Essay on the history of Russian Japanese war. Russian-Japanese war reasons

The answer was left the guest

The Russian-Japanese war I became interested in childhood when my grandfather painted me about my service at the port of Arthur, showed photos of this city of and fortifications. Subsequently, I read a lot of literature dedicated to this topic, which examined different points of view of the events, but the Yabolche tends to the fact that Russia was not ready for this war. In the armyprocetal, corruption and humiliation of lower chains, and there was no longer a fleet of affairs. In this paper, the events occurring on land and at sea on time of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905, an analysis of the reasons for the defeat of the Russian phlory and losing the war as a whole. Many provisions have been confirmed by official documents. The past makes it possible to understand the process of becoming aggressive politician-free imperialism, allows you to more effectively expose military hazards, makes it possible to more actively fight the curd and security of peoples. Concrete XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries. Between the acute wrestling of great power The world or for the redistribution of pieces already dedicated ".to in one, then in another area of \u200b\u200bthe planet there were everd conflicts. As a result of the collision of the gripful aspirations of Tsarist Russia, the Russian- japanese War 1904-1905g. The imperialists of the United States and England played in its unleashing, which played a Russian policy towards Japan and Russia, trying to all elbow their competitors in the Far East so that the owner of Southeast Asia. In the conflict of Russia with Japan, the playful imperialists were interested, which began to exercise wide expansion of swallow areas globe. History of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. Recruited the attention of many examiners. Created extensive literature, requiring analysis and critical work. The greatest number of different works was released in Russia. Specific Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. It has been studied and foreign historics. Interest in this topic was explained primarily to the fact that western countrieswho took part in the exacerbation against Russia and Japan were forced to follow the course of war by the consequences. The fact is that since the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871. and the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, a large scale was not a large scale that would require the participation of the significant forces of the IFLOT armies. From here, the study and summarization of the first wars of the era of imperialism, the internal number, the Russian-Japanese, should have been to a certain extent to the promotion of military circles of countries Western Europe More than new phenomena and trends in the development of methods and forms of armed struggle, which manifested themselves in the course of conflict. Soviet historiography of the Russian-Japanese war went a big way in his grandioli. It is important to note, first of all, fruitful archaeological activity of Soviet historians. Valuable collections of documents of immigal works were published. From among the main scientific problems of the history of the Russian-Japanese war, the greatest attention was paid to the study of the origin of the Harakter of this war. Soviet historians showed the complex characteristics of the international relationship of the time: the most acute struggle of the great powers of helping in the Far East, which led to the military collision of two-periemelist rivals - Japan and Tsarist Russia. The achievements of the Soviet people are summarized in capital labor covering the history of international relations in the Far East from the XIV century to 1945. The issues of the development of military art were studied from the problem of the war (Monogram.A. Litovsky). Actions at the Sea Theater were considered in the workshop. D. Bykova IV. E.Egoreva. Soviet historians paid a lot of attention to the study of individuals. The defense of Port Arthur, Primorye, Sakhalin and Kamchatka was covered.

As a result of the entire land company, Japan was able to leave for almost the entire southern part of Manchuria.

The failures of the Russian troops on the distant Far East caused anger and pain in the entire people. The terrible news about the defeats of the Russian troops stirred in protest the Russian public. Most of the sensible people were clearly visible to all the fear of unleashed slaughter, the whole severity of which was the unbearable cargo on the shoulders of a simple Russian master and peasant.

Trying to somehow calm public opinion, the royal government was forced to recognize the prissthood of the Russian highest command and, first of all, General Kuropatkina A.R. After the war, he was even tried, but he got off with a light fright, being dismissed. The Japanese are also fatally tired of bloody fights with Russian soldiers. After the Mukden battle of General Kuropatkina A. N. changed Linevich N.L. But by that time, none of the warring parties was already physically capable of conducting active fighting.

Back in October 1904 and in February 1905, to support our forces in the Far East, from the city of Liepaja in Baltika was aimed at the Theater of Military Action 2 Pacific Squades. The squadron came out at sea on October 2 under the command of the vice-admiral of the Rodistrensky Z.P. The squadron included a diversified ships: and combat, and auxiliary. In Kilwater, 7 squadron armored cars, 1 armor cruisers, 5 cruisers, 5 auxiliary cruisers, who were simply a slightly armed commercial shipboats and 8 squadrocardous destroyers were in the Kilvater.

The squadron of the village of C. P., having passed along the shores of Western Europe and having encouraged the Western Coast of Africa, on March 3, 1905 in the Island of Madagascar to replenish fuel and water reserves. Here is a squadron of the Rodial Z.P. Already expected a detachment of ships under the command of the counter-admiral of N. N.I. As part of 4 armor, 3 cruisers, 2 auxiliary cruisers and 2 destroyers, which is shorter through the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea on January 27, 1905 arrived at Madagascar.

Due to the sharply changed situation after the delivery of Port Arthur, without taking into account the real situation that established by the time in other sections of combat operations, the squadron was set by its possibilities: to break through to Vladivostok and ensure the domination not only in the battle area, but also in All Japanese Sea.

Combining and replenishing the trims of coal and fresh water, the second Pacific squadron crossed the Indian Ocean, passed along the coast of Indonesia, and for 7 months unparalleled for the time of the hike, overcoming more than 18,000 miles of water space in May 1905 went to the Korean Strait separating Korea and Japan . In the most narrow part of it, between the islands of Tsushima and Iki, the squadron had already waited for the battle of Japanese ships under the command of the admiral of Togo. Highhatiro was not a genius of sea battle, but circumstances and military force, as well as the proximity of their own coast, allowing his escaders to replenish their resources, made it the sea Armadd to the Terrible force, able to successfully confront the 2 Pacific Squadre of the Rod Svatral Z.P. In addition, the Japanese ships have a greater speed of the course, and therefore greater maneuverability. Their personnel was better trained, while the Russian sailors in the hitch of the formed squadron had only about two months for training. Fatigue has also affected fatigue. Japanese artillery officers had in their disposal shells strangers styled. Blowing inside the ship, they not only hit people with fire and fragments, but also isolated suffocating gas. Russian artillery, the accuracy of their shooting glorified worldwide, used shells with a Blink fuse,

which assured: "Regarding our artillery can be calm - it is definitely above the Japanese."

But in fact, in battle, everything turned out to be wrong. The accuracy of Russian commanders was much higher than that of the Japanese, but Russian shells, hitting the enemy for the most part, stitched the ship through and only then exploded. It greatly reduced their destructive power. The Japanese themselves later recognized: "If your shells had the same explosive power as ours, then the result of the battle could have ended to us crying." The Japanese were amazed by the resistance of Russian ships, which continued to fight, having terrible destruction of buildings and fires in superstructures.

In addition, the Russian squadron was connected in maneuver a detachment of transports, auxiliary and hospital ships. Japanese squadron, being near his bases, was not burdened with all this. In this battle, two seemed incompatible extremes: the total weakness of Russian appliances, compared with the Japanese and heroic valor of Russian sea crews.

Commander of the 2 Pacific Escader Admiral Rod Svatzhensky Z.P. Together with its headquarters and teammates, the flagship did not have the necessary training to guide the combat operation of such a scale as the Tsushim battle. Yes, and he did not believe in victory. Even before sailing a squadron from Liepaja, he said: "The Russian audience, excited by newspaper insinuations, blindly believed in my success. But I am aware that the fate of our wanderings has prepared. It would not be necessary to start this hopeless thing. But how can I refuse to keep a squadron, if the whole country believes in my victory? " And the squadron starred with anchors and went to a long swimming towards death.

The Tsushim battle began on May 27, 1905 for about 14 hours of the Japanese, moving in the Kilwater ranks headed by the Barny "Miakak", on which he held his flag of admiral of that, all the power of his firefly focused on Russian battleships. After half an hour, it was out of order and soon died armadago "Osh." The Japanese focused on the fire on the Barny "Suvorov", where the commander of the squadron of the Ristral Z.P. The Russian armored stage courageously fought off, inflicting significant damage to Japanese ships. But the forces were not equal and, having lost control, the battleship was out of combat order. In addition, the admiral of the village of Rodially was seriously injured. Because of this, the Russian squadron lost the slightness of the management and the battle broke into the fights of individual Russian ships with superior enemy forces. The battle continued with the sunset. At night, especially the strong damage to the Russian squadron was attacked by the Japanese destroyers. As a result of the day and night fights, the Russian squadron as organized, the combat-ready power ceased to exist. The 4 newest squadrock battleships and one old were ached. 4 armor and 1 Squaded Dochets from the detachment under the command of Sgorodova N.I. Forced to surrender to the superior forces of the enemy. 1 Distanceary and 3 cruisers went into foreign ports and were interned there. Only 1 cruiser and 2 destroyers stopped in Vladivostok.

As a result of the Tsushimsky battle, the Russian squadron lost more than 5 thousand people killed. It was surrounded, 27 warships surrendered and interned. The Japanese squadron also suffered serious losses, but they were significantly less. The Tsushimsky Battle is the largest defeat of the Russian fleet in the history of its development. And although Russian sailors have shown unparalleled heroism in the Tsushimsky battle, selflessness, fighting in difficult conditions against well-prepared and numerically superior enemy, the inept leadership of the highest command, backwardness in service and technical support led to such a crying result. In the Tsushim battle, defeat was defeated, first of all, the royal government with his military department, but not heroism and the resistance of the Russian sailor. Lenin V.I. Completely accurately described the Tsushim battle, as the military collapse of the Russian autocracy.

In the land theater of hostilities, after Mukden, active hostilities was practically not carried out. Both opposing sides by this time were exhausted and morally and materially. This was especially felt by the Japanese. In the Russian army, besides, after a number of defeats, therefore, first of all, a notable command began, and the growth of anti-governmentals not only among the soldiers, but also of the officer. The obvious worthlessness of this war, leading far from Russia, was becoming more and clearer, in an unfamiliar territory.

In Japan, the futility of the conceived enterprise has been understood in Japan. Back in the summer of 1904, even before the fall of Port Arthur, Tokyo, the presentation of the threat of impending crises, and the military, and financial, and, which was especially scared, political, secretly began to test the soil for the conclusion of the world. Through the side channels of diplomacy, the Russian minister Witte was invited to meet with Japanese representatives somewhere at the European resort and start negotiations about the world. And although the victory of the Japanese at Tsushim even more revived the spirit of the very vulgar chauvinism in the country, the Japanese government began to clearly understand that their politics went into a dead end. And not only came, but also began to touch the political interests of powerful patrons, which for all the time of hostilities provided Japan with essential assistance, both strategic materials and military.

On another bank Pacific Ocean In the White Washington House began to experience an increasing alarm. President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt always wanted to fight Russia and Japan "until both powers are completely exhausted, and then the world will come under conditions that do not create yellow, nor Slavic hazards. After many years, his words almost exactly repeated the English Worker Winston Churchill when Germany attacked the Soviet Union. Theodore Roosevelt, supporting Japan, wanted to weaken the positions of Russia in the Far East, who considered the zone of his interests. But when Russia lost almost all of his fleet, the United States has not beneficially enhancing Japan in the area of \u200b\u200bthe globe. In the historical perspective, Roosevelt had already seen the future Japanese sea threat and for Russia and for America, which happened during the Second World War.

Immediately after the Tsushim battle, Japan appealed to the United States asking for mediation to the world. Russian self-container, intimidated by the impending revolution and general discontent in the country the results of the Far Eastern Company, agreed to sit at the negotiating table. Negotiations were in the American city of Portsmouth. On September 5, 1905, a portsmouth peace treaty was signed between Russia and Japan. Under this contract, the Russian government gave way to Japan southern part of Sakhalin Island and refused the right to rent a Kwantun Peninsula with Port Arthur and South Manchur railway. Also, the Russian government recognized the "special" interests of Japan in Korea. As we see, the signing of such a contract has not brought the Russian state of victory laurels and did not raise its prestige in the world.

If you judge the Russian-Japanese war from the point of view of tactics and strategies for hostilities, it showed that by that time there were significant changes in military art in this direction, which were not in a timely manner neither the royal government nor the military department.

The conduct of combat operations on the world's theater is so distant from the center showed a significantly increased role of the rear, reliability of railway transport.

The experience of war showed that the number of armies involved in hostilities increased dramatically. The width of the fighting front has increased. In battle increased the value of the fire strike. Especially machine guns, as a mobile means of fire influence on the infantry. Artillery has learned to strike the enemy from closed positions, increased the importance of severe artillery capable of crushing the fortifications of the enemy with its projectiles.

The war demanded no longer just to become troops into the land, the swarm of the trenches, but also to build complex engineering positions that demanded greater mechanization of troops and the creation of rather large engineering units.

The infantry during the fighting abandoned the bobbed system and began to apply the scattering system, imparting to the surrounding area. The special benefit of such a building has become well noticeable in the massive application of machine guns.

In the sea battle, the speed cruiser and the destroyer began to play a major role. The tactics and maritime strategy also have undergone significant changes.

The bitter experience of the Russian-Japanese war was taken into account in the reorganization of the army and the fleet, which was carried out in 1908-10.

The weakness of the military-economic potential of Tsarist Russia, the backwardness of the army and the fleet from the advanced military technologies of the time, the prissthood and weak preparation of the highest command staff - these are the main reasons for the defeat of Russia in this, small in time, but very large in the suffered damage and the prestige of the country, war .

Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905

Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905, There was an atmosphere of the intensified struggle of imperialist powers for the section of the semi-feudal China and Korea; It wore a gripny, unfair, imperialistic character on both sides. In the unfolded rivalry, the capitalist Japan played a particularly active role in the Far East, striving for the seizure of Korea and Northeast China (Manchuria). Having victory over China in the Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan in the Simonosek Treaty of 1895 received Taiwan Islands (Furoso), Penghudao (Pescador) and the Liaodan Peninsula, but under pressure from Russia, supported by France and Germany, was forced to abandon the latter after What began exacerbation of Russian-Japanese relations. In 1896, Russia received a concession from the Chinese government to the construction of the railway through Manchuria, and in 1898 he rented Kwanthi Peninsula with Port Arthur (Luishun) with the right to create on it naval base. During the suppression of the Etoeuan uprising in China, the royal troops in 1900 occupied Manchuria. Japan began energetic preparation for war with Russia, concluding in 1902 Anglo-Japanese Union. The royal government, whose gripical policies in the Far East was sent by an adventuristic "disgusing clique," was counting on a light victory in the war with Japan, which would give the opportunity to overcome the exacerbating revolutionary crisis.

In economic and militarily, Japan was significantly weaker than Russia, but the remoteness of the Far Eastern Theater of Military Action from the Center of Russia reduced the Military Opportunities of the Last. After mobilization, the Japanese army consisted of 13 infantry divisions and 13 reserve brigades (over 375 thousand people. And 1140 field weapons); In total, the Japanese government mobilized about 1.2 million people. The Japanese Navy had 6 new and 1 old armor, 8 armored cruisers (2 of them, built abroad, arrived after the start of the war), 17 light cruisers (including 3 old), 19 destroyers, 28 destroyers (only in The composition of the so-called connected fleet), 11 canoners and others.

Russia was not ready for war in the Far East. Having a personnel army in 1.1 million people. and a reserve of 3.5 million people, she had only about 98 thousand people here, 148 guns and 8 machine guns; The border guard numbered 24 thousand people. and 26 guns. These forces were scattered in a huge territory from Chita to Vladivostok and from Blagoveshchensk to Port Arthur. The throughput of Siberian J.-D. The highway was very low (initially only 3 pairs of military echelons per day). During the war, about 1.2 million people were directed to Manchuria. (Most in 1905). Russian Navy in the Far East had 7 armadiors, 4 armadid cruisers, 10 light cruisers (including 3 old), 2 mine cruisers, 3 minorities (1 of them entered into operation after the start of the war), 7 gunboats: most ships were based on Port Arthur, 4 cruisers (including 3 armor) and 10 destroyers - to Vladivostok. The defensive structures of Port Arthur (especially land) were not completed. Conducting adventurous policies unsecured and means, the royal government considered Japan a weak opponent and made it possible to find themselves by surprise.

The Russian command assumed that the Japanese army would not be able to start an offensive on land soon. Therefore, before the troops in the Far East, the task was set to restrain the enemy before the arrival of large forces from the center of Russia (on the 7th month of the war), then go to the offensive, reset the Japanese troops in the sea and plant a landing in Japan. The fleet had to fight for the domination of the sea and prevent the landing of Japanese landings.

The Japanese strategic plan envisaged to seize the domination of the sea to the sudden attack and the destruction of the port of Korea, then the landing of troops in Korea and South Manchuria, the seizure of Port Arthur and the defeat of the main forces of the Russian army in the Liaoyan region. In the future, it was supposed to occupy Manchuria, Ussuri and Primorsky Krai.

From 1901, Russian-Japanese negotiations were conducted in St. Petersburg on the delimitation of spheres of influence in Manchuria. In December 1903, Japan ultimitively demanded changes in the position of the Russian government and, despite the concessions of Russia, January 24 (February 6), 1904 ruined diplomatic relations. On the night of January 27 (February 9), 10 Japanese destroyers, taking advantage of the carelessness of the Russian command, suddenly attacked the Russian squadron, who was standing without adequately efforts to the external Ride of Port Arthur, and disabled 2 armadors and 1 cruiser. January 27 (February 9) 6 Japanese cruisers and 8 destroyers attacked the Russian cruiser "Varyag" and channel boat. Korean, who were in the Korean port of Chelpo. Damaged in unequal, heroic battle "Varyag" was flooded with its crew, and "Korean" blown up. January 28 (February 10) Japan declared the war of Russia. The war began to be alien to the interests of the working people of both countries. The Bolsheviks opposed the war, for the defeat of the royal government and the overthrow of autocracy.

The Russian command was headed by the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces in the Far East by Admiral E. I. Alekseev [from 13 (26), 1904 General A. N. Kuropatkin, from 3 (16) Martha 1905 General N. P. Linevich], who was subordinate to the commanders of the Manchurian army - Until October 1904 General Kuropatkin and the Pacific Fleet - Vice-Admiral S. O. Makarov [from April 22 (May 5) 1904 Acting Counter-Admiral V. K. Vitheft]. The leadership of the Japanese troops carried out the head of the General Staff, who became the commander-in-chief of the land forces from June, Marshal I. Oyama, the Japanese fleet - Admiral H. Togo.

A weakened Russian squadron in Port Arthur was initially limited only by defensive actions. Arriving on February 24 (March 8) 1904 in Port Arthur Vice Admiral Makarov began to prepare a squadron to active actions, but on March 31 (April 13) died at the Petropavlovsk battleship, which broke up in mines. The new guidance of the fleet (Alekseev and Vithette) refused to fight for the domination of the sea and the port of portrait squadron was focused only on Port Arthur defense.

From January 24 (February 6) to 3 (16) March 1904, the 1st Japanese army of General T. Kursk (about 34 thousand bayonets and a saber, 128 guns) landed in Korea (about 34 thousand bayonets and a saber, 128), which by mid-April came to R. Yalu (Yalujiang). By this time, the Russian troops (over 123 thousand bayonets and a saber, 322 field guns) were located: in Vladivostok and Amur region - over 24 thousand bayonets and saber, 56 guns; In Port Arthur and on the Kwantunsky Peninsula - over 28 thousand, 56 guns; In South Manchuria - over 23 thousand, 88 guns; In the area of \u200b\u200bLiaoyan - Mukden - over 28 thousand, 60 guns and on r. Yalu is the eastern detachment of General M. I. Zasulich (over 19 thousand bayonets and a saber, 62 guns, 8 machine guns). April 18 (May 1) in battle on r. YALA 1st Japanese army defeated the Eastern detachment and, moving to Fynhuanchean, provided a disembarking from the flank on April 22 (May 5) at the Liaodong Peninsula at Bitszvo 2nd Japanese Army of General Ya. OKU (about 35 thousand bayonets and sabel, 216 Tools), which cut the railway on Port Arthur and 13 (26) May, dropped a small Russian squad, who covered the long approaches to Port Artur at the Isthmus in the Jinzhou area. Leaving one division at the Kwantunsky Peninsula, the Japanese command began an offensive on S. along the railway on Liaoyan forces by the 2nd Army (2 divisions) and 2 divisions extracted 2 (of which the 4th Army of General M. Nodzu was formed in July). From Yu.-v. On Liaoyan through mountain passes, the 1st Japanese army (3 divisions) fell. For the capture of Port Arthur, the 3rd Japanese army of General M. Legs (in July 3 of Divisions and 2 brigades, 45-50 thousand bayonets and a saber) were formed.

Under the pressure of the king and Alekseeva Kuropatkin, the 1st Siberian Corps of General Shttenberg was sent to the revenue of Port Arthur, but as a result of the talent guide, the building 1-2 (14-15) of June was defeated near Wafango. In June - July, the Japanese armies developed a concentric attack on Liaoyan. Russian troops, after a number of unsuccessful fights for them, in early August, they took defensive positions on distant approaches to Liaoyan. In Liaoyan battle, 1904 August 11-21 (August 24 - September 3), Kuropatkin failed to use a favorable situation in the course of fighting and giving a real chance of winning, and gave an order for the retreat on S. By mid-September, the Russian Manchurian army increased to 195 Thousands of thousands, 19 thousand sabers, 758 guns and 12 machine guns against 150 thousand bayonets and a saber, 648 guns and 18 machine guns in the Japanese armies. This allowed Russian troops to go into a counteroffensive, which led to the battle on the r. Shahoe, who lasted from September 22 (October 5) to 4 (17) of October and ending in to no effect. Explaced by heavy losses (Russians - over 40 thousand, the Japanese - over 20 thousand people), the opponents switched to defense. The position front formed with a length of up to 60 km, which was a new phenomenon in military art.

The Japanese command attached all efforts to quickly master the Port Artur and destroy the Russian squadron, but repeated sturches were reflected by the heroically defending Russian garrison (see Port Arthur Defense). A portrait squadron, which threatened the destruction, twice unsuccessfully tried to break into Vladivostok, but after the fight in the yellow sea, it was forced to return to Port Arthur in a weakened composition (some of the ships went to neutral ports). On December 20, 1904 (January 2, 1905), the head of the Quantong Fortified District, General A. M. Stesel treacherously passed the fortress, without having exhausted the possibilities of her defense. The capture of Port Arthur allowed the Japanese command to transfer the 3rd army to strengthen the main forces, and the fleet received time to prepare for a meeting with the 2nd Russian Pacific Escand, released 2 (15) October 1904 from Libay.

By January 1905, three Russian manchurian armies (created in October 1904) occupied on the r. Shahe is almost a solid front with a length of 100 km, and with flanking detachments - up to 150 km. Russian command, seeking to defeat the enemy before the arrival of his 3rd army, took the onset of the 2nd Russian army in January in the Sandipa area, which was completed. On February 6 (19), Japanese troops were transferred to the offensive in order to bypass the flanks of Russian armies. Municipal Battle of 1905, lasting until February 25 (March 10), ended with a major defeat of Russian troops, which laughed in large losses, moved to the Supingan positions (160 km north of Mukden), where they remained before the conclusion of the world. Military actions on land actually stopped. By the end of the war, the number of Russian troops in Manchuria has reached over 800 thousand people. (A combat composition of about 470 thousand people, 1672 guns, 374 machine guns), and Japanese troops - 380 thousand people. combat composition. In July 1905, the Japanese troops occupied Sakhalin Island.

Since the beginning of the war until August 1904, an active action on the enemy's maritime communications was conducted by the Vladivostok detachment of cruisers, which destroyed 15 steamats, including 4 military transport, and heroically fought with the superior forces of the Japanese 1 (14) of August in battle in the Korean Strait. The last stage of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904 - 1905 was the Tsushim Battle of 1905. Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific squadrons under the command of Vice Admiral Z. P. Rodvlensky committed 18,000-mile transition (32.5 thousand km) from the Baltic The sea around Africa and 14 (27) may approached the Tsushimsky Strait, where they entered into battle with the main forces of the Japanese fleet. In a two-day maritime battle, the Russian squadron was completely defeated, which meant "... not only a military defeat, and the full military collapse of autocracy" (Lenin V.I., Full Collection of Op., 5 ed., Vol. 10, p. 252 ).

Despite the victory, Japan was exhausted by the war, the anti-war senties grew in it, Russia was covered by the revolution, and the royal government sought to make peace. 18 (31) May 1905 Military Government appealed to US President T. Roosevelt as a request for mediation in peace negotiations, which began on July 27 (August 9) in the American city of Portsmouth. On August 23 (September 5), the Portsmouth Peace Treaty of 1905 was signed, according to which Russia recognized Korea to the Sphere of Japanese influence, referred Japan Rental rights of Russia to the Quantong Region with Port Arthur and the South Branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway, as well as the southern part of Sakhalin.

The root causes of the defeat of Russia in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904 - 1905 were the reactionality and rottenness of tsarism, the inability of the highest military command, the unpopularity of the war among the people, the low combat quality of replenishment, staffed, including older ages that did not have enough combat training, weak preparation a significant part of the officer, insufficient material and technical support, poor knowledge of the theater of military operations, etc. Japan won the war, using general support from the UK and the United States. From April 1904 to May 1905, she received 4 loans from them in the amount of $ 410 million, which covered 40% of military expenses. The most important outcome of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904 - 1905 was the approval of Japanese imperialism in Korea and South Manchuria. Already on November 17, 1905, Japan imposed Korea Agreement on the Protector, and in 1910 included it in the Japanese Empire. The strengthening of Japanese imperialism in the Far East changed the US relationship to Japan, which became more dangerous competitors for them than Russia.

The war had a great influence on the development of military art (see operational art). It was first used on a mass scale of rainfall weapons (rifles, machine guns). In the defense of the trench, the complex fortification facilities of the past were replaced. It became obvious the need for closer interaction between the birth of troops and the widespread use of technical means of communication. He got the spread of artillery shooting from closed positions. For the first time, the Ministry of Justice was used. Based on the experience of war in the Russian army, military reforms 1905-12 were held.

The Russian-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905 brought the peoples of Russia and Japan to deteriorate their financial situation, the growth of taxes and prices. The public debt of Japan increased 4 times, its losses amounted to 135 thousand killed and died of wounds and diseases and about 554 thousand wounded and sick. Russia spent 2347 million rubles at war, about 500 million rubles were lost in the form of the property and ached ships and ships to Japan. Russia's losses amounted to 400 thousand killed, injured, sick and prisoners. The Far Eastern adventure of the tsarism, which led to serious defeats, accompanied by large victims, caused the perturbation of the peoples of Russia and accelerated the beginning of the first bourgeois-democratic revolution 1905-07.

Lit.: Lenin V.I., to the Russian proletariat, a complete collection of cit., 5 ed., Vol. 8; His, the first of May. Draft sheet, in the same place; His fall in Port Arthur, there, t. 9; His, the first of May, there, t. 10; His, defeat, there, t. 10; Yaroslavsky E., Russian-Japanese war and the attitude towards it Bolsheviks, M., 1939; Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905 The work of the Military Historical Commission on the description of the Russian-Japanese war, t. 1-9, SPb. 1910; Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. The work of the Historical Commission on the description of the actions of the fleet in the war of 1904-1905. under the Sea General Staff, KN. 1-7, St. Petersburg, 1912-18; Kuropatkin A. N., [report ...], vol. 1-4, St. Petersburg - Warsaw, 1906; Krushin A., Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905, Oranienbaum, 1910; Levitsky N. A., Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905, 3 ed., M., 1938; Romanov B. A., Essays of the diplomatic history of the Russian-Japanese war. 1895-1907, 2 ed., M. - L., 1955; Sorokin A.I., Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905, M., 1956: Luchinin V., Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905 Bibliography. Pointer, M., 1939.

In history there was only one war between Russia and Japan, in 1904-1905. But, alas, a large-scale and bloody, strongly hitting the economy of both countries. And even more so violating friendly relations between them.

War lasted for less than two years, but a lot of destruction in the Far East brought a lot.

The causes of the Russian-Japanese war were the territorial claims of Russia and Japan to each other: in Korea and Manchuria. After the "peaceful capture" of Russia of these territories, Japan in night on January 27, 1904 Without the announcement of war, attacked Russian ships on the Ride Port Arthur.

Tsar Nikolai second foresaw war, in 1901 he wrote: "" The clash is inevitable; But I hope that it will no longer happen more than four years ... "But everything happened earlier, and the advantage of the forces was noticeable in favor of Japan.

The main events of war Osada Port Arthur became the Japanese and his surrender in December 1904, the battle of Mukden in February-March 1905, in which Russian troops were forced to retreat.

May 14-15, 1905 Inverted was the most tragic page of the history of the Russian-Japanese war: there was a disastrous for the Russian squadron Tsushimsky Battle. Or the legendary tsushima, in which there were almost all the ships of Russians, a small part was saved, and another part fell into the hands of the Japanese. A third of Russian sailors also returned home. Mourning and crying stood in Russia, the revolutionary situation in the country sharply aggravated, the people were extremely unhappy with the authorities.

Both Russia and Japan have become depleted by military actions. Soon the peace treaty was signed, outraged all Japan: the Japanese did not receive all the desired territories. The Russians were able to defend many of their rights to the small forces, their martial spirit was broken. Those desperate people, as I think, you can only be proud of. And the Russian-Japanese campaign showed the meaninglessness of the war to achieve goals. After many, both powers have acquired about the same thing that had before the war.

Federal Agency for Education

St. Petersburg State Architectural and Construction University

Department of Story

Discipline: Domestic Story

Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905.

Student Group 4-A-1

M.A. Gappoev

Leader:

A.V Kutuzov

St. Petersburg

Introduction ..................................................................... ... 3

1. Conditioners of the war ...................................................... .4

2. Home battles ...................................................... ..7

3. Camels of war ..............................................................................17

Conclusion .................................................................. ..19.

List of sources used and literature ..................... 20

Introduction

There are many literature dedicated to the Russian-Japanese war, in which different points of view of the events occurred are considered, so I decided to find out what was the true causes of Russia's defeat in this war.

In this paper, events occurring during the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 are briefly described, the prerequisites for war, the analysis of the causes of the loss of the war as a whole. Many provisions are confirmed by official documents.

The experience of the Russian-Japanese war is 1904-1905. Carefully studied and overseas historiography. Interest in this topic was explained primarily to the fact that Western countries who took part in the exacerbation of contradictions between Russia and Japan were forced to follow the course of war and its consequences. The fact is that since the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871. and the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. Until the beginning of the 20th century, a large scale wars were conducted, which would require the participation of the considerable forces of armies and fleets. Hence the study and summary of the experience of the first wars of the Epoch of Imperialism, including Russian-Japanese, should know to a certain extent contribute to the development of the military circles of the countries of Western Europe of those new phenomena and trends in the development of methods and forms of armed struggle that manifested themselves during these conflicts.

Soviet historians showed the complex nature of the international relations of the time: the acute struggle of the great powers for domination in the Far East, which led to the military clash of two imperialist rivals: Japan and Tsarist Russia.

Backgrounds of war

Having victory over China in 1895, the ruling circles of Japan sought to strengthen their presence in Korea. Therefore, the end of the Japanese-Chinese war smoothly turned into preparation for the new war this time with Russia. The Japanese expected to displace Russia from Korea and Manchuria to finally consolidate the Liaodian peninsula for themselves and if lucky, seize Russian territories in the Far East and return to himself, escaping literally from under the nose, Sakhalin.

Russia continued its territorial acquisitions. North China and Korea were part of the zone of Russian interests. In 1895, using China that China required the payment of the Contribution of Japan, Russian diplomats and the Minister of Finance S.u Witte agreed on a French loan for China and the creation of the Russian-Chinese Bank, the Russian Ministry of Finance played a decisive role. At the same time, it was decided to begin the construction in the Chinese territory of the section of the Siberian Railway.

Huge diplomatic work has been done. The first step was the creation of a special Fund of the Russian-Chinese Bank serving the bribery of the highest Chinese officials. The second step was the signing in Moscow in June 1896 of the agreement on the defensive union against Japan. In 1896, Russia has achieved the right to construction in Northern China - Manchuria - the Chinese-Eastern Railway KJ. 1 At the insistence of the Chinese side, the concession was formally transmitted not to the Russian government, while the Russian-Chinese bank, which in order to implement it created the "Society of the Sino-Oriental Railway". The business of this contract made it possible to prevent foreign presence in Manchuria and bind the economy of Eastern China to Siberian Highway.

Simultaneously with Promotion in Manchuria, Russia has achieved success and in Korea. On May 14, 1896, by agreement signed in Seoul, Japan and Russia received the right to keep their troops in Korea, and the agreement, signed in Moscow on June 9 of the same year, recognized for both powers mutually equal rights in this country. Based on the Russian-Korean Bank and sending military instructors and financial advisor to Seoul, the Russian government at first actually acquired more political importance in Korea. However, Japan, having received the support of England, began to oust Russia. The Russian government was forced to recognize the preemptive economic interests of Japan in Korea, close the Russian-Korean bank and withdraw its financial advisor in the Korean king. It was the first serious concession of Japan from Russia.

"We obviously gave Korea to the dominant influence of Japan," so appreciated Witte created atmosphere "1.

I use the complete inability of the Chinese government to protect your territories, on November 14, 1897, the Germans captured Jiaozhou (Qingdao). Russia enjoyed in Jiangzhou the advantage of anchor parking. And Kaiser Wilhelm II proposed a compromise to Russia. Germany will not object to the capture of Russia Port Arthur, if Russia does not mind the capture of Jiaozhou .

Soon (in December 1897), Russian ships were anchored in Port Arthur, and in March 1898 Russia leased the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula with an unimportant naval base Port Artur. 1 In turn, the ruling circles of Japan have forced preparations for a new, broader, expansion, calculating this preparation earlier than Russia will complete the construction of the Sino-Eastern Railway. "The war has become inevitable," General Kuropatkin, he later, was not aware of this, they did not prepare for her. "2.

By 1904, Japan was ready for action. Without having to dominate the sea, the Japanese could not successfully strengthen the mainland, so first of all it needed to destroy the Russian Pacific Fleet and seize his port-Arthur base, located on the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria. The first part of the Japanese war plan was the blockade of Port Arthur from Sushi and from the sea, the capture of his and the destruction of the Port Arthur squadron. The second part of the Japanese plan was to destroy Russian land forces in Manchuria, thereby force Russia to abandon the further continuation of hostilities. The Japanese knew well that the Russians had the only line of supply-Trans-Siberian railway, which was a single-core highway, with a length of 8 thousand 850 km, connecting Moscow with Port Arthur, and a 160-kilometer break of this route in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Baikal. Crossing wagons were made by two icebreakers. Despite the enormous number of people (the world's largest Russian army, together with 3 million prepared reserves, consisted of 4.5 million people), in the east of Lake Baikal Russians at the same time could place only two buildings total number 98 thousand people, and these forces were scattered in the vast territory of Manchuria, Primorye and Transbaikalia. The number of security guards of the Trans-Siberian Highway reached 24 thousand people. Having gained superiority to the sea, the Japanese got the opportunity to quickly land on the mainland and oppose these forces to all their army, consisting of 283 thousand people.). In general, the Japanese army and the fleet, without having a large material advantage, noticeably exceeded the forces of Russians in tactics and preparation, and also had the best command.

Main battles

Russian slowness with the answer to the ultimatum was called the Japanese to the Japanese with a postponement of response to the easiest questions, vital for the welfare and existence of Japan. " And not finding a better reason the Japanese began the war.

On February 6, 1904, the combined Japanese squadron under the team of Vice Admiral Togo left Sazebo and advanced to Korean waters. On the way, the Russian trade ship was captured under the promising name "Russia" (an amazing omen). 7 The number of the squadron was divided. The main part under the command that went to Port Arthur. The other part, under the command of the counter-admiral Uriu, headed in Chetlpo for the blockade of "Varyag" and "Korean" and landing the landing in this port.

February 8, 1904 Attack on Port Arthur. At night, the Japanese destroyers took an attack on the Port Arthur squadron without prior announcement of war. The sudden attack of the squadrock destroyers was the most important link of the entire Japanese strategic plan. The essence of the idea of \u200b\u200ba sudden attack was to disable as much as many Russian ships as possible and, tied by the Squadron "Tail" from the mutated ships, to force him to stay in Port Arthur for a long time. The geographical features of this base - a long winding outlet, accessible only in large water, the presence of nearby opportunities to create observation posts and advanced provisions, contributed to the implementation of blockade actions.

Thanks to the mistakes of the Russian Naval Command (Vice-Admiral O. Stark), the Japanese managed to fully use the surprise effect. The Russian fleet suffered significant losses. The best Russian cornights "Retvosan" and "Cesarevich" were damaged and for a long time, as well as the pallad cruiser. "Poltava", "Diana", "Askold" and "Novik" received holes below the Waterline, but remain afloat. Got and the flagship ship "Petropavlovsk" 1 .

The next morning, the Japanese fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral Heihatiro, appearing in the Port Arthur area, began the shelling of the Russian squadron and coastal fortifications. With these actions, the admiral of Togo assessed the results of the attack and demonstrated confidence in his abilities. Since the Russian fleet did not dare to go out into the open sea and acted only in the coverage zone of his coastal batteries, it became clear that he was tied to the fortress. From this point on, Japan captured the domination of the sea and got the opportunity to start landing operations.

Then, the admiral of Togo put efforts to create a temporary advanced database of the fleet on the islands of Eliot and the organization of the close blockade of Port Arthur.

The port of Chelpo on February 8, 1904 was blocked by the Japanese squadron under the command of the counter-admiral Uriu as part of 2 armor and 5 armored cruisers and 8 destroyers. On February 9, Admiral Uriu presented Captain Rudnev ultimatum, in which, threatening with the use of force, demanded that Russian ships left the nervos. Without the opportunity to maneuver on Farvater, Captain Rudnev nevertheless brought the ships from Chelpo and took the battle, trying to break through in Port Arthur. Within 45 minutes, 1 thousand 105 shells were released on the enemy, which caused a Japanese squadron of significant damage. However, "Varyag" received severe damage. Almost all artillery was disabled, water was received through underwater sores, the commander was wounded in battle, and from wounds, after a combat, 33 people died, about 120 people were injured (due to the lack of armor shields, the gun servant was most affected). Russian ships came out of the battle and returned to the cheese, where Korean was then blown up at the external raid, and Varyag was flooded in the inner harbor (so powerful explosion Do not damage foreign ships nearby). Crews were taken aboard neutral powers: 28 people rose to the French cruiser Pascal, 30 to the British warship "Telebrot", the rest of the Italian "Elba" took the rest. Required Russian sailors returned to their homeland (the requirement of the Japanese The prisoners of war were decisively rejected) Monuments in Vladivostok at the Marine Cemetery were established in memory of the Cemetery (where in 1911 were transported from Korea the remains of the dead) and at the Motherland Captain Rudneva-in Tula (1956) .

February 13-14, 1904, the second attack Port Arthur. On the night of February 14, the Japanese flotilla again approached Port Artur. By bad weather and the starting storm prevented active combat actions. On the attack in such difficult conditions, only two Missayts "Haiatori" and "Asagiri" were solved. Torpedoes, released from these ships caused damage to the ill-fated "Petropavlovsk" and the supar armal "Sevastopol".

February 24, 1904 attempt to block Port Arthur. Feeling that the sudden attacks on Port Arthur had no expected, stunning success and the Russian squadron was still a fighting force, the Japanese had an unsuccessful attempt to block the entrance to the Port Arthur Harbor. For this, old transport steamers "Teanima-Maru" were selected (with displacement of 2.943 tons), "Hococu-Maru" (2.766 tons), "Esen-Maru" (2.331 tons), "buoy-maru" (1,163 tons), and " Bush-Maru "(1.249 tons) to flood them at the entrance to the harbor. The team for these vessels was chosen from among volunteers. The operation was headed by Captain Arim with Mikasa. Under the cover of the Fleotilla of the Mortar Rights at 2 hours and 30 minutes, transports approached the external raid of the Port Arthur Harbor. Coastal batteries opened a strong fire. Because of this, the flooding of the transport passed not quite successfully. Of the five vessels, only one thing - "Hockey-Maru" sank in the neck of the entrance, one was bent on the coastal artillery, and the "Tea Maru", devastating from the course of the village. Transport teams managed to escape .

In the following days, small shootouts took place between Russian and Japanese squadron, which did not cause any particular harm to the other side. The Russian fleet still did not dare to go out into the open sea, and the Japanese did not go closer, fearing the fire of coastal batteries and mine barrage.

March 8 - April 13, 1904 Naval Actions in the Port Arthur area. To accept the command of the fleet on Far East The energetic and capable Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov arrived (March 8). He began to persistently prepare a squadron to the general battle to "try to take the sea into his hands." On March 1, another attempt was repelled by the Japanese to block the entrance to the Port Arthur Harbor. This time the Japanese shrugged four transports, under the maintenance of two flotillas from the 17th Mortgies. At the entrance to the harbor, the Japanese met the Russian police officers, the battle was started during which one of the transports was torpedoed, others deviated from the course and sank in unsuccessful places. The blockade has not succeeded again.

April 26 - May 7, 1904, the battle on the Yalu River. Going to the Yalu River in the Treurenen region, the 34-thousand Japanese 1st Army under the command of Field Marshal Tamiada Kurski was greeted by the eastern detachment of the Russian army under the command of General M.I. Zazulich (about 19 thousand people) On May 1, a hot fog of Treurenen was broken. Russian artillery was suppressed. The Japanese bypassed the Russian troops on the left flank. According to the fault of Zasulich, the detachment did not retreat. This first failure of Russian troops on land opened the opponent's road to Manchuria. 1 The strategic consequences of the battle, as the first battle of the war, were very significant: the moral state of the Russian troops was undermined, the coast of the Liaodo Peninsula was opened for the unimpeded landing of Japanese armies.

The defeat on Yala made a serious impression on the Russian army, Kuropatkin again demands from the troops "all measures to avoid decisive battle" before the departure "on the main forces of our army". The king of Kuropkatkin reported that "the fight in Yalu was random, both for chiefs and for troops." With the defeat of the stuff of stuffing the situation at the war theater improves for the enemy. In fact, the Japanese seized a strategic initiative.

February 21 - March 10, 1905 Musden battle. Both military groups, about 310 thousand people, each, swallowed, met with each other on the line, 65 km long. Trying to surround the Russians, Marshal Oyama ordered the 3rd army of General Maresuke's legs to try to bypass them on the right. By the end of the first day of battles, the right flank of the Russians - Army A.V. Kaulbars - was thrown back and moved to the West from the south. Attacks and counterattacks quickly replaced one another; Adjutant General A.N. Kuropatkin tied reserves to patch the rolling right flank. And although in two weeks of fierce battles, Japanese soldiers entered Mukden, the attempt of Marquise IVAO Oyama surrounded Russian success. Having tightening the reserves, the Japanese Feldmarshal strengthened the 3rd army of the general leg, giving him the opportunity to once again try to surround the army of General A.V. Caulbars. After 3 days of fighting, the right flank of the Russians was dropped back so far that General Kuropatkin began to be afraid of his communications lines. He skillfully left the battle and moved to Telin (175 km north of Mukden) and Harbin, defeated, but not faithful. During the battle, almost 100 thousand Russians have been thrown and a lot of equipment was thrown. The Japanese lost 70 thousand (or more) people. After the Mukden battle of active actions on land, no longer undertaken.

May 27, 1905 Tsushimsky battle. The fleet of Vice Admiral Zinovia Petrovich Rozvenensky entered the shed by the expanded system. From the North-West, a Japanese fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral Heihatiro approached. Both Admirals headed the cores of their forces - Rodrali on the squadron of the Prince Suvorov, and on the squadron of the Magaza's squadron.

Movance - Lowned for water in November 1900, this squadron armored room was the last built in the framework of the Japanese shipbuilding program of 1896. Being the flagship ship of Admiral Togo, participated in all major sea battles of the Russian-Japanese war, but at the end of 1905 because of the explosion of ammunition in the cellar sank in Harbor Sazebo. Raised and renovated in 1907, he returned to the system, and in 1921 he was reacted into the coastal defense battleship, in which quality was heard until 1923, when it was stranded and due to damage gained from the Navy

Hoping to take advantage of superiority in speed and dissect the T-shaped system of Russians, the Japanese turned to the northeast. In order not to get under the shelling by longitudinal fire, Admiral Rodially replaced the course to the northeast, and then to the eastern one. The battle began shortly after noon, when the fleets defended apart 6 km from each other. At the speed of 15 nodes of the fleet of the admiral of Togo, overtaken on 9 nodes of Russians and less than 2 hours disabled the cruiser and two armadors. He brilliantly maneuvered his significantly more high-speed forces around the unfortunate Russians, whose losses were rapidly grew. To the onset of the night, Admiral Rodistrensky was wounded, 3 armadors (including his flagship) were swaming, and the surviving Russian ships - now, led by Admiral Nekhivaty, fled in confusion. In the night chase for the depleted Russian forces, Admiral was sent to the armor cruisers Admiral Kamimura, as well as a detachment of the Distancestorms. The next day the defeat ended. One cruiser and two destroyers managed to break through and reach Vladivostok; 3 destroyers got to Manila and were interned. The remaining part of the Russian fleet came pronounced or was sweeping. The Japanese lost 3 destroyers. The victims of the Russians reached 10 thousand people (cumulatively killed and wounded); Japanese losses have not reached 1 thousand people 1 .

Since by this time the 1st Pacific squadron, blocked by the Japanese in Port Arthur, has already ceased to exist. Therefore, before the vice-admiral Z.P. Rodially rose one task - to break into Vladivostok. For breakthrough, the shortest path was chosen through the Korean Strait, i.e. In the immediate vicinity of the main base of the enemy. In 120 (222 km) miles south of the Korean port, Mozampo, a chain of Japanese sentigious cruisers was deployed. The Vice-Admiral Vice-Admiral Distribution Fleet on May 14 at 4 h. 25 min. It was first discovered by the Japanese auxiliary cruiser "Sinano Maru". At 6 h. 30 min. The Japanese cruiser "Idzumo" took a place to observe 40-50 cable on the right traverse of the Russian fleet. At 7 pm. 00 min. Vice-Admiral Rodistrensky rebuilt his main forces into one kilvater column.

At the beginning of the 9th hour, Nahbates turned on the fatal course NO 23 (on Vladivostok) and for not quite clear reasons rebuilt the Russian fleet in two columns. 1 The main forces of the Japanese, who kept the north of the island by Okinosimi, approached at 13 h. 30 min. from the southwest. Russian ships rebuilt into one column. Applying still during the war with China, the head of the head of the head of the opponent's head and focusing the entire fire on his head ship, the main forces of the Japanese fleet crossed the course of the Russians and went to the left side of them, Look at the ones of the Russian fleet first, and then left to the left Right rate. The vice-admiral of that raised the signal: "The fate of the empire depends on this fight." Japanese cruising detachments went either south with the aim of attacking Russian cruisers and transports. Squaded battleship "Prince Suvorov" (commander-captain I rank V.V. Izvitius) at 13 h. 49 min. From the distance to 38 cable opened fire on Mikaze. Reducing a distance of up to 35 cable, at 13 h. 52 min. Movance, and then the rest of the Japanese ships began to respond, focusing on the fire at the "Prince Suvorov" and "Oslay" (commander-captain I rank V.I. BER). At 14 h. 30 min. "Prince Suvorov" with a cracking wheel under strong fire opponents failed, and at 14 h 50 minutes. "Oslaya" sank, having received several slots in the nose near Waterlinia in an unlarited board. The line was led by a squadron armadiole "Emperor Alexander III" (commander-captain I rank N.M. Bucket, leaning towards the east. In fact, losing the first phase of the battle, the Russian fleet completely lost the initiative and, driven alternately by the Emperor Alexander III and the squadron Borodino's squadron (commander-captain I rank P.I. Serbrennikov), maneuvered, trying to get out of the scope of the fire of Japanese artillery . The Russian fleet actually remained without command: wounded by the vice-admiral of the villagers together with the headquarters was removed from the blazing "Prince Suvorov" at 17 h. 30 min. Municipal Mission "Buyny" (commander-captain II rank N.N. Kolomomites). Counter Admiral N.I. Not really could carry out the commands with the fragmented parts of the fleet. At 18 h. 50 min. The emperor Alexander III was killed, at 1900 minutes. - "Prince Suvorov", at 19 h. 10 min. - Borodino, from which only one sailor escaped. With the onset of darkness, Vice Admiral Hayihatiro, the major forces to the island helps and threw the Ministry of Allow. In the night battle, the Russian fleet lost the squader battleship "Navarin" (Commander-captain I rank B.A. Fitingoof): In turn, the Russian ships were drowned 2 and damaged 12 Japanese destroyers .

On the morning of May 15, the teams were flooded with their ships: a seriously damaged squadron armadiole "Sisa Great" (commander-captain I rank M.V. Ozers), Creisers "Vladimir Monomakh" (commander-captain I rank V.A. Popov) and "Admiral Nakhimov "(Commander-captain I rank A.A. Rodionov). In 8 h. 00 min. Heroically killed the cruiser Dmitry Donskoy (commander-captain I rank I.N. Lebedev). At 11. 06 min. - Cruiser "Svetlana" (commander-captain I rank S. P. Shein), at 17 h. 00 min. - Battleship of the coastal defense "Admiral Ushakov" (commander-captain I rank V.N. Miklukha). Oleg cruisers (commander-captain I rank L.F. Dobrovolsky, flag of counter-admiral O.A. Enkvista), "Aurora" (commander-captain I rank E.R. Egoriev, fell in battle), "Pearls" (Commander-Captain II rank P.P. Levitsky) broke through in Manila. The Ministry of Education "Cheerful" (commander-captain II rank P.V. Ivanov) went to Shanghai. Only the Diamond cruiser (commander-captain II rank I.I. Chagin), the Municipality "Brave" (commander-lieutenant P.P. Durovovo) and "Grozny" (commander-captain II rank K.K. Andrhevsky ). At 10 h 15 min. On May 15, the remains of the Russian fleet under the command of the counter-admiral N.I. Naugatova (Esel's Squadors, "Emperor Nicholas I", ADMIRAL SENVINA ADMIRAL DRAWER, "EMPRIRAL APRIRIRAL", CRESER "Emerald") were surrounded by superior enemy forces. Despite the readiness of Russian ships to resistance, Admiral of Nekhovatov gave an order of delivery. The order was not obeyed only by the cruiser "Emerald" (commander-captain II rank V.N. Ferzen), who broke through the system of Japanese ships and left, but on May 17 he died on the stones in Vladimir Bay. Missionary "Zavtov" (commander-captain II rank N.V. Baranov), where the wounded vice-admiral Z.P. Horn Shatteri with the headquarters, was captured by the Japanese at 16 hours. 00 min. May 15 in the Islands area. This tragic defeat of the Russian fleet had a decisive effect on the outcome of war. Subsequently, Admirals Z.P. Rodial and N.I. Relatives appeared in front of the naval court. Rodialistansky, who was imposed in the guilt only the passing of the opponent of the Municipal Entrepreneur "Zavtny", was justified due to heroic behavior in battle, personal courage and severe injury. The universities that were incriminated to the passage of the remains of both squaders were convicted and sentenced to the death penalty replaced by ten years of imprisonment in the fortress. In 1909, Lieutenant General Lieutenant A.M. Stesell, counter-admiral N.I. Nahbates was released.

Results of war

September 6, 1905 Portsmouth World (New Hampshire State). Both sides were ready for the conclusion of the world. Japan's military claims were satisfied, while Russia, boiling discontent from the inside, was not able to continue the war. Thanks to the efforts of the US President Theodore Roosevelt as a result of peace negotiations, a peaceful agreement was reached, according to the terms of which Russia lost Port Arthur, half of Sakhalin Island and left Manchuria. Korea was attributed to the sphere of influence of Japan. Roosevelt stood at the position not recognizing the right of Japan to contribute, as a result of which the war was ruining for the Japanese economy. Japan received "without remuneration" the railway between Kuang-Chen Tzu and Port Arthur with all the property and coal cop. The Sino-Eastern Railway Railway has pledged to operate exclusively in commercial and industrial purposes. The Russian Pacific Fleet was eliminated. one

Russia could not lose half of Sakhalin. At the beginning of the position of the Russian representative office, headed by Witte was adamant: the contribution is not to pay, the Russian lands do not give. Japan, in turn, wanted to obtain and contributes and all Sakhalin. Gradually, negotiations came to a dead end. Further wire was not primarily not profitable for Japan, who wanted to take the restoration of the undervalued war in the shortest possible time. The Japanese emperor has already inclined to thoughts on the refusal of claims to Sakhalin. But here at one of the secular techniques, the emperor Nicholas II on the question about the position of Russia in the negotiations with Japan dropped the unexpected phrase: "Notify Witte that you can give half of Sakhalin." This phrase became known to the Japanese spy at the Russian yard and was reported to the emperor Mudvito. At the same time, the Japanese official reported to the emperor risked strongly, since in case of disinformation, he had to endorse the life of suicide. The next day, the Japanese side put forward a demand for the transfer of halves of Sakhalin. Witte agreed with this requirement. Upon arrival in the capital, Witte was granted to the royal honors and a folk nickname "Semi-Sakhalin".

Conclusion

It can be seen that one of the most important supports of defense - the fleet died from disorganization and the main maritime headquarters, led by the on the eve and in the first months of her Admiral Christmas, was fully guilty. The main reasons and facts can be formulated as follows:

1) The headquarters in his work did not associate a policy strategy, as a result of the fleet turned out to be unprepared for war; Possible attack of the Japanese destroyers of the Port-Atuksky squadron;

2) the ill-conceived combat deployment of the fleet and the concentration of its main forces in Port Arthur created the most favorable conditions for the squadron blockade;

3) also played that soldiers, and many officers did not understand the causes of the war, they did not know that they shed their blood that in connection with this often in the troops there were no inspired to achieve victory and glowing to decisive actions.

The defense of Port Arthur confirmed that the Primorsk fortress should be equally protected from an opponent's attack from both sushi and the sea. The strategic errors in the plan of war, the materialism and betrayal of the command, were essential for the fall of the fortress.

Between the army and the fleet did not have enough close interaction. In the relationship between the sea and land commandment reigned complete confusion. The Primorskaya fortress, instead of submitting to the commander of the Pacific Fleet, was subordinated to the commander of the Manchurian army, although there was no direct connection with her and only indirectly assisted it, distracted part of the enemy land forces.

List of sources used

And literature

1 Captane I. M. Military secrets of the XX century fleet in the Russian-Japanese war. M.: Veva, 2004. 421c.

Captured I. M Russian Essay \u003e\u003e History

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