Photo of distant space made by Hubble telescope. Classified photos of the orbital telescope "Hubble" (3 photos)
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched on April 24, 1990 and since then continuously document all space events that only can reach. His breathtaking pictures resemble the exquisite paintings of surrealist artists, but all these are completely real, physical sign phenomena occurring around our planet.
But as all of us, the Great Telescope is aging. Just a few years left until the NASA will let go of Hubble drifting towards the fire in the Earth's atmosphere: a decent end for the real warrior of knowledge. We decided to collect a few the best pictures Telescope, which will always remind mankind how big the world around him is.
Galactic Rosa
This picture of the telescope did on the day of his own "adulthood": Hubble was exactly 21 years old. A unique object is two galaxies in the constellation of Andromeda, passing through each other.
Triple Star
Someone may seem that in front of him the old cover of the video tapes with budget fiction. However, this is a completely real picture of Hubble, captured open accumulation of Pismis 24 stars.
Black hole dance
Most likely (the astronomers themselves are not sure), the telescope managed to capture the rarest moment of the merger of black holes. Visible jets are particles stretched to an incredible distance of several thousand light years.
Restless shooter
The lagoon nebula attracts astronomers with huge cosmic storms that are constantly raging here. This region is filled with intense winds from hot stars: old dying and on their place immediately come new.
Supernova
Since the 1800s, astronomers with much less powerful telescopes were observed for outbreaks occurring in the Eta Carinae system. In early 2015, scientists concluded that these outbreaks are the so-called "false supernovae": they appear as ordinary supernova, but do not destroy the star.
Divine mark
A relatively recent shot taken by a telescope in March of this year. Hubble captured the IRAS 12196-6300 star, located at an incredible distance of 2300 light years from the Earth.
Pillars of creation
Three deadly cold pillars of gas clouds envelop the star clusters in the nebula of the eagle. This is one of the most famous pictures of the telescope called the "Pillars of Creation".
Heavenly Fairverk
Inside the snapshot you can see a lot of young stars gathered in a foggy smoke of cosmic dust. Columns consisting of dense gas become incubators where a new space life originates.
NGC 3521.
This flocculant spiral galaxy looks like a fluffy picture due to its stars, which shine through the dust clouds. Although the snapshot seems incredibly distinct, in fact the galaxy is at a distance of 40 million light years from the ground.
Star System Di Cha
A unique bright spot in the center consists of two stars shining through the rings of dust. The system is notable for the presence of two pairs of double stars, and in addition, it is here that the so-called chameleon complex is located - an area where entire galaxies of new stars are born.
We present you a selection of pictures made using the Hubble orbital telescope. It is in the orbit of our planet for more than twenty years and continues to reveal the secrets of space to this day.
(Just 30 photos)
Known as NGC 5194, this large galaxy with a well-developed spiral structure may have been the first detected spiral nebula. It is clearly seen that her spiral sleeves and dust bands pass in front of the satellite galaxy - NGC 5195 (left). This couple is at a distance of about 31 million light years and officially belongs to the small constellation of the racing pieces.
2. Spiral Galaxy M33
The spiral galaxy M33 is the average size of the galaxy from the local group. M33 is also called a galaxy in a triangle named constellation in which it is located. Approximately 4 times less (by radius) than our Galaxy Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy (M31), M33 Much more than many dwarf galaxies. Due to the fact that the M33 galaxy is close to M31, some think it is a companion of this more massive galaxy. M33 not far from the Milky Way, its angular sizes are more than twice the dimensions of the full moon, i.e. It is perfectly visible in good binoculars.
3. Quintet Stephen
Group of Galaktik - Quintet Stephen. However, only four galaxies from the group, located in three hundred million light years from us, are involved in the cosmic dance, it is concerned, then removing apart. Superference is quite simple. Four interacting galaxies - NGC 7319, NGC 7318A, NGC 7318B and NGC 7317 - have a yellowish color and curved loops and tails, the shape of which is due to the influence of destructive tidal gravitational forces. The Blue Galaxy NGC 7320, located in the picture at the top of the left, is much closer than the rest, just 40 million light years from us.
4. Galaxy Andromeda
Andromeda Galaxy is the closest to our Milky Way from Giant Galaxies. Most likely, our galaxy looks like the same as Andromeda Galaxy. These two galaxies dominate the local group of galaxies. Hundreds of billions of stars that make up the Galaxy Andromeda, together give a visible diffuse glow. Separate stars in the image are actually the stars of our galaxy, located much closer to the remote object. Andromeda's galaxy is often called M31, as this is the 31st object in the catalog of diffuse celestial objects of Charles Messier.
5. Nebula Laguna
In the bright lagoon nebula there are many different astronomical objects. Especially interesting objects include bright scattered star clusters and several active starring areas. In visual observation, the light from the cluster is lost against the background of the total red luminescence caused by hydrogen radiation, while dark fibers occur due to the absorption of light with dense layers of dust.
6. Misty Feline Eye (NGC 6543)
Nebula Feline Eye (NGC 6543) is one of the most famous planetary nebulaes in the sky. Its memorable symmetrical forms are visible in the central part of this spectacular image in artificial colors, specially processed in order to show a huge, but very weak halo from a gaseous substance having a diameter of about three light years, which surrounds a bright, familiar planetary nebula.
7. Small chameleon constellation
A small constellation of chameleon is located near the southern pole of the world. The picture reveals the amazing features of a modest constellation, in which many dust nebulae and multi-colored stars are found. On the field scattered blue reflective nebula.
8. Nebula SH2-136
Space dust clouds, weakly glowing reflected star lights. Far from familiar places on the planet Earth, they are hiding on the edge of a complex of molecular clouds of the Tsefie, removed from us by 1200 light years. Nebula SH2-136, located near the center of the field, brighter other ghostly visions. Its size is more than two light years, and it is visible even in infrared light.
9. Nebula Konskaya Head
Dark dust nebula Kirable head and glowing Orion nebula contrast in the sky. They are located at a distance of 1500 light years from us in the direction of the most recognizable celestial constellations. And on today's remarkable composite photos of nebula, there are opposite angles. Horse head familiar to everyone is a small dark cloud in the shape of a horse head, awarded against the background of a red glowing gas in the lower left corner of the picture.
10. Crabovoid nebula
This confusion stayed after the star explosion. The crab odor is the result of a supernova explosion, which was observed in 1054 by our era. The residue is filled with mysterious fibers. The fibers are not just complex in the glance. The fabricity of the crab nebula is ten light years. In the very center of the nebula, Pulsar is a neutron star with a mass equal to the mass of the Sun, which fits in the area of \u200b\u200bsize with a small town.
11. Mirage from gravitational lenses
This is a mirage from the gravitational lenses. Bright red galaxy depicted in this photo (LRG) distorted its gravity from a more remote Blue Galaxy. Most often, such a distortion of light leads to the appearance of two images of the distant galaxy, however, in the case of a very accurate imposition of the galaxy and gravitational lenses, the images are merged into the horseshoe - almost closed ring. This effect was predicted by Albert Einstein 70 years ago.
12. Star V838 MON
For unknown reasons in January 2002 outer shell Stars V838 MON suddenly expanded, making this star brighter in the whole Milky Way. Then she became weak again, also suddenly. Astronomers have never seen a similar star outbreak.
13. Birth of Planet
How are the planets form? To try to figure it out, the Hubble Space Telescope received a task to look closely at one of the most interesting of all nebulae in the sky - the greatest nebula of Orion. Orion nebula can be seen with the naked eye near the conversion of Orion's constellation. The insertions on this photo show numerous propelides, many of them are star nursery, in which there are probably the emerging planetary systems.
14. Star cluster R136
In the center of the star formation area of \u200b\u200b30 gold fish is a giant accumulation of the largest, hot and massive among all the stars known to us. These stars form a cluster R136, imprinted in this image obtained in the visible light on the modernized Hubble Space Telescope.
The brilliant NGC 253 is one of the brightest spiral galaxies that we see, and at the same time one of the most dyed. Some call her "Galaxy Silver Dollar", because it has an appropriate form in a small telescope. Others call it just "galaxy in sculptor", because it is within the southern constellation sculptor. This dust galaxy is at a distance of 10 million light years from us.
16. M83 Galaxy
M83 Galaxy is one of the closest to us spiral galaxies. From the distance that it shares us with it, equal to 15 million light years, it looks completely ordinary. However, if you look more in more detail on the M83 center using the biggest telescopes, this area will appear with a rapid and noisy place.
17. Nebula Ring
She really looks like a ring in the sky. Therefore, hundreds of years ago, astronomers called this nebula according to its unusual form. The nebula ring also has the designations of M57 and NGC 6720. The mist is the ring of planetary nebulae, these are gas clouds that throw stars similar in the sun at the end of their lives. Its size exceeds the diameter. This is one of the early pictures of Hubble.
18. Pillar and Jeta in the nebula of Kiel
This cosmic gas pepper post is in the width of two light years. The structure is located in one of the largest areas of star formation of our galaxy, a keel nebula, which is visible in the southern sky and removed from us for 7,500 light years.
19. The center of the ball accumulation of Omega Centaurs
In the center of the ball accumulation of Omega Centaur, the stars are packed in ten thousand times more denser than stars in the surroundings of the sun. The image shows a lot of weak yellow-white stars, less than our sun, a few orange red giants, as well as random blue stars. If suddenly two stars face, one more massive star can form, or they form a new double system.
20. Giant cluster distorts and splits the image of the galaxy
Many of them are images of a single unusual, similar to beads, a blue ring-shaped galaxy, which will be located behind the gigantic accumulation of galaxies. According to the latest research, in just the picture you can detect at least 330 images of individual distant galaxies. This magnificent photo of the cluster of Galaxies CL0024 + 1654 was obtained by a space telescope. Hubble in November 2004.
21. Three-part nebula
Excellent multi-colored three-part nebula allows you to explore cosmic contrasts. Also known as M20, it is at a distance of about 5 thousand light years in the rich Maundens of the constellation Sagittarius. The size of the nebula is about 40 light years.
22. Centaur A.
Fantastic bunch of young blue star clusters, giant glowing gas clouds and dark dust bodies surround the central region of the active galaxy Centaur A. Centaur A is close to the Earth, at a distance of 10 million light years
23. Butterfly nebula
Bright clusters and nebulam at the night sky of the planet Earth often give names by the names of flowers or insects, and the NGC 6302 nebula is no exception. The central star of this planetary nebula is exclusively hot: the temperature of its surface is about 250 thousand degrees Celsius.
24. Supernova Star
The image of a supernovae that flashed in 1994 on the outskirts of a spiral galaxy.
25. Two facing galaxies with spiral spiral sleeves
At this wonderful space portrait, two colliding galaxies with spiral spiral sleeves are depicted. Above and to the left of a large spiral galaxy from the NGC 6050 pair, you can see the third galaxy, which is also likely to participate in the interaction. All these galaxies are at a distance of about 450 million light years from us in the cluster of galaxies in Hercules. At such a distance the image covers an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 150 thousand light years. And although this species seems very unusual, now scientists know that collisions and subsequent mergers of galaxies are not uncommon.
26. Spiral Galaxy NGC 3521
The spiral galaxy NGC 3521 is at a distance of only 35 million light years from us towards the constellation of the lion. Galaxy extending at 50,000 light years, has such features as rumped spiral sleeves of the wrong shape, decorated with dust, pinkish areas of star formation and clusters of young bluish stars.
27. Details of the jet structure
Despite the fact that this unusual release was first noticed at the beginning of the twentieth century, its origin is still the subject of discussions. The picture shown above, obtained in 1998 by the Space Telescope IM.Habble, clearly demonstrates the details of the jet structure. In the most popular hypothesis, it is assumed that the source of emission was a preheated gas, rotating around a massive black hole in the center of the Galaxy.
28. Galaxy Sombrero
The type of M104 galaxy resembles a hat, so it was called Sombrero Galaxy. The picture shows distinct dark dust strips and bright halo from stars and ball clusters. The reasons for the galaxy of Sombrero look like a hat - an unusually large central star balje and dense dark dust strips located in the disk of the galaxy, which we see almost from the rib.
29. M17: close-up view
Formed by star winds and radiation, these fantastic, similar to the waves of education are in the M17 nebula (omega nebula) and are included in the star formation area. The Nebula of Omega is located in the rich Mist of the Sagittance constellation and removed at a distance of 5,500 light years. Cracked thickening of dense and cold gas and dust are illuminated by the radiation of stars located in the upstream on the right, in the future they can become places of star formation.
30. Nebula Iras 05437 + 2502
What illuminates the IRAS 05437 + 2502 nebula? So far there is no accurate answer. A bright arc in the form of an inverted letter V is particularly mysterious, which outlines the top edge similar to the mountains of interstellar dust clouds located near the center of the picture. In general, this reminiscent ghost nebula includes a small area of \u200b\u200bstar formation, filled with dark dust. It was first seen in the pictures obtained by IRAS satellite in infrared light in 1983. Here is shown a wonderful, recently published image obtained by a cosmic telescope named after NIBBL. Although there are a lot of new items on it, the cause of a bright, clear arc cannot be installed.
Amateur astrophotography, have you ever wondered what kind of direction in the photo? Perhaps this is the most complex and time-consuming genre of all that exists, I can tell you with one hundred percent responsibility, since I have a complete practical representation of all directions in photoindustry. IN amateur astrophotography There is no limit to perfection, there is no framework, there is always something to take a picture, you can engage in both creative photography and scientific, and most importantly, that is a very spiritual genre of the photo. But is it really possible to get spaces of space without leaving the house, on household cameras and lenses and in amateur telescopes, without having an orbital telescope like Hubble? My answer is yes! Everyone, of course know about the famous Hubble telescope. NASA is constantly divided by colorful snapshots of deep space objects (Deep Sky Object or DSO or Just Dipskay) from this telescope. And these pictures are very impressive. But almost none of us understands what exactly is depicted, where it is, what sizes has. We just look and think "this is yes." But it is worthwhile to do astrophotography, as you immediately begin to realize and recognize the universe. And space no longer seems so immense. And the most important thing is that with the experience of the pictures of astrophotography lovers, no less colorful and detailed are obtained. No doubt, Hubble will have higher resolution and detail, and it can look far further, but sometimes some pictures of masters in this genre are confused with snapshots of NASA and do not even believe that it is received ordinary person on household equipment. Even I sometimes have to prove familiar that these are really my pictures, and not taken from the Internet expanses, although my level of skill in this case does not reach the average. But every time I exhausted my skills and achieve the best results.
An example of one of my old pictures, the North Pole of the Moon:
I will tell you in more detail how I do it and what equipment needed for this. And most importantly, we can take pictures in space into an amateur telescope or a regular camera with replaceable optics. True on the last question, a very simple answer is all, well, or almost everything.
Let's start, perhaps, from the equipment. Although actually you need to start not from the equipment, but an understanding of where you live, how much free time you have, is it possible to go beyond the city at night (if you live in the city) and how often you are ready to do it and, of course whether they are ready to spend money on this genre in the material plan. Here, unfortunately, there is a pattern: the more expensive equipment, the better the result. BUT! The result on any equipment depends not to a lesser extent on experience, conditions and desire. Whether you have the best equipment, but nothing will happen without experience.
So, as soon as you have an understanding of your opportunities, the choice of equipment depends on this. I am a resident of Moscow, and often ride the city I have neither the ability to either enthusiasm, so my focus at the very beginning of the road, I put on the solar system facilities, that is, the moon, planets and the sun. The fact is that in amateur astrophotography there are three subspecies - a planetary shooting, filming a dipstick and a photograph of wide star fields on small focal lengths. And I will touch on this article all three types. However, the choice of equipment for these subspecies is different. There are some universal options for dipsco and the planetary shooting, but they have their pros and cons.
Why is my choice be primarily for the shooting of the solar system objects? The fact is that these objects do not affect the urban illumination, which does not give the surrounding stars. And the brightness of the moon and the planets are very high, so they easily make their way through urban illumination. There are true other nuances - these are heat flows, but you can accept it. But the decent shooting of the dipstick in the city is possible only in narrow channels, but this is a separate topic with a limited choice of objects.
So, for amateur astrophotography of the solar system objects, I use the following equipment, allowing me to watch well and photograph the moon, planets and the sun:
1) Telescope on the optical scheme of Schmidt-Cassegren (abbreviated SC) - Celestron SCT 203 mm. It is used as a lens with a focal length of 2032 mm. At the same time, I can effectively dispersed the Fri to 3x, that is, about 6000 mm, but due to the loss of lights. The choice fell on the school, because it is the most convenient and most profitable option in the apartment use. It is a chk possess compact and at the same time powerful characteristics, for example, with other things that are equal to the SC will be two and a half times shorter than a classic Newton, and on the balcony such dimensions are very important.
2) The Celestron CG-5GT telescope mount is a kind of computerized tripod that is able to turn into a trace behind the selected object in the sky, as well as carry bulky equipment without jerking and shaking. My montage initial classTherefore, it has many errors in its destination, but with this I learned how to fight.
3) TheimagingSource DBK-31 or EVS VAC-136 chamber - old specialized cameras for amateur planetary astrophotography, but I also adapted them to microscopes on cellular level. However, you can do with household cameras with interchangeable optics, just the result will be worse, but for the lack of other things - it is quite good, I also started with Sony SLT-A33.
4) laptop or PC. Laptop, of course, is preferable, since it is mobile. It is suitable for the easiest option without gaming potential. We need it to synchronize all the equipment, and write a signal from cameras. But if you use a household camera, you can easily do without a computer.
This main set for lunar-planetary shooting, not counting the laptop, I cost 80,000 rubles. At the dollar rate - 32 rubles from them 60 thousand on the telescope and moth and 20 thousand per camera. It is necessary to immediately note that all equipment for amateur astrophotography is exclusively imported, so we are directly dependent on the ruble exchange rate, as in dollars the price does not change over several years.
This is what my telescope looks like. Just a photo from the balcony, where I install it before shooting: 
Somehow, I hung on my telescope a lot of equipment simultaneously for the lunar and dipscaling shooting, to check whether the mount will pull. She pulled, but with creak, so it is not recommended to use this option on this montage - weak. 
What can we still see and photograph to this amateur telescope? In fact, almost all the planets of the solar system, large satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, comet, sun and of course the moon.
And from words to business, I present several photos of some of the solar system objects obtained at different times when using the telescope described above. And first I'll show you at the closest space object Solar system - moon.
The moon is a very good object. It is always interesting to watch and take pictures. There are many details on it. Every day during the month you see new lunar education and are waiting every time more and better weather, without wind and turbulence, to take a picture even better than last time. Therefore, it is not bothered to photograph the moon, but on the contrary, you want more and more, especially we can build compositions, panoramas and choose a focal length for various purposes.
Crater keys. Photographed 5000 mm in the infrared spectrum: 
Part of the moon terminator, photographed 2032 mm during the daytime, so the contrast is not enough: 
Panorama of Luna Alps from two frames. The photos are visible to the Alps themselves with a canyon and an ancient crater Plato, a flooded basalt lava. Shot at 5000 mm. 
Three ancient crater near the North Pole of the Moon: Pythagoras, Anaximandr and Carpenter, FR - 5000 mm: 
Even more moon photos of 5000mm
The lunar sea, or rather a sea of \u200b\u200bcrises, shot at 2032 mm. This snapshot is removed on two chambers, one b / w in the infrared spectrum, the other in the visible spectrum. The infrared layer went as the basis of the brightness, visible spectrum of Lø from above in the form of a color: 
Crater Copernicus on the background of lunar dawn, 2032 mm: 
And now the panoramas of the moon in different phases. When clicking, a larger size will open. All panoramas of the moon were removed in 2032 mm.
1) Sickle Moon: 
2) Moon of the first quarter, more about this phase can be found here 
3) Phase of the convex moon. I photographed this panorama of the moon on a colored visible spectrum: 
4) Full moon. The most boring time on the moon is the full moon. In this phase, the moon is flat as damn, very few details, everything is too bright. Therefore, in full moon, I almost never take a photograph of the moon, especially in a telescope, a maximum of 500 mm on a regular lens and a camera. Although this option is made on my telescope, but with the focus gearbox, more here: 
But, by the way, photography without any special equipment. Camera + television. At the same time, the whole truth about Superlyania, when clicking on the photo, the larger size will open, and on the link more detailed description :
The next object is Venus, the second planet from the sun. I removed this picture in Belarus, accelerated the focal length of the telescope 2.5 times to 5000 mm. Phase Venus was such that she introduced himself as a sickle. I note that no details in the visible spectrum on the Venus can not distinguish between the thick cloud cover. To distinguish the details on Venus, you need to use ultraviolet and infrared filters. 
The second picture of Venus, I did from the Moscow balcony without increasing the focal length, that is, a FR \u003d 2032 mm. This time, the Venus phase was more turned to the illuminated side, but for the volume I initiated the blike of the dark side of Venus in the editor, it should be noted especially, since the dark side of Venus, its ash light, cannot be captured under any circumstances, unlike the lunar ash light. 
The next planet on the list is Mars. In the amateur telescope, the fourth of the Sun planet looks very small. This is not surprising, its size is two times less than the Earth, and even at the time of confrontation Mars is visible as a small reddish ball with some details of the surface. However, something we can observe and photograph. For example, a large white cap of the Martian snow is clearly seen in this picture. The picture is made with the use of 3 multiple extender with the final FR - 6000 mm. 
In the following photo we are already watching Martian spring. Winter hat melted and even managed to capture the clouds in the form of pale weakly contrast diffuse spots of serobelogolube shade. If it were possible to observe Mars every day, it would be good to study the periods of seasonality on Mars, his rotation around the axis, melting and the formation of snow caps, as well as the appearance and movement of clouds. Photograph as the previous one, obtained by 6000 mm. 
And this is just a photo of Mars at the time of confrontation in 2014. Please note how the sea and the mainstream of Mars are well drawn (the symbols of dark and bright areas on Mars and the Moon). Read more about the geography of the planet in the picture you can learn here: 
The fifth planet of the solar system is the king of the planets - Jupiter. Jupiter is the most interesting for observation and photographing the planets. Even despite its huge remoteness, Jupiter in the telescope is visible larger than others, with other things being equal. If you are lucky with the weather, then the Jupiter can well distinguish such education as vortices, stripes, BCP (large red spot) and other details, as well as its 4 Galilean satellites (IO, Europe, Callisto and Gamornad). And much easier to capture this in the photo, though the result of the picture directly depends on weather conditions and equipment. That's how I get to take pictures of Jupiter to my amateur telescope. Panorama of Jupiter with satellites: 
Photo of Jupiter with BKP 
Also, Jupiter makes sense to take pictures in the infrared spectrum. In this spectrum you can see much more details and the parts themselves look sharper: 
Next, sixth planet - Saturn. A huge gas giant, recognizable primarily by its rings. For me, this is the second planet for interest. But his remoteness is so huge (up to 1500 billion km) that my telescope is hardly enough power to blame the belt on the surface of the planet, there is not enough powerful vortices of the permission of my optics. However, I still observe with interest with the photo of this planet, because his rings open in front of me, often I see the shadow of the rings of the cast on the planet. And under good conditions, the mysterious formation of Saturn - hexagon can be distinguished, in particular it is visible in the photo below. The geography of the planet with the description is available at this link: 
As for the remaining planets - Mercury, Neptune, Uranus and dwarf planet Pluto, I did not photograph them, but I watched (except for Pluto). Mercury in my telescope is visible as a very small disk of gray, no details on it I did not distinguish. Uranus and Neptune in my telescope are visible in the form of small bluish discs of different shades, interest in the photo These planets for me are still not presented. But with more powerful equipment, I will definitely take pictures. The sun is also very interesting to photograph, but for this you need special filters. Otherwise, you can spoil your eyesight and camera.
The next subspecies of astrophotography is the most creative and light. This is photographing wide star fields into small focal lengths. For this species, in principle, optionally special astro-equipment. It is enough to have a camera with an appropriate lens and a tripod, well, if you have an automated mount or other accessories to compensate for the rotation of the Earth, it will be even better.
So, we will need:
1) Camera
2) Lens with Fri from 15 to 50, it can be a fish eye, portrait or landscair. And it is better that it was a fix with a high light light from 1.2 to 2.8. You can use 70 mm and more, but with such FR equipment to compensate for rotation is very desirable.
3) tripod and preferably equipment for compensating field rotation, but for a start, you can neglected them.
4) Dark munless starry night and free time.
That's the whole set for this type of astrophotography. But there are some nuances. The first and main nuance when shooting at a stationary tripod lies in the exposure rule. The rule is called "Rule 600" and it works like this: 600 / FR lens \u003d maximum exposure. For example, you have a lens with FR 15, which means 600/15 \u003d 40. In this case, 40 seconds are the maximum exposure time, in which the stars will remain stars and not stretch into sausages, especially along the edges of frames. In practice, it is better to reduce this maximum time by 20%. The second nuance is in the choice of terrain, not always the dark star night will be glad. Sometimes, at night is very raw and wet in our latitudes, especially near forests, swamps, rivers and so on. And then literally after half an hour you have completely offset the lens and take a picture nothing will happen. To avoid this, you need to use either a hairdryer or special aperture heaters in the form of flexible tenons. Starfields I began to be aimed at developing only in the summer of 2015, so I do not have many photos. Here is an example of the Milky Way Photos, shot on Sony SLT-A33 + Sigma 15mm Fish Eye using Mounting with Avtovtival, Exposure 3 minutes, You can read more about the photos 
But also the Milky Way shot at the sunrise on the tight technique, but already from a stationary photochative, excerpt for only 30 seconds, in my opinion the Milky Way is quite clearly visible. 
Next, there is a small selection of constellations taken on Sony SLTA-33 + SIGMA 50 mm. Exposures for 30 seconds, on mounting with autowance:
1. The first constellation of Cefi: 
1.1 Scheme of constellation with notation: 
2. Constellation Lira 
2.1 Constellation Scheme: 
3. Constellation Swan 
3.1 and swan scheme and its surroundings 
4. Constellation Big Malar, full option, not just a bucket: 
4.1 Scheme of Big Malar: 
5. Cassiopeian constellation, is easy to recognize as it looks like a letter W or M depending on what an angle to look: 
But this swan is already with excerpts of 10 minutes, I made a photo in May 2016, you can read more here: 
The last, third type of astrophotography is dipskay. This is the most sophisticated view of amateur astrophotography to make workshops to get pictures you need a lot of experience and decent equipment. In the shooting, Dipskaya there are no restrictions on the FR, but the higher the FR is the harder it is more difficult to obtain a qualitative result, therefore lenses from 500 to 1000 mm are considered typical average focal lengths. Most often either refractors (desirable apochromates), or classical Newtons. There are other more complex and efficient optical instruments, but they are already at all other money.
I, as in the case of star fields, began to master this genre only in the summer of 2015, before that, of course, attempts, but unsuccessful. However, the filming of dipscape objects, such as galaxies, nebulae and star clusters, can be written for a very long time. I'll just share my experience.
For photographing Dipskaya we will need:
1) Mounting with autowaging, this is a prerequisite.
2) the lens from 500 mm (can be used from 200 for large objects, such as the Orion M42 nebula or the Andromeda Galaxy M31). I use my telephone for Sigma 150-500 photohoot.
3) Camera (I use Sony SLT-A33) or a more advanced camera for astrophotography.
4) Mandatory ability to set a montage along the polar axis so that it is exactly exhibited on the pole of the world.
5) It is extremely desirable, or rather it is essential to master guidation with an additional telescope guide and a guiding chamber. This is necessary in order for the camera to capture the star, located next to the object being removed and thereby send the signals to the mount to follow exactly behind this star. As a result of the right guidation, it is possible to post even time exposures and get the most clear frames without the manifestation of stars with the Hubble drawing objects.
6) laptop for synchronization of mounting, chamber and guiding
7) Power system, autonomous or socket, to solve you.
In order for all this equipment to place on the mount, I made a plate, drilled in it a bunch of holes and screwed all the necessary equipment. Photography of my equipment, made during the shooting: 
And that's what I get on this moment In the shooting Dipskaya:
1. Andromeda Galaxy (M31): 
2. Dark Nebula Iris in Cefhea Constellation: 
4. I add a photo of the veil veil, which I did in May 2016, more on the shooting of the veil here: 
And so it turned out the nebula of Orion M42 from the Moscow balcony to my planetary telescope with FR 2032mm, exposure 30 sec: 
As can be seen, in urban conditions, in the visible spectrum of such an excerpt, it is not enough to study the background and periphery, and a large excerpt gives only dairy illumination throughout the frame, so in the city I photograph only the moon and the planet, which has achieved almost maximum results on its equipment. It remains only to catch good weather or change the equipment to more powerful to improve the quality of the pictures.
As a summary, I can say that astrophotography is a very serious genre and without purposeful, nothing will come here. But as soon as you start to get something, it will deliver a solid pleasure! Therefore, I urge everyone to develop and populizing this most interesting genre in the photo!
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The planet on which we live is unusually beautiful. But who of us did not ask the question, looking at the starry sky: what would life be in other solar systems In our galaxy, the Milky Way or in others? So far, we do not even know if there is a life there. But seeing this beauty, I want to think that it is not just so that everything makes sense that if the stars light up, it means that someone needs. The galaxy antenna was formed as a result of the merger of two galaxies, which began several hundred million years ago. Antenna is at a distance of 45 million light years from our solar system. Two jets under the voltage of the gas stream are thrown out of the poles of a young star.
You may go out immediately after you look at these stunning photos of cosmic phenomena in the universe.1
Galaxy Antenna
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Young star
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Nebula Kirable head
The nebula is the horse head, dark in the optical light seems to be transparent and essential in the infrared range presented here with visible shades.
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Bubble nebula
The picture was taken in February 2016, on a wide Space Telescope of Hubble.The nestry of 7 light years in the diameter is about 1.5 times further than the distance from our sun to the nearest star neighbor, the Alpha Centauro and is located at a distance of 7,100 light years from the Earth, in the constellation of Cassiopeia.
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Nebula snail
The nebula of the snail is a flaming gaseous envelope formed as a result of the death of a sun-like star. The snail consists of two gaseous discs of almost perpendicular to each other, and is located at a distance of 690 light years away, and is one of the closest planetary nebulaes towards the Earth.
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Jupiter satellite - Io
IO is the closest satellite of Jupiter. IO, about as our moon, and rotates around Jupterase1.8 days, while our moon rotates around the Earth every 28 days.Casting black spot on Jupiter is the shadow of Io, which Swimming on the face of Jupiter at a speed of 17 kilometers per second.
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NGC 1300.
Praise Spiral Galaxy NGC 1300 O.it is damaged from normal spiral galaxies by the fact that the hands of the galaxy do not grow fully into the center, but are associated with two ends of the direct bar of stars containing the kernel in its center.The nucleus of the large spiral structure of the NGC 1300 galaxy shows its own unique Grand design of the spiral structure, which is about 3,300 light years.Galaxy is removed from us Approximately 69 million light years in the direction of the constellation Eridan.
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Nebula cat eye
Nebula cat eye - One of the first discovered planetary nebulae, and one of the most difficult, in the observed space.The planetary nebula is formed when the Sun-like stars carefully remove their external gaseous layers that form bright nebulae with an amazing and complex structure..
Nebula Feline eye is at a distance of 3,262 light years from our solar system.
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Galaxy NGC 4696.
NGC 4696 is the largest galaxy in the accumulation of centaution.New pictures made from Hubble show the dusty threads around the center of this huge galaxy in more detail than ever before.These threads are twisted in the intriguing form of a spiral, twisted around the supermassive black hole.
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Starl cluster of Omega Centauro
The ball star cluster of Omega Centaurus contains 10 million stars and is the largest among about 200 ball clusters rotating around our Milky Way Galaxy. Omega Centauro is at a distance of 17,000 light years from the ground.
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Penguin galaxy
Penguin galaxy. From our point of view, considered by Hubble, this pair of interacting galaxies has similarities with a penguin guarding his egg. NGC 2936, once a standard spiral galaxy, is deformed and borders with NGC 2937, a smaller elliptical galaxy.Galaxies lie about 400 million light years in the constellation Hydra.
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Pillars of creation in the nebula of the eagle
Pillars of creation - the remains of the central part of the gasopile nebula in the constellation of the snake consist, as the entire nebula, mainly of cold molecular hydrogen and dust. Nebula is at a distance of 7,000 remote light years from us.
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Casting Galaxies Eibell S1063
This is a Hubble image, represents a very chaotic universe filled with distant and neighboring galaxies.Some are distorted as a curve mirror due to the curvature of space - a phenomenon first predicted by Einstein a hundred years ago.In the center of the image there is a huge cluster of the Galaxy Eibell S1063, located in 4 billion light years from us.
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Galaxy whirlpool
Elegant, winding hands of the majestic spiral galaxy M51 appear as a great screw staircase that is bent through space. This is actually long stars and gas stars impregnated with dust.
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Star nursery in the nebula of Kiel
The raging clouds of cold interstellar gas and dust rise from the raging star nurses located in 7500 light years from us in the southern constellation Kil.This pillar of dust and gas serves as an incubator for new stars.Hot, young stars and erosioning clouds create this fantastic landscape, sending star winds and scorching ultraviolet.
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Galaxy Sombrero
A distinctive feature of the galaxy of Sombrero is a brilliant white core, surrounded by a thick layer of dust forming a spiral structure of the galaxy. Sombrero is located on the southern outskirts of the cluster of the Virgin and is one of the most massive objects in this group, which is equivalent to 800 billion suns.The galaxy is 50,000 light years and is located 28 million light years from the Earth.
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Butterfly nebula
What is reminiscent of the elegant butterfly wings is actually gas boilers heated more than 36,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Gas breaks through space at a speed of more than 600,000 miles per hour. A dying star, which was once about five times more than the mass of the Sun, is located in the center of this rage. Butterfly nebula is located in our Milky Way Galaxy, about 3,800 light years far away in the constellation Scorpio.
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Crab Nebula
Pulse in the core of the crab nebula. While a lot of other images of the crab nebula focused on the threads in the outer part of the nebula, this image shows the very heart of the nebula, including the central neutron star - the most right of two bright stars near the center of this image. The neutron star has the same mass as the sun, but compressed in an incredibly dense sphere, a diameter of several km. Rounding 30 times per second, the neutron star releases the rays of energy, which is why it seems pulsating. Crab Nebula is at a distance of 6,500 light years in the Constellation of the Taurus.
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Supplementary Nebula Ira 23166 + 1655
One of the most beautiful geometric shapesCreated in space, this image shows the formation of an unusual suspension nebula, known as IRA 23166 + 1655, around the star LL Pegasi in the constellation Pegasus.
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Network retina
Dying Star, IC 4406 shows high degree symmetry; The left and right half images of Hubble are almost mirror mappings of the other. If we could fly around IC 4406 in space shipWe would see that gas and dust form an extensive donut from substantial leakage directed from the dying star. From the Earth, we consider donut from the side. This side view allows us to see the intricate dust mustache, which are compared with the retina. The nebula is from us at a distance of 2,000 light years, near the Southern Volchanka Constellation.
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Nebula Head of Monkey
NGC 2174 is removed from us at a distance of 6,400 light years in the Constellation Orion. The colorful region is filled with young stars enclosed in bright bunches of outer gas and dust. This part of the monkey head nebula was filmed in 2014 Hubble 3 chamber.
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Spiral Galaxy ESO 137-001
This galaxy looks strange. Her side looks like a typical spiral galaxy, and the other as if destroyed. Blowed stripes stretching from the galaxy down and on the parties are accumulations of hot young stars enclosed in gas jets. These shreds of matter will never return to the launo of the maternal galaxy. Like a huge fish with a private belch, the Galaxy ESO 137-001 furrows cosmos, losing its insides.
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Giant Tornadoes in the lagoon nebula
This Hubble Space Telescope image shows the long interstellar 'tornadoes' - terrible pipes and curved structures - in the heart of the lagoon nebula, which is located in 5,000 light years in the direction of the Sagittar constellation.
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Gravitational lenses in ABELL 2218
This rich accumulation of galaxies consists of thousands of individual galaxies and is at a distance of about 2.1 billion light years from the Earth in the North Constellation of the Dragon. Astronomers use gravitational lenses as a powerful increase in distant galaxies. Strong gravitational forces not only strengthen the images of hidden galaxies, but also distort them into long, thin arcs.
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Extreme Far Hubble Position
Each object in this image is a separate galaxy composed of billion stars. This is an idea of \u200b\u200balmost 10,000 galaxies - the deepest image of the cosmos. Hubble called "Extreme Fallen Position" (or Ultra-Deep Field of Hubble), this picture represents a "deep" main sample of the universe, declining through billions of light years. The snapshot includes the galaxies of various ages, sizes, shapes and colors. The smallest, most red galaxies can be among the most remote, existing from the moment when the universe was only 800 million years. The closest galaxies are larger, more brighter, clearly defined spirals and elliptical - approximately 1 billion years ago, when space was 13 billion years. In bright contrast, along with many classic spiral and elliptic galaxies, there is a zoo of wonderful galaxies, weighing the area. Some are like toothpick; Others like a link on the bracelet.
In the ground photos, the area of \u200b\u200bthe sky in which the galaxies live (just one tenth diameter of the full moon) is mainly empty. The image required 800 influences taken within 400 Hubble orbits around the Earth. The total amount of excerpt was 11.3 days spent between September 24, 2003 and January 16, 2004.
Mysterious nebulae, to which millions of light years, the birth of new stars and collisions of galaxies. A selection of best photos from Hubble Space Telescope lately.
1. Dark nebula in a cluster of young stars. Here is a plot of star cluster in the nebula of the Eagle, which formed about 5.5 million years ago and is located at a distance of 6500 light years from the ground. (Photo ESA | Hubble & NASA):
2. Giant Galaxy NGC 7049, located at a distance of 100 million light years from the Earth, in the Constellation Indian. (Photo NASA, ESA AND W. HARRIS - MCMASTER UNIVERSITY, ONTARIO, CANADA):
3. The emission nebula SH2-106 is located in two thousand light years from the ground. It is a compact star formation region. In her center there is a star S106 IR, which is surrounded by dust and hydrogen - in the photo it is painted into the conditional blue color. (Photo NASA, ESA, The Hubble Heritage Team, Stsci | Aura, and Naoj):
4. ABELL 2744, also known as the accumulation of Pandora - a giant accumulation of galaxies, the result of a simultaneous collision of at least four separate small clusters of galaxies, which occurred within 350 million years. The galaxies in the cluster make up less than five percent of its mass, gas (about 20%) is so warming up that it glows only in the X-ray range. Mysterious dark matter is about 75% of the mass of the cluster. (Photo NASA, ESA, And J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, & The HFF Team):
5. "Caterpillar" and emission nebula of keel (ionized hydrogen area) in the constellation Kiel. (Photo NASA, ESA, N. Smith, University of California, Berkeley, And The Hubble Heritage Team. Stsci | Aura):
6. Spiral NGC 1566 galaxy with a jumper (SBBC) in the Constellation Gold Fish. Located in 40 million light years from us. (Photo ESA | Hubble & Nasa, Flickr User Det58):
7. IRAS 14568-6304 - A young star located in 2500 light years from the ground. This dark area is a Circinus molecular cloud, which has 250,000 masses of the Sun, it is filled with gas, dust and young stars. (Photo ESA | Hubble & Nasa Acknowledgements: R. Sahai | JPL, Serge Meunier):
8. Star portrait kindergarten. Hundreds of brilliant blue stars covered with warm, luminous clouds are R136 - a compact star cluster, which is located in the center of Tarantul Nebula.
The cluster R136 consists of young stars, giants and supergiant, whose age is estimated at about 2 million years. (Photo NASA, ESA, AND F. PARESCE, INAF-IASF, BOLOGNA, R. O "Connell, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, And The Wide Field Camera 3 Science Oversight Committee):
9. Spiral Galaxy NGC 7714 in the constellation of fish. It is located at a distance of 100 million light years from the Earth. (Photo ESA, NASA, A. Gal-Yam, Weizmann Institute of Science):
10. A picture taken by the Hubble orbital telescope is captured by a warm planetary nebula of a red spider, also known as NGC 6537.
This unusual wave structure is located at a distance of about 3,000 light years from the ground in the constellation Sagittarius. The planetary nebula is an astronomical object consisting of an ionized gas shell and a central star, white dwarf. They are formed when the outer layers of red giants and supergigants with a mass of up to 1.4 are solar at the final stage of their evolution. (Photo ESA & GARRELT MELLEMA, LEIDEN UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS):
11. Nebula Konskaya head is the dark nebula in the Constellation of Orion. One of the most famous nebulae. It is visible as a dark stain in the shape of a horse head against the background of a red glow. This glow is explained by the ionization of hydrogen clouds behind the nebula, under the action of radiation from the nearest bright star (ζ Orion). (Photo NASA, ESA, And The Hubble Heritage Team, Aura | STSCI):
12. In this image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope, the nearest spiral galaxy NGC 1433 in the constellation clock is shown. It is located at a distance of 32 million light years from us, and refers to the type of very active galaxies / (Photo Space Scoop | ESA | Hubble & Nasa, D. Calzetti, Umass and The Legu.s. Team):
13. Rare Space Phenomenon - Einstein Ring, resulting from the fact that the gravity of a massive body is twist electromagnetic radiationgoing towards the Earth from a more distant object.
The general theory of Einstein's relativity argues that the gravity of such large space objects, as a galaxy, twists the space around itself and deflects the rays of light. At the same time, a distorted image of another galaxy - a light source arises. That galaxy, which twists the space, is called a gravitational lens. (Photo ESA | Hubble & NASA):
14. NGC 3372 Nebula in Kiel Constellation. A large bright nebula, which in its borders has several scattered star clusters. (Photo NASA, ESA, M. Livio And The Hubble 20th Anniversary Team, Stsci):
15. ABELL 370 - accumulation of galaxies at a distance of about 4 billion light years in the constellation of China. The core of the cluster consists of several hundred galaxies. It is the most distant cluster. These galaxies are at a distance of about 5 billion light years. (Photo NASA, ESA, And J. Lotz and The HFF Team, Stsci):
16. NGC 4696 Galaxy in Centaur Constellation. Located in 145 million light years from the ground. This is the brightest galaxy in the accumulation of centaution. The galaxy is surrounded by a plurality of dwarf elliptic galaxies. (Photo NASA, ESA | Hubble, A. Fabian):
17. Located within the accumulation of Perseus-Fish Galaxy, the Galaxy UGC 12591 attracts the attention of astronomers with its unusual form - it is neither a lenticular, nor spiral, that is, demonstrates signs peculiar to both classes.
Star cluster UGC 12591 is relatively massive - its mass, as it was possible to calculate scientists, about four times higher than our Milky Way.
At the same time, the galaxy of the unique form also changes its spatial position very quickly, while simultaneously rotating around its axis with anomalously high speed. Scientists only have to deal with the reasons for such a high rotation speed UGC 12591 around its axis. (Photo ESA | Hubble & NASA):
18. How many stars! This is the center of our Milky Way, at a distance of 26,000 light years from us. (Photo ESA | A. Calamida and K. Sahu, Stsci and the Sweeps Science Team | NASA):
