Lexico-semantic group. Lexical-semantic groups of words General characteristics of the lexical-semantic system of the Russian language

Lexico-semantic groupings of vocabulary. The concept of LSG. The concept of a thematic group. The concept of a semantic field. The concept of an associative field. Ideographic and associative dictionaries. The concept of lexical category (LC).

Types of lexical categories from the point of view of formal semantic oppositions.

As already mentioned, one of the central questions of linguistics is the question of the systematic nature of language, which manifests itself in a set of elements connected by internal relationships. The lexical composition of the language is no exception. It is not a collection of disparate units, but a collection of interconnected relationships, traditionally presented in two perspectives: paradigmatic and syntagmatic. Due to this, it consists of semantic groups with different types of relationships.

The view of vocabulary as a system thus took shape in the so-called. theory of semantic field or lexical-semantic groupings. They are also consistent with two approaches to the study of vocabulary: semasiological (from word to concept) and onomasiological (from concept to word), which complement each other and are fundamental in the construction of the semantic field. The result of a description of vocabulary aimed at identifying its systemic connections is its classification, i.e. identification of various lexical-semantic groups of vocabulary.

The very understanding of a lexical-semantic group (LSG) is ambiguous (See* the work of F.P. Filin “On lexical-semantic groups of words” in Appendix 1. Reader, text No. 4).

A lexical-semantic group (in a broad sense) is usually called a group of words “fairly closely related to each other in meaning.” However, this understanding is rather vague, since different semantic groups fit under it: synonyms, and even antonyms, and paronyms, and LSG itself, and thematic fields, etc. - i.e. everything that has semantic proximity. Therefore, it is necessary to define the concepts.

By lexical-semantic group (LSG) in the narrow sense we will understand a group of words united by the commonality of a categorical-generic seme (archiseme) and the commonality of part-verbal reference. For example: pine, oak, spruce, birch... (LSG “trees”), red, yellow, green, blue... (LSG “color”), run, rush, fly, swim... (LSG “move”), etc.

Let's take a closer look last example based on a component analysis of the semantics of the words included in the LSG:

RUN - “quickly” “move” “on the ground” “with your feet”

FLY - 1) “quickly” “move” “through the air” with “wings”

2) “very” “quickly” “move”

SWIM - “move” “through the water” with “arms and legs”

CRAWL - 1) “move” “on the ground” with “the body”

2) “very” “slowly” “move”

RACE - “very” “quickly” “move”

We see that in LSG there is a common generic seme “to move,” but the nature of movement and speed are different. If these words are identical, the words will be synonyms: RUN, FLY-2, RACE. If some features of the named concepts are opposite (for example, speed), the words will be antonyms: CRAWL-2 - FLY-2 (or RACE). Thus, LSG includes more specific semantic groups or series): synonyms and antonyms. All members of the LSG in relation to each other will be cohyponyms (or cohyponyms), because are called species concepts of the same genus (MOVE).

The generic word in relation to each member of the LSG will be a hyperonym. And generic pairs (such as RUN - MOVE) are hyponyms. So in LSG there are several more types of relations: identities, oppositions, intersections, inclusions (see types of oppositions in 2.2.2.). And the LSGs themselves can be included in each other, like nesting dolls: “movement” - “movement” - “human movement”, i.e. can be “micro” and “macro”. In LSG, words are combined mainly on the basis of paradigmatics (oppositions).

Wider associations of words - thematic groups (TG): these are groups of words different parts speeches united by a common theme (hence the name). It is observed different kinds connections: both paradigmatic and syntagmatic. For example, TG “sport” (football, goal, score, football, stadium, fan, etc.) or “trade” (trade, bargain, market, store, buyer, seller, sale, sell, etc.) . TG includes different LSGs. For example, LSG “trading establishments” (shop, shop, kiosk, boutique, supermarket), synonyms (purchase, purchase), antonyms (expensive - cheap), hyponyms (store - grocery store), conversions (purchase - sale), etc. . in the TG “trade”. Sometimes TG is called a thematic field, but the term “field” is also used in combination with “semantic field” (often as a synonym for thematic).

A semantic field (SF), or lexical-semantic field (LSF), is usually understood as “a group of words of the same language, closely related to each other in meaning” (Yu.N. Karaulov) or “the hierarchical structure of a set lexical units, united by a common (invariant) meaning and reflecting a certain conceptual sphere in the language” (L.A. Novikov). LSP is a broader association than LSG and even than TG, although it is close to the latter. It also includes several LSGs and other semantic associations of paradigmatic and syntagmatic types: for example, the “color” field includes both LSGs of adjectives “color” (green, red, blue), and LSGs of verbs “to show color” (turn blue, turn red, turn yellow), and nouns “color” (redness, blueness, yellowness). Or LSP “time” includes LSG “segments of time” (hour, minute, second), and LSG “parts of the day” (morning, evening, noon), and LSG “season” (spring, summer, autumn), etc. .

However, a clear distinction between these concepts has not yet emerged. For example, the lexical group “kinship” is called both a lexical-semantic group, a thematic group, and a semantic field, because it is very extensive and includes different types of vocabulary and even phrases like cousin. Therefore, everyone uses these terms to the best of their understanding. We will adhere to the specified distinction between LSG and TG, as well as LSP. The latter are distinguished as subject-logical (TG, reflecting the division of the picture of the world itself, its fragments) and semantic, conceptual (SP, reflecting conceptual spheres and relationships).

A semantic field (for example, in the theory of Yu.N. Karaulov) has a field name (its name), a core (key words: usually synonyms and antonyms, as well as typical combinations) and a periphery (words associated with the core less closely semantically or stylistically) . Let us recall the example with the word FRIEND from the Dictionary of Associative Norms of the Russian Language. In fact, almost all the words from the informants’ answers form a field called FRIEND, the core of which will include its synonyms (comrade, friend, friend), antonyms (foe), derivatives (friend, friendship), typical and stable compatibility (faithful, close , best, bosom), and on the periphery there will be the words brother and sidekick.

In linguistics, various types of semantic fields are distinguished: lexical-semantic fields (LSF, discussed above), associative-semantic fields (ASF, compiled on the basis of an associative experiment), as well as functional-semantic fields (FSF, including lexical and grammatical meanings). For example, the SP “time” as a LSP will include the words hour, year, minute; past, present, future, etc., the ASP as a result of an associative experiment may also include, for example, the words forward, money (as the implementation of the precedent texts “time is forward” and “time is money”), and the FSP will also include grammatical forms of expressing time: I walked, I walk, I will go.

The basic unit of a semantic field (its name) is, as already mentioned, a word in one of its meanings (LSV). Each LSV of a word is included in three types of semantic relations: paradigmatic, syntagmatic and associative-derivative. And around each one a microfield is formed. For example, the SP EARTH-1 (“soil”) will include the words soil, sand, clay (paradigmatics), dig, dig, plow (syntagmatics), earthen, earthy, digger (derivatives); EARTH-2 (“land”) - land, water, sea; saw, opened; terrestrial, underground, amphibious; EARTH-3 (“country”) - country, homeland, fatherland; native, foreign, seaside; fellow countryman, foreigner. However, being connected to each other as LSV of one word, these SP will also be included in the common SP EARTH. Those. The field will also include epidigmatic relationships between PSWs.

Thus, from the point of view of onomasiology, the entire lexical composition of a language is presented as a system of interacting semantic fields that form a complex and language-specific linguistic picture of the world (more details about LCM will be discussed in special topic): names of time, space, movement, degree of kinship, color, plants, animals, humans, etc. The organization of the joint venture is based on generic (hyponymic) relations.

Units that are homogeneous in meaning are combined into lexical-semantic groups (elementary microfields) and other lexical categories (synonyms, antonyms, etc.).

Lexical categories are divided into two aspects: semasiology and onomasiology. In the semasiological aspect, categories such as polysemy (intraword category) are considered. In onomasiological - categories such as synonymy and antonymy (interword categories).

Lexical categories are determined on the basis of one or another opposition, semantic or formal. Depending on the consideration of PS or PV words (or both), LC can be divided into three types: 1) semantic (distinguished on the basis of PS, identity, similarity of semantics, meaning) - these include synonymy and antonymy, as well as hyponymy and conversion ; 2) formal (identified on the basis of only PV, identity of form) - homonymy; 3) formal semantic (identified on the basis of the similarity of PV and PS) - this is paronymy. Using this principle, one can construct a definition of each of the LCs:

Polysemy is the semantic relationship of internally related semes, formally expressed by the identity of the lexeme (PS + PV +): DOM-1/DOM-2.

Synonymy is the relationship of identical (or close) seeds, formally expressed by different lexemes (PS + PV -): EYES / EYES.

Antonymy is the relationship of opposing but intersecting semes, formally expressed by different lexemes (PS + PV -): YES / NO.

Hyponymy is a relationship of generic inclusion, formally expressed by different lexemes (PS + PV -): HOUSE / BUILDING.

Paronymy is a relationship of similar, but not identical semes, formally expressed by similar, but not identical lexemes (PS + PV +): FACT / FACTOR.

Conversion is a semantically inverse relationship, formally expressed by different lexemes (PS + PV -): BUY / SALE.

Homonymy is a relationship between internally unrelated semes, formally expressed by identical lexemes (PS - PV +): KEY (1) / KEY (2).

Semantic fields and other groupings of vocabulary are described in special ideographic (thematic) dictionaries, see, for example, “Thematic Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. V.V. Morkovkin or “Russian Semantic Dictionary”, ed. N.Yu. Shvedova, in which words are distributed into semantic groups.

Individual lexical categories are described in special (semonymic) dictionaries: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms.

Let's consider the main lexical categories of the Russian language in more detail.

Nikandrova I. A. On the relationship between the concepts of “functional-semantic class of words” and “lexical-semantic group” Abstract:

The article poses the problem of the substantive aspect of the concepts “lexical-semantic group” and “functional-semantic class” of words. The goal is to identify and describe the concepts of “lexical-semantic group” and “functional-semantic class” of words, to establish their structural and semantic features. The issue of transitivity and multiplicity of semantic connections in language is considered and the principles of distinguishing LSG and FSC are determined. The author comes to the conclusion that the main unit of vocabulary is the lexical-semantic group of words. This statement allows us to describe the features of the functioning of lexical-semantic groups of verbal predicates in line with modern stage development of linguistics.

Keywords:

Lexico-semantic group, functional-semantic class, regular polysemy, language units, word semantics, seme.

Nikandrova I.A. On the correlation of notions “a functional semantic group of words” and “a lexical semantic group”

The paper examines the content of notions “a lexical semantic group” and “a functional semantic group of words”. Nowadays scientists divide these types of words which are distinguished according to their semantic and structural features. The author arrives at a conclusion that the notion of “a lexical semantic group” is the basic type of word groups for the lexical system of the Russian language.

Lexical semantic group, functional semantic group, regular polysemantism, language units, word semantics, seme.

IN last years An expanded approach to understanding the composition and structure of lexical-semantic groups (LSG) of language units is attracting more and more attention. In this regard, some researchers have proposed a new concept of such “extended” lexical associations as the functional semantic class of words (FSK). The emergence of this class is associated with the observation of the fact of mutual influence of linguistic units and their contextual environment.

Consideration lexical semantics verbs of different groups develops the idea of the continuity of the language system, although it does not guarantee the construction of a single universal classification, the existence of which is practically impossible. But the creation of such a classification is not the main goal for linguists, but as a result of pragmatic attempts, a number of multi-aspect linguistic research problems are put forward, and one of the main ones concerns the transitivity and multiplicity of semantic connections in the language. It implies an appeal to semantic-structural

peculiarities of lexical-semantic groups of words and to clarify traditionally controversial issues related to the content of the concepts LSG and FSK.

The study of the behavior of a verb in a text, changing its semantic structure, resulted in a separate research direction, which led to the identification of a qualitatively new combination of verbs and predicative combinations - the functional semantic class of words. The principles for identifying classes of words of this type are presented in the works of L. G. Babenko, who studies the composition of the FSK of feeling predicates. The researcher gives the following definition of FSK: “... this is a set of words that are different in grammatical form, coinciding in denotative correlation, united by a categorical-lexical seme, which can be ontologically inherent in the word (initial) or induced by the context (derivative), and fulfilling a single semantic- syntactic function in speech".

The FSK of verbs of feelings considered in her works includes both the actual verbs of feelings and functional-text verbs, which in their basic meaning relate to different LSGs, including the LSG of verbs of movement, movement, etc. It follows that the FSK words is a union of a different type than the LSG that is part of it. It is at the FSK level that a certain similarity between the functional semantic class and the semantic field, which also includes lexical-semantic groups that are similar in semantics, appears. The difference between these associations is that the FSK is created and implemented precisely on the material of a literary text, in the context of which “...the verbs of various LSGs also experience various semantic modifications: they are metaphorized, develop an associative-figurative meaning,

are characterized by ambivalence of use, experience the actualization of some components of meaning while others fade, and experience semantic increments.”

The further development of the FSK theory is closely connected with the continuation of research devoted to the study of the process of updating the secondary components of the meaning of words that arise in lexical units within a certain context. Previously, this phenomenon was defined as “regular polysemy,” which manifested itself in the presence of similar secondary meanings in words of the same LSG. It was the regularity of the manifestation of secondary meanings of units with a common categorical-lexical seme that forced linguists (Kuznetsova E.V., Kupina N.A., Borovikova N.A., Tomilova S.D.) to raise the question of the need to study this type of polysemy as evidence of the existence another type of systemic relationship. Considering the fact that there is a huge number of diverse peripheral components that act as motivators of regular secondary meanings, researchers are forced to limit themselves to studying this phenomenon either within a separate group of verbs, or in the context of a separate literary work.

To determine the phenomena of regular polysemy, it is necessary to consider the relationships of semes that represent the meaning of a word. The hierarchical system is implemented not only in the form of relations between lexical units of one group, but also at the level of word meaning. In modern semasiology, the organization of the semantics of a word is considered as a system of relationships of seven three types. The first place is occupied by the nuclear (integral, identifying) seme, followed by the differential (discriminating) seme and the associative (potential, additional). Thus, as in the case of the hierarchical organization of units of the lexical-semantic group, the semantic meaning of a word can be divided into core (center) and periphery. Accordingly, the nuclear part of the seme belongs to the core, and differential and associative semes belong to the periphery.

Please note that currently scientific literature Only a few functional-semantic classes of words are described and presented in detail. Apparently, the possibility of identifying a functional-semantic class is associated with the practice of describing any actions or states using means of metaphorization,

which, however, does not provide sufficient material for the creation of FSK, implemented in texts of a certain time or literary direction and characterized by reproducibility, and not expressed in isolated word usages in the work of only one author.

As for the term “lexical-semantic group”, the concept of “lexical-semantic group of words” was first put forward by V.V. Vinogradov, along with the term “lexical-semantic group”. semantic system language." IN modern science Linguists have studied a considerable number of LSGs of different lexical units; the process of studying lexical-semantic groups of verbs is especially intensive. This indicates that the term “lexical-semantic group of words” itself turned out to be very productive in the vocabulary of the Russian literary language.

A lexical-semantic group of words is a class of words of one part of speech that have in their meanings a fairly general integral semantic component or components and typical clarifying differential components, and are also characterized by the widespread development of functional equivalence and regular ambiguity.

Lexico-semantic groups are based on lexical semes themselves. But, on the other hand, the phenomenon of lexical-semantic groups can be understood as a set of words subject to constant changes at the level of their composition and, accordingly, paradigmatics. The composition and paradigm of each group (its structure) is mobile and subject to constant change. It is precisely this characteristic of LSG, such as historical variability, that the researcher F.P. Filin is guided by, who understands lexical-semantic groups of words as actual linguistic units, a product historical development one language or another. In turn, Kuznetsova E.V. notes that “LSG words do not represent clearly and unambiguously delimited classes of lexical units. These are combinations of words that overlap each other, mutually penetrate each other, and “intersect” with each other. And this gives no reason to doubt the systematic nature of the vocabulary."

Any lexical-semantic group has a number of common linguistic parameters.

Firstly, the main paradigmatic feature of the words of one LSG is that in their meanings there is a single categorical-lexical seme (integral seme), which constitutes the semantic basis of the group. The integral seme is central and hierarchically main in the structure of lexical meaning. Each individual LSG of words contains differential semes that clarify the integral seme; Moreover, the differential semes are of the same type and repeating. In addition, it is worth defining the term “seme”, which is accepted by such linguists as V. G. Gak, A. A. Ufimtseva, V. A. Beloshapkova and others. Seme is the minimum unit of the content plan. In science, nuclear semes (main) and peripheral (minor) semes are distinguished. Sememe is the meaning of the word. This term is not widely used among linguists, since it does not distinguish between lexical, grammatical, word-formative and connotative meanings. In turn, a lexeme is a word in the totality of all its meanings and word forms.

Secondly, the presence of similar, repeating semes makes all words within a group connected by certain positions. The totality of all oppositional connections forms the internal paradigmatic structure of such groups. The structure is hierarchical in nature, since all elements of the group - words - are privately associated with the base word (archiseme).

Thirdly, the similarity of words belonging to the same lexical-semantic group is manifested in the uniformity of their syntagmatic characteristics. The presence of common semantic components in the content of the lexical meanings of words predetermines the ways of their functioning as part of sentences - units of a higher level.

Fourthly, the similarity of words belonging to the same lexical-semantic group manifests itself at the level of their secondary connections, in the sphere of variant relations. This similarity is most clearly expressed in the phenomenon of regular polysemy, which is represented by the fact that words that are semantically similar in primary meanings develop the same secondary meanings. Regular polysemy has as its natural reverse side the regular synonymy of words of one semantic group.

One of the important components of any lexical-semantic group is the presence of a base identifier, or base word.

The base identifier has certain properties and is significantly different from other words in its group. The base word, as a rule, is more common than other lexical units of the group. The high frequency of its use is due to the fact that it lexical meaning differs, first of all, in its generality. As a rule, this word has a neutral stylistic connotation; it lacks connotative elements of meaning. That is why, in combination with the missing specifier, this basic word can appear in almost any context. The semantics of the base word manifests the theme of the lexical-semantic group.

In addition, the base identifier should have the highest frequency. In the definition of a basic word, frequency acts as one of its most important and undeniable characteristics, since the high frequency of use of this particular lexical unit is directly related to its generalized meaning. As a rule, only one lexical unit acts as the central word of the LSG. However, in some cases, not one word, but a synonymous series serves as the basic identifier. The composition and structure of lexical-semantic groups are constantly subject to changes, which affect even the relatively stable center of the group, including the basic identifier. The syntactic and lexical compatibility of the base word represents a model of syntactic and lexical compatibility common to most words in this group. It is this pattern of repeatability of syntactic compatibility of words of one group that is especially important when using the method of organizing vocabulary into lexical-semantic groups.

It is the study of LSG linguistic units of a specific work of art determines the expansion of the boundaries of the lexical-semantic system of the language. Researchers note that the question of meaning is one of the most important and philosophically interesting problems of the era.

Thus, lexical-semantic groups of words still remain the main ones for lexical system Russian language is a type of word class that combines words of one part of speech and has a number of common linguistic characteristics.

Notes:

1. Babenko L.G. Lexical means of denoting emotions in the Russian language. Sverdlovsk: Uralsk Publishing House. Univ., 1989. 184 p.

2. Filin F.P. On lexical-semantic groups of words // Essays on the theory of linguistics. M., 1993. S. 229-239.

3. Kuznetsova E.V. On the intersecting nature of lexical-semantic groups of words // Semantics and sentence structure: lexical and syntactic semantics. Ufa, 1978.

One of the components of the structural organization of language, the main constitutive unit of which is, according to V.A. Grechko, word as a carrier of lexical meaning.

This level also includes non-single-word secondary units of language, equated to words:

1) phraseological units;

2) lexicalized nominative and predicative combinations of words (compound terms, various kinds of stable analytical names, compound words);

3) abbreviations.

At the lexical-semantic level, the results of the cognitive activity of the communicating team, concepts developed in the practice of communication, and linguocultural concepts are accumulated and consolidated. The lexical-semantic level is significantly different from all other levels.

A number of its defining characteristics can be identified:

1) permeability of vocabulary, openness of this level of language;

2) the formation of different layers of vocabulary: dialect, professional, terminological, etc.;

3) variety of thematic and semantic groupings of words;

4) the relationship of vocabulary with different areas of communication;

5) internal systemic organization of vocabulary, in connection with which hyperonyms and hyponyms are distinguished;

6) semantic organization of vocabulary, in connection with which the following phenomena are observed: polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, lexical assimilation, semantic compatibility of words, semantic fields;

7) genetic secondary nature of lexicalized units;

8) synonymy of secondary units with the word.

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Explanatory translation dictionary
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Lexico-semantic group

Lexico-semantic group- combining words of one part of speech with a common main component of meaning. LSG stands out within semantic fields. For example: LSG (temperature adjectives): warm, cold, icy, hot, cool, burning, etc.

Signs of LSH

represents a combination of two, several or many words according to their lexical meanings;
develops historically, i.e. it is dynamic in essence;
close to the thematic group, but significantly different from it

LSG example

So, to the lexical-semantic group of the lexeme Earth words include:

planet - Earth- world;
soil - ground - layer;
possession - estate - estate - estate;
country - state - power.

Literature

Filin F.P. "On lexical-semantic groups of words"

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what a “Lexico-semantic group” is in other dictionaries:

lexical-semantic group- A set of words of one part of speech that have a common semantic feature and similar compatibility... Methods of research and text analysis. Dictionary-reference book

lexical-semantic group of words (LSG)- An extensive organization of words, united by a basic semantic component, which denotes a class of classes of objects, features, processes, relationships. For example, the basic semantic component of the LSG “plant” includes in the semantic sphere... ...

lexical-semantic group of words (LSG)- An extensive organization of words, united by a basic semantic component, which denotes a class of classes of objects, features, processes, relationships. For example, the basic semantic component of LSG plant includes the following in the semantic sphere... ...

lexical-semantic group (LSG)- Words of one part of speech, united by a nuclear (main) seme (for example, LSG verbs of motion, color adjectives, etc.) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

semantic group- ▲ set of words, associated (with), meaning frame, a set of words related in content. lexical semantic group is a group of words of the same part of speech that, in addition to common grammatical semes, have at least one common lexical seme. semantic... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

Field- Field is a collection of linguistic (mainly lexical) units united by a common content (sometimes also by a common formal indicator) and reflecting the conceptual, subject or functional similarity of the designated phenomena. On the… …

_List of abbreviations- Yeah. M. Ageev Aleshk. Yu. Aleshkovsky A. N. T. A. N. Tolstoy A. Plat. A. Platonov B. Vas. B. Vasiliev, no. impersonal Bulg. M. Bulgakov v. view B. Ax. V. Aksenov wine. accusative case V. Kav. V. Kaverin Voin. V. Voinovich V. Sol. V. Soloukhin is tall... ... Experimental syntactic dictionary

Olga Pavlovna Frolova Date of birth: 1931 (1931) ... Wikipedia

analysis of the word paradigmatic- (analysis scheme) A type of analysis that considers combinations of the same parts of speech, their homonymous paradigms, synonymous, antonymic, thematic, hyper-hyponymic paradigms, lexico-semantic groups,... ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

Semantics- (from the Greek σημαντικός meaning) 1) all content, information conveyed by language or any of its units (words, grammatical forms of words, phrases, sentences); 2) a section of linguistics that studies this content and information; ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

The concept of lexical-semantic system (LSS)

Paradigmatic relationships between LSS units

Lexico-semantic group (LSG)

3.1. LSG structure

Semantic field

Thematic group

Relationship between different lexical paradigms

Syntagmatic relations between LSS units

Associative relationships. Associative-verbal network

Lexical core of language

Change in LSS

Specifics of LSS in different languages

Literature

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The concept of a lexical-semantic system (LSS )

Vocabulary is not a simple set of words. Not a single word exists in isolation in a language; words are interconnected and dependent on each other, they form system.

Lexico-semantic system language is an internally ordered, internally organized set of lexemes and LSVs connected by stable semantic relationships.

The relations of semantic motivation, equivalence, similarity, opposition, inclusion of an element in a class, underlying the categories of polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, conversion, semantic field literally permeate the vocabulary, organizing it as a system [SRY, p. 166–167].

Despite the fact that the vocabulary of the language includes many thousands of words, the speaker finds the word he needs relatively quickly.

This is explained precisely consistency of vocabulary, because the speaker searches for the word he needs not in the entire vocabulary of the language, but within a small part of it, to which he is oriented by the situation and logic of thinking: semantic field, synonymous series, etc. [Vendina, p. 147].

Systems formed by words are built on various foundations:

lexico-grammatical(parts of speech),

lexical-semantic(semantic field, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms),

formal-semantic(relationships between cognate words),

sociolinguistic(words obsolete and new, original and borrowed, stylistically neutral and stylistically colored, etc.).

LSS units are connected by paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships.

Paradigmatic relationships between LSS units

1. Any pair of words or LSVs connected by the relations of semantic motivation, similarity, opposition, etc. constitutes lexical microsystem(microparadigm 1 ):

A) intraword paradigm:

semantic structure of a polysemantic word

hot 1 –about temperature

hot 2 –about character

b) interword paradigms:

synonymous pair ( hot–hot),

antonymous pair ( hot Cold)…

Microparadigms are included in moremajor paradigms:

synonymous rows,

lexical-semantic groups, etc.

E.g. adjectives

hot, hot, red-hot, scalding, burning, sultry...

form synonymous series.

The LEs antonymous to them form another synonymous series:

cold, cool, frosty, icy, icy...

The series of synonyms with the meaning ‘hot’, ‘cold’, ‘warm’ form lexical-semantic group with the general meaning ‘temperature sensation’.

Lexico-semantic groups merge into semantic fields.

lexical → lexico-semantic → semantic

microparadigm group field

Those. vocabulary, like language in general, is system of systems[ESUF, p. 145].

2. One of the most important types of paradigmatic relations of LEs are genus-species relations, or hyponymy(hypo-hyperonymy) (Greek) hypo‘under, below’, hyper ‘above, above’, onyma'Name'). This is a juxtaposition

words with a narrower meaning ( hyponym)

a word with a broader meaning ( hypernym).

The meaning of the hyponym is included in the meaning of the hypernym.

This is a relationship like

general–private,genus–view:

pie – kapustnik, sour cream;

animal - bear, hare…

whole–part of the whole:

day - morning afternoon Evening Night;

car – body, wheel, engine …

The concepts of “hyponym” and “hyperonym” relative.

Yes, LE dog –

hypernym to hyponyms poodle, greyhound, newfoundland and etc.

hyponym in relation to a hierarchically higher name animal etc. [ERYA, p. 81].

3. A major role in the systematic organization of vocabulary is played by derivational(derivational)relationship(lat. derivatio ‘abduction, education’).

In Russian linguistics, derivational relations are considered in grammar.

This is a relationship

between words formed from one word:

teacher

student

learn → doctrine

studies

between words in successive word formation:

learn → teacher → teaching → teach

All derivatives of the base word are hierarchically organized based on motivational relations in the system word-forming nests:

teacher → teaching → teach

student → student

learn → doctrine

study → educational

4. Structuring The vocabulary of a language occurs on different grounds:

proper linguistic And

extralinguistic.

Back in the 19th century. M. M. Pokrovsky (1868–1942) wrote that in the lexical system of a language there are various groups, or “ word fields" Some of them are intralingual associations(“according to spheres of ideas”), others – extra-linguistic associations(“by subject area”).

These ideas were developed in theory

semantic(lexical-semantic)fields(JV),

lexical-semantic groups(LSG),

and thematic groups(TG).

German scientists are considered the founders of semantic field theory Karl Bühler(1879–1963) and Jost Trier(1894–1970). According to this theory, for every "conceptual field" as if words are superimposed, dividing it without remainder and forming "word field". In this case, each word receives meaning only as part of the corresponding field.

Let's compare three systems for assessing student knowledge - A, B and C:

sehr gut sehr gut sehr gut

‘excellent’ ‘excellent’ ‘excellent’

‘good’ ‘good’ ‘good’

genügend genügend befriedigen

‘satisfactory’ ‘satisfactory’ ‘satisfactory’

mangelhaftmangelhaftausreihend

‘unsatisfactory’ ‘not quite ‘sufficient’

satisfactory’ mangelhaft

ungenügend ‘not quite

‘unsatisfactory’ satisfactory’

'unsatisfactory'

(An example of Trier's follower Leo Weisberger; Quoted from [Baranov A.N. Categories of artificial intelligence in linguistic semantics. Frames and scripts. M., 1987]).

Here, the same continuum of the quality of students’ knowledge (conceptual field) is divided in different ways by three assessment systems (verbal fields), resulting in three SPs. If you do not know which system (SP) this or that assessment belongs to, then it is hardly possible to establish its real value, i.e. the range of student knowledge it covers; Wed assessments gut"Fine" mangelhaft“not quite satisfactory” in systems A, B and C. [Kobozeva, p. 98].

Actively using field theory, linguists emphasize that the description of vocabulary cannot be reduced to a description of the conceptual fields themselves. Groupings of lexical units should be described, and not concepts or realities (cf., for example, [Reformatsky, p. 151]).

Lexico-semantic group

Lexico-semantic group(LSG) is a collection of words one part of speech, united integral seme.

For example, for words

morning, day, evening, night, day, second, minute, hour, week, month...

integral seme(archiseme) is ' time’.

Time of day, length of time period, etc. – differential semes(signs).

Integral signs under certain conditions become d differential.

For example, the sign ‘relative’, integral for LE 'father', 'mother', 'son', 'daughter', etc., becomes differential when moving to LSG, which includes designations for other relationships between people such as “colleague”, “fellow traveler”, “classmate”, “boss”, etc. [LES, p. 380].

IN basis LSG organizations lie hypo-hyperonymic relationship:

morning afternoon Evening Night -With ducks ,

mother, father, son, daughter -relative …

LSG may include synonymous rows, and antonymous vapors (cf. LSG ‘temperature sensation’).

LSG is characterized conceptualhomogeneity elements. Therefore its units are unambiguous words And LSV of polysemous words.

Conceptually heterogeneous LSVs included in different LSG. Wed:

sister 1 – in LSG designations of kinship;

sister 2– in the LSG the names of medical personnel;

father 1– ‘parent’ and

father 2- 'priest' [ERYA, p. 458–459; SRYA, p. 232].

LSG 1 LSG 2

Homonyms, eg key‘master key’ and key'spring' , refer to different LSG.

Other paradigmatic relations can also go beyond of a given LSG, connecting it with neighboring LSGs.

For example, when derivational relations, derivatives of the same root often belong to different LSGs:

hand, pen– LSG "body parts",

handy, one-armed - LSG "characteristics of a person"

sleeve– LSG "clothing details".