The Arkhangelsk region is located in the north of the European part of Russia. Her coast for 3 thousand kilometers is washed by cold water of the three Arctic seas: White, Barents and Kara.

The territory of the region is 587 thousand square kilometers. The population of the Arkhangelsk region is 1.3 million people, the urban population is about 1 million people.

The Arkhangelsk region refers to the number of the largest administrative entities of Russia. Being in geographic coordinates Between 60.5 and 70 degrees of northern latitudes, part of the Northern Economic Region.

The region geographically includes the Nenets Autonomous District, 21 administrative district, 14 cities, 31 urban villages, about 4 thousand rural settlementsas well as islands New Earth And the land of Franz Joseph.

The administrative center of the region is the city Arkhangelsk, based on the decree of King Ivan the Terrible of March 5, 1584 at the mouth of the North Dvina River. To the most large cities The region includes Severodvinsk, Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Koryazhma.

From the north to south, the region crosses three climatic belts: arctic, subarctic and moderate. For the terrain, a thick and abundant river network is characterized, rich deposits of mineral healing waters, many lakes, picturesque and varied landscapes.

The Arkhangelsk region is a kind of repository of the ancient Russian culture and the deepest traditions of the spiritual life of Pomorro.

A huge number of tourists regularly arrive in the Arkhangelsk region. Their indescribable beauty of the Solovetsky Archipelago, Ki-Islands, Ki-Islands, Ki-Islands granite, Kaenozer's architectural ensembles, Sacred Culture of Kenozeria, the unique monuments of Russian wooden architecture.

Anyone who visited the Arkhangelsk region remains satisfied with all 100%. And who said that in Russia there is no space for tourism?

The Arkhangelsk region attracts troubled connections for the infrastructure, major possibilities for the development of various industries and a calm geopolitical situation. Nowadays, the most common form of investment cooperation in the Arkhangelsk region is the organization of joint ventures. In this region there are 119 firms with the equity participation of foreign capital, 28 companies of foreign ownership. The main directions of their activities: metalworking, harvesting and processing of wood, trade, freight forwarding activity, international transportation, fisheries and agricultural industries.

The old part of the city is located on the Cape Pur-Pillow (picture from above). It was here in 1584 by the decree of King Ivan Grozny, a powerful fortress was erected, which gave rise to Arkhangelsk. This event is now immortalized in the monument, which is a sea wave. In our case, this is a silhouette.

Arkhangelsk Region traditionally deal with foreign countries in the development of shipping. Arkhangelsk Sea trading port And the North Maritime Shipping Company support long-term business connections with the firms of Hamburg, Bremen, Gavra, Antwerp, Gullah.

With the financial support of state structures of Norway, a large number of students from the cities of the Arkhangelsk region are trained in Norway and Sweden. Students are being prepared for future firms and enterprises with foreign investment, intellectual potential is being prepared for the development of the regional economy, the experience of the work of future Russian specialists in the Western market is accumulated.

History

In the second half of the XV century novgorod lands included in the Moscow state. In 1584, Arkhangelsk was founded at the Cape Pur-Chapel, which by the end of the XVII century remained the main port of the Moscow state. It accounted for about 80% of the country's foreign trade turnover, the bread, hemp, forest, resin, fur and other goods were exported from here. The value of Arkhangelsk has grown during the reign of Peter I, which here organized maritime shipbuilding.

For a long time, only the logging and sawmill industry has developed in the province, which has mainly export character, and weak bearer and fishing fishery.

• Russians - 1 258 938 people. (95.21%)
• Ukrainians - 27,841 people. (2.05%)
• Belarusians - 9986 people. (0.77%)
• Pomor - 6289 people. (0.49%)
• Tatars - 3072 people. (0.24%)
• Azerbaijanis - 2965 people. (0.23%)
• Chuvashi - 1786 people. (0.14%)
• Persons who have not mentioned nationality - 1554 people. (0.12%)
• Nenets - 1546 people. (0.12%)
• Moldovans - 1280 people. (0.1%)
• Komi - 1235 people. (0.1%)
• Armenians - 1133 people. (0.09%)
• Gypsies - 1037 people. (0.09%)
• Mordva - 914 people. (0.07%)
• Udmurts - 712 people. (0.05%)
• Poles - 710 people. (0.05%)

To date, about 9,500 Muslims live in the Arkhangelsk region, of which more than 3,500 Tatars. Historically, Islam in the territoryArkhangelsk province in the XIX century. Began to distribute thanks to the efforts of the Military Office to meet the religious needs of military personnel of Tatar origin. By 1920, the province numbered 149 Muslims. In February 1905, Muslim community appealed toArkhangelsk The provincial administration with a petition for the construction of a mosque, attaching the project of the Muslim Temple. The opening of the mosque and the first service inArkhangelsk It took on August 26, 1905 on the street.K. Marks 40. . But during the years of Soviet power, the mosque, like many other temples of Russia, was closed.

Russia is famous for a multinational state, more than 190 peoples live in the country. Most of them were in the Russian Federation by a peaceful way, thanks to the accession of new territories. Everyone has their own history, culture and heritage. We will analyze more than the national composition of Russia, examined separately every ethnos.

Large nationalities of Russia

Russians are the most numerous indigenous ethnos living in Russia. The number of Russian people in the world is equal to 133 million people, but some sources indicate a figure to 150 million. IN Russian Federation More than 110 lives (almost 79% of the total population of the country) of millions of Russians, most of the Russians also live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. If we consider the map of Russia, then the Russian people in numerous are distributed throughout the state, living in each region of the country ...

Tatars, compared with the Russians, constitute only 3.7% of the country's total population. The Tatar people have a number of 5.3 million people. This ethnic group lives throughout the country, the most densely populated by Tatars city is Tatarstan, more than 2 million people live there, and the most unclosed region - Ingushetia, where thousands of people from the Tatar people are not recruited ...

Bashkirs are the indigenous people of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The number of Bashkir is about 1.5 million people - this is 1.1% of total All residents of the Russian Federation. Of the half-and-and-half-million people, most (approximately 1 million) live in the territory of Bashkortostan. The remaining Bashkirs live throughout Russia, as well as in the CIS countries ...

Chuvashi are indigenous people of the Chuvash Republic. Their number of 1.4 million people, which is 1.01% of the total national composition of Russians. If you believe the population census, then about 880 thousand of the Chuvash live in the territory of the republic, the rest live in all regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan and Ukraine ...

Chechens are the people who substantiated in the North Caucasus, Chechnya is considered their homeland. In Russia, the number of Chechen people was 1.3 million people, but according to statistics since 2015, the number of Chechens in the territory of the Russian Federation increased to 1.4 million. This people are 1.01% of the total population of Russia ...

The Mordovian people have a number of about 800 thousand people (approximately 750 thousand), it is 0.54% of the total population. Most of the people live in Mordovia - about 350 thousand people, further go areas: Samara, Penza, Orenburg, Ulyanovskaya. The least, this ethnos lives in the Ivanovo and Omsk region, there will not be gathered and 5 thousand belonging to the Mordovian people ...

The Udmurt people have a number of 550 thousand people - this is 0.40% of the total population of our immense homeland. Most of the ethnos live in the Udmurt Republic, and the remaining dispersed in neighboring regions - Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk region, Perm region, Kirov region, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District. A small part of the Udmurt people moved to Kazakhstan and Ukraine ...

Yakuts represent the indigenous population of Yakutia. Their number is equal to 480 thousand people - it is about 0.35% of the total national composition in the Russian Federation. Yakuts make up most of the inhabitants of Yakutia and Siberia. Also, they live in other regions of Russia, the most denselylaned Yakuts regions are Irkutsk and Magadan regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khabarovsk and Primorsky District ...

According to statistics available after the census, 460 thousand Buryats live in Russia. This is 0.32% of the total number of Russians. Most (about 280 thousand people) Buryat lives in Buryatia, being the indigenous population of this republic. The rest of the people of Buryatia lives in other regions of Russia. The most densely populated territory is the Irkutsk region (77 thousand) and the Trans-Baikal Territory (73 thousand), and less inhabited - Kamchatka Territory and Kemerovo region, not to find 2000 thousand Buryat ...

The number of the people of Komi living in the Russian Federation is 230 thousand people. This figure is 0.16% of the total population in Russia. For a stay, this people chose not only the Komi Republic, which is direct homeland for them, but also other regions of our immense country. Comience people meet in Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Omsk regions, as well as in Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Districts ...

The people of Kalmykia are indigenous for the Republic of Kalmykia. Their number is 190 thousand people, if compared as a percentage, then 0.13% of the total population living in Russia. Most of all this people, not counting Kalmykia, lives in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions - about 7 thousand people. And the less, Kalmykov lives in the Chukotka Autonomous District and the Stavropol Territory - less than a thousand people ...

Altaisa are the indigenous people of Altai, therefore they live mainly in this republic. Although some of the population left historical territory habitat now they live in Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. The total number of Altai people is 79 thousand people, as a percentage - 0.06 of the total number of Russians ...

Chukchi belong to the small people from the northeastern part of Asia. In Russia, Chukchi people have a small number - about 16 thousand people, their people are 0.01% of the total population of our multinational country. This people are scattered throughout Russia, but most of the villagers in the Chukotka Autonomous District, Yakutia, Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan region ...

These are the most common peoples that can meet you on the expanses of Russia-Mother. However, the list is incomplete, because in our state there are peoples of other countries. For example, Germans, Vietnamese, Arabs, Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Americans, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, French, Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Tuvans, Uzbeks, Spaniards, British, Japanese, Pakistanis, etc. Most of the listed ethnic groups are 0.01% of total numberBut there are peoples that have more than 0.5%.

You can continue infinitely, because the huge territory of the Russian Federation can accommodate under one roof a variety of nations, both indigenous and arriving from other countries and even continents.

: Republic of Komi, Tyva, Yakutia and Karelia, Nenets and Chukchi autonomous districts, Irkutsk, Murmanskaya, Magadan, Sakhalin and Arkhangelsk region, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsky and Kamchatka Territory. The population of these territories is Russians, including Russians. However, according to the Unified List of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation, 2000, representatives of 40 ethnic groups, which, despite the integration into the society of modern Russia, retain their languages \u200b\u200band distinctive culture.

Aleuts - Aboriginal Kamchatka Islands, the main place of residence - the village of Nikolskoye. The language is one of the dialects of Eskimo, is studied and used. The initial beliefs - shamanism and - in the 18th century were ousted by Orthodoxy.

Other peoples of Kamchatka: ITERMANS, Koryaki, Euren, Aina, Yukagira, Eskimos, Chukchi.

The settlements of Chukchi (Chukotov) are located in various territories of the extreme North Asia of the Russian Federation, so far many Chukchi lead a nomadic lifestyle. Center - Chukotka Automotive District (Anadyr). We are confessed both and shamanism. Fishermen (kitoboes), wildlife hunters and reindeer breeders. Language - Chukotka, today is studied and used in the media. Traditional dwelling - Yaranga. Chukcham, as well as some other north nodes, is not recommended for the use of alcohol due to the instant formation of the dependence due to genetic features. In the USSR, it was forbidden to sell alcohol in the areas of Chukchi.

Khanty (Hanti, Hande) and Mansi are related peoples, descendants of the Thro-Finnish tribe, inhabiting the mainly Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District of modern Russia. Both people have their own languages \u200b\u200bthat are alive and used in the media. There is a distinctive system of myths, with the cult of the Great Bear and the tradition of the deification of trees and plants. Traditional housing - Chum. The Khantah had an interesting custom "air burial": the body of the deceased was suspended in the air, "light".

Saami (Sámi, Laplanders) - live in the territory of different states (Finland, Norvergi), in Russia - mainly in the Murmansk region (village Lovoztero). On February 6, the International Day of the Saami is celebrated, the people have their own flag and anthem, a lively language with many dialects. Religion is connected with faith in aquatic perfume, which are subject to rivers and lakes, a man-deer, there are traditions of shamanism. However, the majority of Russian Samows adhere to Orthodox Christianity.

Nanice - in Russia they live mainly in the Khabarovsk Territory, where there are National District. Living language with writing based on Cyrillic. Nanayz is a participant in the Great Patriotic War, Popular in the USSR Singer Cola Belda, whose song about the trip on deer in the morning, sounds still.

Yakuta (Sakha) - the people who made a great contribution to the development of science, culture, sports of the USSR and Russia. His written language, their own literature (the most famous authors A.E. Kulakovsky, Sofronov A.I., Nikiforov V.V.). The presentations of the people about the world around the world were reflected in the poetic epic - Olonkho, which belong to the treasures of the world folklore. From ancient times there is a national sport - Yakut jumping: various types of jumps in length on one or two legs.

Other Ethniches of the Russian North: Alutors, Veps, Dolgans, Kamchadals, Kets, Kumandints, Sellocks, Soyota, Thai, Telengitis, Teleuts, Falaci, Tubulars, Tuvintsy, Tajunitsy, Udagei, Ulych, Clawans, Chu-Wanza, Chuhlians, Shorents , Evenks, Enzi.

Nanixes (self-calf - Nanai, old name - Golden) - People, inhabiting mainly the shores of the lower current r. Amur (Khabarovsk Territory) and the right tributaries p. Ussuri (Primorsky Krai). A small group of Nanians lives in China, between PP. Sungari and Ussuri. They speak Nanay, a significant part - and in Russian. Before the beginning of the 20th century, despite the spread of Orthodoxy, in the beliefs of N. Main importance had shamanism. In the ethnogenesis of N. participated as the descendants of the ancient aboriginal population of the Amur region and various Tungus-Manchurian groups, possibly Mongols. In the USSR, most N. are occupied in collective farms, where, along with the ionic forms of farm - animal husbandry and agriculture develop and hunt.

Nganasans (self-talent, former names - Tavgians, Samoyed Tavgiya) - Nature, living in the former Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) National District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Currently, the Taimyr district is an administrative and territorial unit with special status. The language refers to self-deeded languages. Nganasans have developed during the assimilation by the arrivals of the Ancient Aboriginal Population of Taimyr. According to religion, Nganasana in the past were animists. In Soviet times were combined in collective farms, they are engaged in reindeer herding, hunting and fishing.

Ungidaltsy (self-confession - Elkan Baeanin) -an small ethnographic group living on Amgun and Amur Rivers (Khabarovsk Territory). Nagidaltsev language relates to Tunguso-Manchurian languages, very close to Evenki. By origin, nonhydalians - Evenks, who, having segged on Amguni, was mixed here with Nivhami, Nanians and Ulchami. Before October Revolution, 1917 was engaged in hunting and fishing. Officially believed to Orthodox, the animistic beliefs remained, shamanism. In Soviet times were combined in collective farms with diversified economy.

Nenets (self-confession - nonsense; former names - Samoyed, Yuraki) - The people inhabiting a significant territory in the north of Russia from the Kola Peninsula to the right bank (the lower current) of the Yenisei. Most nonsense lives in the territory of the three former National Districts of the RSFSR: the Nenets National District of the Arkhangelsk Region, Yamalo-Nenetskom Tyumen Region, Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Speak on Nenets language. Self-tongue ancestors of nonsense, some of which were probably familiar with reindeer herding, in 1st thousand n. e. Under the pressure of nomadic cattle breeding tribes, they moved from the Tayr and Sumading Areas Southern Siberia. To the north, where they mixed with an aboriginal hunting and fishing population (in legends the latters are called Sihirt). Nenets led a nomadic lifestyle. The basis of their farm was shepherd deerreland, land and sea hunting, fisheries. Until the October Revolution of 1917, along with the preservation of significant remnants of the generic system, there was a sharply pronounced property inequality. Part of the Nenets perceived Orthodoxy, the most adhered to animistic beliefs, shamanism was common. In Soviet times, Nenets are combined into cooperative and state farms. There was a national intelligentsia.

From the editor

On the last census About two thousand inhabitants of our region called the population of Pomoras. However, disputes around the ethnic identification of this nation do not subside. Someone believes that this name reflects the method of vital activity of people associated with marine fishing. Others argue that Pomra is a separate ethnos, which gave its name to the reached Slavic migrants. The question of this time is the extremely controversial, and the position of the author of the next material reflects only one of the points of view on the problem.

Great resettlement was not? ..

The indigenous population lives here longer than everyone, and the first protopomorsk settlements in the region appeared thousands of years before our era. It does not matter how to call it the indigenous population, it is important that it is its genetic and culture, which is most harmoniously connected with the territory, which we call the Russian north or Pyrose. The sociocultural code of any indigenous ethnic community is the rules of behavior in this region, which need to know everything, who lives here, and not break them.

It turns out that the pomper is the indigenous people, well, something like a whitewash. Although official science claims that, they say, they are direct descendants of Novgorod immigrants ... and this version has done soviet power And browsing, in general, and now.

However, once official science argued that the sun revolves around the Earth, and the devive horgmen on the bonfires. No evidence of the hypothesis about the mass relocations of the Novgorod residents from the south to the north, to the Belihore region, there is no, by and large, there was no.

No matter how paradoxically sounds, from the point of view of living and food and resources suitable and food, in the north has always been very closely. Eternal Merzlota - not the best place For accommodation. Contrary to stereotypes domestic historiography, from the south to the north in different time There were no masses of the Slavs of immigrants, but small, but well-armed detachments, which were created in areas of living others their forts (grades) and forced the local population to pay them a tribute.

That is, the propagation of the power of East Slavic metropolis on the northern monsoon lands, but there were no mass relocations, for example, Novgorod, north.

My Your Your

There is a reasonable question: why did the local chief become relatively quickly talking to Slavic or Russian dialects or why is such a powerful layer of ancient Russian culture preserved in the north? The fact is that, together with Vatagi, Dani's collectors came both the first Orthodox monks who baptized Chud and actively trained the local residents of their Orthodox metropolis.

This process can be called the "Russian Orthodox Conquest", by analogy with the process of mastering Latin America by Portuguese and Spaniards. Only there were Indians, and here the ancestors of the indigenous northerners, united by Novgorod, under the unified name "Chud".

Mastering the tongue of the metropolis, which was needed by baptized Cuchi for the performance of Orthodox rites and communicating with Dani's assedeses, led to the fact that the muddy language, although not immediately, but relatively quickly was supplanted with most of the territory of the Zip. And the entire layer of the miracle of the language culture turned out to be a forgotten indigenous population and was preserved only in toponymy and in separate dialect words.

Pomor. Photo of the early XX century.

Tongue to culture brought

It must be said that the change of language led to a rapid spread of Slavic culture, penetration into the wrang of the medieval Slavic epic, epic, songs that filled the cultural vacuum, which was formed as a result of the change of the migration language on the medieval language of the Slavic Orthodox metropolis. It is precisely that, and not the massive reassemblies of the colonialists in Zavolochye explains the widespread of the ancient Russian epic culture at the European North of Russia.

IN Latin America The small detachments of the conquistadors were created in the Indian possessions of the outposts and collected tribute in favor of their states, and in White County, the same small armed Novgorod Vatagi raised grades with a similar goal. It is difficult to disagree that the Indians did not become the Portuguese and Spaniards from this, although they say today in Latin languages \u200b\u200band dialects and confess Catholicism.

Similarly, the rooted choking did not disappear anywhere, did not become "Novgorod", although he absorbed the Slavic culture, adopted Orthodoxy and calls himself "Russian Northerners" or "Poms".

Mysterious country

In fact, the indigenous inhabitants of the Arkhangelsk region remained all the same by Barymmi and miracles, which thousands of years lived on this land before the emergence of metropolis representatives here. Yes, they changed religions, languages, the external names of the ancient people who live in the White Castle of the centuries, but the basic sociocultural code and the ethnogenetic peculiarity, cultural identity Indigenous people do not disappear without a trace.

In fact, the so-called Chud, Barym, Pomra are actually generalizing the names of the same indigenous population of the Belomorsk North, used by various states in different historical era.

I would like to note that initially it was not self-signed indigenous inhabitants, but the names assigned to the indigenous population with the colonizers.

For example, in the era of Vikings, our land was called the "country of Barym", and so it was called in their sagas only Scandinavians. There is a version that the word "byarma" comes from the ancient German Berme, which means the coast of the coast, that is, in fact, in the semantic value - Pomorro.

Novgorod colonizers called the northern edge of the "monsoon widen". A B. historical documents Muscovy White Sea North officially called not to be overexposed, and Pyrose. We emphasize that Muscovites did not call the population of the Belomorsk North "Miracle", since this name was used mainly by Novgorod.

Cabinetous dissertations

After conquering Moscow Novgorod in the XV century, the former Novgorod designation of the inhabitants of our Chud region and the name of the country "Zavoloche" began to quickly come out. The Moscow designation of the region was to spread - "Pomorie", and the terms "Pomeranian cities", "Pomor's parish" appeared. Unlike the Novgorod residents, Muscovites called Pomerabi not only the narrow coast of the sea, but a large region by the sea. Compare this with a modern seaside, under which it is understood not only by the coast of the Pacific Ocean, but the entire Primorsky region.

There are so many different sciences: anthropology, ethnology, history, geography, genetics, biology, sociology, philosophy, medicine and many others. But none of them, nor all together they can give accurate definitionwho are such a pomer.

Today, scattered and directly opposing sayings of Russian scientists about the ethnogenesis of Pomorro are sound. It has been written a lot of dissertations affecting the theme of domestic, but most of them are based on false room stereotypes and is devoid of practical meaning. The opinion of the Pomors themselves about their culture, language and their future does not care about such scientists. At the same time, any serious comprehensive research ethnographic group Pomorro in history russian science Never, and that says it all.

Hostages of prohibitions and dogmas

As a result, we have what we have: it is such a scholastic position of scientists leading to the fact that officials are unpunished by the indigenous inhabitants of their lands and prohibit them to lead traditional crafts. Of course, we all need to be restrained in our emotions and it's time to keep not just a scholastic scientific discussion "On Poms", but to think about its practical consequences, including its full participants in the indigenous people who call themselves. At the same time, any pressure on the part of scientists, officials, as well as journalists or grand-container nationalists and other modern "Holy Inquisition" on Pomeranian self-identification and to modern creative development Ethnocultural self-consciousness of the pomeres is unacceptable.

Only the Pomra itself is entitled to decide what Pomeranian culture is how to develop their Pomeranian sociocultural code and whether they have the right to their fisheries, to their lands and to existence as an independent ethnographic group in the future. Because it is valuable only what is genuinely. And genuine culture and genuine science as its manifestation is the result of search and creativity, not prohibitions and dogmas.