quarters; The city was surrounded by a defensive wall of almost 6 km long, with a gate, towers, tunnels and stairs.

At the scene of the capital, impressive remnants of Hitt art. City gates are built from cyclopic blocks, different in magnitude, but carefully fitted to each other. These giant blocks are decorated with sculptures. On the left domestic jamb, the so-called. The royal gates of the magnitude of the majestic figure of the warrior-God carved by a deep burner; He is typical for other hatt sculptures heavy wide cheekbones and a big hooked nose. Among the other sculptures that adorn the gate of the Bogaty, the images of the front of the body of Leo, who turned towards the enemy turned towards the enemy, as well as stylized majestic sphinxes, Egyptian in spirit, but fulfilled in full compliance with the hatt stylistic principles ...

Ivanov V.V. Hitty.

Hitty - the people who inhabited the central part of the Hett kingdom. Hatt, or Nesii, language (from the city of HECA - the ancient center of Hettov), \u200b\u200bwhich was spoken by Hetta, belonged to the Anatolian (Hetto-Luvian) branch of the Indo-European family of languages; Therefore, it is usually considered that Hettites (like carriers of other Anatolian languages \u200b\u200b- Luvian tribes and ) or their ancestors are carriers of the Dialects of the Ochanatolian language, from which all these three languages \u200b\u200boccurred, moved into small Asia either through the Balkans ("Western" theory), or through the Caucasus ("Eastern" theory). In favor of the Eastern (Caucasian) route of resettlement, he says the preferential role of the eastern cities of Hettites in the ancient Hittch kingdom (2nd half of the 18th and 6th centuries BC) and some evidence of archaic rituals (for example, the image of the sun standing because of the sea) . According to another hypothesis, Hetta belonged to the ancient population of Malaya Asia, which involves a more southern initial region of resettlement for carriers of all Indo-European dialects ...

Before the beginning of the 20th century scientists knew almost nothing about hitthas. "Heteyan" (in Russian translation) was briefly mentioned in the Bible. In Egyptian and inscriptions there are a mention of the "country of Hetta" or "Hutty". From Egyptian sources, it can be understood that in 1300. BC. Hetta fought with Egypt for domination over and. This struggle ended, so to speak, "in a draw" means, Hetti turned out to be worthy rivals and did not give way to the powerful Egyptian Power on the field of Brani or in the art of diplomacy.

Started at the end of the 19th century. Excavations B. central regions Malaya Asia (modern Turkey) showed that the center of the Hett kingdom was located here. Archaeologists found hundreds of clay tiles covered by letters.

Icons on many tiles turned out to be familiar with scientists - it was cligs, Hetta adopted its inhabitants. To read them, but failed - the inscriptions were compiled on an unknown (Hitt) language. They were able to decipher in 1915. Czech Language Ferry Grozny. He proved that the Hatt language is a relatives of Slavic, German, Romanesque languages, which make up an Indo-European linguistic family. It is enough to compare the Hett words "Vatar", "Daugashti", "Nebish" with their Russian counterparts "Water", "Longitude", "Sky". This discovery has become a scientific sensation. It turned out that the Hettites stood a mansion in the ancient East, because here they spoke in the languages \u200b\u200bof an Afro-Asian family, similar to modern Arabic and Jewish. From the depths of the century, the peculiar outlines of the world began to appear, in which Hettites lived. Customs and establishments peculiar to Indo-European peoples, Hetta joined the rivals borrowed from their neighbors - Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians and Hurrites.

It remains unclear, from where the Hetta came to Malny Asia - from the West, from the Balkan Peninsula, or from the East, through the mountain passes of the Caucasus.

History kingdom history

The land populated by the hitnesses was very different from the extensive river valleys of the Nile, Tiger and Euphrates. These were small plains in the mountains and foothills of Malaya Asia, separated by mountain ridges and gorges, stormy, but small river.

In many areas of the Hett kingdom, cattle breeding was more profitable than agriculture. No wonder the Hetta was heard in the east with beautiful horse breeds; Their wheel army was a formidable force.

To look after the numerous distant mountain valleys, the kings trusted their parents or nobles. Thus, the Hatt kingdom consisted of small semi-air princesses. From time to time, some of the bottom disappeared, but the Terrible rulers Hattus We found ways to reiterate their power.

At first glance, the Hett kingdom seemed weaker than his neighbors; Historians even write that it was "loose", weakly organized. However, the state of Hettites has perfectly withstanding military collisions with strong rivals.

For four and a half centuries of its history (1650 - 1200 years. BC) It did not lose any confrontation; Only in the last period of the existence of Power (1265-1200 BC), the Hetti gave way part of their territory of powerful Assyria. But far from the full list of the military-political success of the Hittites.

• In 1595 BC. king Mursili I. Captures and destroys Babylon, acquiring tremendous prey.
• Approximately 1400 BC. Another Hatt Tsar, Supilulium I., defeating the strong kingdom, establishes its control over the Upper Euphrates and Northern Syria.
• Finally, in 1312 BC. (according to other data in 1286 BC) Hett king Mowatalywho headed the thirty thousandths of the army, near the Syrian city of Kadesh lured into the trap of the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II. with a big military squad. Almost all of the Egyptians were destroyed; Saved only Pharaoh with a little guard.

Hettites were successfully fought off from neighboring semi-dog peoples, like porridges who were on their borders.

What is the secret of the strength of the Hett kingdom? You can learn "military secrecy" by looking at the device of the Hittite society and the state.

Conquering and domestic policy of the Hett Kingdom

Thanks to the presence of ore deposits and forests in the small Asia, the ancient Hitts had metals and wood, unlike states located in the valleys of large rivers. Hetta abandoned the mediation of Assyrian and Babylonian merchants and enjoyed the benefits of nature on their own.

Therefore, the Hatt kings did not seek to seize key trading roads and cities, as the rulers of Egypt, Assyria and Babylon did. Hittites had all. They planned military campaigns more freely, not spending time on mastering the seaport, customs outpost or an important brother over the river. The Hatt Tsari applied carefully prepared strikes on extensive territories, covering items from all sides that had the greatest resistance. That was the way most of Syria was conquered with Suppilulium I.

An important role was played by the fact that the Hittch kingdom did not have natural borders - large rivers, mountain chains, difficult deserts. Surrounded by the principality dependent on him, it reliably felt behind this fairly wide "loose" belt.

Hetta is no worse than their neighbors were able to collect forces in a fist, when they intended to strike on the enemy; Only fingers in this fist were different, not as in Egypt or Babylon. Here, as he instructed his successor, the Hett Tsar Mursili:

"Communicate only with courtiers! From the townspeople and the peasants of the king there is nothing to expect. They can not be believed, and communication with insignificant only generates the danger. "

In a similar circulation of the Egyptian pharaoh AhToy, the meaning of other:

"Do not distinguish between the son of a noble person and commoner. Touch your person for his business ... ".

Of course, Akhta was not a "democrat." Just he knew that the main threat to the throne comes from the revocible Egyptian nobles. Mursiili was firmly counted on the loyalty of the Hett nobility. Why?

The fact is that the relationship between the king and the "noble" people in Hettov was different than in Egypt or Babylon. In contrast to other countries Of the East, noble hitts were not considered the slaves of the king, as the rest of the population, it seems that the Hittites have preserved an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "nobility" as congenital capacity inherent in the Indo-European peoples; It did not depend on the degree of closeness to the king, nor from the position.

« Clean", I.e. free, the hetts were recognized if they did not carry a worrying ( lutsk) or product ( sahan) Meal. They united in the collection of warriors - " popc", From the opinion of which depended on the choice of a new monarch from among the representatives of the royal family. In short, the king did not give pressure to know the former reliable throne support. It is not by chance that another king, Hattusili I, when he needed to change the decision to appoint the heir to the throne, turned to the punch.

Thus, the Hett method of "folding the fingers in the fist" was more efficient than the rest of the peoples. A clear, simple device of society, the unity of the interests of the royal family and free Hitttes did this fist very formidable. Hetta did not always have long pressure on their neighbors, but at the case it was able to apply short blows of crushing force.

Features of the organization of the Hett Society allocate him among the modern states. Some historians even consider it a "feudal". Probably this exaggeration. Hetta was adopted from the cultures of small Asia and interfolding a lot: writing, religious beliefs and myths, laws, customs. Even their name they borrowed from khattov - More ancient people who inhabited the central regions of the Peninsula of Small Asia before the occurrence of the Hittch kingdom here. In the ancient history of Hetta played a significant role, chasing to win the place under the sun. It seemed that the world was already divided between the powers of antiquity, but not one of them was lost to the division of Hettites.

Country and the most ancient population of the Hittal Kingdom

The terrain of the appeared nucleus Hittte powers, located in the eastern part of the Central Plateau of Malaya Asia. It is mainly located on the average flow of the Galis River (now Kyzyl-Irmak, in Turkey). Subsequently, approximately from the VI-V centuries. BC E., This country began to be called.

Cappadocia is a plateau, surrounded by mountains separating it from the Black and Mediterranean seas. As a result, despite the proximity of the seas, the climate here is continental, atmospheric precipitates falls a bit. For agriculture here, for the most part, artificial irrigation is necessary; But rivers carry little water and, due to the narrowness of river valleys, to use them difficult for artificial irrigation. The surrounding mountains are rich in stone, forest, as well as ores; The local population has eased the melting of metals.

The oldest people known to us the population of this country called herself hatty. The study of his language led researchers to conclude that it was not an Indo-European language; The most often suggests that this language was relative to the languages \u200b\u200bof the modern Caucasus and Transcaucasus. Hatty were a group of scattered, mostly cattle breeding tribes who lived at the end of the III Millennium with another primitive bureau, although this system was already in the decomposition stage. Back to the beginning of the II, the Millennium Hatti had seriously lagged in terms of its socio-economic development from the slave-owned societies, which were established in Twire and Egypt.

The Khatty Country was an important center for the extraction of metals (especially silver), famous for animal husbandry products (especially wool). In addition, she was on the ways from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and from the Aegean Sea to the two-frequency. Therefore, the country of Hutty is drawn into trade and the exchange that was conducted on the extensive territory of Front Asia. The most ancient facts of the history of this country are related to our role in the development of exchange, although not he, of course, determined the economic life of its population.

Probably around the middle of the 3th millennium BC. e. Akkada merchants appear in Malaya Asia, who may have created settlements here, something like shopping colonies. At the end of the III millennium BC. e. Accident merchants displacing Assyrian; The earliest facts of the appeal of local residents in slavery are associated with usury in the country of Assyrian merchants. Such activity could not be successful if it had to some extent supported by the local tribal to know, which returned considerable benefits from the intermediary trade activities of Assyrian merchants; By this time, tribal to know itself has already turned into knowing slave.

In the first half of the II millennium BC e. Trade colonies of Assyrian merchants, - in particular, in connection with the strengthening of the Mitarian, - begin to christmas. Assiya in this period temporarily weakens and can still continue to maintain its trading colonies in Malaya Asia, and the trade of two-frequenses moves to the south, to cities on the Mediterranean coast; In addition, the stringing local tribal to know may have been able to do without the mediation of Assyrians in some cases.

Not later than the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. The eastern part of the Malaya Asia is flooded by the tribes, who spoke, as proven by Czech scientist B. Grozny, in the language of the Indo-European family and, therefore, ethnically heterogeneous with the local population. From where they came to Malny Asia - from the Balkans or from the Northern Black Sea region (through the Caucasus), it is not yet clarified. Based on written documents, it is possible to establish that their language was called Nesii, but the country conquered by them was still called the Khatti country, and the people around them continued to call them hitts. In the scientific literature, the population speaking in Nevii language is customary to be called hitts; The oldest population of the country of Hutty (i.e., in the essence of real hetts), they usually call protests. Neviji tongue when crossing with protochette went out by the winner everywhere, where the carriers of this language were settled. But the Nevii language itself enriched his vocabulary at a very significant extent by protochette.

Together with the Hittites - the carriers of the Nesii language - other tribes who spoke in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family, but somewhat different from Nesiii, were advanced. Among these tribes, the Luvian tribes were most significant, which were located in the south and south-west of the main territory of the Relief of Hittites.

Corrective hiking hikes

At the turn of the XVIII and XVII centuries. before and. e. In the country, Hettov had several strongest tribes that jerked among themselves for hegemony. Centers of public life and management of these tribes were well fortified settlementswhich can be called cities. The most important of these cities were Nesa, Kussar and Tsalp. Obviously, the dialect of the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Nesa and Loefully as the basis of the Hatt language.

These cities were headed by leaders, which have already been significantly stood out of the mass of ordinary communities, so some scientists consider them to be kings. In the struggle of the Hatt Tsarkov for hegemony, success accompanied Anitto Kusar-Russer. He destroyed the city of Hattus, the stronghold of the protochette tribes, subjugated to carry and made it his capital.

An even more fortunate conqueror was one of the successors of the anithi - Tabarna (Tlabarna), whose name has become nominal as the title of the Heatt state. Hittite texts begin the history of the country from its board.

Tabarna (Tlabarna), relying on the strength of the tribal union, subjugated the various territories of the eastern part of Malaya Asia. His son Hattusili continued to conquer and sent his hiking in Syria, against the city of Halna (Aleppo), but after his death, according to the later source, ascending by the time of Tsaru Bulbina, " slaves of Tsarevichi rebelled, did they start their homes to destroy (?), to sell their gentlemen (?) and shed their blood ".

It should be assumed that the speech here is about the uprising of the enslaved population of the conquered regions, which took advantage of the discords in the environment known to the Hittt Tribal Union. It should be noted that the text emphasizes the cohesion of the tribal union, which occurred both at the tobarne and when Hattusili: "... Then his sons, his brothers, his deepeners, his relatives and his warriors (around the king) were merged." Since the source notes the rebellion of "slaves" against "Tsarevichi", and not against the "king", then, apparently, we are talking about the period after the death of Hattusili, when the question of his successor was not yet decided, which led to the troubles in the environment Hittte tribes.

The danger caused by the uprising in the conquered areas led to a further strengthening of the developing royal power. On the royal throne, one of the sons of Hattusili entered, named Mursili. The source notes that his sons were collected around him, brothers, delicacies, relatives and his warriors. The uprising of the submissions, apparently, prompted Hett to know to greater cohesion. At Mursili, the capital was translated into Hattus, the ancient center of the protochette tribes, destroyed at his time an attach. The translation of the capital in Hattus Mursili, obviously, he wanted to emphasize that now the unification of tribes, carriers of the Nesii language, and the protochette tribes - the indigenous population of the country.

In full compliance with the interests of the confidence, thirsty and profit, relying on the strength of an even more cohesive association, Mursili decided to take distant hiking in the area, lying outside of Asia, - to Northern Syria and down the Eufrat - to Babyonia.

At this time, in Front Asia, there was still an extensive, but internally fragile association of gixos, which in the middle of the XVIII century. BC e. Submit themselves to the northern part of Egypt. But at the end of the XVII century. BC e. South Egypt has already achieved significant success in the fight against gixos. Apparently, under the influence of these successs of the Egyptian weapons, Hattusili, and then his son Mursili got the opportunity to send their hiking to the area of \u200b\u200bHalp, which, as intended, was a supporting point of gixos in the north. On the other hand, the campaigns of the Hett kings on Halpu, undoubtedly, had to facilitate the pharaohs of Egypt XVII and XVIII dynasties the final exile of gixos from the Nile Valley.

About the campaign of Mursili on the named city of the hatt source narrates the following brief words: "He (i.e. Mursili) went to Halpu and destroyed Halpu and brought prisoners from Halp and their property in Hattus." Halp takes to date from about 1600 to and. e. Shortly thereafter, as a result of the victory of the Hatt Pares and the victories of the Egyptian Pharaoh Yakhmos I, the founder of the XVIII dynasty, the fragile military association created by the gixos was contemplated.

After his victory in Northern Syria, Hetta made a campaign against the Babylonian state, which at this time could no longer have serious resistance, being weakened by the internal turmoys and continuous external wars. The Hatt Tsar was lined with the Union with the Hurritsky State of Mitanni, seized - apparently, at the end of the XVIII century. BC e. - Northern Mesopotamia. Relying on the aid of his ally, Mursili reached Babylon unhindered and, repulcing the famous city, returned with rich prey in Hattus. Subsequently, probably, in connection with the question of the Prepoligation, Mursiili. Became a victim of the palace conspiracy, and after that, during a number of years, the Hett society will shook the troubles and uprisings.

Society of the Hittt State

Sources indicate a significant development of productive forces in the country of Hettov to the XVI century. BC e. Bronze tools of labor by that time have already resolutely prevailed. Although cattle breeding, it may continued to prevail in the economic life of the country, however, it became relatively developed and agriculture, and, despite the unfavorable natural conditions, irrigation agriculture is born. There are various handsellates, and achieves significant trade.

Hittskaya to know extremely enriched during successful conquering hikes acquired in the face of slaves captured in the war necessary for the organization of large private farms on the lands, previously former tribal property. The process of adapting the class of slave owners of the old tribal organization to their needs and the formation of the state was long. After its completion during the reign of the Bulkina, in the second half of the XVI century. BC e., and the oldest Hittite historical source mentioned by us was compiled, which described the events from the Tabarna time (Tlabarna) before the time of the Tempe.

To study the public relations of Hettites, several tens of thousands of clinox documents found in the State Archive of the Hett Kings, open during excavations in Bog, in modern Turkey, not far from Ankara), where the capital of the Hett Power - Hattus was located. Annals, lawyers, contracts with other states, diplomatic correspondence, economic documents, etc. were found in this archive.

The characteristic features of the slave-owned hospital state are brightly reflected in the treaties of the Hett kings with the kings of other states. Thus, the largest rulers of the Hett Power, Suppilulium, which significantly expanding the victorious campaigns of the boundaries of his state at the turn of the XV and XIV centuries. BC er, demanded that the allies of assistance in the event that "King Chatty Country will campaign for grabbing production."

It was necessary to avoid collisions between the allies in the production section, and therefore in written agreements a carefully understood the question of which each of the military troops had the right. For example, the city belonged to one of the Allied States was transmitted after suppressing the uprising of the opposing Parties, which had previously owned them. With joint military actions against enemies politically independent of both allied states, the contract established for each of the parties a part of the production of movable property for each part, and the question of ownership of the captured territory remained temporarily open.

So detailed development of the issue of the section of military extraction cannot be surprised, since the wars of the Hett state were caused by the persistent desire to seize people and livestock. Numerous testimonies of Hett texts confirm. So, Tsar Mursili II (about 1340 BC) with pride reported in his annals on the robbing campaigns of his father Suppilulium: "When my father was in the country, Carkemish, he sent Lupakki and Dubcalm to the country of Amka (the area adjacent to the Lower Oronta), and they went hiking, attacked the country of Ambo and led the extraction of people, a large and small cattle to my father".

Mursili II himself did not lag behind his father in the greedy pursuit of the "prey of people." He reports in the section of his Annov dedicated to the war in the country of Artsava (south of the country of Hettov), \u200b\u200babout the huge number of people captured, here to his army: "When I won the whole country to Artsavi that I, the Sun (the title of the Hittt Tsar), prey to people in the house of the king led - it was only 66,000 mining people. What Vladyka (i.e. know), troops, chariot from Hattus led to people, large and small livestock as mining, could not be counted ". Messages about the number of captured people and about sending them in Hattus, Annala Mursili II. Hunting for people remained the main incentive of war to the end of the existence of the Hittal Power.

Immediately after the victory over the enemies, the hunt for people began. The remains of crushed troops, as well as the population of the enemy country, rushed into the mountains to force them due to lack of food and drink to surrender to the victor's mercy. Enemies - other slave-owned states, - intensidine, paid the same in the case of victory they were hijacked by the residents of the country of Hittites. The Hatt Tsari forced the defeated enemies to give them prisoners of the hitts, which they then returned to old ashes. In the contracts of the Hett kings with neighboring states, the mutual issuance of runaway prisoners has always been envisaged.

Slavery in the kingdom of hittops

As for the tribes, invaded with coasts of Western Malaya Asia (the Egyptians called them the "nations of the sea"), they did not limit themselves with Malaya Asia, but devastated part of Northern Syria and Phenicia. Only Egypt, and that with great difficulty, was gave to stop their further promotion to the south.

Egyptian sources mention the "nations of the sea" twice - the first time with the pharaoh Merentpta at the end of the XIII century. BC e. When they performed in the Union with Libyans. Among them were the Sherdanov tribes, Shakalash, Tursha and Akayivasha. It is assumed that the Sherdans took place from the city of Sard in the western part of Malaya Asia and subsequently settled the island of Sardinia; that Shakalash came from the district of Sagalass in the south of Malaya Asia; That Tursha was Tirseni -Permin, who lived, as they think, in the west of Malaya Asia, the ancestors of the Etruscans, who inhabited later, of Italy; And that Akayivash is a Aheitsa or, rather, residents of the kingdom of Akhiyava. However, these identification are not quite proven, and we can not yet determine the origin of the "nations of the sea".

The second collision of Egyptians with the "nations of the sea" occurred at Ramses III (IV), already at the beginning of the XII century. In addition to the previous tribes, the Philistines (Pulaks), Chakkal and some others participated in the Union. Instead of Akaywas, we encounter here, apparently, Danaysev, identical with referred to also in other Egyptian texts Danunov. Danaitsa in the Greek epic - another name of the ahetsev. Judging by the clothes, Philistines and Chakkal came from the southwestern regions of Malaya Asia.

The Union of "Peoples of the Sea" soon collapsed; Some of the participants in the campaigns returned with a worn good home; Part of the villagers in the places of trips and then mixed with the indigenous population. So, the Philistines were assieved in the southern part of Palestine coast, Chakkal - in North, near the city of Dor; Danuna gave the name of the region on the coast of the southeastern part of Malaya Asia, not far from her joint with the Syrian coast; Perhaps, the Assyrian name of Cyprus Island is also happening from them - "Ya-Danana, Yadnana".

Basic dates in the history of ancient Egypt