What language is Portuguese talking in. Portuguese - Origin and distinctive features

Portuguese is one of the most common languages \u200b\u200bin the world. He belongs to the Romanesque group of languages. Written Portuguese is based on the Latin alphabet. People spoken by Portuguese are called husks. After all, the Portuguese territories were named Lusitania. This term is pretty old story, like the language of the Portuguese.

History of Portuguese

The Pyrenean Peninsula in Antiquity inhabit the peoples whose history is practically not known. Researchers believe that these tribes had African roots.

In the north of Portugal, Lusitans, Ligurians and Iberians once lived. Ligurian language was the basis from which Portuguese was then born.

In the 13th century BC, the northern tribes were conquered and absorbed by the Celts. Therefore, W. modern language Portugal is also Celtic roots.

At about 218, before our era, the peninsula captured the Romans. They brought with them Latin, which was actively distributed in the south. Northerners lived in greater isolation, managed to save their habits and customs.

At the time of our era, 711 also became not a simple period for Portugal. The Pyrenean Peninsula captured Arabs. The population was forced to learn Arabic. So notorious Arabisms fell into the language of indigenous peoples of this state.

In the 9th century, the Romanesque dialect was formed in these lands almost completely. This process gave rise to stipulation. So in 1536 the first Portuguese diploma, written by Fernal de Oliveiro appeared.

4 years after the release of grammar, another significant book appeared - "dialogues about language. Her author became Juan de Barrush. After that, the Romanesque dialect was transformed into the official language of the state.

Modernity of Portuguese

Today, Portuguese is rapidly approaching its Brazilian norm. Since there are differences between the same language in Portugal and Brazil.

Luis de Camoenz did a lot to ensure that the grammar and spelling of Portuguese had uniform rules and norms. In his works, he used the ancient literature and the Italian work of the Renaissance.

Features of language

The opposition of open and closed phonemes is the peculiarity of the new Portuguese. She also called this Language group "Sweet Language", for its melodiousness and singer.

About 150 million people, today, speak Portuguese. Many of them use specific dialects. The lack of intervocal sound "l" distinguishes this language from all other languages \u200b\u200bof the Romanesque Group.

The first written monument to Portuguese refers to 1189. They are a poem dedicated to Maria Pares Ribeiro, which was the Beloved Sancho first. The author of this work is Paio Soares de TAVEYAur.

In Portuguese, many borrowing from Spanish, Arab and Latin languages. There are words and expressions from the Asian language group. Such a variety is explained simply: the Portuguese always traveled a lot, supported trade relations with other nations, and their territories were repeatedly conquered.

Portugal is a country that has increasing the best sides of various cultures. Under her scorching sun, a variety of tribes and peoples lived in each era. All of them put "hand" to the formation of the modern Portuguese language. Probably, therefore, Portuguese is not only one of the most common, but also one of the most beautiful languages \u200b\u200bof the world. It is also popular and frequently chosen to study.

Portuguese born back in 218 BC. With the arrival of the Romans on the Pyrenean Peninsula. Today it is state language in nine countries. He is the fifth in the world in terms of prevalence and the most popular planet in the southern hemisphere.

1. Portuguese has a lot of common C, but does not happen from him, as many mistakenly believe. The main reason for the similarity between these languages \u200b\u200bis that the main part of the vocabulary of each of them has a romance origin.

2. Spaniards practically do not understand oral speech Portugal residents, but at the same time, the texts written in Portuguese are read without extra difficulty.

3. A large influence on the formation of the Portuguese language was the languages \u200b\u200bof those peoples with which Portuguese navigators and merchants were contacted. That is why there are many other languages \u200b\u200bin it - Arabic, and not only.

4. The Portuguese alphabet includes 26 letters, including letters with diacritics. It is noteworthy that such letters as K, V and Y traditional Portuguese are not peculiar, and therefore they are used only in words of foreign origin.

5. Annually, on May 5th, the day of the Portuguese language is noted. This holiday exists in all countries where they speak this language.

6. There are two options for Portuguese - Actually Portuguese and Brazilian. They differ in lexical, phonetic composition and even spelling. So, in Portugal, the spelling remained unchanged over the centuries, but in Brazil transformed over time, adjusting to the real pronunciation of native speakers. In 2008, a certain change in Portuguese spell was made by the decision of the Portuguese Parliament, in order to maximize it with the standards to Brazilian.

7. In Brazil is the Museum of Portuguese. It is located in the city of San Paulo. A feature of this museum is the use of interactive panels that allow in entertainment form to get useful information On the development of the language.

8. All those people who speak Portuguese are called husks. Accordingly, the territory on which this language is common is combined with the name of the Luzophony. This word comes from Latin Lusitania (Louisitania) - so called the ancient Roman province, located in the territory of modern Portugal.

9. Portuguese has many dialects. The most ancient among them is Galician. It is spoken by about 4 million people living in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. By the way, it is believed that Portuguese and culture originated in Galicia and originated.

10. Residents of Miranda do Dourow municipality (located in the northeast of Portugal) speak unique Mirandes or Mirandes (Lhéngua Mirandesa). It is one of the varieties of the archaic portuguese, which, according to vocabulary and phonetics, is as close as possible to Spanish. To date, the number of media of this language is just a couple of thousand people. Nevertheless, since 1999, Mirandes is official. Moreover, it is even published by a local newspaper.

11. Portuguese has many words that are reminded in their writing the word of the Russian language, but have a perfect other meaning. These include Elétrico - Tram, AutoCarro - Bus and many others.

It will not be an exaggeration to say that Portuguese is one of the most beautiful and diverse in its filling of the languages \u200b\u200bof Europe. No wonder the Brazilian poet Olav Bilak called him "beautiful and wild." A well-known Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes gave him an even more interesting definition - "Sweet Language". And in something these great people, undoubtedly, were right.

Portuguese refers to the Romance Group, which is part of Indo-European language seven.. The writing of the language is based on the use of the symbols of the Latin alphabet.

Portuguese appeared from the Galician-Portuguese language and today is the second Romanesque language in terms of the number of people speakers, after the Spanish adjacent to him, in addition, Portuguese is consistently among the top ten of the most common languages \u200b\u200bof the world, occupying various data from 6-8 places. Nowadays, more than 230,000,000 people speak the world in Portuguese, by the way, there is a special term for them - the Luzophones, and all territories on which the main language is the Portuguese is united by the term Luzophony.
Portuguese has enough similarities with other languages \u200b\u200bof his group. The spanish language is closest to it, however, in comparison with Spanish, Portuguese is more conservative, it uses many old revolutions, in addition, in Portuguese more phonetic borrowings of Celtic origin, and the pronunciation of some sounds relates him to Catalan and french. However, according to the lexical composition, it is still much closer to Spanish.
The year of the emergence of the Romanesque language group is considered to be 218 BC, when the Romans, who came to the Pyrenean Peninsula, brought the Latin language there, from which the whole group was subsequently developed.
Some influence on the development of the Portuguese language were the German tribes, in different time Capturing the peninsula during the "great resettlement of peoples". The Arabic conquerors had more influence on Spanish speech than in Portuguese, it is easy to explain that the people who lived on the territory of Portugal for two centuries earlier than the Spaniards dismantled their lands, after which the Galician-Portuguese has become the main practically throughout the country, however The culture of Mauritians managed to deeply penetrate the domestic customs of the inhabitants of Portugal.
In the XIV-XVI centuries, Portuguese travelers begin to distribute language worldwide. Thanks to the colonization of Asian and African settlements and the emergence of mixed marriages between the aborigines and the Portuguese, as well as the activities of the Catholics missionaries, the Portuguese successfully carries out in Africa, America and Asia.
Numerous borrowings from Galleski have come to the Portuguese era of the Renaissance english And the discrepancy between the Language norms of Portugal and Brazil began.

Portuguese is official language Portugal, Brazil, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, East Timor and Mozambique, and the vast majority of carriers today live in Brazil.

The subspecies of the Portuguese language are distinguished by the classic Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese. The difference between them is due to the most part of phonetic and lexical featuresIn addition, the Northern and South dialects differ in Brazil, and in the Portugal itself there are three dialectic varieties of language.

Close languages

Pronunciation features make it difficult to understand the Portuguese speech by the Spanish carriers, despite the fact that the written Portuguese speech the Spaniards most often understand, the husophones are easily understood by Spanish speech, especially in those places where Spanish has had the greatest impact on the development of Portuguese, for example in the southern part of Brazil.

History

The first written evidence of the birth of the Portuguese language is found in the 9th century. In the records of this period in the texts written in Latin, some Portuguese words begin to be used, linguists call this mixture by the Proportugal language.

In the XII-XIV centuries, at the beginning of the development of the Portuguese language, the Galissian adverb, from which he originated, was a language that was used in his work the poets in Christian Spain. After the recognition of Portugal by an independent state in 1143, the Galissian adverb begins to be used as the basis of the classical literary language both at Galissian-Portuguese and the Spanish yard.

In 1920, the Galissian-Portuguese ruler, the King of Dinish, founded the university in Lisbon and ordered to call the Portuguese language who was considered to be vulgar and use it when writing all official papers.

Portuguese refers to the Ibero-Romanesque subgroup of the Romanesque group of Indo-European language family. This is the second largest romance language after Spanish. The total number of speakers in Portuguese is about 240 million peopleFor 220 million of them he is native. According to various criteria, Portuguese occupies the prevalence of the world's VI-VIII place. Portuguese speakers are called luzophones - By the name of the Roman Province of Lusitania, approximately the corresponding territory of modern Portugal.
Portuguese serves as an official language Portugal (in this country less than 5% of the Luzophones), Brazil (80%), Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde (Green Cape Islands), Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, East Timor (along with Austronesian Languages tetum) And Aomynia / Macau (along with Chinese). In addition, in Portuguese, hundreds of thousands of residents of France, Paraguay, South Africa, USA and India (Goa District) speak.
Portuguese writing Built on the basis of the Latin alphabet, with a number of diacritical signs. The principle "as hears, and writes" is observed in Portuguese less consistently than in Spanish, so Portuguese is somewhat more complicated in the study.
Exist two main options of Portuguese: European and Brazilian, as well as a number of treated varieties in countries in Africa and Asia, differing from each other phonetically, lexically, spelling and, to a lesser extent, grammatically. In particular, in Brazil, the OU lettering is pronounced as O, the final -R and -L often disappear; The combination of LH is pronounced as [l] in Portugal and as [th] in Brazil. The end of the -s in the multiple number of nouns and verbs of Brazilians often omitted: they say AS Casa instead of AS Casas, Nos Havemo instead of NOS HaveMos and even Nos Came A Fruta instead of NOS Comemos A Fruuta.
In 2008, a spelling reform was undertaken in Portugal to unify writing on the basis of Brazilian. Television, especially popular Brazilian series in famous circles, also bring the European version of the Portuguese language to South American.
In the former Portuguese colonies - Angola and Mozambique - there will be a European version of the Portuguese language with an abundance of borrowing from African languages.
In Portugal distinguish dialects Northern (Province of Veir Entre-Doro, Miranda) and South (Extremadura, Alenteju and Algarve). Brazil has dialects of the North and South.
Features of the phonetic building (Unlike the nearby Spanish language): differ in the openness and closedness of vowels [e], [o] and [a]. There are nasal difongs that distinguish Portuguese from other Romanesque languages. Emphasis - power with a sharp difference of shock and unbroken symbols and reduction of vowels in unknown positions, first of all at the end of the word (about reduced to u, a in ə, e in I and neutral sound up to a complete disappearance; due to this reduction of the husophones It is better to understand oral Spanish speech than the Hispanic population - Portuguese). The consonants are pronounced in different ways depending on the position and environment. S and Z in an absolute outcome and before explosive consonants sounded as [W] and [F], respectively, which gives Portuguese speech a specific phonetic color, especially considering the part of the morpheme S - the indicator of the plural name of the name and II of the verb. R In absolute outcome weakened. L is pronounced firmly.
Compared to Spanish Portuguese more Archaic. This is evidenced by: the initial F- (for example, in the word Falar "speak"), which in Spanish corresponds to H- (HABLAR); Latin difthong AU (preserved in the form of OU) / for example, in the word OURO "Gold" / corresponding to the Spanish O (Oro). Diftong EI, which appeared in Latin words, ends on -Arius, Eria, for example Materia -\u003e Madeira "Wood" (in Spanish - Madera). Latin brief vowels did not exposed: compare the Portuguese Pé "Noga" (in Spanish Pié) and Portuguese Morto "Dead" (in Spanish Muerto).
In Portuguese, a combination of IT has been preserved, originating from Latin CT, for example Oito "Eight" from Latin Octo (in Spanish Ocho). Lost in Portuguese and the form of a Latin Plywavamperfekt, for example, Fabulaveram -\u003e Falara "I said (earlier)."
One of the most essential innovations of the Portuguese language is the loss of the intervocal -L-, which has been preserved in most Romanesque languages. So, Latin Dolorem gives in Portuguese Dôr, despite the fact that Dolor remains in Spanish. Similarly, the intervocal -n is behaving, which usually disappears, nasalizing preceding vowel: Manum turns into Mão, Lunam - in Lua.
The initial PL-, FL-, CL- in Portuguese transitions to CH- [W], which corresponds to the Spanish LL. For example, the Latin words PLORARE, Flammam and Clavem turn into Portuguese in Chorar, Chama and Chave.
Features of grammar. The name of the name in Portuguese is similar to Spanish, the differences are mainly in morphology. The names with the outcome on the nose difthong ão have three variants of the plural: on - ãos, - õs, - ães. Nouns ending on -l, in the plural they lose it: SINAL - SINAIS. Pronouns form fusion forms (LHE + O \u003d LHO); A certain articture of the male kind of oh, the female genus is merged with the pretexts of A, DE, POR (A + O \u003d AO, DE + O \u003d DO, POR + O \u003d PELO, A + A \u003d à).
In Portuguese, there is a phenomenon that is not led by other European languages \u200b\u200bis a hidden infinitive, for example: êle Diz Sermos Pobres "he said that we were poor." It is widely used in dependent position, along with the subjunctive mood: E Preciso Sabers' needs you to know. " The design of the infinitive, hidden and unfruhagable, with a pretext and synonymized by gerundia. The form with suffix -ra is the prescribed indicative (similar to the Spanish options in Latin America). Complex times are formed with auxiliary verb TER. In the prescribed and future there are variant forms with Haver. Complicated by the main method of designation of the past completed is a simple preterite, the perfect form is lowly consuming. The position of the priestly pronoun relatively free, the preposition or postposition is determined by speech factors.
First literary monument Portuguese dates back to 1189. This is a lyrical poem belonging to Paio Soares de Taaveur and addressed Maria Pares Ribeiro, Sancho I Beloved, second in the account of the portugal king. The first prosaic monuments (chronicles) date back to the XV century. Portuguese words can be found in Latin texts since IX century.
Portuguese is the product of symbiosis of the medieval Galician-Portuguese language and provincial Latin. Modern Galician language (Portuguese GALEGO or PORTUGUêS DA Galiza, in Spanish Gallego), which speaks 3-4 million inhabitants of the northwestern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, is the most archaic dialect of Portuguese, and Galicia itself is considered a cradle of Portuguese and literature .
IN history of the literary portuguese language distinguished: the Portuguese-Galician period (XII - middle of the XIV centuries), the time of the heyday of the poetry of the troubadur; The stale period (mid-XIV - mid XVI centuries), which is divided into the early old Portuguese period (the middle of the XIV - mid XV century), from the first documentary monuments to the heyday of historical prose, the vertex of which was the work of "Father Portuguese Prose" Fernana Lopysh, and the late old Portuguese period (the middle of the XV - mid XVI centuries), which is characterized by the appearance of the first grammar, literary works different genres; The current period (from the middle of the XVI century, when the classic of Portuguese literature Luis di Kamense) was created.
Modern Portuguese language is not much different from the stalefoatugal; The main change is in the loss of the initial L-in article (LO, LA, LOS, LAS turned into O, A, OS, AS) and the intervocal -d -D-in the verb endings of the Multic Number II (-AIS, -EIS, -is instead -Des, -edes, IDES).
In Portuguese, traces of the ancient celest language preserved, as well as the words of the languages \u200b\u200bof the Dorim colonists - Greek, Phoenician, Carthaginian. There are signs of German influence in Portuguese (V-VIII centuries) in Portuguese, but most of all borrowing from the Arabic (VIII-XIII century) and Italian. A great influence on Portuguese was provided by Spanish, used in Portugal for a long time as a literary language. Portuguese and French influence did not escape.
The discovery and development of the portuguets of huge overseas territories imparted a fingerprint. Numerous exotic words, primarily Asian origin, penetrated Portuguese, and through it through it - to other European languages. Even some of the words of Latin origin entered the pan-European source from Portuguese (in the changed meaning they acquired in Portuguese) - for example, "Cobra". From the XIX century with borrowings, a struggle is conducted, but rather sluggish.

The Epoch of the Great geographic discoveriesWhen the Portuguese opened India and America, ended in the middle of the XVII century. Perhaps now in the 21st century it is time for tourists to discover Portugal for themselves. After all, in Portugal, there are not only football, but also ancient monuments of architecture, medieval fortresses and palaces, excellent wines, beautiful nature and beach resorts, many of which are popular with European aristocratic families.

Geography of Portugal

Portugal is located on the famous Pyrenean Peninsula, in the south-west of Europe. In the north and east, Portugal borders with Spain, and in the West and the south it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Portugal includes the Azores, as well as the Madeira Archipelago. total area of this country - 301 338 square meters. km.

The northern part of Portugal is occupied by the mountains, and the southern - plains and lowlands. The highest vertex - Mount Eshtrel, whose height reaches 1 993 meters.

On the territory of Portugal, several rivers flow, the largest of them - Tahoe and Douro.

Capital of Portugal

The capital of Portugal is Lisbon, in which more than 550 thousand people now live. Archeology argue that the settlement of people on the site of modern Lisbon existed in 1,100 BC.

Official language

The official language in Portugal is Portuguese, which refers to the Romance group of Indo-European language family. The second official language in Portugal is Miranda, also related to the Romanesque group of languages. This language is spoken in the northeast of the country.

Religion

More than 91% of Portugal population are Catholics belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. More about 3.2% of Portuguese consider themselves with Protestants or Orthodox Christians.

State device

According to the 1976 Constitution, Portugal is this parliamentary constitutional republic. The President is elected for 5 years. Parliament of the country - Assembleia da República, consisting of 230 deputies elected for a 4-year term.

Maintenance political parties In Portugal - "Socialist Party", "Social Democratic Party", as well as the coalition of the "Portuguese Communist Party" and the Green Party.

Climate and weather

The climate in mainland Portugal is significantly different in different regions, and depends on the relief and proximity to the sea. Winter is cold, especially in the inner areas of Portugal, and summer is roast and dry. In the coastal areas of the country, the air temperature is slightly smaller due to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean.

The climate of the Azores is highly dependent on the flow of Golf Stream, and is characterized by hot summer and warm winter. On Madeira, the climate is subtropical, the average temperature in the summer - + 24c, and in the winter - + 19c.

Ocean in Portugal

Portugal is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira Archipelago (they are in the Atlantic Ocean). The coast of Continental Portugal is 943 km.

The average temperature of the Atlantic Ocean in the south of Portugal in Algarve:

1. january - + 14C
2. february - + 14c
3. march - + 16c
4. april - + 16c
5. may - + 17c
6. june - + 19c
7. july - + 20c
8. august - + 21c
9. september - + 21c
10. october - + 19c
11. november - + 17c
12. december - + 15c

Rivers and Lakes Portugal

Most portugal rivers take their origin in the mountains. The biggest ones are Tahoe, Duero, Mino and Guadiana. Another large Portuguese river takes its origins in the Mountains of Serra da Estela.

In Continental Portugal, there are no large natural lakes (there are only artificial reservoirs). However, there are several large lagun.

History

The history of Portugal originates from Celtic tribes that settled the Pyrenean Peninsula around 700 BC. Later, the territory of modern Portugal won the Romans, and then Maur (Arabs). Portugal (together with Spain) remained under the rule of Mavrov more than 400 years.

Only in 1143, Portugal became an independent state led by the king of Alfonso Enrique. In the XV century, the expansion of Portugal abroad began, and the Portuguese built a huge colonial empire in which Africa entered, South America, India I. Far East. Nevertheless, in the XVI century, Portugal won Spain.

In the era of Napoleonic wars, Portugal was captured by the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte, but the rule of the French turned out to be short. England intervened in the war and, in the end, Napoleonic soldiers left Portugal.

The entire XIX century the decline of Portugal continues, and, in the end, at the beginning of the 20th century, a revolution occurred in this country. The monarchy was dissolved in 1910, King Manuel II went to exile, and Portugal was proclaimed by the Democratic Republic.

In 1928, a military coup in Portugal, and Antony Di Oliveira Salazar came to power for many years. His rule lasted until 1968.

During World War II, Portugal announced its neutrality. After the military coup in 1974, Portugal recognized the independence of its African colonies.

In 1949, Portugal joined the NATO military unit, and in 1986 it was accepted into the European Union. In 1999, Portugal passed its Chinese colony Macao Communist China.

Culture of Portugal

Portuguese culture takes its traditions with the era of the Celts, which had a great influence on the local folklore. In turn, Portuguese culture during great geographical discoveries had a great influence on the culture of some African countries and South America.

Traditional Portuguese Music "Fada" was formed under the influence of Arab, Greek, and Spanish musical traditions.

Portugal - this country of fairs, festivals and folk festivities. The most ambitious holiday is the day of St. Anthony, celebrated on June 13 of each year in Lisbon. Saint Anthony was the Franciscan monk. He is considered a patron of sailors and poor people. On the night of 12 to 13th, Lisbon turns into one big fair.

On June 23-24, the Day of St. Jwan is celebrated in the port, which is the patron of this city. On the night of June 23-24, literally all residents of the port overlook the streets, and the city turns into one big carnival. The celebrations of St. Juban's Day has a pagan root when Celts marked the summer solstice.

If you are in Portugal in August, be sure to visit the village of Santa Maria da Feira. In this village, every year the Knight's tournament passes, during which knights in heavy armor and swords are fighting with each other.

Kitchen

In the XV century, the Portuguese Prince Heinrich The Navigator ordered all Portuguese sailors, merchants and travelers briefly into portugal exotic fruits, vegetables and plants that they will meet on their way. Therefore, as a result of great geographical discoveries, Portuguese cuisine has been enriched with new products, as well as spices.

It was the Portuguese navigators that brought potatoes, tomatoes and tea to Europe. However, the Romans with Moors also had a great influence on Portuguese cuisine.

Fresh fish and mollusks are included in the menu of each regional Portuguese cuisine. Traditional National Portuguese dishes - "Bacalhau" (dried cod). Portuguese claims that there are 365 ways to prepare a dried cod.

Among other traditional Portuguese dishes should be called "Caldeirada" (stewed fish or stewed squid), "Cozido à portuguesa" (stewed vegetables with meat), "Tripeiros" (pork sausages), "Tripeiros" (meat dish), soup " Caldo Verde »(with potatoes, cabbage and sausage), and" Pastel de Nata "cookies.

Portugal is famous for its wines. Tourists in this country we advise you to try the local "Portweight", as well as "Madeira".

Sights of Portugal

Portuguese has always carefully kept their historical monuments, so it is not surprising that there are so many attractions in this country. The top ten of the best Portuguese attractions in our opinion includes the following:

Cities and resorts

The biggest Portuguese cities are Lisbon, Port, Braga, Amador, Funchal, as well as Setubal.