Distinctive features of Venus. Our planets with you solar system

The second in the solar system, the brightest in the sky after the Sun and the Moon Planet Venus is a muse for numerous poets and romantics. As well as one of the favorite objects for observation among space space researchers.

The surface of Venus is difficult to study due to thick acid clouds in its atmosphere. This possibility appeared only after the invention spacecraft And the most powerful radio telescope that could show, as Venus looks like and collect the most accurate, interesting information about this amazing facility.

History opening

The brightness of Venus made it one of the most studied celestial bodies in ancient astronomers. Suchumerous astronomical tables and Maya calendars have reached us, in which the full cycle of its movement was described.

The ancient Romans identified the star from the goddess of love (at the Greeks - Aphrodite) for a bright, beautiful white glow in the morning and evening sky. At the same time, for a long time it was believed that the morning and evening stars are different celestial bodies. Only Pythagoras could prove the opposite, therefore it is believed that it was he who opened the planet to Venus.

The opening history of Venus did not cost without Galileo Galilee. He first watched her to the telescope and set the procedure for changing the Venusian phases. The atmosphere on the planet opened Mikhail Lomonosov in 1761, but it was impossible to study her surface for a long time.

Intensive examination of Venus began with the advent of radio telescope and space probes. 28 Soviet and American devices were successfully sent in this direction to study its atmosphere and surface. They were transferred to astronomers panoramic images, but none of those probes that managed to achieve the Venusian surface could not survive in its harsh conditions for more than 2 hours. The latest spacecraft launched to Venus are Vena Express European Space Agency, as well as Akatsuki of the Japan Aerospace Research Agency.

In the near future, Roscosmos plans to launch an interplanetary station with an orbital satellite and descended modules, allowing to explore the Venusian atmosphere. In addition to the station to study the surface in this direction, a probe will be departed, which is able to work in its harsh conditions about 4 weeks.

Features, orbit and radius

The orbital path has a low eccentricity and is the most circular among planetary objects. Solar system. The average radius of the orbit Venus is 109 million kilometers. The full revolution of the orbital path it takes for 224, 6 terrestrial days, moving with average speed 34.9 km / s.

The peculiarity of Venus is that it rotates in the opposite direction for most bodies - from east to west. The most likely cause of such a phenomenon is a collision with a major asteroid that has changed the direction of its movement.

Venusian days are the longest in the whole - 243 terrestrial day. It turns out that the year here lasts less than one full day.

Physico-chemical characteristics

In its physical parameters, the second planet from close to the ground. Its radius is 6052 km, which is 85% of the earth. Mass - 4.9 * 10 24, and the average density value is 5.25 g / cube. See High density and chemical composition of Venus include it to landflowing facilities. Unlike gas giants, they are solid-state and consist of heavy elements.

What is the Venus? Its surface - frozen lava breeds rich in chemical composition silicates, aluminum and iron. The bark goes deep into just 50 km, continuing to a massive silicate mantle with a thickness of several thousand kilometers. The heart of Venus is an iron-nickel core, which occupies a quarter of its diameter.

The Venusian Landscape remained a mystery for a long time, to solve only orbital satellites, who destroyed reliable images of the Venusian relief on Earth. Plains, which are gigantic layers of frozen lava from basalt rocks, occupy most of the surface of the planet. Next door to them are ancient, but still active volcanoes, arachnoids and deep craters.

Temperature on Venus

The second from the sun planet is the most warmed in our system. The average temperature at the surface of Venus is approaching 470 ° Celsius. At the same time, the temperature fluctuations are extremely insignificant during the day.

Why is such a high temperature on Venus? The heating of the Venusian surface is not explained not so much closeness of the Sun, how much dense atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. In such conditions, a greenhouse effect occurs - carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation reflected from the soil, not passing it back to space. In this case, the lower layers of the atmosphere are heated to an extremely high value.

The minimum temperature on Venus can be registered in the area of \u200b\u200bthe thermosphere, remote from the distance of more than 120 km. At night, the temperature here is descended to -170. ° C, and during the day it reaches a maximum of 120 ° C. The harsh climate is also caused by wind. In the lower layers of the wind, there is practically no, but at the level of the troposphere atmosphere turns into a giant hurricane at a wind speed of more than 359 km / h. There is always a thunderstorms and lightning arise, and acid rain. But it evaporates without reaching the surface, and turns into concentrated acid pairs.

Atmosphere

The closest part of the Venusian atmosphere is the closest to the surface - is the ocean of carbon dioxide in a state of supercrystalline liquid. Its high density creates a greenhouse at the surface, heated Venus is stronger than all bodies in the solar system.

At 50-65 km above the surface in the layers of the tropopause, the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere approaches the earth's values. Minimum temperature and pressure indicators are recorded within 200 km above the surface.

The main components of the Venusian atmosphere are the semi-liquid CO 2 (more than 96%) and nitrogen (3, 5%). The remaining part falls on inert gases, sulfur dioxide and water vapor. An extremely thin layer of ozone is located at 100 km from the surface of the planet.

• She is the closest planetary neighbor of the Earth. The distance between the bodies does not exceed 42 million kilometers.
• Venus is the most bright celestial body after the moon and the sun observed from the Earth. You can even see it in the afternoon, but it is best to watch her against the backdrop of the morning and evening twilight.
• The planet's bark is quite young - it is only about 500 million years old. This is confirmed by an extremely small number of shock crater.
• Most fragments of the Venusian relief wears the names and names of women. The only "male" detail of the relief is the highest mountain range, which received its name in honor of the British physics and researcher of Cosmos James Maxwell.
• Deep Venerian craters received their names in honor of the names of famous women (Ahmatov, Barto, Mukhin, Golubanka, etc.), and small - in honor of female names. The relief elevations are named after the goddesses from different mythologies, and canyons, furrows and lines in the tin of warlike women and characters of fairy tales and myths.
• For a long time it was believed that the Venusian climate is similar to earthly tropics, and life on the planet is a semblance of a mesozoic on Earth. But the detailed study of its atmosphere showed that the birth of life in such severe conditions is impossible.
• Planet has no magnetic field. Her magnetosphere is induced.
• Venus and are the only planetary bodies in our system that do not have natural satellites. But some modern theories say that she had previously could have his own moon, destroyed before the emergence of astronomical observations. On another theory, Mercury had no time natural satellites Venus.
• The planet has a high reflectivity (albedo), so the shadow on the ground throws into a moonless night.

Humanity has always been interested in a bright star, giving his bright light in the morning clock or observed in the early twilight. This brilliant celestial body is Venus - the second planet of the solar system. However, despite such an attractive appearance, in reality, the disturbing and distant world is a hellish boiling boiler in which there is no place for anything alive.

Opening of the planet Venus

The heavenly body, which appears in the sky, has the brightness of -4.6 visible star magnitude, has long been known to man. In its brightness, Venus is the third object in the sky, yielding only the sun and the moon. The most convenient time for observing this beauty is morning and evening hours. Periods of morning and evening visibility alternate for 585 days.

For this, it was also nicknamed - "Morning Star". As a rule, Venus is easy to notice the naked eye in Western or in the eastern part of the skyscle, near the horizon line. The planet appears quite often, glad to love astronomers with their glitter. The spectacle looks impressively when the morning star appeared in the company with Jupiter. Two bright dots in the night sky will not leave anyone indifferent.

For the first time watched the second planet from the Sun more ancient Chinese and Persians. In those distant years, Venus served as a natural time indicator. The time of the morning of the morning star determined the approximate time of the day. Ancient astronomers and astrologers considered to Venus the planet. Thanks to its astrophysical parameters, the heavenly body fits perfectly into the heliocentric system proposed by Aristarkha Samos. Much later in the XVI century. The efforts of Copernicus Venus firmly occupied the honorable second place in the heliocentric system.

Despite the fact that the information about Venus mankind got in ancient times, the honor of opening the heavenly body fell out Galileo Galileo. It was he who for the first time in 1610 saw the morning star in his telescope. The scientist managed to detect the Venusian phases like the lunar, which was the confirmation of the theory of the heliocentric system of the movement of celestial bodies. After 29 years, in 1639 scientists were able to observe Venus in all its glory. The planet made his way, passing through a huge sunny disk.

In the future, the scorching of the second planet from the Sun gave all the grounds to consider the Venus by the twin of our blue planet. Mikhail Lomonosov's efforts "Morning Star" acquired an atmosphere. For a long time, information on the size of the celestial body and astrophysical data gave reason to consider the planet suitable for the existence of life. However, the morning beauty stubbornly hid his true appearance. Observations for the planet with the help of powerful and perfect optics did not shed light on the natural nature of Venus. Only flights of the first automatic probes in the second half of the twentieth century opened the veil of secrets.

Generally accepted information about the planet Venus

To date, the physical and astrophysical parameters closest to the land of the planet are well known. This object is a massive solid, rotating around our star almost circular orbit. The maximum removal of the "Morning Star" from the Sun is 108,942 109 km. Perihelia Venus is approaching the Solar System Center at a distance of 107,476,259 km. Despite the almost ideal parameters of the Venusian orbit, the distance between the morning beauty and the Earth varies in a wide range - from 36 to 261 million km. With this location of the two adjacent planets on overcoming the distance between the Venus and the Earth will take just over 6 months. Launched on November 9, 2005, the spacecraft "Venus-Express" reached our neighbor in 153 days.

The time record - 97 days spent on the flight to Venus, belongs to the Soviet automatic interplanetary station "Venus-1". For two weeks longer, 110 days, flew to the "Morning Star" American probe "Mariner-2". The ship, launched on August 8, 1962, on December 14 of the same year reached the surroundings of another planet. Thanks to the flight "Marina-2", the first photos of the object from the space were obtained.

With the help of space probes, the earthlings were able to see Venus, the planet is very similar to our land, in all its glory. The size of the "morning star" is almost identical to the size of the Earth. The average radius of the planetary disk is 6051 km, which is 320 kilometers less than the radius of the planet Earth (6371 km.). The surface area of \u200b\u200bthe neighbor of land in space is 460 million km².

Venus has solid surface And refers to the planets of the earth group, where, together with our planet, Mercury includes and distant Mars. For comparison, it is enough to look at the mass and average density of Venus in comparison with other planets of the earth group:

• Mercury has a mass of 3,33022 · 10²³ kg and an average density of 5.427 g / cm³;
• the mass of Venus is 4.8675 · 10²⁴ kg, and the average density is 5.24 g / cm³;
• earth mass 5,9726 · 10² К КК at an average density of 5,5153 g / cm³;
• Mars weighs 6,4171 · 10²³ kg with an average density of 3.933 g / cm³.

From the given data it is clearly seen how similar the second and third planet of the Solar System - Venus and the Earth. This once again confirms the Venusian force of 8.87 m / c². On Earth, this parameter is 9,780327 m / s².

As for astrophysical parameters, there are differences here. The nearest neighbor of the land makes a full turn around the Sun for 224 terrestrial days. The rotation of the planet around its own axis is carried out in the opposite direction, i.e. The sun on Venus rises in the West, and sitting in the east. Despite enough frisky running in orbit - the velocity of the planet is 35 km / s - the "morning star" slowly rotates around its own axis. Venusian days are 242 Earth Days.

Description of the planet Venus, interesting facts

The geophysical characteristic of the second on the account of the planet of the solar system is quite curious. With the external similarity from the ground, the Morning Star has a similar structure and structure.

Venus is the closest to us on the structure of the planet. The similarity of two celestial bodies is due to high density, which is characteristic of all the planets of the earth group. Scientists suggest that the "Morning Star" has a heavy iron and nickel kernel. However, despite the high temperatures, the core of the planet does not have convection, which does not provide the celestial body of a strong magnetic field. The kernel diameter is presumably 3000 km.

The mantle of heavenly beauty occupies a fairly large volume. The thickness of this layer is equal to half the radius of the planet - 3000 kilometers. High temperatures are dominated here, providing constant eruption to the surface of the lava flows. The Venusian Cora has a thickness of 30-50 km and consists of silicate and silicon breeds. The essential difference in the structure of the surface layer of the second planet of the solar system is the lack of tectonics. In Venus, tectonic activity stopped billions years ago, while on Earth such processes occur constantly. The heavenly body turned into a hot stone bowl rushing in orbit. Due to the lack of tectonic processes, the Morning Star does not have a generated magnetic field.

If we can only guess about the deep structure of the earthly neighbor, the data on the surface of the planet is sufficiently eloquent. This is the hottest place in the solar system. It turned out that the temperature on the surface of the celestial beauty is very high and reaches 475⁰ Celsius. Under such conditions, there is no water on the planet. It is absent both in liquid and in a vapor state. Here is very dry and hot - the most real bake.

As for the Venusian Landscaping, here you can see a typical picture of the pristine chaos. Two thirds of the surface of the planet are covered with flat and smooth plains formed by constant large-scale lava eruptions. Extensive plains on the "morning star" on the square are comparable to earthly continents. In the process of study, Venusian continents received names in honor of the goddesses of love taken from the myths of different countries. The largest Venusian Volcano Mat has a height of more than 8 thousand meters. This is higher than any earthly volcano. Venusian plains of rugged lavva rivers, which in some places reach lengths of 3-3.5 thousand kilometers.

The geological past of the planet is represented by mountain areas, among which the Maxwell Ridge is especially allocated. The maximum height of the mountain peak is 11,000 meters.

The composition of the atmosphere of our cosmic neighbor

A distinctive feature The surface of the planet has become a small number of craters of cosmic origin. The reliable protection of this distant world is the atmosphere of the planet. The main component of the Venusian air shell is carbon dioxide. Present in an atmosphere in small amounts of nitrogen, water vapor, sulfuric acid and molecular oxygen. The lowest layer, 65 km thick, is the most dense. In fact, it is a sulfuristic fog, spread over the entire surface of the "Morning Beauty". This is confirmed by huge pressure, which is present on the surface of the planet, more than 93 bar. With a height of atmospheric pressure drops and becomes similar to earth parameters.

The high concentration of carbon dioxide in the planet's atmosphere is explained by high volcanic activity, which was observed on the planet in the past. Carbon dioxide and today in large quantities continues to enter the atmosphere of Venus. Intensive lava eruptions are facilitated by this process, not stopping in our day. The high concentration of CO₂, water vapor and sulfur gas in the surface layer of the planet generate the strongest greenhouse effect. Solar energy is delayed with a dense atmosphere, which leads to significant overheating of the surface of the planet. In view of this, the daily temperature difference on the Venus is minor. With a height, the temperature gradually decreases, decreases with the height and density of the Venerian sulfuric acid clouds.

Studies of the "Morning Star"

The first accurate data was obtained through the flight of the Soviet AMS "Venus-7", which committed on December 15, 1970 landing on the surface of the second planet of the solar system. Subsequently, the Soviet Space Program "Venus" was continued. Space apparatus "Venus-9" and "Venus-10" provided the scientific community of the Venusian Landscape. A distinctive feature of the surface of the planet was the small number of craters of cosmic origin. The reliable protection of this distant world is the atmosphere of the planet.

Following the Soviet AMS "Venus" to the "Morning Star", American probes "Piner-1" and "Pioneer-2" went to the mapping of the surface of Venus. Next, there was a turn of the Soviet devices "Vega", launched in 1984.

Self full information About our neighbor, scientists received from the side of Magellan station, who worked in the orbit of the morning goddess for almost five years. Thereby space ship Now we have an accurate map of the Venusian surface. The most fresh acquaintance with the second planet of the solar system can be called the flight of the ESA ESA spacecraft "Vena Express", which went on date on November 9, 2005.

Planet Characteristics:

• Distance from the Sun: 108.2 million km
• Planet diameter: 12 103 km
• Day on the planet: 243 days 14 min*
• Year on the planet: 224.7 days*
• t ° on the surface: +470 ° C.
• Atmosphere: 96% carbon dioxide; 3.2% nitrogen; There are some oxygen
• Satellites: has no

* Rotation period around its own axis (in earthly days)
** The period of orbit around the Sun (in the earth's days)

Venus is very often called the "sister" of the Earth, since their size and mass are very close to each other, but significant differences are observed in their atmosphere and the surface of the planets. After all, if most of the land is covered with oceans, it is simply impossible to see water on Venus.

Presentation: Planet Venus

By assumptions of scientists, the surface of the planet was also represented by water space, but at a certain point there was a strong increase in the internal temperature of Venus and all oceans were simply evaporated, and the pairs were carried out into space with sunshine.

Venus is the second in the degree of proximity to the sun planet having an orbit form close to the perfect circle. It is from the Sun at a distance of 108 million kilometers. Unlike most of the planets of the solar system, its movement occurs in opposing direction, not from west to east, and from east to west. At the same time, the rotation of Venus in relation to the Earth occurs in 146 days, and the turnover around its own axis is performed for 243 days.

The radius of Venus is 95% of the earth and equal to 6051.8 km, of which the thickness of the cortex takes about 16 km, and the silicate shell, called the mantle, is 3300 km. Under the mantle is an iron core that does not have a magnetic field, which accounts for a quarter of the mass of the planet. In the center of the nucleus the density is 14 g / cm 3.

To fully explore the surface of Venus became possible only with the advent of radar methods, due to which large hills were revealed, which in magnitude can be compared with earthly continents. About 90% of the surface is covered by basalt lava, which is in the frozen state. A feature of the planet is numerous crater, the formation of which can be attributed by the time the atmosphere density was significantly lower. To date, the pressure at the very surface of Venus is about 93 atm., At the same time, the temperature reaches 475 o C, at an altitude of about 60 km, it is in the range from -125 to -105 o C, and in the region of 90 km, it begins again. Zoom up to 35-70 o C.

The surface of the planet blows a weak wind, which with increasing height of up to 50 km becomes very strong and is about 300 meters per second. In the atmosphere of Venus, stretching to a height of 250 km, there is a phenomenon like a thunderstorm, and it happens twice as much as on earth. At a 96% atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide and only 4% of nitrogen. The remaining elements are practically no observed, the oxygen content does not exceed 0.1%, and the water pairs are not more than 0, 02%.

For the human eye, Venus is well distinguishable even without a telescope, especially an hour after sunset and about an hour before it is sunrise, since the dense atmosphere of the planet reflects the light. Using a telescope, you can easily trace the changes that occur with the visible phase of the disk.

Studies with the help of spacecraft were held since the seventies of the last century different countriesBut the first photos were obtained only in 1975, in 1982 the first color images were obtained. Complex surface conditions do not allow working longer than within two hours, but today it is planned to be implemented in the near future russian station. With a probe that can work for about a month.

Four times in 250 years there is a passage of Venus on the Disk of the Sun, which in the near future is expected now only in December 2117, since last time The phenomenon was observed in June 2012.

On a distant star Venere
The sun of the flames and the golden
On Venus, ah, on Venus
The trees have blue leaves.

Nikolai Gumilyov

Planet of the Roman Goddess of Love and Beauty, Morning and Evening Star ... You probably saw her - early in the morning, when the sun is about to go, she fades on the blossoming sky. Or, on the contrary, the first lights up against the background of a coming sunset is the brightest, except for the sun and the moon, 17 times brighter the brightest star - Sirius. If you look closely, it does not look like a star - does not flicker, but shines with a smooth white light.

But at midnight you will never see it. Venus for the earth observer is not removed from the Sun more than 48 °, because we look at its orbit "outside." Therefore, Venus is clearly seen in two cases: when it is to the right, the west of the Sun is called western elongation -at this time she sits before the sun and earlier the sun gets up, so it's clearly visible before sunrise; And when she left from the sun and during the day he follows him, then it can be seen in the evening (Fig. 1). Period when the planet is close to the line ground - the sun is called compound(The planet "connects" with the Sun), at this time it is not visible.

However, not quite so. Venus is not visible by the eye when she is close to the sun, but in a telescope - if you know exactly where to see it - you can see. (By the way, the task is to draw, as it looks like in the Venus telescope, for example, in Eastern elongation.) And occasionally it happens that it passes for the earthly observer not near the sun, but directly by his disk. During such a passage, watching him to the telescope, Lomonosov and opened the atmosphere of Venus. When B. aboutthen, part of Venus was already on the drive of the Sun, he saw a thin glowing bezel around the rest of the planet for a moment around the rest of the planet (Fig. 2). Many seen this rims, but did not give it values. And only Lomonosov realized that this oblique sun rays highlighted the atmosphere of the planet, as a flashlight in the dark highlights smoke and makes it visible.

This atmosphere was not at all a gift. To begin with, it turned out that it is opaque for "ordinary" (visible) light and does not let the surface of the planet: it's like trying to see the bottom of the pan through a layer of milk. But the main thing people learned only when the descent apparatus tried in Venus.

In the size of Venus almost like the Earth, and by weight slightly less; It would seem that these two planets are almost the same. So at the beginning of the twentieth century it was possible to assume that trees grow on Venus and someone lives at all. Or that on it, for example, can settle the earthlings. However, these hopes were not justified: the first apparatus, who tried to sit in Venus (in 1967), was crushed, not yet flying to the surface!

It turned out that in Venus - monstrous atmospheric pressure: almost 100 times more than on Earth. On each square centimeter of the surface of the air post presses with such a force, as if on Earth on this centimeter, a hundred-kilogram gircling was put! The density of the Venerian "air" is only 14 times less than the density of water. The temperature is always - that day, that at night - equal to 470 ° C, more than in the hot spot of Mercury! In addition, the atmosphere, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide (CO 2), contains a bunch of poisonous and caustic compounds of sulfur, including sulfuric acid. Until now, no descendable apparatus - and there were about a dozen about a dozen - did not last in this situation for longer than two hours ...

Try to imagine this picture. Sky on Venus orange, always covered with sulfuric acid clouds. Sun is never visible behind a solid layer of clouds. No water, naturally, no - at such a temperature she has long evaporated (and earlier, it seems there were oceans!). Sometimes acid rains are coming (literally: instead of water acid), but they do not come to the surface - they evaporate from the heat. There is almost no wind at the bottom, only 1 m / s, but "air" to that is dense, that even such a weak wind raises dust and small pebbles, it seems as if sailing in the air. But at the top, at the height of the clouds, the giant hurricane is constantly raging - the wind speed does 100 m / s, that is, 360 km / h, and even more! (Where this hurricane came from, still unknown.)

How did it happen? Why is this picture so different from earthly? Let's deal with.

Compounds of sulfur and carbon dioxide (which is 96% in Venus) in the atmosphere from volcanoes. There are many volcanoes - thousands, the entire surface is covered with frozen lava. Perhaps some of the volcanoes act now, but until the eruptions on Venus could not see.

In all of these "volcanic" gases, the molecules are heavy: for example, a carbon dioxide molecule weighs 1.5 times more than nitrogen molecules and oxygen constituting the earth's atmosphere. And there are a lot of them. Therefore, "air" is so dense and heavy.

And why the temperature is so high? Again the volcanic gases are to blame, primarily carbon dioxide. It creates the so-called greenhouse effect, whose essence is what. The sun illuminates the planet (land, for example) and thereby heats it, passing it every second (through the rays of the light) how much energy. Thanks to this energy, winds are blowing, rivers flow, plants and animals live. But energy never disappears, it can only turn from one species to another. We ate the sandwich - hidden in it (chemical) energy spent on heating our body. The flow of the river - water hits the stones and also heats them. So ultimately the energy transmitted by the sun planet goes into heat - the planet is heated. And where does energy go further? The heated surface of the planet emits a slightly different radiation, an invisible eye, infrared. The hot surface, the stronger the radiation. This radiation goes into space and takes "excess" energy - exactly as much as it comes from the sun. An equilibrium is observed: how much I took - so much correct.

And if you return (that is, emit) less than I got (got from the sun)? Energy will begin to accumulate on the planet, and the temperature of the surface and air will grow. The stronger the heated surface radiates more infrared rays - and soon the equilibrium will be restored, but at a higher temperature.

This greenhouse effect is overheating, which occurs just from such a temporary equilibrium disorder. The fact is that carbon dioxide absorbs infrared rays. The surface of the planet emit them, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere - does not release outside, into space! Inside solar energy With visible light, it falls, and the outside - the atmosphere does not allow. So the energy will be copied until the entire atmosphere warms so much that its upper layer is already able to finally emit the desired amount of energy into space and restore equilibrium. This happened on Venus - to restore the balance, its surface had to warm up the degrees at 400. It can happen from the earth, if there is too much carbon dioxide in its atmosphere and other "complex" gases!

There is one more interesting feature. Almost everything in the solar system - all planets and b aboutthen part of the asteroids - drawn around the sun in the same side. And around the axis all major planets Rotate into the same side - all but one. Venus spinning "not like everything", however, very slowly: 1 turnover around the axis for 243 terrestrial days, while the Venusian year lasts 225 terrestrial days. That is, Venus rotates around the Sun even a little bit faster than around the axis! Training in Mercury, of course, you can easily figure out how much time would last day and how much - the night on Venus, if these two periods coincided (this answer is almost real, since the difference is small). Resonance with the sun is incomplete again - and again, perhaps the reason in the ground: like Mercury in his "waltz" all the time turns to us at meetings of the same side and Venus in each connection with the sun rooted to Earth equally. So inaccurate resonance with the Sun - but there is a resonance from the earth.

Why does she spin not in that direction? Unclear. There are different hypotheses, one more doubtful. All of them somehow refer to the fact that "in childhood" some misfortune happened to Venus. Someone pushed or hit ... But the answer is well known to the previous question - why all the other planets are so friendly (and all other than Mercury, quickly) spin into the same side? Try to guess.

Answers

1. When looking at the telescope, Venus is clearly visible disk, so the phases are visible - like the moon. And for the same reason: only its illuminated side can be seen. In Eastern elongation, we see exactly half the "in the form of the letter p" (see Fig. 1 of articles), like the moon in the first quarter. But unlike the moon, the month of Venus is not growing at this time, and decreases: the earth and the sun will be on different directions from her, and its sickle will become very narrow.

2. If the year and the star days coincided, the day and night would last on the quarter of the year - see the figure below. In fact, the sunny day on Venus lasts 116 terrestrial days, that is, more than six months, but less than half of the star day.

3. Rotation (and year, and daily) in one direction - a consequence of general origin. All the planets were "blinddled" from the lumps (planetsimals) in a large protoplanetary cloud, which everything as a whole has rotated in one (random) side, like soup in a saucepan if it is slightly prevented by a spoon. When the sun was formed, everything cloud compressed (squeezed to the center) and, as a skater, pressed in the "Winn" hands to the body, began to rotate faster; In physics, this is called the moment of the moment of the pulse. Separate lumps were also compressed (and very strong), forming the planet, and their rotation around the axis is greatly accelerated. Therefore, planets are spinning around the axis quickly; Mercury slowed down later.

Artist Maria Useinova

On Earth, such pressure can also be found - in the ocean, at a depth of 1 km.

In fact, a small greenhouse effect (but not due to carbon dioxide, and because of the water vapor) on Earth there is, and very by the way: without it, the temperature would be degrees 20-30 lower than now.

Formally, "not in the other side" is still spinning, but we will talk about it separately.

It is only necessary to draw a drawing ... if it does not work, see the answers.

The second from the Sun is Planet Venus, is the most closest to the ground and, perhaps, the most beautiful of the planets of the earthly group. It challenged the millennia to the curious views from the scientists of antiquity and modernity, to ordinary mortal poets. No wonder she is the name of the Greek Goddess of Love. But her study rather adds questions than gives any answers.

One of the first observers, Galileo Galilee, watched the Venus with a pickle pipe. With the advent of more powerful optical devices in 1610, such as telescopes, people began to mark the Venus phases, very reminding the lunar phases. Venus is one of the brightest shone in our sky, so at dusk and in the morning, you can see the planet with a naked eye. Watching her passage before the Sun, Mikhail Lomonosov in 1761 examined a thin rainbow rim surrounding the planet. It happened the opening of the atmosphere. It turned out to be very powerful: the pressure near the surface reached 90 atmospheres!
Greenhouse effect explains high temperature values lower layers Atmosphere. It also has on other planets, for example on Mars, at the expense of it, the temperature may rise 9 °, on Earth - up to 35 °, and in Venus it reaches its maximum, among the planets - up to 480 ° C.

Internal structure Venus

The structure of Venus, our neighbor, similar to other planets. It includes a bark, mantle and core. The radius of a liquid kernel containing a lot of iron is approximately 3200 km. The structure of the mantle is the molten substance - equals 2800 km, and the thickness of the bark is 20 km. It is surprising that with such a kernel, the magnetic field is practically absent. Most likely, this is due to slow rotation. Venus's atmosphere, reaches 5500 km, the upper layers of which are almost completely composed of hydrogen. Soviet automatic interplanetary stations (AMS) "Venus-15" and "Venus-16" back in 1983, found mountain peaks with Lava flows on Venus. Now the number of volcanic objects reaches 1600 pcs. Volcanic eruptions indicate the activity of the bowels of the planet, which are locked under the fat layers of the basalt shell.

Rotation around your own axis

Most of the planets of the solar system make the turn around their axis from the west to the East. Venus, as well as uranium, is an exception to this rule, and rotates in the opposite direction, from the east to the west. Such a non-standard rotation, named retrograde. Thus, the full turn around its axis lasts 243 days.

Scientists believe that after the formation of Venus, there were a large amount of water on its surface. But, with the advent of the greenhouse effect, the evaporation of the seas and release into the atmosphere, which is part of various breeds, carbon dioxide of anhydrite. This led to an increase in water evaporation and an increase in temperature as a whole. After a while, the water disappeared from the surface of Venus and moved to the atmosphere.

Now, the surface of Venus looks like a rocky desert, with rare mountains and wave-like plains. From the oceans, only huge depressions remained on the planet. Radar data made from interplanetary stations fixed traces of no long-standing volcanic activity.
In addition to the Soviet AMC, American "Magel" visited Venus. He produced almost complete map of the planet. During the scanning process, a huge number of volcanoes, hundreds of craters and numerous mountains, was found. According to the characteristic elevation, relatively mid-level, scientists revealed 2 mainland - Earth Aphrodites and Earth Ishtar. On the first mainland, the size of Africa, there is 8 kilometer Mount Maat - a huge extinct volcano. Mainland Ishtar, comparable with US sizes. His landmark, you can call 11 Maxwell Mountains - the highest peaks of the planet. Structure mountain breeds, reminds earthly basalt.
On the Venusian landscape, you can find shock crater filled with lava and a diameter of about 40 km. But this is an exception, because all of them, about 1 thousand.

Characteristics of Venus

Mass: 4.87 * 1024 kg (0.815 Earth)
Diameter at the Equator: 12102 km
Tilt axis: 177,36 °
Density: 5.24 g / cm3
Average surface temperature: +465 ° С
Treatment period around the axis (day): 244 days (retrograde)
Distance from the Sun (average): 0.72 a. e. or 108 million km
Treatment period around the Sun in orbit (year): 225 days
Orbit rotation speed: 35 km / s
Eccentricity orbit: E \u003d 0.0068
The tilt of the orbit to the ecliptic: i \u003d 3.86 °
Acceleration free fall: 8,87m / c2
Atmosphere: carbon dioxide (96%), nitrogen (3.4%)
Satellites: NO