Louis 14 years of life and reign. Interesting facts from the life of King Louis XIV

Booker Igor 03.06.2019 at 14:17

A frivolous public willingly believes in the fairy tale about the lover of the French king Louis XIV. Against the background of the then morals, the number of love victories of the "Sun King" simply fade. A timid young man, knowing women, did not become a notebook. Louis had generosity attacks in relation to the ladies left them, which continued to use many milles, and their siblings received titles and estates. Among the favorite is allocated Madame de Montiespan, whose children from the king became Bourbon.

The Marriage of Louis XIV with Maria Teresia was a marriage political and the French king missed his wife. The daughter of the King of Spain was a pretty woman, but there was no charm in it (despite the fact that she was a daughter Elizabeth French, French charm in either the Grand Prix) and there was no greasic. At first, Louis looked at Generate English, his brother's wife, who experienced a disgust to her husband, a fan of same-sex love. At one of the court balls, Duke Philip Orleans, who manifested the courage and commander qualities on the field, changed clothes in a women's dress and danced with his handsome-cavalier. The unattractive 16-year-old dilda with the head of the lower lip possessed two advantages - the adorable opal color of the face and conspiracy.

Modern French writer Eric Decodt (Eric Deschodt) in the biography of Louis XIV written by him shows: "The relationship of Louis and Henrietta does not remain unnoticed. Monsieur (title Monsieur. gave a native brother of the King of France, following him for seniority - ed.) Mother complains. Anna Austrian Branit Henrietta. Henrietta offers Louis to take suspicion from herself, make a look as if he cares for one of her Freinin. They choose Louise De Louise De La Blanc (La Vallière Louise De La Blanc), the seventeen-year-old native of the Turnya, a delightful blonde (in those days, as later in Hollywood, men prefer blondes), - The voice of which is capable of taming even the will, and look - to soften the tiger. "

For Madame - Title Madame. The wife of his brother of the King of France, next to Him on the seniority and who had the title "Monsieur" - the result turned out to be deplorable. It is impossible to say not looking, but Louis met the dubious charms of Henrietta on blond beauty. From Mary Teresia, who in 1661 was given to the Great Downey (the Senior Son of the King), Louis Tail his novel in the greatest secret. "Contrary to every visibility and legends, from 1661 to 1683 Louis Xiv. always tries to keep his love connections in big Secrete- writes the French historian Francois Blush (François Bluche). - He does it first of all to spare the queen. "The surroundings of the Army Catholic Catholic Austrian stayed in despair. Lavalier from the King-Sun will give birth to four children, but only two will remain alive. Louis is recognized.

For a farewell gift mistress will be the duchy of the world, then she will learn to the Paris Monastery of Carmelite, but for a while she precipitated the bullying of the new favorite Françoise ATENASE DE ROSHÉNAER DE ROCHOUCHOUARD DE MORQUISE DE MARKISE (MARQUISE DE Montespan). Historians are difficult to establish an accurate list and chronology of lovelines Louis, especially since he is noted, often returned to his former passas.

The witty compatriots even then noted that Lavalier loved the monarch as a mistress, Mentenon - like a governess, and Montespan - as Mrs.. Thanks to Marquise, De Montiespan was held on July 18, 1668, a "grand royal holiday in Versaille" took place, bath apartments, porcelain trianon were built, Versailles boss were created, an amazing castle was built ("Palace of Armid") in Clania. Both contemporaries and current historians say that the attachment of the king to Madame de Montespan (where spiritual proximity played no less role than sensuality) continued after the cessation of their love relationship.

At 23, Madmoiselle de Tonnay-Charante (Mademoiselle de Tonnay-Charente) was married to Marquis de Montspan from Pardaillan (Pardaillan). The spouse constantly feared arrest for debts, which is extremely annoyed atneus. She answered the call of the king, who was already less timid and shy than during Amurov with Louise de Lavalier. Marquis could lead his wife to the province, but for some reason he did not. Having learned about the treason of Marquise, Gasconian Blood woke up in the rhodasse and once he read the notation of the monarch and ordered a memorial to his wife.

Louis was not Samodur and, although the Gasconian was decently fed to him, not only did not put him in prison, but also in every way promoted the legitimate son of Marquis and Marquis de Montespan. At first, he made him Lieutenant General, then the Director General of Construction Work and Finally, he complained to him the titles of Duke and Par. Madame de Montiespan awarded title maîtresse ROYALE EN TITRE "The official mistress of the king, gave birth to Louis of eight children. Four of them achieved mature age and were legalized and made by Bourbons. Three of them were married with the most royal blood. After the birth of the seventh bastard, Count Toulouse, Louis avoids the proximity to Montespan.

Not even on the horizon, and almost in the royal rest appears from the overnight Maria Angelica de Skorrail de Roussille (Marie Angélique De Roussille), the girl Fontanda (Fontanges). The aging king falls in love with 18-year-old beauty, according to contemporaries, "What have not seen in Versailles for a long time." Their feelings are mutual. With Montespan, the virgin Fontande Rodnith High-meter, manifested in relation to the former and forgotten Louis Favoritsa. Perhaps it was not enough for her only peeled and acute tongue de Montiespan.

Madame de Montespan stubbornly did not want to give his place for cool, and the king in the warehouse of character was not inclined to go to an open gap with the mother of his children. Louis allowed her to continue to live in his luxury apartments and even from time to time visited his former mistress, flatly by refusing an intima with a fastened favorite.

"Maria Angelica sets the tone," writes Eric Chelodt. "If during the hunting of Fontaineblo, she tales of the ribbon of hair strand, then the next day it makes the whole yard and the whole Paris. The hairstyle" A la Fontand "is still mentioned in the dictionaries. . But the happiness of the one that he came up with, was not so long. A year later, Louis is already bored. The beauty is replacement. It seems that she was stupid, but it was unlikely that it was the only reason for Opal. " Duchess de Fantange King appointed a pension of 20 thousand livres. A year after the loss of the prematurely born son, she died suddenly.

The subjects said their love adventures to their monarch, which would not say about the Lord historians. The Kingdom of Marquis de Montiespan and its "resignation" of historiographers were associated with non-residential affairs, such as "case of poisoning" (L "Affaire des Poisons)." On the investigation, they spoke very soon about the miscarriages, about the evil flashes, about witchcraft, about damages. , black messes and any other diamond, and at first it was only about poisoning, as it appears from his name, under which he appears until today, "the historian of Francois Besch clarifies.

In March 1679, the police arrested a certain Catherine Deshayees (Catherine Deshayees), Momvuisen's mother, which was simply called Voisin (La Voisin) suspected of witchcraft. Five days later, Adam Keker or Cobre was arrested, he is dubuisson, he "Abbé Lesage". Their interrogation revealed or allowed to imagine that witches and sorcerers were pleased with the hands of justice. These, according to the expression of Saint-Simon "Fashion crimes", was engaged, established by Louis XIV, a special court, nicknamed Chambre Ardente. - "Fire Chamber". This commission included high-ranking officials chaired by Louis Bushra, the future Chancellor.

The famous French king Louis XIV Bourbon was born in 1643 in the city of Saint-Germain-An-Le. The boy was not also five years old when he was officially proclaimed by the king of his country. He held this post until his very death in September 1715. Thus, the Board of Louis continued as much as 72 years and became the longest period of the permanent reign of one king in the history of Europe.

In fact, to the performance of their duties, Louis began only in 1660, when he married the Spanish princess, gathered the Council and abolished the position of the first minister of the state to be able to rule on his own. The young king began his political activities from various reforms.

There were a lot of them in the era of Louis XIV, both internal and external. The policy of mercantilism in the economy, the promotion of the development of science, art and crafts, the strengthening of the army and the fleet, the conduct of a wrestling character - all this had great importance For France. Therefore, the ruler even got the nickname of the "Sun King".

Nevertheless, the bloody wars, which, during the reign of Louis XIV, there was no end, exhausted the country's economic resources and led to its ruin. By the end of the life of the ruler, the French yard brightened by the luxury of the French courtyard. To top it all, there was a question about the successor of the king on the agenda.

Despite all these difficulties, Louis XIV until the last days remained active and continued to take an active part in the life of France. The king died on September 1, 1715 from the gangremen legs.

Louis Xiv de Bourbon, who received the name of Louis-Didonne ("Bogodan", Fr. Louis-Dieudonné), also known as the "King Sun" (Fr. Louis XIV Le Roi Soleil), also Louis Great (FR. Louis Le Grand). Born on September 5, 1638 in Saint-Germain-An-Le - died on September 1, 1715 in Versaille. The King of France and Navarre from May 14, 1643.

72 years reigned - longer than any other European king in history (from European monarchs longer in power was only some rulers of small states of the Holy Roman Empire, for example, Bernard VII Lippe or Karl Friedrich Badensky).

Louis, in the orphanages of the FronDa wars, became a convinced supporter of the principle absolute monarchy and the divine law of kings (he is attributed to the expression "The state is me!"), It combined the strengthening of his power with the successful selection of statesmen to key political posts.

The reign of Louis - the time of considerable consolidation of the unity of France, its military power, political weight and intellectual prestige, the flourishing of culture, entered the story as the Great Age. At the same time, the long-lasting military conflicts in which France participated during the reign of Louis Great, led to an increase in taxes that a heavy burden fell on the shoulders of the population and caused folk uprisings, and as a result of the adoption of Edicta Fontaineblo, who had canceled the Nante Edict about the kindness inside the Kingdom, 200 thousand Huguenots emigrated from France.

Louis XIV joined the throne in May 1643, when he was not even five years old, therefore, according to his father's will, the regency was transferred, which rules in the close tandem with the first Minister of Cardinal Mazarini. Even before the end of the war with Spain and the Austrian house, Princes and Higher Aristocracy, supported by Spain and in the Union with the Paris Parliament, began unrest, which received the common name of the Front (1648-1652) and ended only with the subordination of Prince de Down and the signing of the Pyrenean World (7 November 1659).

In 1660, Louis married to the Spanish Infanta of Maria Terezia Austrian. At this time, the young king, which grew up without sufficient education and education, has not yet given great hopes. However, as soon as Cardinal Mazarini died (1661), the next day, Louis XIV gathers the State Council, which announces that he from now intends to rule himself, without appointing the first minister.

So Louis began to independently manage the state, the king followed this course until death. Louis XIV possessed a gift to select a talented and capable employees (for example, Kolbera, Voban, pilot, Lyonna, Luvua). You can even say that Louis has undertook the doctrine of royal rights to the Poluryligious Dogmat. Thanks to the works of a talented economist and financier, Z. B. Kolbera, much was done to strengthen the state unity, the welfare of representatives of the third class, the promotion of trade, industry and the fleet. At the same time, Marquis de Luvua reformed the army, united her organization and increased the fighting force.

After the death of King Philip IV Spanish (1665), Louis XIV announced the claims of France to a part of the Spanish Netherlands and kept her for himself in the so-called Devolutionary War. Prisoner on May 2, 1668, the Aachen world passed into his hands French Flanders and a number of border locations.

From this time, the United States had a passionate enemy in the face of Louis. Contrasts in foreign policy, state views, trading interests, religion led both states to constant clashes. Louis in 1668-1671. Masterfully managed to isolate the republic. By bribing, he managed to distract England and Sweden from the triple union, to attract Cologne and Münster to France.

By bringing your troops to 120,000 people, Louis in 1670 took possession of the ally of general states, Duke Charles IV Larring, and in 1672 he moved through Rhine, during the six weeks he won half the provinces and returned to Paris with Triumph. Breakthrough dams, the appearance of Wilhelm III Orange, the intervention of European powers stopped the success of French weapons. General States entered the union with Spain, Brandenburg and Austria; Empire joined them after the French army attacked the Archbishopianness of Trier and took half the 10 imperial cities of Alsace already connected with France.

In 1674, Louis opposed his enemies of 3 large army: with one of them he personally took Franches-Corte; Another, under the head of Konde, fought in the Netherlands and won in Seneph; The third, at the head of which stood Trewren, devastated the Palatinate and successfully fought with the troops of the emperor and the Great Kurfürst in Alsace. After a short break due to the death of Turena and removal of Konde, Louis at the beginning of 1676, with new forces, appeared in the Netherlands and won a number of cities, while Luxembourg devastated Breisgaau. The whole country between Saar, Moselle and Rhine on the orders of the king was turned into a desert. In the Mediterranean Sea, Duchen won over the reuters; The forces of Brandenburg were distracted by the attack of the Swedes. Only due to hostilities from England, Louis in 1678 concluded the Nimes of Nimes, who gave him great acquisitions from the Netherlands and the entire Franndont from Spain. He gave the emperor to Filippsumburg, but he received Freburg and held all the conquests in Alsace.

This moment marks the aircraft of the power of Louis. His army was the most numerous, best organized and led. His diplomacy prevailed over all European courtyards. The French nation with its achievements in art and sciences, in industry and trade has achieved unprecedented heights.

Versailles courtyard (Louis moved the royal residence in Versailles) became the subject of envy and surprise of almost all modern sovereigns that were able to imitate the Great King even in its weaknesses. With the court, strict etiquette was introduced, regulating all the court life. Versailles became the center of all the greatness of life, in which the tastes of Louis himself and his numerous favorite (Lavalier, Montespan, Fontand) reigned. All of the highest aristocracy haragged court positions, as it was a sign of Frontere or Royal Opal to live from the courtyard for the nobleman. "Absolute without objection," according to Saint-Simon, "Louis destroyed and eradicated all the other strength or power in France, except for those that proceeded from him: a reference to the law, the right to be considered a crime." This cult of the Sun King, in which capable people were increasingly crowded with curtisans and intrigars, should inevitably lead to a gradual decline of the entire building of the monarchy.

The king was less and less restrained his desires. In Metz, Breising and Besanson, he established the chambers of reunification (Chambres de Réunions) to locate the rights of the French crown for those or other terrain (September 30, 1681). The imperial city of Strasbourg in peacetime was suddenly busy with French troops. Similarly, Louis and in relation to the Netherlands borders. In 1681, his fleet bombarded Tripoli, in 1684 - Algeria and Genoa. Finally, the Union of Holland, Spain and the emperor, who forced Louis in 1684 to conclude a 20-year-old truce in Regensburg and refuse further "reunification".

The central management of the state was carried out by the king using various tips (Conseils):

Council of Ministers (Conseil D État) - Considered the issues of special importance: foreign policy, military affairs, prescribed the highest ranks of the regional government, allowed the conclusions of the judiciary. The Council included public ministers with life content. The number of one-time members of the Council never exceeded seven people. Mainly it was the state secretaries, a Finance General Controller and Chancellor. Chaired the Council of the King himself. He was the permanent council.

Finance Council (Conseil Royal Des Finances) - Considered fiscal issues, financial, as well as appeals on the intensdunts. The Council was created in 1661 and at first he was presided by the king himself. The Council included Chancellor, a controller general, two state advisers and financial entities. He was the permanent council.

CONSEIL DES DÉPêCHES - considered general management issues, for example, lists of all appointments. He was the permanent council. The project council was a temporary advice established in 1700.

Spiritual Council (CONSEIL DES CONSCIENCE) - Also was a temporary advice in which the king was consistent with his confessor about the replacement of spiritual posts.

State Council (CONSEIL DES PARTIES) - consisted of state counselors, intentes, at a meeting of lawyers and heads of petitions took part. The conditional hierarchy of the Councils was lower than the Councils at the King (Council of Ministers, Finance, postal and others, including temporary). Combined the Functions of the Cassation Chamber and the Supreme Administrative Court, the source of precedents in the administrative law of France of those times. Chase the Council Chancellor. Consisted the Council from several branches: according to awards, on cases from land possessions, salt tax, noble affairs, coat of arms and various issues, depending on the need.

Great Council (Grand Conseil) - The judiciary of which was four presidents and 27 advisers. Considered questions about the bishops, church estates, hospitals, was the last instance in civil cases.

In France during the reign of Louis XIV, the first codification of trade law was conducted and ORDONANCE DE COMMERCE was adopted - the Trade Code (1673). The significant advantages of the Ordonance of 1673 are due to the fact that it was preceded by the publication very serious preparatory work Based on reviews of knowledgeable persons. The head of the employee was Savari, so that this order is often called the Savari Code.

The political dependence of the clergy from the dad he tried to destroy. Louis XIV intended to even form the French Patriarchate independent of Rome. But, thanks to the influence of the famous Bishop of Moscow Bossyuet, French bishops abstained from rupture with Rome, and the views of the French hierarchy received an official expression in so-called. Gallican clergy statement (Declaration Du Claria Gallicane) 1682

In matters of the Faith, Louis XIV's confessor (Jesuits) made him an obedient gun of the very old Catholic reaction, which affected the unlikely persecution of all individualistic movements in the Church.

A number of harsh measures were taken against Huguenov: they took the temples, the priests were deprived of the opportunity to baptize children according to the rules of their church, to make marriages and burials and send worship. Even mixed marriages of Catholics with Protestants were forbidden.

Protestant aristocracy was forced to apply to Catholicism, so as not to lose their social advantages, and against Protestants from the environment of other estates, shye decays, ended with Dragonads of 1683 and the abolition of the Nange Edicta in 1685, despite the strict punishment for Emigration, forced more than 200 thousand Protestants to move to England, Holland and Germany. In Seven, an uprising even broke out. The increasing sowing of the king found support from Ms. de Mentenon, which after the death of the queen (1683) was connected to him with a secret marriage.

In 1688 flashed new War, the reason to which they served as the Palatinate, presented by Louis XIV on behalf of His daughter-in-law, Elizabeth-Charlotte of the Duchess of Orleans, who were related to the deceased shortly before that Karf Carl-Ludwig. Having entered into an alliance with Kelfürst Cologne, Carl-Eaga Fürstimemberg, Louis ordered his troops to take Bonn and attack Palatinate, Baden, Württemberg and Trier.

At the beginning of 1689, the French troops worsely devastated the entire bottom palatinate. A union from England compiled against France (just overthrown stearts), the Netherlands, Spain, Austria and German Protestant states.

Marshal France Duke Luxembourg defeated allies on July 1, 1690 at Fleurus; Marshal Katina won Savoy, vice-admiral turville broke the British-Dutch fleet in the battle at Cape Bichi-Head, so the French had a cooler even on the sea for a short time.

In 1692, the French were besieged Namur, Luxembourg won in the battle in the Werekerkene; But on May 28, the French fleet was defeated by Cape La-UG.

In 1693-1695, the advantage began to tend to the side of the allies; In 1695, Duke de Luxemburg died, student of the Trewren; In the same year it took a huge military tax, and the world was needed for Louis. It took place in the Riswick, in 1697, and for the first time Louis XIV had to limit the Status Quo.

France was perfectly exhausted when few years later the death of Karl II Spanish led Louis to the war with the European coalition. War by spanish inheritanceIn which Louis wanted to win the entire Spanish monarchy for his grandson of Philip Angui, inflicted the incurable wounds of the power of Louis. The old king, who personally who led the struggle, kept in the most severe circumstances with dignity and hardness. By the world, concluded in Utrecht and Rastatte in 1713 and 1714, he kept in the grandson of Spain itself, but the Italian and the Netherlands ownership were lost, and England was destroyed by the Franco-Spanish fleets and the conquest of a number of colonies laid the foundation of their marine dominion. The French monarchy no longer had to recover from defeats with Hochstedt and Turin, Ramilia and Malplak. She exhausted under the severity of debts (up to 2 billion) and taxes that caused local outbreaks of discontent.

Thus, the result of the entire system of Louis was an economic ruin, France's poverty. Another consequence was the growth of opposition literature, especially developed in the succession of the "Great" Louis.

The family life of the elderly king at the end of his life was a completely irreputed picture. On April 13, 1711, his son died, the Great Dowfin Lyudovik (born in 1661); In February 1712, he followed the eldest son of Dofene, the Duke of Burgundy, and on March 8 of the same year and the eldest son of the last, the juvenile duke of Breton. On March 4, 1714, the younger brother of Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the King remained several days later.

Even earlier, Louis legalized his two sons from Madame de Montiespan - the Duke of Men's and Count Toulouse, and gave them the surname of Bourbon. Now he has appointed them by members of the Regency Council and announced the Eventual Law on the Swallopoles. Louis himself remained active to the end of the life, firmly supporting the court etiquette and the decor of his "Great Age" began to fade.

Louis XIV passed away on September 1, 1715 at 8 o'clock 15 minutes in the morning surrounded by the court. Death occurred after several days of agony. The Epoch of the Board of Louis XIV lasted 72 years and 110 days.

The king's body for 8 days was exhibited for farewell to the Hercules in Versailles. On the night of the ninth day, the body was transported (having taken the necessary measures to ensure that the population did not suit the holidays along the funeral procession) in the Basilica of Saint-Denis Abbey, where Louis was betrayed the land in compliance with the monarch of the Catholic Church's rites.

In 1822, he was erected an equestrian statue (according to the Bosio model) in Paris, in the Square of victories.

The history of the emergence of the nickname King Sun:

In France, the sun performed a symbol royal power And personally, the king and to Louis XIV. The luminaire became the personification of the monarch in verses, solemn oodas and court ballets. The first mentions of the solar emblems will go up to the Board of Heinrich III, enjoyed her grandfather and father of Louis XIV, but only with it solar symbols received truly widespread.

At twelve years (1651), Louis XIV debuted in the so-called "Ballets De Cour" - court ballets that were raised annually during the carnival.

Baroque Carnival Epoch is not just a holiday and envelope, but to play "Outdoor World." For example, the king for several hours became a jerk, artist or phonologist, at the same time the jester could well afford to appear in the image of the king. In one of the ballet performances ("Night's ballet" of Jean-Batista Lully), young Louis was challenged for the first time to appear before his subjects in the form of the rising sun (1653), and then Apollo - Sunny God (1654).

When Louis XIV began to rule on his own (1661), the genre of the court ballet was put on the service of public interest, helping the king not only to create a representative image, but also to manage the court society (however, like other arts). The roles in these productions were distributed only by the king and his friend - Count de Saint-Mainyan. Princes of blood and courtiers, dancing next to their sovereign, depicted different elements, planets and other suspended salts and phenomena. Louis itself continues to appear before subjects in the form of the Sun, Apollo and other gods and heroes of antiquity. The king came down from the scene only in 1670.

But the emergence of the nickname of the King-Sun preceded another important cultural event of the Baroque era - the carousel of Tuilry 1662. This is a festive carnival cavalcade, which is a cross between a sports holiday (in the Middle Ages it was tournaments) and Masquerad. In the XVII century, the carousel was called "equestrian ballet", as this action more resembled a performance with music, rich costumes and a fairly serial scenario. On the carousel of 1662 years, given in honor of the birth of the firstborn of the royal couple, Louis Xiv Garcel in front of the audience on horseback in the costume of the Roman emperor. In the hand, the king was a golden shield with the image of the sun. It symbolized that this shine protects the king and with him all France.

According to the historian of the French Baroque F. Bossean, "it was on a large carousel of 1662 in some way and born the king-sun. His name was given not politics and not the victory of his armies, but equestrian ballet. "

Marriages and children Louis XIV:

first spouse: From June 9, 1660 Maria Teresia (1638-1683), Spanish infanta, Louis XIV cousior sister on two lines - both on maternal and paternal.

children of Louis XIV and Mary Teresia:

Louis Great Doughne (1661-1711)
Anna-Elizaveta (1662-1662)
Maria Anna (1664-1664)
Maria Teresa (1667-1672)
Philip (1668-1671)
Louis Francois (1672-1672).

Oil Communications: Louise De La Blanket (1644-1710), Duchess de Lavalier

children of Louis XIV and Duchess de Lavalier:

Charles de la Ben lebla (1663-1665)
Philip de la Ben le Blanc (1665-1666)
Maria Anna de Bourbon (1666-1739), Mademoiselle de Blois
Louis De Burbon (1667-1683), Count de Vermandoua.

Francate Communication: Françoise-ATENASA DE ROSHESHOUUR DE MOREMEM (1641-1707), Marquis de Montespan

children of Louis XIV and Marquis de Montiespan:

Louise Francoise de Bourbon (1669-1672)
Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke Mesan (1670-1736)
Louis Cesar de Bourbon (1672-1683)
Louise Francoise de Bourbon (1673-1743), Mademoiselle de Nantes
Louise-Maria Anna de Bourbon (1674-1681), Mademoiselle de Tour
Francoise Maria de Burbon (1677-1749), Mademoiselle de Blois
Louis-Alexander de Bourbon, Count Toulouse (1678-1737).

Oil Communication (1678-1680): Maria-Angelica de Skorye de Russ (1661-1681), Duchess de Fantange (n (1679-1679), the child was born dead).

Oil Communication: Claude de Ven (OK.1638 - September 8, 1686), Mademoiselle Dez Ohu: Daughter Louise de Mesonblansh (1676-1718).

and for 22 years, the marriage of Louis parents was fruitless, and therefore the birth of the heir was perceived by the people as a miracle. After the death of the father, the juvenile Louis with his mother moved to Palace Royal, the former palace of Cardinal Richelieu. Here, the little king was brought up in a very simple, and sometimes the wretched atmosphere. His mother was considered the regent of France, but the real power was in the hands of her favorite Cardinal Mazarini. He was very stingy and did not care at all not only about delivering the pleasure of the child-king, but even the presence of essential items.

For the first years of the formal rule of Louis, the events of the Civil War, known as the FronDa. In January 1649, a rebellion directed against Mazarin flared up in Paris. The king and ministers had to run to Saint-Germain, and Mazarini - in general in Brussels. The world was restored only in 1652, and the power returned to the hands of Cardinal. Despite the fact that the king was already considered adults, Mazarini ruled France to his very death. In 1659, the world was signed with. The contract was fastened by the marriage union of Louis and Maria Teresia, who had to him cousin.

When Maazarini died in 1661, Louis, having received freedom, hurried to get rid of all the custody of himself. He abolished the position of the first minister, declaring the state council that henceforth will be the first minister himself, and no longer the shortest decree should be signed by anyone from his behalf.

Emblem King Sun

Louis was poorly educated, hardly able to read and write, but had common sense and hard determination to maintain his royal dignity. He was high, handsome, had a noble posture, sought to express briefly and clear. Unfortunately, he was overly selflessly as none european monarch differed in monstrous pride and egoism. All the former royal residences seemed to Louis unworthy of his grandeur. After some pondays in 1662, he decided to turn a small hunting castle Versailles to the Royal Palace. It took 50 years and 400 million francs. Until 1666, the king had to live in Louvre, from 1666 to 1671 - in Tuileries, from 1671 to 1681 alternately in the Versailles and Saint-Germain-O-L "e. Finally, from 1682, Versailles became a permanent residence of the Royal Court and Government . From now on, in Paris, Louis was only by the departments. The new palace of the king was distinguished by an extraordinary magnificent. The so-called "large apartments" - six salons, named after the ancient deities, served as a hallway for a mirror gallery 72 meters long, 10 and 16 meters high. Salons were arranged buffets, guests played billiards and cards. In general, the card game became an indomitable passion for the courtyard. The bets reached several thousand livres on the con, and Louis himself stopped playing only after in 1676 he lost 600 thousand livra in 1676.

Also in the palace put comedies, first Italian, and then French authors: Cornel, Racina and especially the Moliere. In addition, Louis loved to dance, and repeatedly participated in the productions of ballets at the court. The pisces of the palace corresponded to the complex etiquette rules established by Louis. Any action was accompanied by a whole set of carefully developed ceremonies. Meal, the departure to sleep, even the elementary thickening thirst during the day - everything was turned into complex rituals.

From the young years, Louis was very dile and not indifferent to pretty women. Despite the fact that the young queen Maria Teresia was beautifully beautiful, Louis was constantly looking for entertainment on the side. The first favorite of the king was the 17-year-old Louise de la Walter, Freilin's wife Brother Louis. Louise was not a flawless beauty and bit dead, but was very nice and gentle. The feelings that Louis have experienced to her could be called true love. From 1661 to 1667, she gave birth to the king of four children and received the Shutch title. After that, the king began to cool down to her, and in 1675, Louise was forced to go into the monastery of the carmelite.

The new passion for the king became Marquis de Montiespan, which was the exact opposite of Louise de la Walter. Bright and dusty marquise possessed a calculating mind. She knew perfectly well what could get from the king in exchange for her love. Only in the first year of dating with Marquis, Louis gave her a family of 800 thousand livres to pay debts. Golden rain did not indulge in the future. At the same time, Montespan actively patronized many writers and other people's arts. Marquis was an unailed queen of France for 15 years. However, since 1674, she had to fight for the heart of the king with Mrs. D "Honor, the widow of the Skarron poet, which was engaged in the upbringing of the Children of Louis. Mrs. D" Honor was awarded to the Manor Mentenon and Title Marquis. After the death of the Queen of Mary-Teresia in 1683 and the removal of the Marquis de Montspan, she gained a very strong influence on Louis. The king highly appreciated her mind and listened to the advice. Under its influence, he became very religious, stopped arranging the noisy festivals, replacing them with disadvantaged conversations with Jesuits.

Neither in one sizard, France did not have such a number of large-scale conquering wars as in Louis XIV. After death in 1667-1668, Flanders was captured. In 1672, war began with Holland and came to her aid, and. However, the coalition, called the Great Union, was defeated, and France acquired Alsace, Lorraine, Franche Conte and a few more lands in Belgium. The world did not last long. In 1681, Louis seized Strasbourg and Casal, and a little later Luxembourg, Kel and a number of surroundings.

However, since 1688, Louis business began to go worse. The efforts of the Antifranzuz Augsburg League, which included, Holland, and several German principalities were entered. At first, Louis managed to capture the Palatinate, Worms and a number of other German cities, but in 1689 became the king of England and sent the resources of this country against France. In 1692, the Anglo-Dutch fleet broke French in the Cherbogian harbor and began to dominate the sea. On land, the success of the French were noticeable. was defeated near Steinkerka and on the Neeervandden Plain. Meanwhile, Savoy, Girona and Barcelona were taken in the south. However, the war for several fronts demanded a huge amount of money from Louis. For ten years, 700 million livra was spent. In 1690, the royal furniture made of solid silver and various small utensils was allowed. At the same time, taxes grew, which especially painfully beat in the peasant families. Louis requested peace. In 1696, he was returned to legal duke. Then Louis was forced to recognize the king of England and abandon all sorts of stuarts support. The German Emperor was returned to land for the Rhine. Luxembourg and Catalonia returned. Lorraine has again gained independence. Thus, the bloody war ended with the acquisition of onestraster.

However, the war of Spanish inheritance was the most terrible for Louis. In 1700, the childless King of Spain died, having won the throne of the Grandfather of Louis, however, the condition that Spanish possessions never joined the French crown. The condition was made, however, the rights to the French throne were preserved. In addition, the French army invaded Belgium. The Great Union was restored as part of Holland, and the war began in 1701. The Austrian Prince Evgeny invaded in who belonged to the King of Spain. At first, the fourth cases were not bad, but in 1702, due to the treachery of the Duke, the advantage passed on the side of the Austrians. Simultaneously in Belgium, the English army of the Duke Malboro landed. Taking advantage of the fact that the coalition joined, another English army invaded. The French tried to apply Conrtuddar on and moved to Vienna, but in 1704, during the Mochstedt troops under the command of Prince Yevgeny Savoy and Duke John Churchill, Malboro defeated the Franco-Bavarian Army under the command of the Bavarian Kurfürst and French Marshals and Tallar.

Soon, Louis had to leave Belgium and Italy. In 1707, the 40-thousand allies army even moved through the Alps, invading France, and besieged toulon, but unsuccessfully. War was not visible to the end. The people of France dismissed from hunger and poverty. All gold dishes were allowed on the smelting, and even on the table of Mrs. de Marthenon was served black bread instead of white. However, the forces of the Allies turned out to be unbounded. In Spain, it was possible to reverse the course of the war in their favor, after which the British began to be inclined to the world. In 1713, the world was signed in Utrecht, and a year later in Ristadt - with. France did not lose almost nothing, but lost all its European possessions outside the Pyrenean Peninsula. In addition, it was forced to refuse complaints about the French crown.

The foreign policy problems of Louis were aggravated by family problems. In 1711, the son of the King, the Great Dowfin Louis, died of the sieves. A year later, the wife of the Junior Dofina Maria-Adelaide died from the Corey epidemic. After death, her correspondence was opened with the heads of hostile states, which revealed many state secrets of France. A few days after the death of his wife, the younger dofie Louis died. Three weeks passed, and from the same disease died five-year-old Louis Breton, the son of the younger dofina and the heir to the throne. The title of the heir moved to his younger brother, while still a breast baby. Soon and he fell ill with some kind of rash. Doctors waited for his death from day to day, but a miracle happened and the child recovered. Finally, in 1714, Karl Berrysky suddenly died, the third grandson of Louis.

After deaths of the heirs, Louis became sealing and sullen. He practically did not get out of bed. All attempts to stir it did not lead to anything. Soon, Louis XIV, dancing on the ball, stepped on a rusty nail. On August 24, 1715, he had the first signs of gangrenes on his foot, on August 27, he made the last death orders and died on September 1. His 72-year-old board became one of the longest among all monarchs.

Louis XIV reigned for 72 years, longer than any other monarch of Europe. By the king, he became four years old, all the fullness took place in his hands in 23 and rules for 54 years. "The state is me!" - Louis XIV did not tell these words, but the state has always been associated with the personality of the ruler. Therefore, if we talk about misses and mistakes of Louis XIV (war with Holland, the cancellation of the nanntal ediction, etc.), then it is worth noting the asset of the reign.

Development of trade and manufactory production, the origin of the colonial empire of France, the reform of the army and the creation of the fleet, the development of art and sciences, the construction of Versailles and, finally, the transformation of France to the modern state. This is not all the achievements of the century of Louis XIV. So what was this ruler who gave name to his time?

Louis Xiv de Bourbon, who received the name of Louis Didonne at birth ("Bogodhenny"), was born on September 5, 1638. The name "Bogodinny" appeared for no accident. Queen Anna Austrian produced heir to light aged 37 years.

For 22 years, the marriage of Louis parents was fruitless, and therefore the birth of the heir was perceived by the people as a miracle. After the death of the father, the juvenile Louis with his mother moved to Palace Royal, the former palace of Cardinal Richelieu. Here, the little king was brought up in a very simple, and sometimes the wretched atmosphere.

Louis XIV de Bourbon.

His mother was considered the regent of France, but the real power was in the hands of her favorite Cardinal Mazarini. He was very stingy and did not care at all not only about delivering the pleasure of a king to a king, but even the presence of essential items.

For the first years of the formal rule of Louis, the events of the Civil War, known as the FronDa. In January 1649, a rebellion directed against Maazarin flared up in Paris. The king and ministers had to run to Saint-Germain, and Mazarini - in general in Brussels. The world was restored only in 1652, and the power returned to the hands of Cardinal. Despite the fact that the king was already considered adults, Mazarini ruled France to his very death.

Julio Mazarini is the church and politician and the first Minister of France in 1643-1651 and 1653-1661. Passed the post on the protection of Queen Anna Austrian.

In 1659, the world was signed with Spain. The contract was bonded by the marriage union of Louis with Maria-Teresia, who had to him Kuzina. When Mazarini died in 1661, Louis, having received freedom, hurried to get rid of all the custody of himself.

He abolished the position of the first minister, declaring the state council that henceforth will be the first minister himself, and no longer the shortest decree should be signed by anyone from his behalf.

Louis was poorly educated, hardly knew how to read and write, but had common sense and solid determination to maintain his royal dignity. He was high, handsome, had a noble posture, sought to express briefly and clear. Unfortunately, he was overly selflessly, as no European monarch was distinguished by monstrous pride and egoism. All the former royal residences seemed to Louis unworthy of his grandeur.

After some pondays in 1662, he decided to turn a small hunting castle Versailles to the Royal Palace. It took 50 years and 400 million francs. Until 1666, the king had to live in Louvre, from 1666 to 1671. In Tuillirers, from 1671 to 1681, alternately in the Versailles and Saint-Germain-O-L "e. Finally, from 1682, Versailles became a permanent residence of the Royal Court and Government. From now on, Louis was only by the departures.

The new palace of the king was distinguished by an extraordinary pomp. The so-called (large apartments) is the salons, named after the ancient deities, served as a hallway for a mirror gallery 72 meters long, 10 width and 16 meters high. Buffets were arranged in the salons, guests played billiards and cards.

Great Konde welcomes Louis XIV on the stairs in Versaille.

In general, the card game has become an indomitable passion for the court. The rates reached several thousand livres on the con, and Louis himself stopped playing only after in 1676 he lost 600 thousand livres for six months.

Also in the palace put comedies, first Italian, and then French authors: Cornel, Racina and especially the Moliere. In addition, Louis loved to dance, and repeatedly participated in the productions of ballets at the court.

The pisces of the palace corresponded to the complex etiquette rules established by Louis. Any action was accompanied by a whole set of carefully developed ceremonies. Trapez, a waste to sleep, even an elementary thickening thirst during the day - everything was turned into complex rituals.

War against all

If the king would be engaged only by the construction of Versailles, the economy and the development of the arts, then, probably, respect and the love of subjects to the king-sun would be limitless. However, the ambitions of Louis XIV stretched much further than the borders of his state.

By the beginning of the 1680s, Louis XIV possessed the most powerful army in Europe, which only diluted his appetites. In 1681, he established the decontamination chambers for the location of the rights of the French crown for those or other terrain, exciting all new land in Europe and Africa.

In 1688, the claims of Louis XIV to Palatinate led to the fact that all of Europe was dried against him. The so-called war of the Augsburg League stretched out for nine years and led to the parties to retain the status quo. But the huge costs and losses incurred by France led to a new economic decline in the country and the depletion of funds.

But already in 1701, France was drawn into a long conflict, called the name of the War for Spanish inheritance. Louis XIV extended to defend the rights to the Spanish throne for his grandson who had to become the head of two states. However, the war that covers not only Europe, but also North America, ended for France unsuccessfully.

The world, concluded in 1713 and 1714, the grandson of Louis XIV retained the Spanish crown, but the Italian and the Netherlands ownership were lost, and England was destroyed by the Franco-Spanish fleets and the conquest of a number of colonies laid the foundation of his marine dominion. In addition, the project of the unification of France and Spain under the arm of the French monarch had to be refused.

Sale of posts and exile of Huguenots

This last Military campaign of Louis XIV returned him to where he started - the country was mired in debt and moaning from the severity of taxes, and here, then there were uprisings, the suppression of which demanded new and new resources.

The need to replenish the budget led to non-trivial solutions. With Louis XIV, the flow of trade by state positions, which has reached the maximum scope in the last years of his life has been delivered. To replenish the treasury, all new and new positions were created, which, of course, made a chaos and annoy the activities of state institutions.

Louis XIV on coins.

The ranks of the opponents of Louis XIV replenished French Protestants, after in 1685, the Edict Fontainebleau was signed, having canceled the Nange Edict of Heinrich IV, which guaranteed Huguenotes freedom of religion.

After that, more than 200 thousand French Protestants were emigrated from the country, despite the strict punishment for emigration. The outcome of tens of thousands of economically active citizens is another painful blow to France's power.

Unloved queen and meek chromium

At all times and the epoch, the personal life of the monarchs affected politics. Louis XIV in this sense is no exception. One day the monarch noticed: "I would be easier to reconcile the whole of Europe than a few women."

His official spouse in 1660 was a peer, Spanish infanta Mary Teresia, who had to Louis cousin and on his father and his mother.

The problem of this marriage, however, was not in close relatives of the spouses. Louis simply did not love Maria Teresia, but persogently agreed to marriage, which had important political importance. The spouse gave birth to the king of six children, but five of them died in childhood. Only the firstborn survived, as well as father, Louis and entered the name under the name of the Great Dofin.

Louis XIV Marriage was concluded in 1660.

For the sake of marriage, Louis broke a relationship with a woman who really loved - the nephew of Cardinal Mazarini. Perhaps parting with his beloved influenced the attitude of the king to the legitimate spouse. Maria Teresia has resigned with his fate. Unlike other French queens, she did not fly intrigue and did not climb into politics, playing a prescribed role. When in 1683 the Queen died, Louis Ogrenik: " This is the only concern in the life she caused me».

The lack of feelings in marriage king compensated for relationships with favorites. For nine years, Louis-Francoise de la Ben, Duchess de Lavalier, became the lady of Louis-Louis-Francoise de la Blanc. Louise was not distinguished by dazzling beauty, besides, due to the unsuccessful fall from the horse, a lame remained with a horse. But the meekness, friendly and sharp mind of chromons attracted the attention of the king.

Louise gave birth to Louis of four children, two of whom lived to mature age. The king cost Louise enough severely. Becoming to cool to her, he settled a rejected mistress next to the new favorite - Marquis Francoisese ATENASE DE MONTESAP. The herohyde de Lavalier was forced to carry the bullying of the rival. She endured with her inherent meekness, and in 1675 he had grown in the nun and lived in a monastery for many years, where she was called Louise Mercy.

In Mrs. to Montespan there was no shadow of the meekness of the predecessor. Representative of one of the most ancient noble childbirth France, Francoise did not just become the official favorite, but for 10 years turned into the "true Queen of France."

Marquis de Montiespan with four legalized children. 1677 year. Versailles Palace.

Francoise loved luxury and did not like to count money. It was Markiza de Montiespan who launched the board of Louis XIV from the deliberate building of the budget to rampant and unlimited spending. Capricious, envious, powerful and ambitious Francoise knew how to subordinate the king of his will. For her, new apartments were built in Versailles, she managed to arrange for significant state posts of all their close relatives.

Francoise de Montespan gave birth to Louis of seven children, four of whom lived to mature age. But the relationship between Francoise and the king was not so faithful as Louise. Louis allowed himself hobbies and besides the official favorite, which caused the rage from Mrs. de Montespan.

To preserve the king with you, she began to engage in black magic and even was involved in a loud business about poisoning. The king did not punish her death, but deprived her favorite status, which was much worse for it.

Like its predecessor, Louise Le Lavalier, Marquis de Montiespan replaced the royal chambers to the monastery.

Time for repentance

The new favorite of Louis became Marquis de Mrenthenon, the widow of the Skarron poet, who was the governess of the king of the king from Mrs. De Montsipan.

This favorite of the king was called the same as its predecessor, Francoise, however, women were distinguished from each other as the sky and the Earth. The king led with the Marquis de Mentenon long conversations about the meaning of life, about religion, about responsibility to God. The royal courtyard changed the brilliance on chastity and highly morality.

Madame de Mentenon.

After the death of the official wife, Louis XIV was combined with a secret marriage with Marquis de Mrenthenon. Now the kings did not occupy balls and festivities, but the Mass and reading of the Bible. The only entertainment that he allowed himself was hunting.

Marquis de Mentenon founded and led the first in Europe to the women's secular school, called the Royal House of St. Louis. School in Saint-Sira has become an example for many such institutions, including for the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg.

For strict temper and intolerance to secular entertainment, the Black Queen received a nickname. She survived Louis and after his death removed to Saint-Sir, having lived the rest of the days in a circle of his school pupils.

Illegitimate bourbones

Louis XIV recognized his extramarital children and from Louise de Lavalier, and from Francoise de Montespan. All of them received their father's surname - de Bourbon, and Dad tried to arrange their lives.

Louis, son from Louise, has already been produced in French admirals for two years, and Military campaign, together with his father, went to a military campaign. There at the age of 16, the young man and died.

Louis-Auguste, the Son from Francoise, received the title of Duke of Mensky, became a French commander and in this capacity took the Military Interesting of the Kiss of Peter I and the great-grandfather of Alexander Pushkin Abraha Petrovich Hannibal.

Great Downey Louis. The only surviving legitimate child of Louis XIV from Mary Teresia Spanish.

Francoise Maria, the youngest daughter of Louis, was issued married to Philip Orleans, becoming the Duchess of Orleans. Possessing the character of the mother, Francoise Maria with his head plunged into political intrigues. Her spouse became a French regent with a young king Louis XV, and the children of Francoise-Maria marriage were married with the siblings of other monarchs of Europe.

In a word, not many illegitimate children of the ruling people went to such fate, which fell to the share of sons and the daughters of Louis XIV.

"Did you think that I will live forever?"

Last years The life of the king was for him a serious test. A man who defended the monarch's glooming all his life and his right to the autocratic board, worried not only the crisis of his state. His close people left one after another, and it turned out that she simply had to transmit power.

On April 13, 1711, his son died, the Great Dowfin Louis. In February 1712, the eldest son of Dofene, Duke of Burgundy, passed away, and on March 8 of the same year and the eldest son of the last, the juvenile duke of Breton.

On March 4, 1714 fell from the horse and a few days later, the younger brother of the Duke of Burgundy, Duke Berrysky died. The only heir was the 4-year-old Grand King, the younger son of the Duke of Burgundy. If this kid died, the throne after the death of Louis would stay vacant.

This forced the king to enter the list of heirs even their illegal sons, which was thrust in the future internal intersuboil in France.

Louis XIV.

In his 76 years, Louis remained active, active and, as in his youth, regularly traveled to hunt. During one of these trips, the king fell and damaged his leg. Doctors found that injury provoked Gangren, and offered amputation. The Sun King refused: it is unacceptable for royal dignity. The disease has progressed rapidly, and soon agony began stretching for several days.

At the time of clarification of the consciousness, Louis looked at her last aphorism attending and greeting:

- Why do you cry? Did you think that I will live forever?

On September 1, 1715, at about 8 am, Louis Xiv died in his palace in Versailles, four days without surviving up to the 77th anniversary.