The third element in the zemstvo. The role of the "third element" in the zemstvo self-government of Russia

"THIRD ELEMENT"

the conventional name in Russia of the raznochinny intelligentsia who served for hire in zemstvo institutions (agronomists, statisticians, technicians, doctors, veterinarians, teachers, insurance agents, etc.). The expression "T. e.", In contrast to the "first" (government. And administrative) and "second" (zemstvo elective), came into use in the 900s. As the zemstvos developed, the role of hired specialists grew more and more. In the 90s. 19th century in 34 lips. In Russia, there were 65-70 thousand zemstvo employees, for one elective there were up to 50 hired workers. Gradually "T. e." acquired a leading role in the work of the zemstvo. On the initiative of representatives of "T. e." conferences and congresses of zemstvo officials were convened. In 1896, All-Russian events took place. s.-kh. congress, congress on technical. education, Pirogov congress of doctors. Among the "T. e." there were prominent scientists and societies. figures: N. F. Annensky, B. B. Veselovsky and others. Thanks to "T. e." cultural and household. zemstvo activity became widespread, especially in the field of medicine, sanitation and school affairs. Strengthening the role of "T. e." met with opposition from the tsarist administration and the conservative noble Zemstvo. Active figures of "T. e." fired, exiled. This strengthened the opposition "T. e." to autocracy. As part of "T. e." there were many bourges. there were liberals, populists, and there were Social-Democrats who used their service in the zemstvo to fight the autocracy.

Lit .: Lenin V.I., Full. collection cit., v. 5, p. 327-35 (v. 5, p. 258-65); Veselovsky B. B., History of the zemstvo for 40 years, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1911; Kornilov E.G., Zemskaya democratic. intelligentsia and its participation in the revolution. movement of the 70s of the XIX century, in the book: Voronezh State. un-t. Sat. scientific. works, in. 6, Voronezh, 1972.

V. V. Garmiza. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia... - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

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In Russia, the conventional name of the democratic intelligentsia who served in the zemstvo for hire (doctors, teachers, statisticians, etc.), in contrast to the administration (1st element) and zemstvo vowels (2nd element) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

The conditional name of persons who served in the zemstvo for hire (doctors, teachers, statisticians, etc.), in contrast to the administration (1st element) and zemstvo vowels (2nd element). Source: Encyclopedia Fatherland ... Russian history

- "THIRD ELEMENT", in Russia the conventional name of the democratic intelligentsia who served in the zemstvo for hire (doctors, teachers, statisticians, etc.), in contrast to the administration ("1st element") and zemstvo vowels ("2nd element") ... encyclopedic Dictionary

In Russia, the conventional name of the democratic intelligentsia, who served in the zemstvo for hire (doctors, teachers, statisticians, etc.), in contrast to the administration ("1st element") and zemstvo vowels ("2nd element"). Political Science: Dictionary Handbook. comp ... Political science. Vocabulary.

- ("Third Element") the conventional name of the raznochinny intelligentsia who served for hire in zemstvo institutions (agronomists, statisticians, technicians, doctors, veterinarians, teachers, insurance agents, etc.). The term "T. BC ", in contrast to the" first element "... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

MYTH- (Greek word, speech, legend) the language of description, which, due to its primordial symbolism, turned out to be convenient for expressing eternal models of personal and social behavior, some essential laws of the social and natural cosmos. M. is ... ... Modern philosophical dictionary

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. This article is mainly devoted to the elements ... Wikipedia

element- a, m. élément m., German. Element lat. elementum is the element, the original substance. 1. The ancient Greek materialist philosophers have one of the constituent parts of nature (fire, water, air, earth) that underlie all things, phenomena; element. BAS 1. ... ... Historical Dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

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The role of the "third element" in the regional self-government of Russia.

Key words: zemstvo officials, zemstvo, zemstvo reform, intelligentsia, "third element"

Resume: The article is devoted to the formation of a social stratum, called the "third zemstvo element" in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century, and also touches upon the aspect of the "special" position and role of the zemstvo intelligentsia in the state in this historical period. It was concluded that the “third element” predetermined the fate of the Russian zemstvo and played an important role in the development of such spheres as statistics, education and health care.

Keywords: zemski state workers, zemstvo, zemskaya reform, intelligentsia, "tretiy element"

The article covers the forming of the social level, received the name “tretiy element” in the second part of the XIXth-in the beginning of the XXd, as well as the aspect of the “special” status and the part of zemskoi intelligentsii is touched upon in the state at this historical period. The conclusion was made that “tretii element” predetermined the destiny of the Russian zemstvo and played a very important role in the development of such fields as statistics, education and health care.

“There are two ruling“ classes ”in Russia: 1) Administration and 2) Representatives of estates. The third element in estate monarchy There is no place. And if the recalcitrant economic development increasingly undermines the class foundations by the very growth of capitalism and causes the need for "intellectuals", whose number is increasing, then inevitably one must expect that the third element will try to expand the narrow framework for it "1, Lenin pointed out in the magazine "Zarya" in 1901. At the same time, B.B. Veselovsky, the greatest expert on zemstvo history, gave the following assessment to this social stratum: “Zemstvo employees were not only mercenaries, but also participants in the common zemstvo business. They associated their cultural and partly political aspirations with it, for them it was more than a field for "service" - they strove to work, not "serve" 2.

The appearance of zemstvo officials dates back to the creation of zemstvos. In the "Regulations on zemstvo institutions" 1864. it says: "For the performance of such duties on the affairs of the zemstvos, which by their nature require special knowledge and training, zemstvo councils can invite outsiders." In 1899-1900. Samara vice-governor Kondoidi at the opening of the session of the provincial zemstvo assembly of persons who do not belong either to the administration or to the representatives of the estates, he called "the third element." This term, quickly spreading, received all the rights of citizenship.

The analysis of this society is important both in terms of a certain summing up of the results of Russia's modernization, and in terms of conceptual understanding of the role played by the socio-political and cultural activities zemstvo officials, who for the first time worked in an organized manner in the Russian countryside and went down in history under the name of the "third element" 3.

Among the authors of works devoted to the history of the zemstvo intelligentsia, one should name the pre-revolutionary researchers BB Veselovsky, NI Iordansky, FA Danilov, AN Potresov; Soviet historians N.M. Pirumov, V.R. Leikina-Svirskaya, E.G. Kornilova, A.V. Ushakova, G.A.Gerasimenko, V.A.Gornova, E.N. Morozov, T.A. Veprentsev and, of course, representatives of modern Russian historiography L. A. Zhukov, A. G. Vazhenin, P. V. Galkin, L. E. Laptev, V. G. Badanov.

The range of sources containing certain data on the creation of the zemstvo intelligentsia, its professional activities, is extremely diverse. Regulations on zemstvo institutions, decrees, legalizations, orders directly related to the appearance of zemstvo employees as a certain category of persons associated with "local benefits and needs", as well as with the formation of the activities of individual professional associations (doctors, teachers, statisticians). This also includes the orders of the government, relating not only to the zemstvo employees, but also exciting the scope of their activities.

The development and growth of the zemstvo clerical intelligentsia, according to NI Iordansky, was "a natural product of the entire development of the Russian zemstvo, an inevitable consequence of the growing importance of the middle classes and a necessary vital correction of the errors of the formal legal zemstvo organization" 4.

The appearance of zemstvo officials, as they are also called zemstvo intelligentsia, was one of the results of the implementation of the zemstvo reform of 1864. In Soviet times, the term "intelligentsia" underwent a radical semantic transformation. The starting point for historians was Lenin's definition, according to which the intelligentsia is a social stratum of people engaged in mental labor. We cannot but agree with EV Chernysheva that as a result of such a professional approach, the concepts of a zemstvo employee, zemstvo intelligentsia, “third element” have become identical 5.

You can give the following definition of the zemstvo intelligentsia - it is a layer of qualified specialists who are in the service of zemstvo institutions. Their number constantly increased and over time reached an impressive size, far exceeding the number of elective zemstvo vowels 6. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defines the “third element” as “the conventional name of the various intelligentsia who served for hire in zemstvo institutions (agronomists, statisticians, technicians, doctors, veterinarians, teachers, insurance agents, etc.). The term "third element", in contrast to the "first element" (governmental and administrative) and "second" (zemstvo elective), came into use in the 1900s. The "third element" included many bourgeois liberals, populists, and there were also social democrats 7.

From the end of the 19th century, namely from the 80s, the "third element" began to organize itself, to gather its forces in order to openly come out with a claim to closer participation in the direction of the zemstvo affairs in the 90s. With the complication of zemstvo life, especially since the mid-90s, the influence of civilian specialists became more and more, and A.I. Novikov quite rightly notes that at present "the center of gravity of the zemstvo organization lies not in elected people, but in" third element "

Until the 90s, the provincial zemstvo economy was extremely poorly developed, the administration of most of the counties was also not distinguished by significant complexity, and the elected officials of the councils ("the second element") had the opportunity to stand closer to everyday work. But in the 90s, with the increase in estimates, with the development of credit and other operations, a completely different picture is observed. The number of the elected element of the administration for 1886-1903. almost did not increase, the army of hired employees more than doubled, and by 1908. it reached 65-70 thousand people 8.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a general rise in mood. As a result of the aggravation of the agricultural crisis and the pursuit of the government's policy in favor of industrialists, opposition ferment intensified in the advanced strata of landowners' circles and revived, although for the first time only to a weak extent, political aspirations. These aspirations acquired a real character only under two conditions: firstly, it would be necessary to build them on a socio-economic basis - on the basis of protection, to one degree or another, of the cultural and material needs of the mass of the peasantry, and secondly, it should be done this way or differently to approach these masses and secure their sympathy in the struggle that was to be waged with the "bureaucracy" 9. On both sides, the "third element" was the mediator.

“The lack of interests of the zemstvo clerical intelligentsia as a whole, contrary to the needs of the working classes,” writes Mr. Bilevsky, “allowed it to be, in a semi-literal, often selfishly and always timidly disposed Zemstvo, the defender of the interests of the lower, underrepresented classes of the people, the defender of the rights of the individual and amateur performances "10. Thus, representatives of the zemstvo intelligentsia occupied a "special" position in the zemstvo. This is observed both in material terms (social benefits established in many zemstvos for zemstvo employees: free housing, the opportunity to undergo advanced training, to educate their children at the expense of the zemstvo, etc.), and ideologically. The "third element" is distinguished by its special worldview and active social position. And the existence of a concept according to which the zemstvo intelligentsia represented a special social community, although it was part of the Russian intelligentsia, but which, due to the specifics of its professional activity and social status, had unique features, is absolutely fair.

Working closely with the advanced strata of the "second element", the representatives of the "third element" democratized all zemstvo work, leading the zemstvo themselves in the same direction.

Among the "second element" in the 90s, representatives of the intelligentsia - professors, scientists, doctors, engineers - are increasingly common. It must be admitted that ideologically and even personally, the line between the "second" and "third" elements in the 90s was largely violated 12.

The concentration of the forces of zemstvo doctors and statisticians dates back to the 80s. During the period of strengthening of the zemstvo reaction, when medical councils were liquidated and statisticians were persecuted, centers for the association of zemstvo workers emerged almost simultaneously: the Pirogov Society and the statistical department under the Moscow Legal Society.

The desire of the zemstvo civil servants of the intelligentsia (doctors, statisticians) to unite is one of the characteristic features of the 1980s. It was at this time that the element began to take shape, which later acquired the name of the "third" and stood out brightly in the zemstvo field; in the 80s he was still rallying, gathering his forces. By the 1980s, zemstvo officials had grown considerably in number; the very mechanism of zemstvo work became more and more complicated, thereby strengthening the role of the labor force - the “third element”. Finally, we can conclude that the cadre of zemstvo employees began to fill more and more with ideological people who went to the zemstvo not only for "service", but also for cultural work in the broad sense of the word.

Gradually, the zemstvo interests captured an increasing circle of non-census intelligentsia, including the student youth, who set themselves the task of joining the zemstvo, for cultural work.

In the 90s, the "third element" significantly strengthened its position, strengthened itself in various (sanitary, statistical, etc.) bureaus, in medical councils, in school commissions; at the same time, the number of regularly convened congresses is growing, and since the end of the 1990s, teachers' courses have been organized in a number of provinces. The "third element" more and more united, at the same time becoming closer to the guiding work of the zemstvo.

Of course, by no means in all zemstvos the "third element" received adequate participation in organizing zemstvo affairs; even more, there are a number of zemstvos in which this element was almost absent.

In the 90s, the “third element” appeared on the open stage. His activity is the one that rejected the resultant of the zemstvo-cultural and political life towards democracy; in view of this, the attacks on the zemstvo clerical intelligentsia, which intensified in the 90s by reactionary circles, become quite understandable.

K. Golovin, who had a very negative attitude to the zemstvo officials, noted that the center of the political actions of the "third element" was mainly the provincial cities, where "the majority of the zemstvo undertakings were concentrated: pedagogical seminaries, from which national teachers and teachers came out; statistical bureaus, which were soon joined by agricultural and zemstvo technicians; all kinds of hospitals around which the medical personnel were grouped 13.

The vanguard of the zemstvo intelligentsia were statisticians. The tremendous work carried out by zemstvo statisticians on a detailed study of the life of the Russian countryside has left a deep imprint on science. Statisticians went to the vanguard of the "third element" and they played a prominent role in the development of the zemstvo movement.

A.I. In the early 90s, Chuprov noted that "the study of a significant part of Russia, carried out on the initiative of zemstvo institutions, is perhaps the most important thing that has been done in our country for the understanding of the country and the people." The zemstvo statisticians, who carried out this work, which was most important for both the economic and political history of the country, were a prominent and typical group of the zemstvo intelligentsia.

Along with statisticians, two other large groups of the zemstvo intelligentsia worked in the zemstvo: medical personnel and teachers.

Since the beginning of the 90s, the activity of the zemstvos in public education has become one of the main directions of revitalizing zemstvo activity in general. This revival was associated with the activities of the literacy committees and with the general cultural movement, which embraced wide circles of the intelligentsia and especially students. Almost everywhere in the mid-90s, the raising of the question by the zemstvo assemblies on universal primary education, the discussion in a number of zemstvos of issues of out-of-school education and book trade contributed to the growth of the cadre of teachers and expanded the scope of their activities.

From 1897 to 1901, 34 teachers' seminars were opened in zemstvo provinces. County teachers' congresses, banned in 1885, were again permitted in 1889. And although the conditions for their holding were strictly regulated, they were able to become a meeting place for rural intelligentsia. Zemstvo teachers carried out the most active social work in provincial zemstvos, where they, participating in school bureaus and commissions, prepared materials for reports at zemstvo meetings on universal education, on the school network, on school buildings, on libraries, on raising the level of teacher staff, on his material and legal status.

“The proclamation of complete free school education, bringing schools closer to the population, improving the position of the teaching staff, the need for a broad organization of out-of-school education — all this,” wrote LD Bryukhatov, “… there are undoubtedly cases of the“ third element ”.

Out-of-school education: public reading rooms, libraries, the sale or free distribution of publications of the literacy committee were also the most important sphere of activity, mainly for teachers of zemstvo schools 14.

As literacy committees united teachers, so Pirogov society became the center of public and professional organization of zemstvo doctors. "The Moscow-Petersburg Society of Physicians in Memory of N.I. Pirogov" was founded in 1885, but zemstvo doctors took a dominant position in it only in the early 90s of the 19th century 15.

("The third element")

the conventional name of the raznochinny intelligentsia who served for hire in zemstvo institutions (agronomists, statisticians, technicians, doctors, veterinarians, teachers, insurance agents, etc.). The term "T. e. ", in contrast to the" first element "(government and administrative) and" second "(zemstvo elective), came into use in the 1900s. In 34 provinces of Russia there were at the end of the 19th century. 65-70 thousand zemstvo employees. As part of "T. e. " there were many bourgeois liberals, populists, and there were also social democrats. Thanks to “T. e. " the cultural and economic activities of the zemstvo (see Zemstvo) became widespread, especially in the field of medicine, sanitation and school affairs. Strengthening the role of “T. e. " met with opposition from the tsarist administration and the conservative noble Zemstvo.

- in Russia, the conventional name of the democratic intelligentsia, who served in the zemstvo for hire, in contrast to the administration and zemstvo vowels ...
Political science. Vocabulary.
- "", the conventional name of persons who served in the zemstvo for hire, in contrast to the administration and zemstvo vowels ...
Russian encyclopedia
- see Ventricular tone ...
Comprehensive Medical Dictionary
- the conventional name of the raznochinny intelligentsia, who served for hire in zemstvo institutions ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- "" - in Russia the conventional name of the democratic intelligentsia, who served in the zemstvo for hire, in contrast to the administration and zemstvo vowels ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
- third adj., ex. often 1. The third is called any significant, foreseeable period of time, which in the account goes, follows the second and before the fourth. Third lesson. | Third week ...
Dictionary Dmitrieva
- tr "...
Russian spelling dictionary
- third / third, third / third, third, number ...
orthographic dictionary Russian language
- and · old. third, 1. next to second. The third hour, between two and three o'clock. At the beginning, at the end of the third. Two dogs are squabbling, and the third one does not poke his nose. They forgive twice, and punish for the third ...
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- THIRD, -th, -th. 1. see three. 2. Not interested in the conflict between the parties, impartial. The third side. I am the third person here. 3. third, th. Obtained by dividing by three, one third. The third part...
Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- THIRD, third, third. 1.num. order. by three. Third year. Third day of the month. Third hour. At the third hour. The third chapter of the book. The third time. Third party. 2 ...
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary
- third I m. The one who in any set follows the second. II m. One who is not interested in anything that concerns two sides, and therefore impartial. III m. Mediator, witness ...
Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary
- third th, th, ukr. third, blr. tretsi, Old Russian third, Art. - Slav. third τρίτος, bulg. treti, Serbo-Croatian. treȋ, Slovenian. trẹ́tji, Czech. třetí, slvc. tretí, Polish ...
Vasmer's etymological dictionary
- Society. The same root as lat. tertius, Greek. tritos, tochar ...
Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
- Every yard is a thief. See FALSE -...
IN AND. Dahl. Russian proverbs

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Full composition of writings. Volume 5. May-December 1901 Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

III. Third element

The expression "third element" or "third parties" was put into play, if we are not mistaken, by the Samara vice-governor, Mr. Kondoidi, in his speech at the opening of the Samara provincial zemstvo assembly in 1900, to denote persons who "do not belong to administration, nor to the number of representatives of the estates. " The growth in the number and influence of such persons serving in the zemstvo as doctors, technicians, statisticians, agronomists, teachers, etc., has long attracted the attention of our reactionaries, who also called these hated "third parties" "zemstvo bureaucracy."

In general, it must be said that our reactionaries — including, of course, the entire higher bureaucracy — display a good political instinct. They are so sophisticated in terms of all kinds of experience in the struggle against the opposition, with popular "riots", with sectarians, with uprisings, with revolutionaries that they keep themselves constantly "on the alert" and understand much better than any naive simpletons and "honest nags" they understand the intransigence of the autocracy with whatever independence, honesty, independence of conviction, the pride of real knowledge. Having perfectly absorbed the spirit of servility and papery attitude to business that reigns in the entire hierarchy of Russian officials, they are suspicious of everyone who does not look like Gogol's Akaki Akakievich (113) or, using a more modern comparison, a man in a case (114 ).

And in fact: if people performing certain public functions, will be valued not for their official position, but for their knowledge and merits, - then does this not logically inevitably lead to freedom of public opinion and public control, discussing this knowledge and these merits? Doesn't this fundamentally undermine those privileges of estates and ranks, which alone hold on to autocratic Russia? Listen to what the same Mr. Kondoidi motivated his dissatisfaction with:

“It happens,” he says, “that representatives of estates, without sufficiently verified reasons, heed the words of the intelligentsia, even if they were no more than civil servants in the council, only as a result of references to science or to the teachings of newspaper and magazine writers.” How does it feel? Simple "civil servants", but they undertake to teach "representatives of the estates"! By the way: the zemstvo vowels, about which the vice-governor speaks, are in fact members of the institution of the non-divine; but since in our country everything and everyone is saturated with estates, since the zemstvos, according to the new position, have lost a huge share of all their non-estates, then for brevity we can really say that in Russia there are two ruling "classes": 1. administration and 2. representatives estates. There is no place for the third element in the estate monarchy. And if the rebellious economic development more and more undermines the class foundations by the very growth of capitalism and arouses the need for "intellectuals", whose number is increasing, then inevitably one should expect that the third element will try to expand the narrow framework for it.

"The dreams of persons who do not belong either to the administration or to representatives of estates in the zemstvo," said the same Mr. Kondoidi, "are only fantastic in nature, but they may, having admitted political tendencies at the base, also have a harmful side."

The admission of "political trends" is only a diplomatic expression of the belief that they exist. And "dreams" here, if you like, are all assumptions arising for a doctor - from the interests of the medical profession, for a statistician - from the interests of statistics and disregarding the interests of the ruling classes. In themselves, these dreams are fantastic, but they feed political discontent, if you please see.

And here is an attempt by another administrator, the head of one of the central provinces, to give a different motivation for dissatisfaction with the third element. According to him, the activities of the zemstvo entrusted to him province "every year more and more moves away from those basic principles on which the Statute on the Zemstvo Institutions (115) is based." By these regulations, the local population is called to manage the affairs of local benefits and needs; meanwhile, due to the indifferent attitude of the majority of landowners to the right granted to them, “zemstvo assemblies assumed the character of one formalities, and affairs are done by boards, the nature of which makes us want very much. " This “entailed the formation of extensive offices and an invitation to the zemstvo service. specialists, - statisticians, agronomists, teachers, sanitary doctors, etc., - who, feeling their educational, and sometimes and mental superiority over the zemstvo leaders, they began to show all greater and greater independence, which is especially achieved by opening different congresses, and with councils - advice. As a result, the entire zemstvo economy ended up in the hands of individuals, have nothing to do with the local population ”. Although “there are many personalities among these people who are quite well-meaning and deserving of full respect, they cannot look at their service otherwise than as a means of subsistence, and they can only be interested in local benefits and needs as much as their personal well-being depends on them. ". - “In the zemstvo business, according to the head of the province, a mercenary cannot replace the owner. " This motivation can be called both more cunning and more overt, depending on how you look. She is more cunning, as she is silent about political tendencies and tries to reduce the grounds of her judgment solely to the interests of local benefits and needs. She is more frank, because she directly opposes the "mercenary" to the owner. This is the original point of view of the Russian Kittych Whales (116), who, when hiring a “teacher”, are guided primarily and most of all by the market prices for this species. professional services... The real masters of everything are the proprietors, so the representative of that very camp, from which constantly rush praises of Russia with its firm, independent from anyone and above classes, standing power, is spared, thank God, from that domination over folk life self-serving interests, which we see in the corrupted parliamentarism Western countries... And since the owner is the owner, then he must be the owner of the medical, statistical and educational "business": our pompadour is not shy about making this conclusion, which implies a direct recognition of the political supremacy of the possessing classes. Moreover, he does not hesitate - and this is especially curious - to admit that these "specialists" feel their educational and sometimes mental superiority over the zemstvo leaders. Yes, against mental superiority, of course, there are no means other than measures of severity ...

And just recently our reactionary press had a particularly convenient opportunity to repeat the call for these measures of severity. The reluctance of intellectuals to allow themselves to be treated as simple mercenaries, as sellers of labor (and not as citizens performing certain social functions), has always led, from time to time, to conflicts between management tycoons with doctors who collectively resigned, or with technicians. and so on. Recently, the conflicts of administrations with statisticians have taken on a direct epidemic character.

In "Iskra" it was noted back in May (No. 4) that the local authorities (in Yaroslavl) had long looked askance at statistics and after the March events in St. strict choice, so that it would not even be possible to think of them that they might ever turn out to be unreliable. " The correspondence "Kramola in Vladimir on the Klyazma" ("Iskra" No. 5, June) outlined general position suspected statistics and the reasons for the dislike for her on the part of the governor, manufacturers and landowners. The dismissal of Vladimir statisticians for filing a telegram expressing sympathy for Annensky (beaten on Kazanskaya Square on March 4) led to the actual closure of the bureau, and since nonresident statisticians refused to serve in the zemstvo, which does not know how to defend the interests of its employees, the local gendarmerie had to act in the role of intermediary between the fired statisticians and the governor. “The gendarme came to the apartments of some statisticians and invited them to reapply for employment in the bureau,” but his mission failed completely. Finally, in the August issue (No. 7) of Iskra, the "incident in the Yekaterinoslavsky zemstvo" was told in which the "Pasha" of the city of Rodzianko (chairman of the provincial land administration) fired statisticians for failing to comply with the "instruction" to keep a diary and by this dismissal caused the resignation of all other members of the bureau; and letters of protest from Kharkov statisticians (quoted in the same issue of Iskra). Further into the forest - more firewood. Kharkiv Pasha, Mr. Gordeenko (also the chairman of the provincial land council) intervened and told the statisticians of his “own” zemstvo that he would not tolerate “within the walls of the council any meetings of officials on matters not related to official duties”. No sooner had the Kharkov statisticians fulfilled their intention to demand the dismissal of the spy who was among them (Antonovich), when the administration dismissed the head of the stat. bureau, causing again the departure of all statisticians.

To what extent these incidents excited the entire mass of zemstvo statisticians, this is evident, for example, from the letter of Vyatka statisticians, who tried to thoroughly motivate their unwillingness to join the movement and were justly named in Iskra (No. 9) “Vyatka strikebreakers ".

But Iskra, of course, noted only some cases, not all the conflicts that occurred, according to the information of legal newspapers, in addition in the provinces of Petersburg, Olonets, Nizhny Novgorod, Tavricheskaya, Samara (we add to the conflicts here and the cases of dismissal at once several statisticians, since these cases aroused great discontent and fermentation). To what extent the suspicion of the provincial authorities and their shamelessness reached in general, can be seen, for example, from the following:

"Head of the Tauride Bureau S. M. Blekloe in the submitted by the council "Report on the survey of the Dnieper district during May and June 1901" says that work in this county was accompanied by previously unprecedented conditions: although they were admitted to the performance of their duties by the governor, provided with the proper documents and had, on the basis of an order from the provincial authorities, the right to the assistance of local authorities, the researchers were surrounded by extreme suspicion the county police who followed on their heels, expressed her distrust in the very rough form, reached the point that, according to one peasant, a sergeant followed the statisticians and asked the peasants "whether the statisticians are promoting harmful ideas against the state and the fatherland." According to Mr. Bleklov, statisticians had to “run into various obstacles and difficulties that not only hindered the work, but also deeply affected self-esteem ... Often statisticians found themselves in a position of some kind persons under investigation, about which a secret inquiry was made, which, incidentally, was well known to everyone, and about which it was considered necessary to warn. Hence, everyone can understand what an unbearably difficult moral state they often had to endure. "

Not a bad illustration to the history of zemstvo-statistical conflicts and to the characterization of supervision over the "third element" in general!

It is not surprising that the reactionary press attacked the new "rebels". Moskovskie Vedomosti published the thunderous editorial of The Strike of Zemstvo Statisticians. (No. 263, 24 Sept.) And a special article "The Third Element" by N. A. Znamensky (No. 279, 10 October). The "third element" "became arrogant," the newspaper wrote, "he responds with" systematic opposition and a strike "to attempts to introduce" the necessary official discipline. " The culprit is the zemstvo liberals who dismissed the employees.

“There is no doubt that a certain streamlining of zemstvo estimates and statistical works was undertaken by the most sober and reasonable zemstvo officials, who did not want to allow management promiscuity further and under liberal opposition flag. And the opposition, and strikes must finally open their eyes to who they are dealing with in the face that mental proletariat, which, staggering from one province to another, was doing the wrong statistical research, or by educating local adolescents in a social democratic spirit.

In any case, in the form of "zemstvo statistical conflicts," the prudent part of zemstvo officials is learning a useful lesson. We believe that she will now see quite clearly what kind of snake, under the guise "Third element", they warmed the zemstvo institutions on their chests. "

We, for our part, also have no doubt that these cries and howls of the faithful watchdog autocracy (it is known that this is what Katkov called himself "himself", who managed to "charge" "M. Ved." with his spirit for so long) "open the eyes" of many who still did not fully understand the whole irreconcilability of autocracy with the interests of social development, with the interests of the intelligentsia in general , with the interests of any real public affair, not consisting in embezzlement and treason.

For us, the Social Democrats, this small picture of a campaign against the "third element" and "zemstvo-statistical conflicts" should serve as an important lesson. We must acquire a new faith in the omnipotence of the workers' movement we are leading, seeing that the excitement in the advanced revolutionary class is transmitted to other classes and strata of society, that it has already led not only to an unprecedented upsurge of the revolutionary spirit in the students, but also to the beginning awakening of the countryside. and to the strengthening of self-confidence and readiness to fight in such social groups, which (as groups) have so far remained poorly responsive.

Public excitement is growing in Russia among the entire people, in all its classes, and it is our duty, the duty of the revolutionary Social-Democrats, to direct all efforts to be able to use it in order to explain to the advanced workers' intelligentsia what ally it has in the peasantry and among the students, and among the intelligentsia in general, to teach them how to use the flashing lights of public protest here and there. We will be able to fulfill the role of a vanguard fighter for freedom only when, led by a militant revolutionary party, the working class, not for a moment forgetting its special position in modern society and its special world-historical tasks of freeing mankind from economic slavery, will at the same time raise the national banner of the struggle for freedom and will attract under this banner all those who are now Messrs. The Sipyagins, Kondoidis and this whole gang are so zealously pushing disaffected people from all walks of life into the ranks.

For this, it is only necessary that we take into our movement not only the adamant revolutionary theory worked out by the centuries-old development of European thought, but also the revolutionary energy and revolutionary experience bequeathed to us by our Western European and Russian predecessors, and not slavishly adopt all forms of opportunism, from which they begin our Western comrades who have suffered from them, and who are so much delaying our path to victory, are already getting rid of.

The Russian proletariat now faces the most difficult, but at the same time the most gratifying revolutionary task: to crush the enemy, which the long-suffering Russian intelligentsia could not overcome, and to take a place in the ranks of the international army of socialism.

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