The influence of a man on the world around. Negative human impact on nature and the environment per person

Impact is the direct impact of man's economic activity on the environment. All types of exposure can be classified by four main types:

- deliberate;
- unintentional;
- straight;
- indirect (indirect).

The deliberate impact occurs in the process of material production in order to meet certain needs of society. These include: mining of minerals, construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation canals, hydroelectric power plants (hydropower plants)), cutting down forests for expanding agricultural areas and to obtain wood, etc.

An unintentional impact arises by side with the first type of impact, in particular, the extraction of minerals in the open way leads to a decrease in the level of groundwater, to the contamination of the air basin, to the formation of man-made relief shapes (careers, heat, tail-storage). The construction of hydropower plants is associated with the formation of artificial reservoirs that affect Wednesday: cause an increase in the level of groundwater, change the hydrological regime of rivers, etc. Upon receipt of energy from traditional sources (coal, oil, gas), there is pollution of the atmosphere, surface watercourses, groundwater, etc.

Both deliberate and unintentional impacts can be straight and indirect.

Direct influences are in the event of the direct influence of man's economic activity on Wednesday, in particular irrigation (irrigation) directly affect the soil and changes all the processes associated with it.

Indirect impacts occur indirectly through the chains of interrelated influences. Thus, deliberate indirect effects are the use of fertilizers and directly influence the yield of cultures, and unintentional - the effect of aerosols on the amount of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.

The impact of mining on the medium - diverse manifests itself in direct and indirect effects on natural landscapes. The greatest impairment of the earth's surface occur in the open method of developing minerals, which accounts for more than 75% of the volume of mining.

Currently total area Lands disturbed in mining (coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic raw materials, peat, etc.), as well as roads employed mining, exceeds 2 million hectares, of which 65% fall on the European part of the Russian Federation.

It is estimated that during the extraction of 1 million tons iron Ore Up to 640 hectares of land, manganese - up to 600 hectares, coal - up to 100 hectares. Mountain production contributes to the destruction of plant cover, the emergence of man-made relief forms (career, dumps, tailings, etc.), strain deformation earth crust (especially with an underground method of mining).

Indirect impacts are manifested in changing the groundwater regime, in the pollution of the air basin, surface watercourses and groundwater, and also contribute to flooding and wiping, which ultimately leads to an increase in the incidence of the local population. Among pollutants aerial Allocated, first of all, dustiness and gas supply. It is estimated that about 200 thousand tons of dust arrive from underground mountain buildings of mines and mines; coal mining in the amount of 2 billion tons per year approximately from 4000 mines in different countries The world is accompanied by the release of 27 billion m 3 of methane and 17 billion m 3 of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In our country, with the development of coal deposits, the underground method is also recorded by significant amounts of methane and CO 2 entering the air pool: annually in the Donbas (364 mines) and in Kuzbass (78 mines) is ejected by methane 3870 and 680 million m 3 and carbon dioxide - 1200 and 970 million m 3.

Mountain production negatively affects surface watercourses and groundwater, which are strongly contaminated with mechanical impurities and mineral salts. Every year about 2.5 billion m 3 contaminated shaft waters is pumped out of coal mines on the surface. With open mining works, high-quality freshwater reserves are depleted. For example, on the careers of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, infiltration from tailings prevents the reduction in the level of the upper waterline of the horizon by 50 m, which leads to an increase in the level of groundwater and the root of the adjacent territory.

Mountain production is negatively affected and on the subsoil of the Earth, as the waste of industrial production, radioactive waste, etc. in Sweden, Norway, England, Finland in Mountain Development are organized by storage facilities and gas, drinking water, underground refrigerators, etc.

In addition, a person began to provide a significant impact on the hydrosphere and the water balance of the planet. Anthropogenic conversion of the continents have already reached global scale, disturbing the natural regime of even the largest lakes and rivers globe. This was facilitated by: the construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation channels and water transfer systems), an increase in the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land, the flooding of arid territories, urbanization, freshwater pollution with industrial, municipal runoff. Currently, about 30 thousand reservoirs are built in the world, the volume of water has exceeded 6000 km 3. But 95% of this volume falls on large reservoirs. There are 2442 large reservoirs in the world, while their largest number falls on North America - 887 and Asia - 647. 237 large reservoirs were built on the territory of the former USSR.

In general, while the reservoir area in the world is only 0.3% of land, but at the same time they increase the river stock by 27%. However, large reservoirs have a negative environmental impact: changing groundwater regime, their water area occupy large areas of fertile lands, lead to secondary soil salinization.

In Russia, large reservoirs (90% of 237 in the former USSR), having a mirror area of \u200b\u200b15 million hectares, occupy about 1% of its territory, but from this value, 60-70% are flooded lands. Hydraulic structures lead to the degradation of river ecosystems. IN last years In our country, a scheme for improving the natural and technical condition and improvement of some large reservoirs and canals has been drawn up. This will reduce the degree of their adverse effects on the environment.

Impact on animal world - Animals together with plants play an exceptional role in migration chemical elementswhich underlies the interrelationships existing in nature; They are also important for human existence as a source of food and various resources. but economic activities The person has greatly influenced the animal world of the planet. According to the International Union of Nature Conservation, since 1600, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals were extinct on Earth. Animals such as Tarpan, Tour, Summer Wolf, European Ibis, etc. disappeared. Especially suffered by the fauna of the ocean islands. As a result of anthropogenic impact on the mainland, the number of disappearing and rare animal species (Bizon, Vicunya, Condor, etc.) has increased. In Asia, the number of such animals such as rhino, tiger, cheetah, etc. has declined threateningly.

In Russia K. at the beginning of XXI A century separate types of animals (bison, river beaver, sable, dying, kelan) have become rare, so reserves were organized for their protection and reproduction. This made it possible to restore the bison population, increase the number of the Amur Tiger, white bear.

However, in recent years, an excessive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, pollution of the oceans, and other anthropogenic factors adversely affect the animal world. Thus, in Sweden, the use of pesticides led to the death of first-all bird-predatory birds (sapsan, emptying, orlan-Belochvost, Filin, Eared Owl), the larks, rags, pheasants, partridges, etc. are killed in many Western European countries. A similar picture is died. Therefore, with an increasing anthropogenic load, many species of animals need further protection and reproduction.

Impact on the Earth Corre - a person began to interfere with the life of the earth's crust, being a powerful relief-forming factor. On the earth's surface there were technogenic form of relief: shafts, recesses, hillocks, careers, pitfalls, mounds, hotcase, etc. There are cases of burning earth crust under large cities and reservoirs, the latter in mountainous areas led to an increase in natural seismicity. Examples of such artificial earthquakes that were caused by filling with water of catlovin large reservoirs, are available in California, USA, on the Industan Peninsula. Such a type of earthquakes was well studied in Tajikistan on the example of the Nucker reservoir. Sometimes earthquakes can be called up or downloading wastewater with harmful impurities deep underground, as well as intensive oil and gas production at large deposits (USA, California, Mexico).

Mountain production has the greatest impact on the earth's surface and subsoil, especially with the open mining method. As noted above, while the method is withdrawn by significant land areas, environmental pollution by various toxicants (especially heavy metals) occurs. Local fuses of the earth's crust in the areas of coal mining are known in the Silesian district of Poland, in the UK, in the USA, Japan, and others. The man geochemically changes the composition of the earth's crust, mining in a huge amount of lead, chrome, manganese, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, etc.

Anthropogenic changes in the earth's surface are also associated with the construction of large hydrotechnical structures. For example, by 1988, more than 360 dams were constructed all over the world (150 - 300 m height), of which in our country 37. The total impact of the weight of the dam, as well as the leaching processes lead to a significant sediment of their bases to form cracks (at the bottom of the dam Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP marked cracks up to 20 m long). Most of the Perm region annually settles at 7 mm, as the bowl of the Kama reservoir with huge power puts on the earth's bark. The maximum values \u200b\u200band velocities of the surfactant drawdown caused by the filling of reservoirs are significantly less than in oil and gas production, large groundwater pumping.

Impact on climate - In some regions of the globe in recent years, these impacts have become critical and dangerous for the biosphere and for the existence of a person himself. Every year, as a result of man's economic activity, the receipt of pollutants into the atmosphere was: sulfur dioxide - 190 million tons, nitrogen oxides - 65 million tons, carbon oxides - 25.5 million tons, etc. Every year, when burning fuel, more than 700 million tons of dust and gaseous compounds are ejected. All this leads to an increase in concentration in atmospheric air anthropogenic pollutants: carbon monoxide and dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, freon, etc. They have a significant impact on the global climate, causing negative consequences: "Greenhouse Effect", exhaustion of the "ozone layer", acid rains, photochemical models, etc.

An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere led to global climate warming: the average air temperature rose by 0.5-0.6 0 s (compared to the pre-industrial period), and by the beginning of 2000 this increase will be 1.2 0 s and to 2025 can reach 2.2-2.5 0 C. For the Earth's biosphere, such a climate change may have both negative and positive environmental consequences.

To the first one can include: an increase in the level of the world's ocean (the current rate of water lifting is approximately 25 cm in 100 years) and its negative consequences; Violations of the stability of the "permafrost" (increase in soil flushing, the activation of thermal traffic), etc.

The positive factors include: an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis, which can have a beneficial effect on the yield of many crops, and in some regions - to the maintenance of forestry. In addition, such climate change can affect the river stock large riversSo, the water management in the regions. Paleogeographic approach (taking into account climates of the past) to this problem will help predict changes not only climates, but also other components of the biosphere in the future.

Impact on marine ecosystems - it is manifested in the annual admission to the water area of \u200b\u200bwater bodies of a huge amount of pollutants (oil and petroleum products, synthetic surfactants, sulfates, chlorides, heavy metals, radionuclides, etc.). All this is ultimately the degradation of marine ecosystems: Eutrophimation, a decrease in species diversity, replacing entire classes of bottom fauna for contamination-resistant, mutagenity of bottom sediments, etc. The results of the ecological monitor of the seas of Russia allowed us to rank the latter to the degree of degradation of ecosystems (in the order of decrease in changes ): Azov - Black - Caspian - Baltic - Japanese - Barents - Okhotsk - White - Laptev - Kara - East Siberian - Bering - Chukotka Sea. Obviously, the most vividly negative consequences of anthropogenic effects on marine ecosystems are manifested in the southern seas of Russia.

Thus, unidirectional human activity may entail colossal destruction in natural ecosystemWhat will entail in the future high costs for recovery.

Impact of human life activity on the environment

For the correct understanding of life safety issues
It is necessary to consider this problem in the Unified System "Man -
Production - Wednesday.

All biological systems can exist in the environment when
Conditions of biological equilibrium. Man as the only one
The biological system of nature is capable of interacting with nature
Adjust and control the metabolism and nature.

Humanity interacts with nature, is its component and
inseparable from nature. This interaction is expressed in the labor process,
Where a person makes his mind, science, art.

As a result of work, a person not only adapts to natural
Environment, but also trying to change it. The impact of a person on nature on
The dawn of human society was not very noticeable, because nature
Self-cleaning and resumed biological resources. Fast growth
population, stormy production, implementation of results
scientific and technical achievements, desire to get some kind of
Temporary benefits apply long-term damage by breaking stability,
To which nature seeks.

Modern industrial production pollutes nature not only
gaseous, liquid and solid waste, but also thermal emissions,
electromagnetic fields, light ultraviolet, infrared,
Ionizing radiation, radioactive substances, noise radiation and other physical factors. Such a short-sighted invasion of the natural environment violates its basic law of stable development and environmental equilibrium and puts humanity to the edge of the catastrophe.

Pollution natural environments can be natural and artificial.
Natural contamination is due to the influx of cosmic dust and
cosmic radiation (extraterrestrial pollution), eruption of volcanoes,
Weathered rocks, dust Buryami, forest fires, etc.
(Earth pollution). However, nature has amazing stability
and ability to self-cleaning from natural pollution.

Artificial pollution is the impact of a person in nature - very
Easy and in a short period of time leads to indigenous changes in
Natural balance environment. This danger is still complicated by the fact that man
Not enough about complex interactions in nature and
the consequences that may occur in the environment

habitat as a result
Unreasonable impact of man. Let's call several examples of global
Pollution.

Man as a result of his life is unreasonable spending and
destroys air oxygen (O2), applying itself and its generations to
death. Free oxygen, being mainly product
Life, self supports life on Earth.

effect of human activity on changing content
Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. In connection with the increase in the allocation of CO2
industry and reduction of CO2 consumption by living beings and
vegetation (due to a decrease in forest area, etc.) grows
CO2 content in the atmosphere, which leads to the "greenhouse effect."

Thus, global, ill-conceived destruction goes on two
The main directions:

Predatory destruction of flora and fauna accompanied by a sharp decline
CO2 consumption from the atmosphere and a decrease in O2 allocation into the atmosphere for
The account reduction in the process of photosynthesis;

Unwise to human activity led to what is sharply
CO2 emissions increased into the atmosphere.

It causes an increase in temperature, an increase in residual radiation,
Climate change, i.e. will cause undesirable consequences that
Today, humanity can not even fully appreciate.

Reset of polluted water leads to the depletion and disappearance of OZ,
contained in water and to the death of the animal and vegetable world (seas,
Sushi, etc.). According to Zh. Kusto in the last 20 years intensity of life
In all seas of the globe decreased by at least 30%.

Such unreasonable human activity leads to the fact that resources
Biospheres, nutrition resources will not increase, but shrink.

Currently, approximately 100mld. t. per year
rocks. However, utilized in the final product approximately
Only 1% of the weight used natural resources, i.e. 99% of natural
Resources go to waste and ruin nature. At the same time, waste volumes are growing in
10 times faster than the population increases. Now for each resident
The planets account for daily from 2 to 3 tons of solid waste. Waste
poison plants that harm animals, and this food gets
man.

General characteristics of pollution sources

1. Sources of the Pollution of the Atmosphere

Response Nature reactions

global warming, which is pushing a person to nature, also threatens the survival of penguins. Under the threat of disappearance there are four types of these birds, which are "Antarctica Symbols": Imperial Penguin (the largest penguin in the world), Penguin Papua, Penguin Adele and Antarctic Penguin.

Each person is obliged to know how people affect the activities of people on the world, and feel responsible for your actions and actions of others. Human activity every year becomes more aggressive and actively transforming (destroying) by force on our planet. At all times, a person felt himself the owner of everything around. The natural balance of rather fragile, so one incorrect decision and may be needed dozens of years to correct the fatal error. Industry develops, the population of the planet is growing, all this aggravates the state of the environment. In recent years, environmental policy has become more actively. But in order for it competently and correctly built, it is necessary to study in detail the problem of the impact of human activity on the environment in order not to eliminate the consequences of this activity, but to prevent them.

Solving environmental issues is perhaps the largest, large-scale and expensive program.

Types of human influences on nature

Impact is the direct influence of the economic activity of people on the environment.

Distinguish $ 4 $ influence:

unintentional;
intentional;
direct;
indirect (indirect).

Unintentional impact It is a side effect of deliberate impact.

Example 1.

For example, the extraction of minerals in the open way can be provoked to reduce the level of groundwater, air pollution, the formation of man-made relief forms (heat, career, tail-storage). And the construction of hydroelectric power plants leads to the formation of artificial reservoirs acting on Wednesday: increasing the level of groundwater changing the hydrological mode of rivers, etc. Getting energy from traditional sources (coal, gas, oil), a person pollutes the atmosphere, groundwater, surface watercourses, etc.

Persistent effect It is carried out during the material production, the purpose of which is to meet certain needs of society. These needs include:

construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, hydropower plants, irrigation channels);
mining mining;
forest cutting to expand areas suitable for farming, wood production, etc.

Both of the above-mentioned types of influences can be both direct and indirect.

Direct impact It is observed with the direct influence of man's economic activity on the environment, for example, irrigation directly effects the impact on the soil, which leads to a change in all processes associated with it.

Indirect impact It occurs indirectly through the relationship of influences. The use of fertilizers and direct influence on crop yields can be attributed to the deliberate indirect effects on the yield of cultures, and the influence of the aerosols used by the number of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.

Impact of mining production on Wednesday

Mountain production directly and indirectly affects natural landscapes. This impact is diverse. An open method of developing minerals to the greatest extent leads to impairment of the earth's surface.

The results of the impact of mountain production were:

the destruction of plant covers;
the emergence of man-made form of relief (dumps, careers, tailing storage facilities, etc.);
the deformation of the plots of the earth's crust (most with an underground method of mining).

Indirect influences include:

change in groundwater modes;
pollution of surface watercourses and groundwater, air pool;
podpopling and fearing, which results in an increase in the incidence of the local population.

Note 1.

The most common factors of air pollution are gas and dustiness. Mountain production strongly pollutes mineral salts and mechanical impurities underground water and surface watercourses. With open mining work, the reserves of high-quality freshwater reserves.

Negative is the impact of mining and at the bowels of the earth, since they place the burial of waste industrial production and radioactive waste, etc.

Impact on the hydrosphere

A person significantly affects the water balance of the planet and the hydrosphere. Anthropogenic conversion of continents take a global scale, while disturbing the natural regime of the largest rivers and lakes of the planet. It was provoked:

construction of hydraulic structures (irrigation canals, reservoirs and water transfer systems);
an increase in the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land;
watering of arid territories;
urbanization;
freshwater pollution by communal and industrial runoff.

Currently, there are about 30 thousand reservoirs in the world, which exceeds 6000 km3. Large reservoirs negatively affect the environment:

their water areas occupy large areas of fertile lands;
lead to secondary soil salinity;
they change groundwater mode.

Hydraulic structures contribute to the degradation of river ecosystems. IN lately In our country, there are schemes for improving the natural and technical condition and improvement of some large channels and reservoirs. What can lead to a decrease in the degree of their adverse environmental impact.

Exposure to the animal world

Along with the plants of animals, an exceptional role is given in migration of chemical elements, which is based on the existing relationships. In addition, they play a large role for human existence, since they are a source of food and various resources. The animal world of our planet is very influenced by the economic activity of people. According to the International Union of Nature Protection, since $ 1,600 $, our planet extinct 63 species of mammals and 94 species of birds. The result of anthropogenic impact on the continent was an increase in the number of disappearing and rare animal species.

In Russia, by the beginning of the current century, individual types of animals (river beaver, burglar, sable, Kulana, dying) became rare, reserves began to organize their protection and reproduction, which led to the restoration of the bison population, an increase in the numbers of the White Bear, the Amur Tiger.

However, recently, an excessive use in agriculture of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, pollution of the oceans and other anthropogenic factors has adversely affect the animal world.

Impact on Earth Craer

Note 2.

Under the intervention of a person in the life of the earth's crust on the surface of the Earth, man-made relief forms began to occur: shafts, hillocks, removing, pitfalls, careers, mounds, etc. began to celebrate cases of emergency crust under reservoirs and major cities, an increase in natural seismicity was observed in mountainous regions . The greatest impact on the subsoil of the Earth and on its surface is provided by mining, especially the extraction of minerals in the open way. Cases of local burning of the earth's crust in the areas of coal mining were celebrated in the UK, the Silesian district of Poland, in Japan, the USA, and others. Man, mining minerals from the depths of the Earth, geochemically modifies the composition of the earth's crust.

Anthropogenic changes in the earth's surface can be caused by the construction of large hydrotechnical structures. The maximum values \u200b\u200band velocities of the surfactant drawdown caused by the filling of reservoirs are significantly less than in the extraction of gas and oil, large soak of groundwater. Thus, only detailed studies of the relationships of anthropogenic and natural relief processes will help to eliminate the undesirable consequences of the impact of human economic activity on the earth's surface.

Impact on climate

The impact of this type in some regions of our planet has been critical and dangerous in recent years, both for the biosphere and for the existence of the person himself. Annually increases the concentration in the atmospheric air of anthropogenic pollutants: dioxide and carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, sulfur dioxide, freon, ozone, etc., which significantly affect the global climate, causing, depletion of the ozone layer, "greenhouse effect", photochemical Acid rain, etc.

An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to global climate warming. For the Biosphere of the Planet Such a climate change may have both negative and positive environmental consequences. Negative refers to the increase in the level of the oceans and its negative consequences, violation of the stability of permafrost, etc. to positive: an increase in photosynthesis intensity, which can have a beneficial effect on the yield of many crops. In addition, similar climate change affect the river flow of large rivers, and therefore on water management in the regions.

Impact on marine ecosystems

Annually enters the water area of \u200b\u200bwater bodies a huge amount of pollutants, which leads to the degradation of marine ecosystems: Eutrophirovania, a decrease in species diversity, replacing whole classes of bottom fauna for resistant pollution, etc. environmental problems Seas within special Program Complex environmental monitoring of the ocean is already conducted by broad research to predict the state of the natural environment in the southern seas basins.

Each person is obliged to know how the activities of people are affected by the world and feel responsible for their actions and the actions of others. Human activity every year becomes more aggressive and actively transforming (destroying) by force on our planet. At all times, a person felt himself the owner of everything around. The natural balance of rather fragile, so one incorrect decision and may be needed dozens of years to correct the fatal error. Industry develops, the population of the planet is growing, all this aggravates the state of the environment. In recent years, environmental policy has become more actively. But in order for it competently and correctly built, it is necessary to study in detail the problem of the impact of human activity on the environment in order not to eliminate the consequences of this activity, but to prevent them.

Solving environmental issues is perhaps the largest, large-scale and expensive program.

Types of human influences on nature

Impact is the direct influence of the economic activity of people on the environment.

Distinguish $ 4 $ influence:

unintentional;
intentional;
direct;
indirect (indirect).

Unintentional impact It is a side effect of deliberate impact.

Example 1.

Persistent effect It is carried out during the material production, the purpose of which is to meet certain needs of society. These needs include:

construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, hydropower plants, irrigation channels);
mining mining;
forest cutting to expand areas suitable for farming, wood production, etc.

Both of the above-mentioned types of influences can be both direct and indirect.

Impact of mining production on Wednesday

The results of the impact of mountain production were:

the destruction of plant covers;
the emergence of man-made form of relief (dumps, careers, tailing storage facilities, etc.);
the deformation of the plots of the earth's crust (most with an underground method of mining).

Indirect influences include:

change in groundwater modes;
pollution of surface watercourses and groundwater, air pool;
podpopling and fearing, which results in an increase in the incidence of the local population.

Note 1.

Negative is the impact of mining and at the bowels of the earth, since they place the burial of waste industrial production and radioactive waste, etc.

Impact on the hydrosphere

construction of hydraulic structures (irrigation canals, reservoirs and water transfer systems);
an increase in the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land;
watering of arid territories;
urbanization;
freshwater pollution by communal and industrial runoff.

Currently, there are about 30 thousand reservoirs in the world, which exceeds 6000 km3. Large reservoirs negatively affect the environment:

their water areas occupy large areas of fertile lands;
lead to secondary soil salinity;
they change groundwater mode.

Hydraulic structures contribute to the degradation of river ecosystems. Recently, in our country, the schemes of improving the natural and technical condition and improvement of some large channels and reservoirs are developed. What can lead to a decrease in the degree of their adverse environmental impact.

Exposure to the animal world

However, recently, an excessive use in agriculture of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, pollution of the oceans and other anthropogenic factors has adversely affect the animal world.

Impact on Earth Craer

Note 2.

Impact on climate

Impact on marine ecosystems

Annually enters the water area of \u200b\u200bwater bodies a huge number of pollutants, which leads to the degradation of marine ecosystems: Eutrophirovania, a decrease in species diversity, replacing the whole classes of bottom fauna for pollution, etc. Extensive studies in order to predict the state of the natural environment in the basins of the Southern Seas.

Introduction

Each of us, each of those who consider themselves a particle of world humanity, is obliged to know which human activity on the world around us and feel the share of responsibility for certain actions. It is a person who is the cause of her own concerns about nature, like a house, giving food, heat and other conditions for his normal life. Human activity is very aggressive and actively destroying (transforming) by force on our planet. From the very beginning of his development, he felt the owner of all that surrounds him. But, as the proverb says: "Do not Rubi bitch, on which you sit." One incorrect decision and may need dozens, or even hundreds of years to correct the fatal error. Natural balance is very fragile. If you seriously think about your activity, then this activity will certainly begin to choke humanity itself. This suffocity has already begun to some extent and if it is not stopped, it will instantly begin to develop with incredibly fast speed.

However, the first steps are already made to meet nature, nature begin to respect, care for her and maintain elementary order in it. Although all new and new pollution comes, a huge number is eliminated, but it is not enough. Pollution must not be eliminated, but to prevent.

It is necessary to the World Association, the long, coordinated and targeted activity of the driving and producing forces of the planet.

But, initially, in order to fight against the influence of a person on the environment, it is necessary to find out the influence of human activity into separate sections of nature. This knowledge allows mankind more deeper to study the problem, find out what reasons were the violation of the natural balance and the deterioration of the ecological state. Also, a deep study of the sections of nature makes it possible to develop optimal plans to correct the position on the globe for shorter times.

By solving the problem of the environment - if we take into account the costs of research, the creation of new technologies, the re-equipment of production and restoration, at least partial, destroyed natural systems - grow in hardly the largest, large-scale and expensive program.

purpose :

1. To explore the impact of a person on the environment.

2. To study the effects of human impact on the environment.

3. Remove the mistakes of mankind to take into account them in the future life.

Tasks :

1. Show a real threat to human impact on the environment.

2. Create bright examples of human influence on the environment.

Human impact

Impact - Direct influence of man's economic activity on the environment. All types of exposure can be combined in 4 type: intentional, unintentional, direct and indirect (indirect).

The deliberate impact occurs in the process of material production in order to meet certain needs of society. These include: mining minerals, construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation channels, hydropower plants), cutting down forests for expanding agricultural areas and to obtain wood, etc.

Both deliberate and unintentional impacts can be straight and indirect.

Impact of mining On Wednesday - diverse manifests itself in direct and indirect effects on natural landscapes. The greatest impairment of the earth's surface occur in the open method of developing minerals, which accounts for more than 75% of the volume of mining.

Currently, the total area of \u200b\u200bland disturbed by mining (coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic raw materials, peat, etc.), as well as employed mining production, exceeded 2 million hectares, of which 65% fall on the European part of the country . Only in Kuzbass coal careers are now employed by more than 30 thousand hectares of land, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kursk magnetic anomaly (CMA) - no more than 25 thousand hectares of fertile lands.

It is estimated that during the extraction of 1 million tons of iron ore is disturbed up to 640 hectares of land, manganese - up to 600 hectares, coal - up to 100 hectares. Mountain production contributes to the destruction of vegetation cover, the emergence of man-made relief forms (career, dumps, tailings, etc.), deformation of the plots of the earth's crust (especially under the underground method of mining).

Indirect impacts are manifested in changing the groundwater regime, in the pollution of the air basin, surface watercourses and groundwater, and also contribute to flooding and wiping, which ultimately leads to an increase in the incidence of the local population. Among the pollutants of the air media, primarily dustiness and gas supply. It is estimated that about 200 thousand tons of dust arrive from underground mountain buildings of mines and mines; Coal mining in the amount of 2 billion tons per year about 4,000 mines in different countries of the world is accompanied by the release of 27 billion m 3 of methane and 17 billion m 3 carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In our country, with the development of coal deposits, the underground method is also fixed by significant amounts of methane and CO 2 entering the air pool: every year in the Donbas (364 mines) and in Kuzbass (78 mines), respectively, methane 3870 and 680 million m 3 and carbon dioxide - 1200 and 970 million m 3.

Mountain production negatively affects surface watercourses and groundwater, which are strongly contaminated with mechanical impurities and mineral salts. Every year about 2.5 billion m 3 of contaminated shaft waters is pumped out of coal mines on the surface. With open mining works, high-quality freshwater reserves are depleted. On the careers of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, the infiltration from the tailings prevents the reduction in the level of the upper waterline of the horizon by 50 m, which leads to an increase in the level of groundwater and the root of the adjacent territory.

Mountain production is negatively affected, as industrial production waste is buried in them, radioactive waste (in the USA - 246 polygons of underground burial), etc. In Sweden, Norway, England, Finland in mining workings are organized by storage facilities and gas, drinking Water, underground refrigerators, etc.

Impact on the hydrosphere - The person began to have a significant impact on the hydrosphere and the water balance of the planet. Anthropogenic conversion of the continents has already reached global scales, disturbing the natural regime of even the largest lakes and rivers of the globe. This was facilitated by: the construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation channels and water transfer systems), an increase in the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land, the flooding of arid territories, urbanization, freshwater pollution with industrial, municipal runoff. Currently, about 30 thousand reservoirs are built in the world, the volume of water has exceeded 6000 km 3. But 95% of this volume falls on large reservoirs. There are 2442 large reservoirs in the world, while their largest number falls on North America - 887 and Asia - 647. 237 large reservoirs were built on the territory of the former USSR.

In Russia, large reservoirs (90% of 237 in b. USSR), having a mirror area of \u200b\u200b15 million hectares, occupy about 1% of its territory, but from this value of 60 -70% make up flooded lands. Hydraulic structures lead to the degradation of river ecosystems. In recent years, in our country, a scheme for improving the natural and technical condition and improvement of some large reservoirs and channels has been drawn up. This will reduce the degree of their adverse effects on the environment.

Exposure to the animal world - animals together with plants play an exceptional role in migration of chemical elements, which underlies existing relationships in nature; They are also important for human existence as a source of food and various resources. However, the economic activity of a person greatly influenced the animal world of the planet. According to the International Union of Nature Conservation, since 1600, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals were extinct on Earth. Animals such as Tarpan, Tour, Summer Wolf, European Ibis, etc. disappeared. Especially suffered by the fauna of the ocean islands. As a result of anthropogenic impact on the mainland, the number of disappearing and rare animal species (Bizon, Vicunya, Condor, etc.) has increased. In Asia, the number of such animals such as rhino, tiger, cheetah, etc. has declined threateningly.