How to add an udc to an article. Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)

In many Russian scientific and technical publishing houses and editorial offices of journals, as well as when depositing manuscripts, the authors are required to indicate the UDC. It is believed that the universal decimal system ( Universal Decimal Classification) allows you to provide an effective search for information in the field of science, literature and art. Although, in fact, many articles are much more efficient in finding keywords and annotations.

The UDC uses the decimal principle: each classifier is divided into ten (or less) subsections, which are denoted by Arabic numerals. These codes are developed by the international UDC Consortium www.forum.udcc.ru, and they are regularly published at the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI) www2.viniti.ru/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=62

You can see a sample of a universal decimal classifier on the website http://teacode.com/online/udc/(to view the entire section, you need to click on the numbers with the code). You can also select any other free web directory such as www.udk-codes.net/. And if you find a similar publication with a code, then you can see the decoding of the UDK formulas at this link http://scs.viniti.ru/udc/

So, select the desired section, corresponding to the topic and specifics of your article. Then enter the numbers in the upper left corner of the first page (back title page) the text of the publication, as required in accordance with GOST 7.4-95 “System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing. Editions. Imprint ". And it's all…

To publish a work (article, book, dissertation), the author must indicate the thematic section (index) of existing classifications to which this work belongs, and the author's mark.

The classification indices of the publication are the UDC, LBC and GRNTI indices.

UDC - Universal Decimal Classification - information classification system. UDC is widely used all over the world for systematization of works of science, literature and art, periodicals, different types documents. By UDC one can understand the type, type of literature without reading it. UDC index is an obligatory element of the publication's imprint. In accordance with GOST R 7.0.4-2006 “Editions. Imprint ”the UDC index should be put in the upper left corner of the title page turnover. Many scientific journals require a UDC index per article for publication.

For self-determination of UDC indices, you can use the online classifier (free access), for example: UDC Handbook - http://teacode.com/online/udc/;

Universal decimal classification // Scientific journals. Conferences. Monographs: postgraduate student. - http://www.naukapro.ru/metod.htm.

LBC - Library and Bibliographic Classification - a system of national library classification of publications. LBC is intended for organizing library collections, catalogs and card indexes. GOST R 7.0.4– 2006 “Editions. Imprint ”requires to put the LBC index on the back of the title page in the upper left corner under the UDC index (in a separate line) and in the layout of the annotated catalog card. To independently determine the LBC indices, you can use electronic standard LBC- machine-readable copies of all issues of the Average Tables, Abbreviated Tables and Tables for children's and school libraries in current versions (i.e. with all corrections and additions made to the book text). We draw the attention of users to the need for a preliminary acquaintance with the preface and small rules for working with the standards of BBK tables.

The BBK index will be displayed in the column “see. also".

GRNTI - State rubricator of scientific and technical information (formerly - Rubricator GASNTI) is a universal hierarchical classification of fields of knowledge, adopted to systematize the entire flow of scientific and technical information. On the basis of the Rubricator, a system of local (sectoral, thematic, problematic) rubricators in scientific and technical information bodies has been built. To independently determine the GRNTI index, go to the website: http://grnti.ru/

To obtain the UDC, LBC and SRSTI indices of his work, the author can contact the information and bibliographic department of the library:

or leave a request in electronic online reference service of the Moscow State Pedagogical University Library

General method of applying the Universal Decimal Classification

Brief historical information about UDC

The universal decimal classification has existed for over 100 years. During this period, it has undergone great changes, has been criticized more than once, but, despite this, it still does not know its equal in the breadth of distribution. Having arisen as a classification system for international bibliography, UDC is currently used in many countries of the world for the systematization of printed works, various types of documents and the organization of card indexes. The use of UDC in information retrieval systems determines the further prospects for its development.

The emergence of the UDC is closely related to the creation and development of Melville Dewey's Decimal Classification. In 1876, the first, very short, edition of tables of this classification was published. Dewey's classification is widely popular in the United States and some European countries, where it is still used mainly in public libraries. Its indexes are affixed to cards issued by the Library of Congress.

In 1895, the I International Bibliographic Conference was convened in Brussels, at which it was decided to create a "Universal Bibliographic Repertoire" - a card catalog of literature available throughout the world in all branches of knowledge. To accomplish this great task, the International Bibliographic Institute (IBI) was organized. The initiators of the creation of the "Repertoire", as well as the organizers and leaders of the MBI were Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Henri Lafontaine (1854-1943). They are also credited with creating the UDC, which was based on M. Dewey's Decimal Classification as a tool for systematizing the "Repertoire".

The work on the creation of the classification lasted 12 years. It was carried out both along the line of further detailing the headings of the M. Dewey system, and along the way of improving its structure. New indices were added and old indices were ordered, the wording of the headings was modified, the appearance of the indices was slightly changed, the necessary methodological instructions and explanations were introduced. The main addition, qualitatively distinguishing the new classification from M. Dewey's system, was the introduction of general and special determinants (facets) and grammatical means that allow creating new indexes.

In 1905, in Brussels, the first consolidated edition of the tables of the new decimal classification was published in French. These tables were called "Guide to the universal bibliographic repertoire" (Manuel du repertoire bibliografique universel ").

In 1933, the second complete edition of the decimal classification tables was completed in French, now it was called the "Universal Decimal Classification". Having lost contact with the "Repertoire", the classification acquired independent meaning... The second edition was preceded by the extensive work of MBI to bring the tables in line with the level of development of science and technology and to supplement them with new concepts. This work, together with P. Otle and A. La Fontaine, was supervised by F. Donker-Dievis.

In 1931 the International Bibliographic Institute was renamed the International Documentation Institute, and in 1938 it was transformed into the Federation Internationale de Documentation (FID).

As its goal, the MFD has determined the development of the theory of documentation, the organization of information of all types and in all branches of knowledge. A large place is given to the problems of classification. Full, medium, abridged and industry editions of the UDC are published under the supervision of the IJF. Since 1991, for the practical work on the maintenance and development of the UDC, an independent body has been created - the UDC Consortium, which, along with the IJF, includes several major publishers of the national versions of the UDC. In 2000, the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information joined the Consortium, whose representative is a member of the governing council of the onsortium.

UDC structure and principles

The universal decimal classification, which appeared as a result of the further development of M. Dewey's Decimal classification, retained in its essence the hierarchical structure inherent in the latter. At the same time, a number of additions, techniques, characteristic of faceted or analytic-synthetic classification, were introduced into the UDC, for example, auxiliary tables of general and special qualifiers, which make it possible to uniformly construct indexes of sections in accordance with the categories of place, time, language, etc. or group documents by process, product type, etc.

The universal decimal classification is generally characterized by several basic properties. The name itself speaks of two of them: versatility and decimal... In addition, it should be noted the multidimensionality both inherent in the structure of the main table, and arising from the use of auxiliary tables and methods of forming indexes that carry elements of standardization.

In numerous sections of this system, many concepts are ordered for all branches of knowledge or activity. In other words, the UDC covers the entire universe of knowledge. At the same time, the UDC is not a conglomerate of individual industry classifications. Although the divisions of the classification corresponding to individual industries differ in their internal structure determined by the specifics of the industry, the system is perceived as a single whole due to the existence of a single hierarchical code, general rules for constructing indexes and the indispensable display of the interrelationships of this section and others using the methodological apparatus ("adjacent areas", links). UDC is also universal in application. Due to the abundance of means and methods of indexing, easily reducible fractionality, it is successfully used to systematize and then search for a wide variety of sources of information in funds of various sizes and purposes - from small narrow-topic collections of special documentation to large industry and diversified CIFs.

The universal decimal classification is based on systematic principle.

In the UDC, the same subject is found in different places, depending on the branch of knowledge and on the aspect in which it is considered. For example, "oil" appears in several sections. In section 547 Organic chemistry we find the concept "Oil Chemistry"; in 553 Mineral deposits - "Oil fields"; in 622 Mining - "Oil production"; in 662 Explosives. Fuels - "Oil as fuel", etc.

This phenomenon, called multiple localization of concepts, reflects multidimensional b UDC as a property inherent in the very structure of the classification scheme. This property should always be kept in mind when indexing by UDC.

Multidimensional indexing of the content of documents and queries is provided, in addition to the structure of the UDC itself, by using general and special qualifiers reflecting time, place, language, parameters, equipment, processes, etc., as well as by applying some rules for combining indexes.

One of the main distinguishing features of the Universal Decimal Classification is hierarchical structure most sections of the main and auxiliary tables on the principle of division from general to particular using a numeric decimal code. In this case, the main types of relations are subordination and subordination. Classes that are subclasses of one, broader class are associated with a subordination relationship. The division by which the division is made is called the division base and is variable. In a hierarchical system, each class occupies a definite, precisely fixed place relative to other classes.

Each class (the first level of division) contains a group of more or less related sciences, for example, class 5 - mathematics and natural sciences, class 6 - applied sciences: technology, agriculture, medicine.

Subsequent detailing is done by lengthening the indices.

UDC indices are constructed in such a way that each subsequent digit does not change the meaning of the previous ones, but only clarifies, denoting a more particular concept. For example, the index of the concept "Chemical corrosion" 620.193.4 is as follows:

6 Applied sciences

62 Engineering. Technique in general

620 Testing of materials. Commodity research

620.1 Testing of materials. Defects in materials. Protection of materials

620.19 Material defects and their identification. Corrosion

620.193 Corrosion. Corrosion resistance

620.193.4 Chemical corrosion. Impact of various aggressive environments

As already mentioned, according to the hierarchy from general to specific, not only the main table, but also auxiliary tables of general and special determinants are built, for example:

special qualifiers

62-5 Regulation and control of machines and processes

62-55 Regulators

62-555 Regulators actuated by physical processes

62-555.5 by radiation

62-555.56 selenium photocells

At present, the digit 0 is usually not used when detailing sections due to possible confusion with a special qualifier. 0; the number 9 is usually reserved for the concept of "others", "other". Thus, eight digits are actively used. In the case when the number of classified concepts exceeds eight places in a row, the ninth section can be split further, and the resulting hundredths (if necessary, thousandths) index shares are equal in value to tenths (the so-called octave principle).

When detailing more or less large sections of the UDC, it is widely (although it cannot be argued that it is always strictly and consistently used) standard designation of certain concepts, as well as typical and similar subdivisions: general qualifiers, special qualifiers, standard (sliding) endings, parallel subdivision, construction of an index using the "(apostrophe) sign, etc. All these means and techniques make it possible to represent the UDC in a more compact , sometimes in two-dimensional, easier to see, form and reduce the size of tables.The mnemonics achieved with their help greatly facilitate mastering the system and memorizing the indices necessary in the work.

The UDC is built on a systematic basis. If in the subject classification all information about the subject (concept) is concentrated in one place, regardless of the branches of knowledge to which this information belongs, then in the UDC the subject (concept) can be found in many places of the classification table depending on the branch of knowledge, on the aspect, in which it is being considered. For example, the concept of "chalk" is reflected in the sections:

Mineral deposits (chalk deposits, index 553.555)

Mining (extraction of chalk, index 622.355.5)

Construction earthworks (type of construction soil, index 624.131.253)

Building materials and products (type of building materials, index 691.215.5)

This phenomenon, called multiple localization of concepts, reflects the multidimensionality of the UDC as a property inherent in the very structure of the classification. This property should always be kept in mind when indexing.

UDC components

Tables of the Universal Decimal Classification are divided into main and auxiliary ones. In addition, UDC editions, as a rule, include an alphabetic subject index as a third integral part.

The division of tables into main and auxiliary is based on the features of the concepts reflected in them. As a rule, the main table includes concepts specific to certain areas of science, technology, art, etc., with only their inherent characteristics. The auxiliary tables (general and special qualifiers) include repetitive concepts common to all or many sections, or used within one section. These concepts, attached to the main ones, clarify their content or form. At the same time, general qualifiers contain concepts that are used in all or many sections, and special ones are used only within one or several sections that are similar in content. The introduction of the apparatus of determinants into the classification was caused by the desire for a uniform reflection of typical features, including the same aspects of considering various concepts, reducing the volume of tables and thereby increasing the ability to reflect specific concepts in industry sections.

The system of qualifiers gives the linear hierarchical scheme of decimal classification features of the facet system, which makes it possible to use simultaneously two principles of detailing different concepts in one system: division and intersection.

Main UDC table

The main table contains concepts and their corresponding indices, with the help of which the entire amount of human knowledge is systematized. The main external sign of the UDC, as mentioned earlier, is the decimal subdivision system. In accordance with this system, the entire body of existing knowledge is divided into ten main sections (classes), each of which, in turn, is subdivided into ten smaller ones, etc. For better clarity and readability of the entire index, a period is put after every three digits, starting from the left.

Various areas of knowledge are reflected in the indices of the main UDC table. Heads the main row of the UDC class 0 General section... Its contents are: science in general, writing, information, culture, journalism, museums, bibliography, librarianship, etc. By the author of the Decimal Classification, he was interpreted as an introductory section to the scheme as a whole.

The humanities are assigned groups of classes at the beginning and end of the main row: classes 1/3 (philosophy, logic, psychology, religion, politics, economics, etc.) and classes 7/9 (art, philology, history, geography).

The mathematics and science group is in grade 5, while the applied science group, which includes engineering, medicine, and agriculture, is in grade 6.

Main row

0 General department

1 Philosophical sciences. Philosophy

2 Religion. Theology

3 Social sciences

4 (Available since 1961)

7 Art. Decorative and applied arts. The photo. Music. Games. Sport

8 Linguistics. Philology. Fiction. Literary criticism

9 Geography. Biographies. History

Classes 5 and 6 are closely related, so when indexing, it is often difficult to choose an index. In these cases, one should be guided by the fact that the class 5 Mathematics. Natural Sciences reflects questions of a theoretical nature, the study of the general laws of physics, chemistry, biology, etc., and the class 6 Applied sciences. Medicine. Technics is devoted to the practical use of these laws, their implementation in technology, medicine, agriculture.

The hierarchical principle of subdivision from general to specific is the main method of detailing.

In addition to the hierarchy, when detailing a number of subsections, methods of faceted analysis are used. An example is the construction of a section 667.6 Coating agents. Paints and varnishes. Coating technology... In this section, formulations and then finished coatings are subdivided according to different division bases (facets):

667.633 Paints and varnishes by composition

667.634 Paints and varnishes by method of application or processing

667.635 Paints and varnishes by the method of drying coatings

667.636 Paints and varnishes by type of substrate

667.637 Paints and varnishes by properties and purpose, etc.

In the UDC there are such collective headings, the subsections of which are built according to the enumeration method. This method is often used at lower levels.

In some cases, instead of developing a decimal classification section, an indication is given to use for further detailing any already existing special classification or scale. For example, in the section 66-97 Thermal parameters the temperature value can be indicated in degrees of any generally accepted scale by attaching the letter symbolizing this scale and the temperature value:

66-97F32 Temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit

In the UDC, the * (asterisk, asterisk) sign is used to join the UDC indices of indices of other classifications. For example, place identifiers use different geographic classifications appended with an asterisk *.

In cases where the detailing given in the table does not fully satisfy, the organizer is given the right to independently enter alphabetic (nominal, alphabetic) subdivisions (see Table Ih), for example:

(1-622NATO) NATO member countries

629.331 "Moskvich". Cars of the brand "Moskvich"

Supporting tables

Along with the main table in the UDC there are tables of qualifiers, which form separate classification series. Determinants serve for further detailing of the index, the qualitative characteristics of documents and reflect the general characteristics that are repeated for many subjects. By combining the indexes of the main table with the determinants, a large number of complex indexes can be obtained, which expands the classification range as a whole.

Determinants are divided into two groups: special and general. Determinants used in all sections of the UDC are called general determinants. Determinants used only in a certain section of the UDC are called special.

Special qualifiers

Earlier it was said that special qualifiers are used to denote concepts common to one or more industries. They are a movable, detachable part of an index that can be attached to any index in a given section for further standard refinement.

There are three types of special qualifiers according to their distinctive symbols:

1 / -9 qualifiers with a hyphen (except for -0 General qualifiers with a hyphen);

01 / .09 qualifiers with a zero point;

"1 /" 9 qualifiers with an apostrophe.

Special qualifiers are most often developed and used in the main table and are given directly in the section in which they are used. In auxiliary tables of common qualifiers, special qualifiers are developed and used less frequently, mainly in form and place qualifiers.

Special qualifiers with a hyphen and a zero have a dual role:

1) a special qualifier in conjunction with the general index of the section in which it is given denotes the general concept of a given branch of knowledge, if this concept is not among the main indexes of the section, for example:

62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes (Engineering. Technique)

66.011 Calculation of processes ... (Chemical technology)

2) the same determinant as the movable part of the index in conjunction with any detailed index of this section performs an analytical function, clarifying the specific concept expressed by this index, for example:

621.979-59 Automatic presses,

where 621.979 Presses

or 661.25.011 Calculation of processes for the production of sulfuric acid,

where 661.25 Sulfuric acid production

The -1 / -9 qualifiers (hyphenated qualifiers) are elaborated in detail in the section 62 Engineering. Technique in general... These qualifiers contain a number of concepts for the characteristics of machines and apparatus in terms of design, dimensions, shape, component parts, mode of operation, control, etc., as well as the characteristics of substances in terms of aggregate state, products - in shape, processes - in parameters, etc. Determinants 62-1 / -9 are used not only in section 62, but by special guidelines apply to the entire class 6, and are also partially used in classes 5 and 7.

Special identifiers 62-1 / -8 are usually attached to indices denoting machines, apparatus, installations, etc., for example:

621.51-155 Radial compressors

621.924-187.4 Precision grinding machines

621.941.2-229.323 Lathe chucks

621.9.06-529 Computer-controlled metal-cutting machines

621.791.5.034-621.5 Acetylene welding torches

621.43-66 Solid fuel internal combustion engines.

To the indices denoting technological processes, production, special identifiers 62-1 / -8 can be attached only with: (relation sign). So, the document describing the technology of casting piston rings will receive the index 621.74.04: 62-242.3.

Special qualifiers 62-9 Performance characteristics, parameters and conditions (processes and installations) and 62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes used with both process indices and hardware indices, for example:

621.785.92-973 Deep cold heat treatment, where

62-973 Very low temperature (deep cold)

664.143.83-932 Continuous apparatus for polishing caramel

Special subdivisions 62-4 are used to designate objects, products, materials according to their shape, configuration, state of aggregation, for example:

621.74.04-423 Shaped casting

621.74.046-419.4 Bimetallic casting

Determinants.01 / .09 (determinants with a zero point) are available in various sections of the UDC. In class 6, they most often denote processes, equipment, products of a particular production, for example:

621.7 Machining without chip removal

621.7.016 Processing conditions

621.7.016.2 Hot work

621.7.016.3 Cold working

621.7.04 Processing methods

621.7.073 Shaping tools. Stamps. Permanent forms

The special qualifiers listed for section 621.7 apply in all of its divisions (except where otherwise specified), for example:

621.73.016.2 Hot forming

621.73.043 Forging in dies

621.74.019 Casting defects. Casting defects

621.74.043 Chill casting. Injection molding

621.74.073 Molds

621.777.073 Press dies

The qualifiers "1 /" 9 (qualifiers with an apostrophe), in contrast to -1 / -9 and 01 / .09, perform a synthetic function and serve for a comprehensive designation of individual constituent elements, properties and other characteristics. In some cases, they are given in the form of tables, in others, they must be formed from the main indices. This type of special qualifiers is widely used, for example, in the sections 54 Chemistry and 66 Chemical Technology to denote various kinds chemical compounds, eg:

546.267 Hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide

546.32 Potassium

546.33 Sodium

546.32 "267 Potassium cyanide

546.33 "257 Sodium cyanide

Alloys are similarly classified by chemical composition in the section

669 Metallurgy, eg:

669.35 Copper alloys

669.4 Lead

669.5 Zinc

669.6 Tin

669.35 "5 Copper-zinc alloys

669.35 "5" 6 "4 Copper-zinc-tin-lead alloys

In section 547 Organic Chemistry, to designate organic compounds consisting of two or more ingredients, divisions 546.1 / .9 are used as special qualifiers.

"" 11/19 "", where the character "1 (apostrophe one) replaces 546, and subdivisions 547.2 / .9 are used as special qualifiers" 2 / "9, where the character" (apostrophe) replaces 547, for example:

547.292 Acetic acid

547.265 Amyl alcohols

547.292 "265 Amylacetates

Special qualifiers with apostrophes are used in many other sections: 553 Mineral deposits, 631.442 Soil classification, 81 Linguistics, 678 Polymers and etc.

In some sections such as 678.6 Synthetic polycondensates, 81 Linguistics, determinants with "(apostrophe) are given in the form of a ready-made table.

In sections such as 546 Inorganic chemistry, 547 Organic chemistry, 669 Metallurgy, 553 Mineral deposits and others, determinants with " (apostrophe) are derived from the endings of the major indices.

Using custom qualifiers may give the impression that only the separable portion of the qualifier index is working. However, the meaning of a complex index is determined by the combination of the qualifier with the index of the main table for which they are designed to drill down.

Special qualifiers that have the same part can have completely different meanings in different sections, for example:

54-31 Oxides (oxides) (special definition in section 54)

82-31 Novels. Stories (special definition in section 82)

The considered special determinants without indices of the main section, which they serve, have the same spelling. However, their meaning is determined depending on the section (subsection) of the main UDC table for which they are developed.

Thus, in reality, the information load is carried not only by the moving part, but also by the entire index of special determinants 54-31 and 82-31.

All three types of special qualifiers can be used:

In the form of single determinants of any one type, for example:

547.29-41 Reagents for organic acids

821.161.1-31 Russian novel

821.161.1.09 Criticism in Russian literature

In the form of several identifiers of the same type, for example:

621.4-242-436 Spherical pistons for engines

As a combination of qualifiers of different types, for example:

821.161.1-31.09 Criticism of the Russian novel

669.15-198.017 Metallurgy of ferroalloys

As follows from the material presented, special qualifiers narrow the concepts reflected by the main indices. However, special qualifiers in combination with the main index of the section where they are indicated can be considered as independent indices (if there is no main index for this concept) and with their help it is possible to combine material on certain general issues without regard to the specific concepts of this section, for example:

82.09 Literary criticism (in general)

62-762 Seals

62-59 Brakes

621.38.019.3 Reliability of electronics

621.791.03 Welding equipment (in general)

Common qualifiers

General determinants of the UDC reflect the general categories and characteristics (time, place, language, form, etc.) used throughout the table and serve for the standard designation of these general categories and signs.

They can be joined to any index of the main UDC table.

Some of the general qualifiers, namely, the qualifiers of language, form, place, peoples and time, can, if necessary, be used as independent indices, detailed by directly attaching the main indices to them, as well as general qualifiers. e another part of general determinants, namely determinants –02 Properties,-03 Materials and -05 Faces apply only with major indexes.

The presence of detailed tables of common determinants, which make the system flexible and multidimensional, is a great advantage of the UDC.

Common determinants by their functions can be divided into two groups:

Determinants serving to designate formal features: these include language determinants (Russian, English, German, etc.) and form determinants (textbooks, reference books, etc.);

Determinants serving for additional, more detailed reflection of the content of the information contained in the document: this can include determinants of place and time, properties, persons and materials.

Language Determinants (Table Ic) contain the classification of languages. They are also used to denote multilingual documents and translations from different languages. Distinctive character of language qualifiers =, for example:

111 English

112.2 German

161.1 Russian language

00 multilingual works

629.78 (051) = 112.2 Space magazine in German

The qualifier is used to indicate translations = 03 Translation work. Translations, eg

61 = 03.111 = 161.1 Medical documents translated from of English language into Russian.

Determinants of peoples (Table If) are close to linguistic determinants. They are derived from common language qualifiers enclosed in parentheses, i.e. (= ...), and serve to indicate nationality, nationalities or ethnic groups, eg:

(= 111) English

(= 112.2) Germans

(= 161.1) Russians

(= 214.58) gypsies

(= 411.16) Jews

(= 411.21) Arab

By adding the identifiers of peoples to the main indices, we get a new index, for example:

398 (= 214.58) Gypsy folklore

751.1 (= 161.1) Russian portrait painting

Shape determinants (Table Id) have a distinctive character (0 ...). They serve to classify documents and other sources of information according to the form and nature of presentation: textbook, article, report, reference book, patent, etc. There are designations for geographical materials, maps, three-dimensional images (models, dummies), for presenting the issue in a historical aspect, for example:

(075.8) Textbooks for universities

(083.74) Standards. Normals. Specifications (VTU, RTU, RTM, etc.)

(091) Item History

546 (075.8) Textbook on inorganic chemistry for universities

621.882.2 (083.74) Screw standards

61 (091) History of Medicine

Place determinants (table Ie) serve to reflect the geographical or territorial aspect in which a given topic is addressed. Determinants of a place make it possible to allocate a place and space in general, physical and geographical regions and zones, rivers, seas, oceans, countries and territories of modern and the ancient world etc. This type of qualifier is symbolized by parentheses (1/9), for example:

(100) The whole world. International

(261) Atlantic Ocean

(470 + 571) Russian Federation

(470.311) Moscow region

Place qualifiers are appended to the index of any section of the UDC in order to reflect the content of the document in the specified aspect, for example:

55 (5) Geology of Asia

551.482 (282.247.41) Hydrology of the Volga

69 (213.5) Construction in the tropics (in the tropics)

The table of common determinants has the following main divisions.

(1) Place and space in general. Localization. Orientation (e.g. world, space, developing countries, etc.)

(2) Physical and geographical characteristics of the location (islands, climatic zones, oceans, seas, rivers, mountains, tundra, etc.)

(3) Countries and areas of the ancient world (Assyria, Hellas, Thrace, etc.)

(4/9) Countries and areas of the modern world (Europe, Asia, America, Arctic, etc.).

General determinants of place have a rather developed system of special determinants with a hyphen, with the help of which various clarifications and restrictions of place can be reflected, for example:

(-04) Border zones. Boundaries

(44-04) Borders of France

(1-87) Abroad. Foreign

82 (1-87) Foreign fiction (in general)

To clarify the localization within an administrative unit, it is often sufficient to apply the subdivision of this unit by the cardinal points, using special qualifiers (= 11 / == 18) and (-191..2) Central, for example:

(571.56-17) North of Yakutia

(571.56-18) North-east of Yakutia

(571.56-191.2) Center of Yakutia

In many cases, the content of the document is not attributed to administrative division, but to individual cities. In such cases, it is recommended to indicate the region (state, county, province, etc.) in which this city is located, for example:

(470.311-21 N.-F.) Naro-Fominsk

636.5 / .6 (470.311-21 N.-F.) Development of poultry farming in Naro-Fominsk

908 (470-25) Moscow Studies

Geographic identifiers are of great importance for grouping in one place economic and sectoral information for individual specific countries or a group of countries, as well as for organizing special parts of the fund (for example, patent) by country, for example:

338 (470) Economy of the national economy of Russia

669.1 (430) Ferrous metallurgy of Germany

(088.8) (410) UK Patents

(088.8) (430) German Patents

(088.8) (44) French Patents

(088.8) (470 + 571) Patents of Russia

(088.8) (73) US Patents

Of great importance in the systematization of scientific and technical literature are determinants of climatic zones and regions, which clarify the main indices from the point of view of the operation of machines in certain conditions, the dependence of the development of individual industries on climatic conditions, etc.

For example:

63 (213.1) Agriculture in the subtropics

629.3.014.2 (23) Tractor for work in mountainous conditions

69 (211) Construction in the Arctic

In the event that the information refers to several countries, these countries are indicated by qualifiers through the plus sign (+), for example:

66 (410 + 430) Chemical industry in England and Germany

When reflecting materials on countries interconnected by any relations, country identifiers are given with a relation sign (:), for example:

002.62 (470: 438) Cooperation of national centers for STI of Russia and Poland

The use of place determinants should be reasonable and take place only when they express the necessary essential feature for the systematization of literature.

Time determiners (Table Ig) have the distinguishing character "..." (quotation marks). These qualifiers serve to form subdivisions on a chronological basis.

For example:

621.979 "1964" Presses 1964

621.979 "1968" Presses produced in 1968

94 (4) "1939/1945" History of the Second World War

As can be seen from the examples, the chronological date is indicated by enclosing the year in quotation marks in Arabic numerals. The date can be specified up to month, day, etc., for example:

With the help of chronological determinants, in addition to dates, periods, epochs are indicated. To indicate a period spanning a number of years, use the spreading sign / (slash), connecting the start and end dates.

For example:

94 "04" / 14 "History of the Middle Ages

338 (4) "1945 / ..." The economy of post-war Europe

(if the end date is not precisely defined, an ellipsis after the slash is used).

A millennium is designated by one number, a century by two, decades by three, a year by four Arabic numerals.

The first century of the Christian (new) era is designated by two zeros "00", therefore each numeric expression of the determinant is one less than the numeric designation of the century.

For example:

61 (520) "09" Japanese medicine in the 10th century

52 "17" Astronomy in the 18th century

621.039 "2" Nuclear power in the third millennium

In addition to chronological subdivisions, time determinants contain designations for a number of abstract concepts related to time.

For example:

"32" Year. Seasons

"324" Winter

"342.7" Sunday

"362" Peacetime

"364" Wartime

"382/383" Holidays

"550.1" Annually. Once a year

"742" Temporary, non-permanent

"752" Unique, rare

With the use of time determinants, you can, if necessary, create the corresponding divisions.

For example:

061.3 "550.1" Annual congresses, conferences

338.2 "364" Economic policy during the war

331.232 "345" Remuneration for work on the night shift

Time specifiers are not used to indicate the date of publication or publication.

Common qualifiers with a hyphen (Table Ik)

Unlike special qualifiers with a hyphen, the symbol of these generic qualifiers is -0. There are three types of common determinants -0 ...

02 Properties

03 Materials

05 Faces. Personal characteristics.

The Common Property Definition Table basically (as intended by the authors) replaces the canceled Table Ii Common determinants of points of view (aspects). It contains the following groups of properties: existence, relationship, quality, origin, structure, form, ordering, movement, etc.

For example:

021.4 Properties of significance (quality)

021.479 the best. Ideal. Luxury

629.331-021.479 luxury cars

021.5 Properties of origin

021.57 Planned. Thoughtful

061.3-021.57 Scheduled meeting

Determinants -03 Materials (edit) are used in cases when an object (product) is considered and the material from which this object (product) is made is indicated as its characteristics, i.e. "metal, glass, wood, tin, plastic", etc.

For example:

621.822 Bearings

621.822-034 Metallic

621.822-036.5 Plastics, etc.

Determinants -05 Faces. Personal characteristics contain characteristics of people depending on their position, occupation, age, gender, etc.

For example:

616-051 Medical staff

368-051 Insurance Agents

614.8-051 Rescuers

616-052 Patients. The patients

053.2 Children

82-053.2 Children's fiction

055.1 Men

055.2 Women

(051.055.2) Women's magazines

371.124-055.1 Male educators

The generic qualifiers -05 cannot be used as a speciation agent. For example, the index 685.31-055.2 can have only one meaning - Women in the footwear industry, but in no case "Women's shoes".

It should be remembered that the UDC contains sections of the main table 331.1 Labor Economics. Personnel where the information on frames should be assigned if frames are the main subject of content, and the -05 qualifier is used for detailing, for example:

331.108.45-057.17 Professional development of management personnel

The description of common qualifiers presented here shows that the presence of well-developed common qualifiers makes the UDC system extremely flexible and multidimensional.

The refinement of concepts using qualifiers allows one to form indices for an almost infinite number of concepts. From this point of view, it is advisable to consider UDC tables as a set of initial indices and examples of their formation by means of UDC, but in no case as a final list of indices of concepts reflected in the scheme. Therefore, knowledge of the UDC presupposes the ability to use the limitless capabilities of the system to express any topic and, in particular, the ability to use qualifiers. The use of qualifiers significantly expands the capabilities of the schema as a whole and provides to a large extent its faceting as an information retrieval language.

The principle of a single subdivision within the main sections

A characteristic feature of the UDC is the division of some subsections according to a single scheme for the entire section. This principle of subdivision is possible only if it does not damage individual concepts. Due to the application of this principle, a high mnemonicity of the system is ensured and the volume of tables is reduced. So, for example, in the section 669 Metallurgy the following subdivision of indices is preserved using typical (or moving) endings:

669 Metallurgy

669 ... 1 General work. Properties. Receiving

669 ... 3 Processing of ores. Extraction of metals from ores

669 ... 4 Cleaning. Refining

669 ... 5 Alloys

669 ... 6 Processing and finishing of certain metal and its alloys

669 ... 7 Application of metals and its alloys

669 ... 8 Metal and its alloys as coatings

Typical or sliding endings can be attached to the indices of this section to obtain further uniform, standard detailing. At the same time, typical endings are not determinants. The dots indicate the place where the numbers after 669 are inscribed and are part of the main index denoting the corresponding specific metal. A typical ending is attached to the main index without any additional characters.

For example:

669.5 Zinc

669.53 Zinc extraction

669.54 Zinc Refining

669.55 Zinc alloys

669.569.2 Chemical coloring of zinc

669.57 Application of zinc

669.58 Zinc plating (zinc coating). Zinc coatings

A similar technique is widely used in other sections, for example, when section 661.8 Compounds of metals. Salt. Mineral paints, in addition to the indices of the main series, denoting the compounds of individual metals:

661.832 Potassium compounds

661.833 Sodium compounds

661.847.9 Zinc compounds,

a list of typical endings has been placed:

661.8 ... 1 Critical connections

2 Oxides

3 Halogen compounds. Cyanide compounds. Hydrides

32 Chlorine compounds

321 Chloride

Any of the endings listed in the list can be used to obtain the compound index of a particular metal by directly attaching (observing the rule of dotting every three characters) to the index denoting the compounds of this metal. For example, having, on the one hand,

661.8 ... 321 Chloride

532 Sulfate

etc.,

on the other hand -

661.832 Potassium compounds

661.833 Sodium compounds

661.847.9 Zinc compounds

etc.,

indices can be formed:

661.832.321 Potassium chloride

661.833.321 Sodium chloride

661.847.932.1 Zinc chloride

661.832.532 Potassium sulfate

661.833.532 Sodium sulfate

661.847.953.2 Zinc sulfate

Using the list of typical endings, you can build the necessary detailing for the connections of each of the metals, and this detailing will be standard and mnemonic.

The principle of subdivision by analogy (parallel subdivision)

Subdivision by analogy, widely used in almost all sections of the main and auxiliary tables of the UDC, means the subdivision of this concept according to the same principle by which another related concept is subdivided, this principle in the tables is indicated by the note "subdivide as ..." The application of this principle is based on coincidence of the division base of two or more sections, for example:

674.031.51.9 subdivide as 582.519

621.3.08 subdivide as 53.08,

Where

621.3.08 Theory and methods of electrical measurements

53.08 General foundations and measurement theory

621.43.031.3 subdivided as 621.51,

Where

621.43.031.3 Cylinder charging under pressure and suction. Fuel pumps. Superchargers. Blowdown pumps

621.51 Compression of air and gases

621.45.035.5 subdivided as 62-225,

Where

621.45.035.5 Rocket (jet) engine nozzles

62-225 Nozzles

Subdivision by analogy (parallel subdivision) often arises as a result of multiple localization of concepts in the system, for example, the systematization of production iron ore by type is carried out in the same way as the systematization of ores in geology.

Divisions by analogy significantly reduce the volume of tables and provide prerequisites for using mnemonics in UDC.

UDC signs

IN sign system UDC has a group of characters used in the compilation of images for combining the main and auxiliary indices available in the tables, to indicate in the document search image those relations (links) between concepts that are not indicated by the main table indices.

This group of signs includes:

1) apostrophe "

2) accession sign +

3) sign of relation and double relation :, ::

4) square brackets

The apostrophe sign was discussed above when characterizing special determinants.

Accession sign + (read "and" or "plus") denotes the presence in the document of two or more independent topics or independent formal features of the document. This sign is used to connect both basic indices and qualifiers.

For example, a collection containing articles on chemistry and chemical technology will receive an index of 54 + 66; research on the state of the automotive industry in the USA and Canada - index 629.33 (73 + 71); chemistry textbook containing a dictionary of chemical terms - index 54 (075 + 038). In all cases, the sign of accession requires duplication (in the fund's card indexes).

Signed relationship indexes are reversible. This means that you can write them in any order, depending on the structure of the fund and catalogs. The sign of attachment cannot be replaced with either an extension sign or a relation sign.

Indexes formed by the join character are called composite indexes.

Spread sign / (read "forward slash" or "from and to") is intended to generalize a number of sequential indices that do not have a common (generic) index. The use of this sign leads to the expansion of the value of the UDC index. Thanks to the sign of spreading, several specific concepts that follow strictly one after another merge into a general one, for example:

622.332 Brown coals. Lignites

622.333 Bituminous coals

622.335 Anthracite,

Where

general index 622.332 / .335 Coal

621.56 / .59 Refrigeration technology,

Where

621.56 Cooling agents. Refrigeration units

621.57 Refrigerating machines. Heat pumps

621.58 Ice makers. Ice technology

621.59 Equipment for obtaining ultra-low temperatures

Since the slash creates a generalizing concept, the index formed with its help cannot be replaced by the sum of the individual indices.

After the index with the spreading sign, you can use general and, if necessary, special qualifiers, for example 621.56 / .59 (075) Refrigeration textbook.

This kind of index join is irreversible. An index with a spread sign is called complex.

Relationship sign: (read "colon" or "relation to") indicates the fact of a connection between two or more concepts (in the content and / or formal part).

The relationship sign is intended to express relations (connections) between the concepts of the main content of the document, such as whole-part, object-properties, technology-equipment, genus-species, etc.

At the same time, several equivalent concepts find themselves in such a relationship with each other, when a new concept arises that combines the content of these concepts.

For example:

631.14 Specialized agriculture

633.1 Grain growing

631.14: 633.1 Specialized grain farming

621.74.019: 620.192.46 Internal casting cracks,

Where

621.74.019 Casting defects (castings)

620.192.46 Internal cracks (Material defects)

81:39 Ethnolinguistics

81: 1 Philosophy of Language

The relationship sign does not give any indication of the nature of the relationship. Indices with a relation sign acquire unambiguity when the detailed (first) index has a value that does not allow for different interpretations of the combined index.

Indexes with the sign of the relation are formally reversible, but they cannot be mechanically written in the reverse order, since in this case they can lose their meaning or acquire undesirable meaning, and can also violate the structure of the section where they fall as a result of inversion.

Relation-signed indexes are called composite indexes.

Methods for forming composite indexes with a relationship sign are detailed in the Seventh Indexing Rule.

Double relationship sign :: (read "double relation") serves to fix a certain order of two or more components in a composite index, i.e. in cases where inversion is impossible due to a change in the meaning of the indexed information, for example:

528 :: 629.783 Satellite Geodesy

Square brackets is a sign that is used in all sections of the UDC in complex and composite indices.

This sign is used to designate links of different nature in an index with two or more relation signs, when it is necessary to show that one of the relation signs refers to a set of other indices connected by this sign and being a single concept, for example:

621.311.25: Power plants with magnetohydrodynamic generator

To shorten the entry of the index, in this case, a common determinant assigned to two or more indices can be placed outside the square bracket, for example, patents for radio receivers and televisions can be indexed

(088.8),

but not

621.396.62(088.8)+621.397(088.8)

Indexes with a relationship sign or a plus sign often cannot fit on one line when written. One or the other kind of indexes can be transferred to another line, but it is necessary to repeat the next +,: or :: sign before the index in the second line.

Methodical instructions inside UDC tables

An essential part in the sections of the UDC tables are methodological instructions. According to the goal they pursue, they can be divided into two groups: some clarify the content of the section, others talk about its further subdivision by using various means and techniques of the UDC. indications in the auxiliary tables reveal the purpose of each type of qualifiers, as well as signs, and characterize the methods of their use. Classes and major sections usually begin with the indication "Scope" (sometimes this indication is given without a heading). It characterizes the content of the section, contains information that complements the wording of the heading, and reports on the delimitation from related sections. References and references are closely related to the indication "Scope". In some cases in the UDC they replace the textual indication and delimitation of sections. The reference indicates that an item that is closely related to this section is not in this section, but under a different index.

As for the links, they provide for more distant links between sections. If the link gives the exact address of a particular topic or subject, then the link indicates the section, the indices of which can be used for indexing. Links and references are indicated by an arrow® , which changes its meaning depending on its position and denotes See, see also.

For example:

631.8 Fertilizers

Fertilizer production® 661.15 (reference)

666 Manufacture of building materials

® 691 Building materials (Construction) (link)

The first type of guidance also includes a list of related sections, which, like Scope, appears at the beginning of the major sections. It clearly shows the connection of this section with others and helps to navigate in the classification of the desired topic.

Alphanumeric Index (AAP)

Multiple localization of the same concepts in the UDC, i.e. their location depending on the aspect of consideration for various branches of knowledge, as well as the granularity of the detailing of the scheme, make it difficult to find an index corresponding to the content of the indexed document, thereby complicating the indexing process.

In order to quickly and accurately establish the index of a concept, UDC tables are supplied with AAP. AAP is a guide to tables, its main purpose is to determine by the names of the concepts of their location in the table.

In the index, the names of concepts form subject headings, aspects of concepts - subheadings. Subject headings are arranged alphabetically. By their structure, they are divided into simple, complex, nested.

Physics 53

Physical chemistry 544

Solvanite (mineralogy) 549.334.3

Concepts presented in two or more sections form nested headings in the index, for example:

Analysis

Math 517

Soil 631.4

Market 339.1

Numerical 519.6

Pediatric cardiology 616.1-053.2

Cognitive literature 087.5

Fiction(overall) 82-053.2

Encyclopedia (031.053.2)

By revealing the contents of tables in an easily accessible alphabetical order, the AAP not only greatly facilitates and speeds up the search for an index, but also contributes to improving the quality of indexing, providing the ability to select an index that best matches the content of the indexed document.

The index contains the names of all the concepts contained in these tables. To facilitate the search for names, the index includes their various verbal equivalents: lexical (synonyms), syntactic (direct and inverted formulations), and morphological (short and full forms).

For the same purpose, the index, along with the name of generic (general) concepts, includes the names of specific (particular) concepts, for example:

Cars 629.3

All-terrain vehicles 629.36

Freight 629.35

Cars 629.331

After searching and finding the index according to the index, it is necessary to refer to the tables in order to check and refine the index required to reflect the content of the indexed document.

Basic rules for indexing by UDC

The indexing technique is understood as a set of techniques and rules for the formation of search images of documents or queries, i.e. techniques and rules for the formation of UDC indices, reflecting the content and form of a document or request.

The main task of the indexing methodology is to ensure uniformity of approaches to the creation of search images of documents, therefore, the proposed rules can be considered as an attempt to formalize the indexing process. Uniformity of indexing allows for fast, complete and sufficiently accurate search for the majority of queries typical for a given fund, contributes to the correct organization of funds.

The subject of the general methodology is the development of techniques and rules for indexing, the selection of concepts for search images of documents arising from the characteristics of the classification as a whole.

The rules of the general methodology for indexing documents by UDC are based primarily on the structure of the UDC.

Rule one

UDC is a single integrated system, and not a sum of industry, private, local schemes. The entire amount of human knowledge and practice is considered in the UDC as a kind of community of interrelated, interdependent concepts, which is subdivided according to a single principle into classes, sections, subsections, etc. according to the principle of their most frequent use in practical activities person.

The following rule follows from the principle of system integrity:

All sections, all parts of the UDC are equal and should be equally used for indexing, regardless of their "proximity" or "remoteness" from the profile section for the given fund.

The assignment of this or that concept to this or that subdivision is conditioned by the structure of the industry. All documents selected for your collection should first be indexed according to the main content of the document, and then (if necessary) give a sign of attitude to the industry.

So, if the publication deals with wages in the chemical industry, then the index should be 331.2: 66.

Second rule

Due to the division of UDC tables by industry, there is a plurality of localizations of concepts in them, i.e. repetition of the same concept in different sections, depending on the aspect in which this concept is considered.

For example, "copper" is found in the sections: inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, mineral deposits, mining, metallurgy, etc. In these sections, "copper" is considered respectively as chemical element, as a mineral, in terms of its deposits, its extraction and processing in metallurgy.

The plurality of localization of concepts is disclosed in the AAP to the UDC, for example:

Mechanics

- (ground science) 624.13

- (molecular physics) 539.194

- (resistance of materials) 539.3

- (physics) 531/534

- (physical chemistry) 544

The rule follows from multiple localization:

When indexing, it is necessary to clearly define the subject and the aspect of its consideration in the document in order to select the correct index in the UDC table according to this aspect.

This means that it is not enough to find the index of a given concept in the table. First of all, it is necessary to find out to which branch of knowledge it belongs, in what aspect this concept is considered.

Third rule

Special qualifiers can be used as independent indexes only in combination with indexes of the main table ... IN this case they are used as main indexes, provided that there is no index for this concept in the main table. For example, special qualifiers

62-192 Reliability. Common problems

62-762 Seals

62-83 Electric drive

are used as independent indexes, since these concepts have no analogues in the main UDC table.

General qualifiers, as a rule, are used for their functional purpose, i.e. as determinants with indexes of the main table.

But some of them, namely the general identifiers of language, form, place, people and time, can be used as independent indices. But this method is recommended not for a centralized classification, but for organizing funds (card indexes), when placing on a "shelf", etc.

Common qualifiers –02 Properties, -03 Materials, -05 Faces cannot be used as main indices, i.e. on their own, they are always used only with indexes of the main table, for example; 621.9.06-529 Computer-controlled metal-cutting machines; 621.822-036.5 Plastic bearings; 82-053.2 Fiction for children.

Thus, determinants play a kind of double role: on the one hand, these are auxiliary indexes designed to refine, clarify the indexed concept, on the other hand, in the absence of the main index in combination with the index of the main table, they can act as main ones.

Rule four

This rule is very close to the third rule, since it is based on dividing all concepts into basic and auxiliary ones. This division is based on differences in the semantic role of concepts.

Very often, concepts that are different in their semantic role have the same verbal formulation. So, the concept "bearing" can be the main subject of content if the document deals with production, sale, transportation, etc. bearings, and should be reflected by the main index UDC 621.822.

If the concept "bearing" reflects a part, a detail of a machine, then it acts as an auxiliary concept and should be designated by an auxiliary index, i.e. special qualifier 62-233.2, for example

629.3-233.2 Automotive bearings

There are many similar cases, when UDC tables have several indices for equally verbally expressed concepts. Hence the rule:

Basic informative concepts are indexed by the main indexes of the table or by determinants in combination with the main indexes used as the main ones.

Auxiliary concepts, usually reflecting a part, detail, component, one of the features, etc., are indexed mainly by determinants, which are attached to the index of the main concept.

The fifth rule

A number of preferred uses for UDC indices.

"/ 9" (special qualifiers with an apostrophe);

01 / .09 (special zero-dot section qualifiers);

1 / -09 (special section qualifiers with a hyphen);

02, -03; -05 and other common identifiers.

This means that when starting indexing any concept, first of all, you should refer to the main tables of UDC 0/9. The indexed concept can be found there completely, partially, or not at all. In the first case, the indexing is over (i.e. the index is found in the main table and fully corresponds to the indexed concept). In other cases, the search continues in the auxiliary table, i.e. first among the special qualifiers, and then among the general qualifiers.

Rule six

Formation of complex indices.

A complex index is understood as an index formed by a combination of a main index with a general and / or special qualifier, as well as indices formed using a forward slash (/).

To comply with the UDC indexing rules, when compiling a complex index, one should be guided by the correspondence between the meaning of the index and the meaning of the document, since the relationship between the concepts of the main content depends on the content of the document and therefore cannot be strictly regulated. Practice shows that in most cases it is possible to adhere to the following sequence of attaching qualifiers to the main index or a special qualifier, which is used as the main one:

"1 /" 9; .01 / .09; -1 / -9; -02 and (or) –03, and (or) -05; (0 ...); (...); "..."; = ...; (= ...)

That is, the first place after the main index is placed:

"qualifier with an apostrophe;

0 ... special qualifier with zero point;

Special qualifier with a hyphen;

02, -03 or -05 general identifier of properties, materials or persons;

(0 ...) common form determinant;

(...) a common identifier of a place (geographic identifier);

"..." a common identifier of time;

Common language identifier;

(= ...) common qualifier of peoples (ethnic qualifiers).

For example:

621.74.04-423-021.311 (088.8) (493) "1990" = 112.5 Belgian patent of 1990 in Dutch for universal methods of shaped casting,

Where

621.74 Foundry, technology (methods) and equipment - (Index of the main series)

621.7.04 Shaping, shaping. Methods of shaping and shaping (Special identifier)

62-423 Objects of profile profile (Special identifier)

(088.8) Patent (General determinant of the form of the document)

(493) Belgium (Gen. locator)

"1990" 1990 (Gen. determinant of time)

112.5 Dutch

Complex indexes formed using the spread sign / (forward slash) can be used by the indexer only when the sequence of the indexed concepts matches the sequence of the same concepts in the UDC tables.

A complex index formed using a forward slash / is irreversible and wider in meaning than their original components, for example

621.37 / .39 Electronics,

Where

621.37 Radio engineering, technique of electromagnetic waves

621.38 Electronics

621.39 Telecommunications. Radar. Telecontrol. Television equipment.

Seventh rule

Formation of composite indices.

Composite indices in UDC are indices formed from two or more simple or complex indices using the sign of the relation. Since composite indexes are mainly created by the organizers themselves, this is where, in practice, the greatest inconsistency in indexing is possible. The general rule for the formation of composite indices using the relation sign is as follows: in the first place of the composite index is the index that reflects the main subject of the document. Colon-attached components (indices) only clarify, detail the basic concept reflected in the first subscript. The composite index should be able to further develop (detail) the indexed topic (subject) by detailing the second index. A number of conclusions that are important for practice follow from this general rule:

The value of a composite index is always narrower than the value of its individual components, for example:

621.794.62: 669.1 Phosphating of ferrous metals

624.21: 625.1 Railway bridges.

An index attached by a relation sign specifies, details the meaning of the concept reflected by the first index, for example

621.317.715: 621.385 Tube galvanometers

621.74: 669.2 / .8 Casting of non-ferrous metals

621.873.3: 629.3 Truck cranes

In a similar way, one can form indices on some new concepts, for example

621.35: 621.38 Chemotronic

A composite index can be inverted, i.e. reversible. However, this should not be done mechanically, especially if there are determinants among the constituent elements of the index. In some cases, an inverted index requires some modification, for example:

621.785: 669.13 Heat treatment of cast iron

P After inversion, the index should be like this:

669.136: 621.785 (where 669.136 Treatment of cast iron, and 621.785 Heat treatment)

Signed double-relational indexes :: are a rigid, irreversible construct.

Rule Eight

First Mention Rule.

If the topic as a whole cannot be expressed by one UDC index, but can be expressed by their sum, then general works, where the whole problem (topic) is considered, are concentrated under the index where the topic (problem) is first mentioned.

For example, a textbook on metal processing will receive an index 621.7 (075), although the UDC for metal processing has two indexes (sections) 621.7 and 621.9

L = 0>

FOREWORD

In 1962, the country adopted the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as a mandatory information classification, and since 1963, in scientific and technical publishing houses, editorial offices of scientific and technical journals, in bodies of scientific and technical information, scientific technical libraries obligatory indexing of all publications on the UDC has been introduced, that is, all information materials in the field of natural and technical sciences are published with UDC indices. Reference and information funds (CIF) are organized according to the same system. UDC can be used to organize both highly specialized SIF and diversified; it is the only international universal system, allowing to disclose in sufficient detail the content of reference and information funds and to provide a quick search for information. The possibility of a unified systematization of information materials makes the UDC system the most convenient in the process of information exchange between countries.

UDC meets the most essential requirements for classification: internationality, universality, mnemonicity, the ability to reflect new achievements of science and technology without any major changes in its structure. UDC covers all areas of knowledge, its sections are organically linked so that a change in one of them entails a change in the other.

The decimal UDC is called because the decimal principle is used to construct it: dividing each class into ten (or less) subclasses.

To designate classes (sections), Arabic numerals are used, which are absolutely unambiguous for all people, regardless of what language they speak and what alphabet they use. The language of numbers is clear to everyone, it is easy to remember, so this makes the UDC a publicly available international system. The decimal principle of the UDC structure allows you to expand it almost indefinitely by adding new digits to the existing ones, without breaking the entire system as a whole. UDC indices can be linked to each other in all possible combinations, due to which an infinite number of concepts can be reflected in the classification scheme.

The use of determinants almost infinitely expands the framework of the system and opens up great opportunities for fractional classification of the material.

The development of UDC tables is carried out by the international UDC Consortium, which is working to improve it in accordance with the development of science and technology.

In our country, the Universal Decimal Classification has been widely used as a unified classification system, which made it possible to ensure uniformity in the organization of reference and information funds in scientific and technical information bodies, scientific and technical libraries of the country. In addition, its application contributes to wider cooperation between Russia and other countries in the field of scientific and technical information.

The third full edition of UDC tables, consisting of seven issues, was carried out in the country in 1979-1986.

Since 1997, on the basis of a machine database of full UDC tables created at VINITI, the 4th edition of the UDC has been carried out. L = 1>

BRIEF HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT

The universal decimal classification has existed for about 100 years. During this period, it has undergone great changes, has been criticized more than once, but, despite this, it still does not know its equal in the breadth of distribution. Having arisen as a classification system for international bibliography, UDC is currently used in many countries of the world for the systematization of printed works, various types of documents and the organization of card indexes. The use of UDC in information retrieval systems determines the further prospects for its development.

The emergence of the UDC is closely related to the creation and development of Melville Dewey. In 1876, the first, very short, edition of tables of this classification was published. enjoys wide popularity in the USA and some European countries, where it is still used mainly in public libraries. Its indexes are affixed to cards issued by the Library of Congress.

The initiators of the creation of the "Repertoire", as well as the organizers and leaders of the MBI were Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Henri Lafontaine (1854-1943). They are also credited with creating the UDC, which was based on M. Dewey's "Decimal Classification".

The work on the creation of the classification lasted 12 years. It was carried out both along the line of further detailing the headings of the M. Dewey system, and along the way of improving its structure. New indices were added and old indices were ordered, the wording of the headings was modified, the appearance of the indices was slightly changed, the necessary methodological instructions and explanations were introduced. The main addition, qualitatively distinguishing the new classification from the M. Dewey system, was the introduction of general and special qualifiers and signs, which made it possible to create new indices.

In 1933, the second complete edition of the decimal classification tables was completed in French, now it was called the "Universal Decimal Classification". Having lost contact with the "Repertoire", it acquired an independent meaning. The second edition was preceded by the extensive work of MBI to bring the tables in line with the level of development of science and technology, and to supplement them with new concepts. This work, together with P. Otle and A. La Fontaine, was supervised by F. Donker-Dievis.

In 1931 the International Bibliographic Institute was renamed the International Documentation Institute, and in 1938 it was transformed into the Federation Internationale de Documentation. As its goal, the MFD has determined the development of the theory of documentation, the organization of documentation of all types and in all branches of knowledge. As before, a large place was given to the problems of classification. Under the control of the IJF, full, medium, abridged and industry editions of the UDC were published in many languages of the world. Since 1992, the work on the UDC has been transferred to the specially created international UDC Consortium, which includes the national publishers of the UDC and MFD tables. In 2000, VINITI became a member of the Consortium and its governing council. L = 1>

Properties and principles of UDC

The universal decimal classification, which appeared as a result of the further development of M. Dewey's "Decimal classification", retained in its essence the hierarchical structure inherent in the latter. At the same time, a number of features, techniques, characteristic of faceted or analytic-synthetic classification, were introduced into the UDC, for example, auxiliary tables of general and special qualifiers, which make it possible to uniformly construct indexes of sections in accordance with the categories of place, time, language, etc., or group documents on process, types of products, etc.

The universal decimal classification is generally characterized by several basic properties. The name itself speaks of two of them: versatility and decimal... In addition, it should be noted the multidimensionality, both inherent in the structure of the main table, and arising from the use of auxiliary tables and methods of forming indexes that carry elements of standardization.

In numerous sections of this system, many concepts are ordered for all branches of knowledge or activity. In other words, the UDC covers the entire universe of knowledge. At the same time, the UDC is not a conglomerate of individual industry classifications. Although the sections of the classification corresponding to individual industries differ in their internal structure, determined by the specifics of the industry, the system is perceived as a single whole due to the existence of a single hierarchical code, general rules for constructing indexes and the indispensable display of the interrelationships of this section and its dependence on others using the methodological apparatus (" adjacent areas ", links). UDC is also universal in application. Due to the abundance of means and methods of indexing, easily reducible fractionality, it is successfully used to systematize and then search for a wide variety of sources of information in funds of various sizes and purposes - from small narrow thematic collections of special documentation to large industry and diversified reference and information funds. L = 3>

The universal decimal classification is based on systematic principle.

In the UDC, the same subject is found in different places, depending on the branch of knowledge and on the aspect in which it is considered. For example, "oil" appears in several sections. In section 547 Organic chemistry we find the concept "Oil Chemistry"; at 553 Mineral deposits- "Oil fields"; in 622 Mining- "Oil production"; in 662 Explosives. Fuel- "Oil as fuel", etc. L = 3>

This phenomenon, called multiple localization of concepts, reflects multidimensionality UDC as a property inherent in the very structure of the classification scheme. This property should always be kept in mind when indexing by UDC.

Multidimensional indexing of the content of documents and queries is provided, in addition to the structure of the UDC itself, by the use of general and special qualifiers reflecting time, place, language, parameters, equipment, processes, etc., as well as by the application of some rules for combining indexes. L = 3>

One of the main distinguishing features of the Universal Decimal Classification is hierarchical structure most sections of the main and auxiliary tables on the principle of division from general to particular using a numeric decimal code. The universe of knowledge is divided by analogy with decimal fractions.

Subsequent detailing is done by lengthening the indices.

6 Applied sciences

62 Engineering. Technique in general

620 Testing of materials. Commodity research

620.1 Testing of materials. Defects in materials. Protection of materials

620.19 Material defects and their identification. Corrosion

620.193 Corrosion. Corrosion resistance

620.193.4 Chemical corrosion. Impact of various aggressive environments

As already mentioned, according to the hierarchy from general to specific, not only basic, but also auxiliary tables of general and special determinants are built, for example,

special qualifiers

62-5 Regulation and control of machines and processes

62-55 Regulators

62-555 Regulators actuated by physical processes

62-555.5 by radiation

62-555.56 selenium photocells

general material identifiers

03 Materials

034 Metals

034.2 Non-ferrous metals in general

034.21 Gold, gold alloys L = 3>

When detailing more or less large sections of the UDC, it is widely (although it cannot be argued that it is always strictly and consistently used) standard designation of certain concepts, as well as typical and similar subdivisions: general qualifiers, special qualifiers, typical (sliding) endings, parallel subdivision, construction of an index using the "(apostrophe) sign, etc. All these means and techniques make it possible to represent the UDC in a more compact , sometimes two-dimensional, easier to see and reduce the size of tables.The mnemonics achieved with their help greatly facilitates mastering the system and memorizing indices necessary in the work. L = 3>

Typical endings... At the beginning of some sections of the UDC, you can find a list digital designations starting with ellipses. These are endings that can be appended, if necessary, to the indices of this section to obtain further standard detail of the same type. For example, under section 661.8 Metal compounds. Salt. Mineral paints- in addition to the indices of the main series, denoting the compounds of individual metals:

661.832 Potassium compounds

661.833 Sodium compounds

661.847.9 Zinc compounds

a list of typical endings has been placed:

661.8 ... 1 Critical connections

3 Halogen compounds. Cyanide compounds. Hydrides

32 Chlorine compounds

indices can be formed:

661.832.321 Potassium chloride

661.833.321 Sodium chloride

661.847.932.1 Zinc chloride

661.832.532 Potassium sulfate

661.833.532 Sodium sulfate

661.847.953.2 Zinc sulfate

Using the list of typical endings, you can build the necessary detailing for the connections of each of the metals, and this detailing will be standard and mnemonic. L = 3>

Parallel subdivision... This is a technique for detailing a section, similar to the indices of another section in cases where the division base coincides. Parallel (similar) division is applied due to multiple localization of concepts, for example, the classification of wood by tree species in section 674 Woodworking industry carried out similarly to the botanical classification in section 582 Plant taxonomy

674.031.5/.9 ≈ 582.5/.9

In many cases, a parallel division is based on the formal coincidence of the division base of two or more divisions. For example, detailing section 621.918.4 Rasps is carried out similarly to section 621.918.2 Files by the shape of the tool.

621.918.4 ≈ 621.918.2

Parallel subdivision is carried out in accordance with the guidelines. The latter is given either textually: "subdivide as ...", or using the congruence sign ≈ and the index of the section similar to which the subdivision is made. Let us explain the technique of forming an index based on the congruence sign using an example. With an index of 656.33 Exploitation railways special design the indication 656.33 ≈ 625.3 is given. To obtain an index of the concept "Operation of a narrow gauge railway" in section 625.3 Railways of special construction find the index 625.31 Narrow gauge railways and by adding its end (in this case the number 1) to the index 656.33, we get the index 656.331 Operation of narrow gauge railways... When forming an index based on the congruence sign, the beginning of the index, which corresponds to the section that serves as the model specified with the sign ≈, is discarded, and only the end of the index given in the tables is used. L = 3> L = 2>

UDC components

Tables of the Universal Decimal Classification are divided into main and auxiliary ones. In addition, UDC editions, as a rule, include an alphabetic subject index as a third integral part.

As already noted, the hierarchical structure of the UDC is based on M. Dewey's "Decimal Classification". The indices of the main UDC table reflect various areas of knowledge. The head of the main row is UDC class 0 General section. Its contents are: science in general, writing, information, culture, journalism, museums, bibliography, librarianship, etc. The author of the Decimal Classification interpreted it as an introductory section to the scheme as a whole.

The mathematics and science group is in grade 5, while the applied science group, which includes engineering, medicine, and agriculture, is in grade 6.

Classes 5 and 6 are closely related, and when indexing, it is often difficult to choose an index. In these cases, one should be guided by the fact that class 5 Mathematics. Natural Sciences reflects questions of a theoretical nature, the study of the general laws of physics, chemistry, biology, etc., and class 6 Applied Science. Medicine. Technics is devoted to the practical use of these laws, their implementation in technology, medicine, agriculture.

The hierarchical principle of subdivision from general to specific is the main method of detailing.

In addition to the hierarchy, the methods of faceted analysis are used to refine a number of subsections. An example is the construction of section 667.6 Coating agents. Paints and varnishes. Coating technology. In this section, formulations and then finished coatings are subdivided according to different division bases (facets).

667.633 Paints and varnishes by composition

667.634 Paints and varnishes by method of application or processing

667.635 Paints and varnishes by the method of drying coatings

667.636 Paints and varnishes by type of substrate

667.637 Paints and varnishes by properties and purpose, etc.

In the UDC there are also collective headings, the subsections of which are built according to the enumeration method. This method is often used at lower levels.

In some cases, instead of developing a decimal classification section, an indication is given to use for further detailing any already existing special classification or scale. For example, in section 66-97 Thermal parameters, the temperature value can be indicated in degrees of any generally accepted scale by attaching the letter symbolizing this scale and the temperature value:

66-97F32 Temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit

In the UDC, the * (asterisk, asterisk) sign is used to join the UDC indices of indices of other classifications. For example, in place identifiers, various geographic classifications are used, appended with an asterisk * (asterisk).

In cases where the detailing given in the table does not fully satisfy, the organizer is given the right to independently enter alphabetic (nominal, letter) subdivisions (see Table Ih). For example,

629.114.6Moskvich "Moskvich" cars L = 3>

Special qualifiers

Earlier it was said that special qualifiers are used to denote concepts common to one or more industries.

There are three types of special qualifiers according to their distinctive symbols:

1 / -9 qualifiers with a hyphen (except for -0 General qualifiers with a hyphen);

01 / .09 qualifiers with a zero point;

"1 /" 9 qualifiers with an apostrophe.

Special qualifiers with a hyphen and a zero have a dual role:

1) a special qualifier in conjunction with the initial index of the section in which it is given denotes the general concept of a given branch of knowledge, for example,

62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes (Engineering. Technique)

66.011 Calculation of processes ... (Chemical technology)

2) the same determinant in conjunction with any detailed index of this section performs an analytical function, clarifying the specific concept expressed by this index, for example,

621.979-52 Automatic presses

where 621.979 Presses

or 661.25.011 Calculation of sulfuric acid production processes

where 661.25 Sulfuric acid production

The -1 / -9 qualifiers (hyphenated qualifiers) are extensively developed in section 62 Engineering. Technique in general. These determinants contain a number of concepts for the characteristics of machines and devices in terms of size, shape, component parts, mode of operation and control, etc., as well as the characteristics of substances in terms of their state of aggregation, products in terms of shape, processes in terms of parameters, etc. . Determinants 62-1 / -9 are used not only in section 62, but by special methodological instructions apply to the entire class 6, and are also partially used in classes 5 and 6.

Special identifiers 62-1 / -8 are usually attached to indices denoting machines, apparatus, installations, etc., for example,

621.51-155 Radial compressors

621.924-187.4 Precision grinding machines

621.941.2-229.323 Lathe chucks

621.9.06-529 Computer-controlled metal-cutting machines

621.791.5.034-621.5 Acetylene welding torches

621.43-66 Solid fuel internal combustion engines.

To the indices denoting technological processes, production, special identifiers 62-1 / -8 can be attached only with the help of: (relation sign). So, a document describing the technology of casting piston rings will receive an index 621.74.04: 62- 242.3

Special subdivisions 62-9 Performance characteristics, parameters and conditions (processes and installations) and 62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes used with both process indices and hardware indices, for example

621.785.92-973 Deep cold heat treatment

62-973 Very low temperature (deep cold)

664.143.83-932 Continuous apparatus for polishing caramel

Special subdivisions 62-4 are used to designate objects, products, materials according to their shape, configuration, condition.

Determinants.01 / .09 (determinants with a zero point) are available in various sections of the UDC. In class 6, they most often denote processes, equipment, products of a particular production.

The qualifiers "1 /" 9 (qualifiers with an apostrophe), in contrast to -1 / -9 and 01 / .09, perform a synthetic function and serve for a comprehensive designation of individual constituent elements, properties and other characteristics. In some cases, they are given in the form of tables, in others, they must be formed from the main indices. So, in section 678.6 Synthetic polycondensates determinants "1 /" 7 are given in the form of a ready-made table, in section 669 Metallurgy the determinants "2 /" 8 are obtained from 669.2 / .8 (for more details on the method of generating synthetic determinants, see UDC, auxiliary table II Special determinants).

Special identifiers are highlighted with a vertical line in the margins of tables so that they can be easily found. L = 3>

General determinants of the UDC reflect the general categories and characteristics used throughout the table (time, place, language, form, etc.) and serve for the standard designation of these general categories and characteristics. They can be joined to any index of the main UDC table, however, separately from the index, on their own, they are not used.

The presence of detailed tables of common determinants, which make the system flexible and multidimensional, is a great advantage of the UDC.

The indexing technique is understood as a set of techniques and rules for the formation of search images of documents (POD) or queries (POP), that is, techniques and rules for the formation of UDC indices for concepts that reflect the content of a document or query.

The main task of the indexing technique is to ensure uniformity of approaches to the creation of search images of documents. Uniformity of indexing allows for fast, complete and sufficiently accurate search for the majority of queries typical for a given fund, contributes to the correct organization of funds.

The subject of the general methodology is the development of techniques and rules for indexing, selection of concepts in AML, arising from the characteristics of the classification scheme as a whole. The specificity of individual thematic sections of tables, reflecting the peculiarities of the distribution of concepts in these areas of knowledge, requires the introduction of special rules and techniques for indexing documents on the topics of these sections. Consideration of such indexing features, typical of individual sections or subsections of a classification scheme, is the subject of industry practice.

Since the ultimate goal of indexing is to increase the efficiency of information retrieval, the main criterion for evaluating indexing is expressed in the search efficiency. Indexing is always an attempt to more or less adequately reflect objective reality. Therefore, the measure of discrepancy with the objective reality can be a measure of the quality of indexing. This measure only gives an idea of the capabilities of a given IPL and is usually expressed by the parameters of noise, completeness, accuracy, and relevance of the IPL implemented with the help of a given IPL.

Let's move on to considering the rules of the general methodology for indexing documents by UDC, which are based primarily on the structure of the classification scheme itself.

Rule one.

UDC is a single integrated system, and not a sum of industry, private, local schemes. The entire amount of human knowledge and practice is considered in the UDC as a certain community of interrelated, interdependent concepts, which is subdivided according to a single principle into classes, sections, subsections, etc. according to the principle of their most frequent application in human practice.

The rule follows from the principle of the system's integrality: there are no "own" and "alien" sections and subsections in the UDC. All sections, all parts of the scheme are equal and should be equally used for indexing, regardless of their "proximity" or "remoteness" from the profile section for the given fund.

The assignment of this or that concept to this or that subsection of the UDC is conditional, as any classification scheme is conditional. In practice, this means that it makes no sense to index all documents selected for your fund first in your industry, and then, through the relationship sign, attach an index reflecting the main content (main subject) of the document. It should be immediately indexed according to the main content of the document. For example, a device for measuring electric current - an ammeter - should receive an index 621.317.714 in any industry Ammeters... L = 2>

The second rule.

The principle of the integrality of the UDC entails a multiplicity of localization of concepts in the UDC tables, i.e., the repetition of the same concept in different sections, depending on the aspect in which this concept is considered. So, the concept of "copper" is found in the sections inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, minerals, mining, metallurgy, etc. In these sections, respectively, copper is considered as a chemical element, as a mineral, from the point of view of its deposit, its production, metallurgy, etc.

The plurality of localization of concepts is disclosed in the alphabetical-subject index (AAP) to the UDC tables. As mentioned earlier, in the AAP, with a concept that occurs several times, the aspect of its consideration, sections, etc. is indicated.

The rule follows from the multiplicity of localization: when indexing a document, it is necessary to clearly define the aspect in which the given subject is considered, in order to select the index in the UDC table according to this aspect.

This means that it is not enough to find the index of a given concept in the table, you should immediately find out which branch of knowledge belongs to, in what aspect this concept is considered. L = 2>

Rule three.

All general qualifiers can never be used as main indexes, while special qualifiers can be used in combination with the index of the main table as main indexes, especially in cases where this concept is not present in the tables of the main indexes.

The situation is different with special determinants. If, for example, it is necessary to index a work devoted to mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, then a special determinant -192 Reliability from section 62 Technics must be used as the main index, joining the main index 51 through the sign of the relation Mathematics... As a result, we get a composite index 62-192: 51 Mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, in which the special qualifier 62-192 plays the role of an index on the main table.

At the same time, when indexing a document devoted to the problems of reliability of diesel engines, for example, the same special qualifier acts in its main role as a special qualifier with a hyphen from section 62 Technics... The index of the document "Reliability of Diesels" will be 621.436-192, that is, again a complex index composed of the main index as 621.436 Diesel and special identifier 62-192 Reliability... Special identifiers 62-592 are also used as the main ones, since there are no indices for the concept of "Brakes" in the main tables, etc. L = 2>

Rule four.

A number of preferred uses for UDC indices.

"1 /" 9 (special qualifiers with an apostrophe);

01 / .09 (special qualifiers with a zero point);

1 / -9 (special qualifiers with a hyphen);

03; -05 (common identifiers).

This means that, when starting the indexing of any concept, one should first of all refer to the main tables of UDC 0/9. The indexed concept can be found there either completely, or partially, or not at all. In the first case, there is no need for further search. In other cases, the search for indexes should be continued in the second position of the row, in tables of special qualifiers with the apostrophe "1 /" 9. In the second position, the same three possibilities are again: the indexed concept was found either completely, or partially, or not at all. If found, then no further search is necessary. In other cases, you should continue the search in the third position of the series, then in the fourth position, in tables of special qualifiers with a hyphen, for example, from section 62. In these four positions, the indexed concept should be found. However, it should be remembered that this can be either the indexed concept itself or a higher-level concept that includes it. The necessary detailing of the indexed concept, the main index for which was found in the first four positions of the series, can be carried out at the expense of the fifth position of the series and then at the expense of all other types of common determinants. L = 2>

The fifth rule.

The presence in UDC tables of various indices for similar concepts often complicates the work of the systematizer, is a source of ambiguous indexing of the same document by different people... Indeed, if we turn to the tables for examples, it is easy to see that most machine parts have two or more indices; the same applies to some technological processes, etc., for example,

621.822 Bearings - main index

62-233.2 Bearings - spec. determinant

62-233.27 Ball bearings - spec. determinant

621.822.7 Ball bearings - main index

62-72 Lubrication devices - spec. determinant

621.896 Lubricants - main index

UDC tables are divided into main and auxiliary. This division is based on differences in the semantic role of concepts. Since the UDC, like any library and bibliographic classification, is a tool for increasing the efficiency of search through the purposeful systematization of documents within a particular collection, the use of different indices for the same concept is a reflection of the different semantic roles of the same concepts. In the above cases, it is also a matter of reflecting various concepts that have only a similar verbal formulation. So, the concept "bearings", which is the main subject of content in the indexed document, which describes the features, for example, the production of bearings, is the main one and should be reflected by the main index UDC 621.822. In another case, when describing, for example, the performance characteristics of a bearing that is a part of a screw press, the indexed term "bearing" is a recurring feature for technical devices and machines. In this sense, it is an auxiliary, informationally ambiguous (non-informative) concept that should be reflected by a special determinant 62-233.2. It will receive informational unambiguity (informativeness) only as a result of combination with the basic, informationally unambiguous concept (in our example, "screw press"), which is reflected as a combination of the basic index 621.979.15 Screw presses and special identifier 62-233.2 Bearings in the index 621.979.15-233.2 Screw Press Bearings... This reflection of the indexed concept allows you to concentrate documents about the machine and its parts in one place in the catalog (filing cabinets) and separate these documents from those that deal with the problems of the part itself, regardless of the specific machine or device where it is used. This division is not only legitimate but necessary. Specialists in screw presses are, as a rule, only interested in the use of bearings in these presses, while specialists, for example, in a bearing plant, consider bearings as objects of production.

The fifth rule can be formulated as follows:

In the event that a concept in the UDC is represented by both an index and a determinant, the basic informative concepts of the subspecies, species, generic, suprageneric and higher levels (for example, polar bear, bears, canine, mammals, animals) are indexed mainly by the main indices or special qualifiers used as the main indices. Auxiliary, repetitive concepts, usually reflecting a part, detail, block, component, organ, one of the attributes, etc., are indexed mainly by determinants, which are attached to the index of the main concept. L = 2>

Rule six.

Formation of complex indices.

A complex index is understood as an index formed by a combination of a main index with a general or special determinant, as well as indices formed with an apostrophe and a slash.

The order of attachment of qualifiers, in other words, the order of the elements of a complex index corresponds to the semantic relations between the concepts of the main content of the document and therefore cannot be strictly regulated by the indexing rules. The main criterion for the correct sequence of elements of a complex index is the correspondence of the meaning of the index to the meaning of the content of the document, subject to the general rules of indexing according to the UDC.

Experience shows that in most cases it is possible to adhere to the following sequence of attaching qualifiers to the main index or a special qualifier used as the main index: "1 /" 9; .01 / .09; -1 / -9; -03 or -05; (0 ...); (...); "..."; = ...; (= ...). That is, in the first place after the characters of the main index, a special qualifier is put with an apostrophe, then with a point zero. 01 / .09 (if the alphanumeric detailing of the main index in this fund is not used), then a special qualifier with a hyphen -1 / - nine. Of the general determinants, the closest to the main index are the general determinants of the form (0 ...), then - the place (...), time "...", language = ... Ethnic determinants (= ...) close the sequence , for example, 621.313.2.047.5-182.8 (088.83) (493) "1972" = 133.1 Belgian patent 1972. on replaceable brush holders of DC electric machines, where

621.313.2 Electric DC machines

621.3.047.5 Brush holders (special identifier with zero point)

62-182.8 removable, removable, interchangeable (special qualifier with a hyphen)

(088.83) Patent (general determinant of form)

(493) Belgium (common place identifier)

"1972" 1972 (common definition of time)

133.1 French(common determinant of language)

The given example should be understood only as an illustration of the recommended sequence of joining elements of a complex index, but not as an example of indexing patents by UDC. It is easy to see that the recommended sequence is mainly based on a number of preferred uses of UDC indices (rule four) and on the recommended sequence of detailing concepts by means of UDC. However, it should be emphasized that if the content of the document so requires, the recommended sequence of appending complex index elements may be violated. For example, the topic of the document "Reliability of Miniature Radio Receivers" is designated by the index 621.396.62-181.4.019.3, where

621.396.62 Radio receivers, radio receivers

62-181.4 Miniature

621.3.019.3 Reliability

If the qualifiers are reversed, then the resulting index will not correspond to the meaning of the document, because it will mean "miniature reliability of radio receivers".

A deviation from the general rules is possible if it is necessary to separate certain types of documents from the general fund - such as, for example, reference books, patents, standards, etc. in order to create specialized card files. Thus, we are talking about the allocation of certain types of documents from the general flow of documents entering a given fund and the creation of specialized card indexes (funds) of these types, which is necessary to provide answers to the bulk of requests in the conditions of a particular enterprise or organization. In these cases, common qualifiers that characterize the type of document, nationality, language, etc., are put in the first place. Examples:

(03) 621.313 Card index of reference publications (by

(03) 621.315.5 / .61 various questions)

(083.74 / .75) 621.313 Card file of normative and technical

(083.74 / .75) 621.315.5 / .61 documentation (GOST, OST,

(083.74 / .75) 621.317.7 normals, etc.)

(085) 621.313 Corporate materials card index

(085)621.315.5/.61

(088.83) 621.313 Card index of patents (for various

(088.83) 621.315.5 / .61 questions)

(088.83)621.317.7

Obviously, if place identifiers are in the first place, then the card indexes (fund) can be organized by country. If we put other determinants in the first place, then each time we can get a different organization of card indexes (funds), which is most convenient for the conditions and requests in the given organization (at the enterprise). Even more opportunities open up when using several qualifiers and variations of their places in a complex UDC index, for example,

(088.83) 621.313 (44) French Electrical Machine Patents

(088.83) 621.313 (450) Italian Electrical Machine Patents

(088.83) 621.313 (73) Electric Machine Patents USA

This organization of patent materials is convenient for obtaining patent reviews. different countries on a specific product, product, etc., especially if abstractive express reviews are required, which are widely used in systems of direct management service, selective service, etc. cleanliness.

Another example:

(088.83) (44) 621.313 French patents for electrical machines

(088.83) (44) 621.313.2 French patents for DC electrical machines

(088.83) (44) 621.314.21 / .23 French patents for transformers

(088.83) (44) 621.315.2 / .3 French patents for wires and cables

(088.83) (44) 778.148 French patents for reading apparatus for microphotocopies

(088.83) (450) 621.313 Italian patents for electrical machines

(088.83) (450) 621.313.2 Italian patents for DC electrical machines

(088.83) (450) 621.314.21 / .23 Italian patents for transformers

(088.83) (450) 621.315.2 / .3 Italian patents for wires and cables

(088.83) (450) 778.148 Patents of Italy for reading apparatus for microphotocopies

In addition, such an organization of patent collections is convenient for comparing the level of patent activity in different countries, identifying trends and thematic areas of patenting in them. Thus, based on the results of the analysis of queries served by this fund, this card index can change the place of the determinant in a complex index for organizing the fund in a special context.

The intercolation of common determinants is also possible in UDC, i.e., the inclusion of common determinants in the main index, if this is required by the rational construction of the fund. So, if in any organization there is constantly a large number of requests for organizing the production of ballistic missiles in the United States, then the usual complex index does not make it possible to collect together all the materials on the United States. Intercolation of the US common place determinant (73) allows this to be done, for example,

658 (73) .26: 629.762.2 Energy-to-weight ratio of US ballistic missile manufacturing facilities

658 (73) .284: 629.762.2 Communications and Signaling Facilities at US Ballistic Missile Manufacturing Facilities

658 (73) .52.011.56: 629.762.2 Automation of production at ballistic missile plants in the United States

658 (73) .7: 629.762.2 Logistics for US ballistic missile manufacturing facilities, etc.

It is advisable to use the intercolation method in specialized card indexes on a narrow topic in cases where the organization of the material should allow you to quickly issue all the documents in the fund for a given narrow thematic area (request). At the same time, the formulation of queries allows one to single out one feature that mainly limits the selection of materials in a specialized card index. The country (in our example, the USA) is reflected in the UDC by a common identifier. Intercolation of special identifiers is not applied.

Complex indexes, formed using the spread sign / (slash), can be obtained by the systematizer only when the sequence of the indexed concepts coincides with the sequence of the same concepts in the UDC tables. A complex index formed using the spread sign / (forward slash) is irreversible.

Complex slash indexes are broader in meaning than their original components. In principle, the sign / can be replaced with a + sign, for example, the indexes 621.37 + 621.38 + 621.39 can be replaced by the index 621.37 / .39.

The use of qualifiers with an apostrophe for the formation of complex indexes is limited to strictly defined subsections of the UDC tables and is stipulated in guidelines to each of them. The technical role of the "(apostrophe) sign is often to replace it with a repeated part of the index being joined. Complex indexes formed using these qualifiers are also irreversible in terms of the value of the original components. The rules for creating complex indexes using qualifiers with apostrophes are specific for each of the subsections of the tables. where their use is permitted. They are described in sufficient detail for practice in auxiliary table II and in the corresponding sections of the UDC. With the help of these qualifiers, it is possible to denote concepts "synthesized" by attaching the designations of components, properties and other characteristics, for example,

546.763 "32" 226 Potassium chromium alum

629.735.33.022 "412 Twin fuselage aircraft, twin hulls

669.35 "24" 28 Copper-nickel-molybdenum alloy

681.327.45 "17 Checkers for punched cards

Thus, the ample opportunities for creating complex UDC indices make it possible to disclose documentary funds in accordance with the requirements of information consumers, but the implementation of these capabilities entirely depends on the experience, knowledge and initiative of employees of STI bodies and libraries and relies primarily on a systematic analysis of requests. L = 2>

The seventh rule.

Formation of composite UDC indices.

Composite indices in UDC are called indices formed from two or more simple or complex indices using the relation signs: and ::. Since composite indexes are mainly created by the organizers themselves, this is where the greatest inconsistency in indexing is observed in practice.

P. Otley, when introducing the sign of the relation in the UDC, formulated a general rule for the formation of composite indices: in the first place of the composite index is the index reflecting the main subject of the document. Components (indices) joined with a colon only clarify, detail the basic concept reflected in the first subscript. The composite index should be able to further develop (detail) the indexed topic (subject) by detailing the second index. A number of conclusions that are important for practice follow from this general rule.

The value of a composite index is always narrower than the value of its individual components, for example,

621.794.62: 669.1 Phosphating of ferrous metals

624.21: 624.19 Tunnel bridges

624.21: 625.1 Railway bridges

The index, appended with the sign of the relation, clarifies, details the meaning of the concept reflected by the first index, for example,

621.317.715: 621.385 Tube galvanometers

621.317.725: 621.385 Tube voltmeters

621.74: 669.2 / .8 Casting of non-ferrous metals

621.873.3: 629.35 Truck cranes

The properties of materials, products and their testing are indicated by attaching the indices of the corresponding properties with a sign of the relation to the index of a given material, product, machine, device, etc., for example,

669.295.017: 539.4 Titanium strength

621.822.5: 539.538 Wear resistance of plain bearings

621.67: 539.433 Vibration resistance of centrifugal pumps

678.01: 536.2 Thermal conductivity of high-molecular substances

669.295.017: 620.178.37 Titanium fatigue test at low temperatures

Issues of technology (production, manufacturing, obtaining, assembly, processing, etc.) of specific materials, machines, devices, etc. are reflected by technology indices, to which the indices of materials, machines, devices, etc. are attached with a relation sign. , eg,

621.785: 669.136 Heat treatment of cast iron

621.923.5: 621.833 Honing of gear wheels

621.793.6: 669.268: 669.36 Diffusion chromium plating of copper

If the document deals with issues of technology and technological equipment, in the composite index, the index denoting technology is placed in the first place, and the index of technological equipment is attached to it after the sign of the relation, for example,

621.923.014.5-185.4: High speed diamond grinding

Concepts that are formally absent in UDC tables can be denoted by composite indices. To the index of the main, basic, concept, with the help of the relation sign, the index of the most significant distinctive feature this concept. This is possible in cases when the indexed concept in its essence is one way or another modification, one of the types, the result of transformation or interaction of concepts that have already found their reflection in the UDC tables. First of all, this applies, for example, to the concepts of new materials. There are no indices in UDC for building, electrical and radio-technical sound-absorbing materials. Guided by the fact that the main feature of such materials is the manifestation of the effect of sound absorption by them to a greater extent than is characteristic of other building, electrical and radio engineering materials, it is possible to propose composite indices:

621.315.5 / .61: 534.286.2 Electro- and radio-technical sound-absorbing materials

Obviously, according to the analogy with the given examples, it is possible to create composite indices for materials with a wide variety of properties. The prospects of such a classification solution are also understandable. Any new material possesses properties, the manifestations of which as corresponding physical or chemical phenomena have already been established in science at one time. Creation of new materials and theoretical research physical and chemical phenomena and properties makes possible their widespread use in the national economy. Therefore, in the overwhelming majority of cases, on the basis of knowledge of the special properties of a new material and the main area of its application, it is possible to obtain a composite index for it using the corresponding divisions of the physics or chemistry subsections of the UDC tables. In a similar way, it is possible to form indices for some new directions in science and technology, for example,

621.35: 621.38 Chemotronic

621.35: 621.382.2 Electrochemical diodes

681.327.5 "12: 535 Optical reading, optical reading devices from carriers with signs applied to the surface (paper, photographic film, etc.)

Composite indexes for new directions in science and technology should always be considered as a temporary solution. With the further development of a new direction, if a sufficiently extensive literature appears on this issue, it usually receives an independent main index over time.

A composite index can be inverse, or, as they say, reversible. This means that the elements of a composite index can be swapped. The specified property, depending on the task and purpose of a particular fund, makes it possible to collect documents in the desired section. So, documents on the topic "Foundries" can be indexed in two ways: either 621.74: 658.2, or 658.2: 621.74.

Signed double-colon indexes :: are hard and irreversible. As mentioned earlier, the :: sign is used only in cases where the inversion of the components of a composite index in a particular fund is undesirable or significantly changes its meaning. L = 2> L = 1>

ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMATIC CATALOGS AND CARD ROOMS ON

The main purpose of the systematic catalog and bibliographic card files, organized according to the UDC in the STI bodies and scientific and technical libraries, is to satisfy thematic requests. The latter can be of a systematic or substantive nature. And both types of queries can be answered by a systematic catalog. However, requests of a substantive nature (when a given topic should be considered from the point of view of different disciplines, that is, comprehensively) are satisfied with the help of an alphabetical-subject index to the catalog, namely, with the help of its nested headings.

There are no fundamental differences in the methodology for compiling a systematic catalog and systematic bibliographic card files. The only difference is that the catalogs reflect the holdings of a specific CIF or library, while bibliographic card indexes reflect literature, regardless of the availability in this collection.

The most important requirements for organizing material in systematic catalogs or card indexes is the observance of the principle of uniformity: literature on any issue should always be referred to the same section of the catalog. If this principle is not observed, then, firstly, the catalog or card index will lose one of its most valuable search qualities - accuracy and completeness, and secondly, the search will be lengthy.

All cards in the systematic catalog or card index should be selected by index, homogeneous topics (cards) are separated by separators.

Dividers are drawn up both into small headings and into general sections of the catalog, and some of them may not be directly followed by cards; in other words, they head not so much a group of cards as logically subordinate separators and thus form a system. Therefore, speaking about the number of cards behind the separator, we mean their last step.

Professional readers most often need information on specific issues and there is a need to collect it according to the appropriate fractional indices. Hence, one can make a false conclusion that the question of the number of cards behind the separators, as if, should not exist, because every, even the smallest, issue should be highlighted. But here there is another danger: there will be so many separators ("forest of separators") that it will be difficult for the reader to navigate, and therefore, all the same, the headings of the catalog or card indexes need to be enlarged. The optimal number of cards behind the separator is 50.

The choice of the type of placement of cards and the organization of systematic catalogs and card files is largely determined by the type and profile of the fund, reader requests, etc.

Cards behind separators can be placed in one of three ways: in the order of fractional indices; in alphabetical order of cards; by enlarged indexes of cards. The first method is convenient in that the AAP can send the reader directly to the fractional index, which, with a similar arrangement method, it is advisable to write from above, in right side cards.

When the cards are arranged according to the enlarged indices indicated on the separators, but within each such heading, they are selected in reverse chronological order according to the years of publication, that is, first the newest literature on this issue, and then the older one.

With a very detailed selection of headings on small topics, the question of how best to select cards - alphabetically or in reverse chronology - loses its meaning. All material within the heading, regardless of this, is easily visible. But it is still necessary to establish a certain order and strictly adhere to it, regardless of the number of cards behind the separators.

As noted above, separators in a catalog or filing cabinet title not only a group of cards behind each of them, but other separators as well, and generally constitute a separator system. This system helps the user to independently navigate in the catalog, to find the necessary literature. In order to correctly orient it in the catalog, the separators should, as far as possible, show the stepped structure of the systematic catalog, the class hierarchy and the generic relations that exist between the divisions of the catalog. This is achieved by the carefully thought-out use of spacers of a certain shape, with middle and side ridges. The latter can be placed with a ledge to the right and to the left, thus, three forms of dividers are obtained: middle, left and right. These shapes can be supplemented by cutting off the tabs of the dividers a little or cutting out the dividers with wider tabs from the cards, although this is rarely practiced in libraries. Medium dividers should be used to distinguish relatively large sections, subdividing them into two more steps with left and right dividers. The order in which the lateral forms of the separators are used is a local matter, and it is solved differently in different CIFs. Thus, it is possible to form three hierarchical levels of divisions with dividers of a conditioned form. When there are more than three steps within one catalog box, you have to go for some rough design: to represent two steps of the class hierarchy with one form of separators.

On the tabs of the separators, you should write the index and its heading, on the middle separators, below the tab, list the main divisions of this section and links to the adjacent divisions of the UDC. Such references and references should be made on the side dividers, although it is usually impractical to list the divisions of the next stage there.

The systematic catalog is closely related to all other catalogs in the library. Such a connection is achieved by using a single card form in all catalogs and indicating the full catalog index in the alphabetical catalog (if there are two alphabetical catalogs, in the service catalog). This helps in uniform indexing of different editions of the same book and books with similar topics. Therefore, with any reclassification and correction of indexes, it is necessary to reflect these corrections in the alphabetical catalog. This process slows down the reclassification process, but it is necessary for the correct maintenance of the systematic catalog.

A systematic catalog, a bibliographic card file require constant attention: full or partial revision of the classification, updating cards or separators. Without systematic work, the catalog quickly becomes obsolete and loses its significance. There are the following types of work with the catalog or card index:

replenishment of new receipts by cards; if necessary, the wording is changed or the inscriptions on the separators are corrected;

current edition; in larger CIFs, a division of labor is used: the cards are placed by a technical worker (on the edge or with a colored tab), and the editor checks the correctness of the arrangement and determines the need for changes and additions to the separators;

planned revision, i.e. complete revision of the entire catalog or card index, or large sections with simultaneous detailing of headings, reclassification and making corrections in accordance with changes and additions to the UDC. L = 1> L = 0>

Concept, essence and brief historical information about the universal decimal classification (UDC). Structure and basic principles of UDC construction, characteristics of its constituent parts. Basic rules for indexing by UDC. Peculiarities of UDC of students' works.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru

Introduction

1. Brief historical information about the UDC

2. The structure and principles of building UDC

3. Components of the UDC

3.1 Main UDC table

3.2 Supporting tables

3.3 Index

4. Basic rules for indexing by UDC

5. UDC of students' works

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

UDC- a system of classification of information, is widely used all over the world for the systematization of works of science, literature and art, periodicals, various types of documents and the organization of card files. In 1962, the country adopted the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as a mandatory information classification, and since 1963, mandatory indexing has been introduced in scientific and technical publishing houses, editorial offices of scientific and technical journals, scientific and technical information bodies, scientific and technical libraries. all publications on UDC, i.e. all information materials in the field of natural and technical sciences are published with UDC indices. Reference and information funds (CIF) are organized according to the same system. UDC can be used to organize both highly specialized SIF and diversified; it is the only international universal system that allows to reveal in sufficient detail the content of reference and information funds and to provide a quick search for information. The possibility of a unified systematization of information materials makes the UDC system the most convenient in the process of information exchange between countries. universal decimal classification indexing

The decimal UDC is called because the decimal principle is used to construct it: dividing each class into ten (or less) subclasses.

The use of determinants almost infinitely expands the framework of the system and opens up great opportunities for fractional classification of the material.

The development of UDC tables is carried out by the international UDC Consortium, which is working to improve it in accordance with the development of science and technology.

1. BRIEF HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT UDC

The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) was created in the early 20th century by Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri Lafontaine. It was based on the Decimal classification developed by the American bibliographer Melville Dewey for the US Library of Congress in 1876. M. Dewey unselfishly granted P. Otlet and A. La Fontaine the rights to use and modify their system to create a comprehensive catalog of published knowledge. For many years this work was carried out within the framework of the International Federation for Information and Documentation. The first edition of the complete UDC tables was published in French in 1905. The structure of the UDC over time deviated from the original M. Dewey's scheme, but in a number of sections the class indices of these systems almost coincide.

Currently, the UDC is the intellectual property of a specially organized international UDC Consortium, which unites the main publishers of UDC tables in different languages. The All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI) has the exclusive (exclusive, monopoly) right to dispose of the UDC tables in Russian. This institute conducts the publication and paid distribution of classification tables in book and electronic form. VINITI also organized a website udcc.ru, which conducts dialogue consulting work on the use of UDC.

The third full edition of UDC tables, consisting of seven issues, was carried out in the country in 1979-1986.

Since 1997, on the basis of a machine database of full UDC tables created at VINITI, the 4th edition of the UDC has been carried out.

2. STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLES OF UDC CONSTRUCTION

UDC as a whole is characterized by several basic properties. The name itself speaks of two of them: universality and decimal. In addition, it should be noted the multidimensionality both inherent in the structure of the main table, and arising from the use of auxiliary tables and methods of forming indexes that carry elements of standardization.

In numerous sections of this system, many concepts are ordered for all branches of knowledge or activity. In other words, the UDC covers the entire universe of knowledge. At the same time, the UDC is not a conglomerate of individual industry classifications. Although the divisions of the classification corresponding to individual industries differ in their internal structure, determined by the specifics of the industry, the system is perceived as a single whole due to the existence of a single hierarchical code, general rules for constructing indices and the indispensable display of the interrelationships of this section and others using the methodological apparatus , links). UDC is also universal in application. Due to the abundance of means and methods of indexing, easily reducible fractionality, it is successfully used to systematize and then search for a wide variety of sources of information in funds of various sizes and purposes - from small narrow-topic collections of special documentation to large industry and diversified CIFs.

The universal decimal classification is systematic.

In the UDC, the same subject is found in different places, depending on the branch of knowledge and on the aspect in which it is considered. For example, "oil" appears in several sections. In section 547 Organic Chemistry we find the concept of "Petroleum Chemistry"; in 553 Mineral deposits - "Oil fields"; in 622 Mining - "Oil production"; in 662 Explosives. Fuels - "Oil as fuel", etc.

This phenomenon, called multiple localization of concepts, reflects the multidimensionality of the UDC as a property inherent in the very structure of the classification scheme. This property should always be kept in mind when indexing by UDC.

One of the main distinguishing features of the UDC is the hierarchical structure of most sections of the main and auxiliary tables according to the principle of dividing from general to particular using a digital decimal code. In this case, the main types of relations are subordination and subordination. Classes that are subclasses of one, broader class are associated with a subordination relationship. The division by which the division is made is called the division base and is variable. In a hierarchical system, each class occupies a definite, precisely fixed place relative to other classes.

Subsequent detailing is done by lengthening the indices.

6 Applied sciences

62 Engineering. Technique in general

620 Testing of materials. Commodity research

620.1 Testing of materials. Defects in materials. Protection of materials

620.19 Material defects and their identification. Corrosion

620.193 Corrosion. Corrosion resistance

620.193.4 Chemical corrosion. Impact of various aggressive environments

As already mentioned, according to the hierarchy from general to specific, not only the main table, but also auxiliary tables of general and special determinants are built, for example:

special qualifiers

62-5 Regulation and control of machines and processes

62-55 Regulators

62-555 Regulators actuated by physical processes

62-555.5 by radiation

62-555.56 selenium photocells

At present, the digit 0 is usually not used when detailing sections due to possible confusion with a special qualifier. 0; the number 9 is usually reserved for the concept of "others", "other". Thus, eight digits are actively used. In the case when the number of classified concepts exceeds eight places in a row, the ninth section can be split further, and the resulting hundredths (if necessary, thousandths) indexes are equal in value to tenths (the so-called octave principle).

When detailing more or less large sections of the UDC, the standard designation of certain concepts is widely used (although it cannot be argued that it is always strictly and consistently), as well as typical and similar subdivisions: general qualifiers, special qualifiers, standard (sliding) endings, parallel subdivision, building an index using the sign "(apostrophe), etc. All these tools and techniques allow you to present the UDC in a more compact, sometimes two-dimensional, easier to see, form and reduce the size of tables. The mnemonics achieved with their help greatly facilitates mastering the system and memorizing necessary in work indices.

Mineral deposits (chalk deposits, index 553.555)

Mining (extraction of chalk, index 622.355.5)

Construction earthworks (type of construction soil, index 624.131.253)

Building materials and products (type of building materials, index 691.215.5)

3. COMPONENT PARTS OF UDC

The Universal Decimal Classification tables are divided into the main and subsidiary ... In addition, UDC editions, as a rule, include as a third integral part alphabetical index ... The division of tables into main and auxiliary is based on the features of the concepts reflected in them. As a rule, the main table includes concepts specific to certain areas of science, technology, art, etc., which have only their inherent characteristics. The auxiliary tables (general and special qualifiers) include repetitive concepts common to all or many sections, or used within one section. These concepts, attached to the main ones, clarify their content or form. At the same time, general qualifiers contain concepts used in all or many sections, and special ones are used only within one or several sections that are similar in content.

3.1 Main table

The mathematics and science group is in grade 5, while the applied science group, which includes engineering, medicine, and agriculture, is in grade 6.

Main row

0 General department

1 Philosophical sciences. Philosophy

2 Religion. Atheism

3 Social sciences

4 (Available since 1961)

5 Mathematics. Natural Sciences

6 Applied sciences. Medicine. Technics

7 Art. Decorative and applied arts. The photo. Music. Games. Sport

8 Linguistics. Philology. Fiction. Literary criticism

9 Geography. Biographies. History

The hierarchical principle of subdivision from general to specific is the main method of detailing.

In addition to the hierarchy, the methods of faceted analysis are used to refine a number of subsections. An example is the construction of section 667.6 Coating agents. Paints and varnishes. Coating technology... In this section, formulations and then finished coatings are subdivided according to different division bases (facets).

667.633 Paints and varnishes by composition

667.634 Paints and varnishes by method of application or processing

667.635 Paints and varnishes by the method of drying coatings

667.636 Paints and varnishes by type of substrate

667.637 Paints and varnishes by properties and purpose, etc.

In the UDC there are also collective headings, the subsections of which are built according to the enumeration method. This method is often used at lower levels.

In some cases, instead of developing a decimal classification section, an indication is given to use for further detailing any already existing special classification or scale. For example, in section 66-97 Thermal parameters, the temperature value can be indicated in degrees of any generally accepted scale by attaching the letter symbolizing this scale and the temperature value:

66-97F32 Temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit

In cases where the detailing given in the table does not fully satisfy, the organizer is given the right to independently enter alphabetic (nominal, letter) subdivisions (see Table Ih). For example,

629.114.6Moskvich Passenger cars of the Moskvich brand.

3.2 Supporting tables

The official Russian standard of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as of 2001.

Section title	Section Description	Tables
Connection signs	The section provides descriptions of functions syntactic means UDC, allowing to combine table class codes into composite indexes.	· Ia - Accession. Spread. · Ib - Attitude. Grouping. Securing the sequence. · Ic - Common language specifiers. · Id - General identifiers of the form of documents. · Ie - General place determinants. · If - Common identifiers of peoples. · Ig - General determinants of time. · Ih - Borrowed designations. · Ik - General determinants of properties, materials and persons.
Common qualifiers	The section contains auxiliary classification facets that allow you to refine the meaning of the main UDC table indices.	· II - Special qualifiers. · III - Table of main sections.

3.3 Index

The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) and the Library and Bibliographic Classification (LBC) do not at all pretend to be the main parameter when searching for literature in an electronic catalog. Nevertheless, no one has yet abandoned the catalog index. Moreover, in Lately there is an active debate on how this truly versatile invention can be applied to digital libraries [cf. monthly scientific and technical collection of VINITI "Scientific and technical information. Series 1. Organization and methodology information work", 2006, №10].

The NTB constantly uses a systematic card catalog. UDC and LBC allow automating this process. If you need to find literature on a given topic, it is not always convenient to use parameters such as "Keywords", "Subject heading" and "Title", moreover, errors are often made in these fields when entering. In such cases, shelf and catalog indices come to the rescue. The shelf index indicates the main topic. Catalog indexes accurately indicate the subject, there may be several of them, and they may not coincide with the shelf.

You can find a correspondence between the topic of interest and the catalog / shelf index using an alphabetic subject index (AAP), compiled taking into account the peculiarities of NTB MADI.

4. BASIC RULES FOR INDEXING SOFTWAREUDC

The main task of the indexing technique is to ensure uniformity of approaches to the creation of search images of documents.

Uniformity of indexing allows for fast, complete and sufficiently accurate search for the majority of queries typical for a given fund, contributes to the correct organization of funds.

Let's move on to considering the rules of the general methodology for indexing documents by UDC, which are based primarily on the structure of the classification scheme itself.

Rule one. UDC is a single integrated system, and not a sum of industry, private, local schemes. The entire amount of human knowledge and practice is considered in the UDC as a certain community of interrelated, interdependent concepts, which is subdivided according to a single principle into classes, sections, subsections, etc. according to the principle of their most frequent application in human practice.

The second rule. The principle of the integrality of the UDC entails a multiplicity of localization of concepts in the UDC tables, i.e., the repetition of the same concept in different sections, depending on the aspect in which this concept is considered. So, the concept of "copper" is found in the sections of inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, minerals, mining, metallurgy, etc. In these sections, respectively, copper is considered as a chemical element, as a mineral, from the point of view of its deposit, its production, metallurgy, etc. .d.

The plurality of localization of concepts is revealed in the alphabetical-subject index (AAP) to the UDC tables. As mentioned earlier, in the AAP, with a concept that occurs several times, the aspect of its consideration, sections, etc. is indicated.

This means that it is not enough to find the index of a given concept in the table, you should immediately find out which branch of knowledge belongs to, in what aspect this concept is considered.

Rule three. All general qualifiers can never be used as main indexes, while special qualifiers can be used in combination with the index of the main table as main indexes, especially in cases where this concept is not present in the tables of the main indexes.

In practice, this means that a document describing the production of television sets, for example, cannot be indexed only by the general identifier of the point of view. 002 Production, technology, manufacturing, etc. First, the basic index 621.397.4 Television receivers must be used. Televisions, then the above common point of view identifier should be attached to it. Only after this, the complex index 621.397.4.002 TV production will be correct for this document.

The situation is different with special determinants. If, for example, it is necessary to index a work devoted to mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, then the special determinant -192 Reliability from Section 62 Engineering should be used as the main index, adding the main index 5 1 Mathematics to it through the ratio sign. As a result, we obtain a composite index 62-192: 51 Mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, in which a special determinant 62-192 plays the role of an index of the main table.

At the same time, when indexing a document devoted to the problems of reliability of diesel engines, for example, the same special qualifier acts in its main role as a special qualifier with a hyphen from section 62 Technique. The index of the document "Reliability of Diesels" will be 621.436-192, ie again a complex index, composed of the main index as 621.436 Diesels and a special qualifier 62-192 Reliability. Special identifiers 62-592 are also used as the main ones, since there are no indices for the concept of "Brakes" in the main tables.

Rule four. A number of preferred uses for UDC indices.

"1 /" 9 (special qualifiers with an apostrophe);

01 / .09 (special qualifiers with a zero point);

1 / -9 (special qualifiers with a hyphen);

001 / .009; -03; -05 (common identifiers).

This means that, when starting the indexing of any concept, one should first of all refer to the main tables of UDC 0/9. The indexed concept can be found there either completely, or partially, or not at all. In the first case, there is no need for further search. In other cases, the search for indexes should be continued in the second position of the row, in tables of special qualifiers with the apostrophe "1 /" 9. In the second position, the same three possibilities are again: the indexed concept was found either completely, or partially, or not at all. If found, then no further search is necessary. In other cases, you should continue the search in the third position of the series, in tables of special qualifiers with a zero point, then in the fourth position, in tables of special qualifiers with a hyphen, for example, from section 62. In these four positions, the indexed concept should be found.

However, it should be remembered that this can be either the indexed concept itself or a higher-level concept that includes it. The necessary detailing of the indexed concept, the main index for which was found in the first four positions of the series, can be carried out at the expense of the fifth position of the series, at the expense of common determinants of the point of view.001 / .009 and further at the expense of all other types of common determinants. Thus, the concept of "theory of electrical machines" can be indexed in two ways: 621.313.01 and 621.313.001. The question arises, which indexing option is correct? A number of preferred use of UDC indices makes it possible to resolve this issue unequivocally in favor of the first option 621.313.01, since after the index for the basic concept of "electric machines" 621.313 was found in the first position, ie in the main tables, in the third position found the missing detailing of the indexed concept of "theory" in electrical engineering 621.3.01, which could be reflected using the general determinant of the point of view. 001 Theory. But the third position should be preferred over the fifth.

The fifth rule. The presence in UDC tables of different indices for similar concepts often complicates the work of the systematizer, is a source of ambiguous indexing of the same document by different people. Indeed, if we turn to the tables for examples, it is easy to see that most machine parts have two or more indices; the same applies to some technological processes, etc., for example,

621.822 Bearings - main index

62-233.2 Bearings - spec. determinant

62-233.27 Ball bearings - spec. determinant

621.822.7 Ball bearings - main index

62-72 Lubrication devices - spec. determinant

621.896 Lubricants - main index

In the above cases, it is also a matter of reflecting various concepts that have only a similar verbal formulation.

So, the concept "bearings", which is the main subject of content in the indexed document, which describes the features, for example, the production of bearings, is the main one and should be reflected by the main index UDC 621.822. In another case, when describing, for example, the performance characteristics of a bearing that is a part of a screw press, the indexed term "bearing" is a recurring feature for technical devices and machines. In this sense, it is an auxiliary, informationally ambiguous (non-informative) concept that should be reflected by a special identifier 62-233. 2. It will receive informational unambiguity (informativeness) only as a result of combination with the basic, informationally unambiguous concept (in our example "screw press"), which is reflected as a combination of the basic index 621.979.15 Screw presses and a special identifier 62-233.2 Bearings in the index 621.979 .15-233.2 Screw press bearings.

This reflection of the indexed concept allows you to concentrate documents about the machine and its parts in one place in the catalog (filing cabinets) and separate these documents from those that deal with the problems of the part itself, regardless of the specific machine or device where it is used. This division is not only legitimate but necessary. Specialists in screw presses are, as a rule, only interested in the use of bearings in these presses, while specialists, for example, in a bearing plant, consider bearings as objects of production.

The fifth rule can be formulated as follows:

In the event that a concept in the UDC is represented by both an index and a qualifier, the main informative concepts of the subspecies, species, generic, suprageneric and higher levels (for example, polar bear, bears, canine family, mammals, animals) are indexed mainly by basic indices or special qualifiers used as main indices. Auxiliary, repetitive concepts, usually reflecting a part, detail, block, component, organ, one of the attributes, etc., are indexed mainly by determinants, which are attached to the index of the main concept.

Rule six ... Formation of complex indices.

A complex index is understood as an index formed by a combination of a main index with a general or special determinant, as well as indices formed with an apostrophe and a slash.

Experience shows that in most cases it is possible to adhere to the following sequence of attaching qualifiers to the main index or a special qualifier used as the main index: "1" 9; .01 / .09; -1 / -9; .00 ...; -03 or -05; (0 ...); (...); "..."; = ...; (= ...). That is, in the first place after the characters of the main index, a special qualifier is put with an apostrophe, then with a point zero. 01 / .09 (if the alphanumeric detailing of the main index in this fund is not used), then a special qualifier with a hyphen -1 / - nine.

Of the general determinants, the closest to the main index are the general determinants of the point of view. 00 ..., then - determinants of the form (0 ...), place (...), time "...", language = ... Ethnic determinants (= ...) close the sequence, for example, 621.313.2.047.5-182.8.001.24 (088.83) (493) "1972" = 40 Belgian patent 1972. on the method of calculating replaceable brush holders for DC electric machines, where

621.313.2 Electric DC machines

621.3 .047.5 Brush holders (special identifier with a dot

62-182.8 removable, removable, interchangeable (special

hyphenated determinant)

001.24 Calculation (general determinant of point of view)

(088.83) Patent (general determinant of form)

(493) Belgium (common place identifier)

"1972" 1972 (common definition of time)

40 French (Common Definition of Language)

However, it should be emphasized that if the content of the document so requires, the recommended sequence of appending complex index elements may be violated. For example, the topic of the document "Reliability of Miniature Radio Receivers" is designated by the index 621.396.62-181.4.019.3, where

621.396.62 Radio receivers, radio receivers

62-181.4 Miniature

621.3.019.3 Reliability

; If the qualifiers are reversed, then the resulting index will not correspond to the meaning of the document, because it will mean "miniature reliability of radio receivers".

In these cases, common qualifiers that characterize the type of document, nationality, language, etc., are put in the first place. Examples:

(03) 621.313 Card index of reference publications (by

(03) 621.315.5 / .61 various questions)

(083.74 / .75) 62 1.313 Card file of normative and technical

(083.74 / .75) 621.315.5 / .61 documentation (GOST, OST,

(083.74 / .75) 621.317.7 normals, etc.)

(085) 621.313 Corporate materials card index

(085)621.315.5/.61

(088.83) 621.313 Card index of patents (for various

(088.83) 621.315.5 / .61 questions)

(088.83)621.317.7

(088.83) 621.313 (44) French Electrical Machine Patents

(088.83) 621.313 (450) Italian Electrical Machine Patents

(088.83) 621.313 (73) Electric Machine Patents USA

Such an organization of patent materials is convenient for obtaining reviews of patents of various countries for a specific product, product, etc., especially if abstractive rapid reviews are required, which are widely used in systems of direct management service, selective service, etc. card indexes (funds) are convenient for searching when checking for patent purity.

Another example:

(08 8.83) (44) 621.313 French patents for electrical machines

(088.83) (44) 621.313.2 French patents for DC electrical machines

(088.83) (44) 621.314.21 / .23 French patents for transformers

(088.83) (44) 621.3 15.2 / .3 French patents for wires and cables

(088.83) (44) 778.148 French patents for reading apparatus for microphotocopies

(088.83) (450) 621.313 Italian patents for electrical machines

(088.83) (450) 621.313.2 Italian patents for DC electrical machines

(088.83) (450) 621.314.21 / .23 Italian patents for transformers

(088.83) (450) 621.315.2 / .3 Italian patents for wires and cables

(088.83) (450) 778.148 Patents of Italy for reading apparatus for microphotocopies

658 (73) .153.001.24: 629.762.2 Calculation of working capital

enterprises for the production

ballistic missiles in the USA

658 (73) .26: 629.762.2 Energy-to-weight ratio of enterprises by

ballistic missile production in the United States

658 (73) .284: 629.762.2 Communication and signaling facilities for

factories for the production

ballistic missiles in the USA

658 (73) .52.011.56: 629.762.2 Automation of production at

factories for the production

ballistic missiles in the USA

658 (73) .7: 629.762.2 Logistics

enterprises for the production

ballistic missiles in the United States, etc.

621.37 / .39 Electronics,

where 621.37 Radio engineering, technique of electromagnetic waves

621.38 Electronics. Photo electronics. Electronic tubes, tubes. X-ray technology

621.39 Telecommunications. Telecommunication technology

The use of qualifiers with an apostrophe for the formation of complex indexes is limited to strictly defined subsections of the UDC tables and is specified in the guidelines for each of them. The technical role of the "(apostrophe) sign is often to replace it with a repeated part of the index being joined. Complex indexes formed using these qualifiers are also irreversible in terms of the value of the original components. The rules for creating complex indexes using qualifiers with apostrophes are specific for each of the subsections of the tables. where their use is permitted. They are described in sufficient detail for practice in auxiliary table II and in the corresponding sections of the UDC. With the help of these qualifiers, it is possible to denote concepts "synthesized" by attaching the designations of components, properties and other characteristics, for example,

546.763 "32" 226 Potassium chromium alum

629.735.33.022 "412 Twin fuselage aircraft, twin hulls

669.35 "24" 28 Copper-nickel-molybdenum alloy

681.327.45 "17 Checkers for punched cards

The seventh rule. Formation of composite UDC indices.

The value of a composite index is always narrower than the value of its individual components, for example,

621.794.62: 669.1 Phosphating of ferrous metals

624.21: 624.19 Tunnel bridges

624.21: 625.1 Railway bridges

The index, appended with the sign of the relation, clarifies, details the meaning of the concept reflected by the first index,

eg,

621.317.715: 621.385 Tube galvanometers

621.317.725: 621.385 Tube voltmeters

621.74: 669.2 / .8 Casting of non-ferrous metals

621.873.3: 629.35 Truck cranes

669.295.017: 539.4 Titanium strength

621.822.5: 539.538 Wear resistance of plain bearings

621.67: 539.433 Vibration resistance of centrifugal pumps

678.01: 536.2 Thermal conductivity of high-molecular substances

621.436.4.001.4: 620.178.53 Testing of pre-chamber diesel engines for vibration resistance

669.295.017: 620.178.37 Titanium fatigue test at low temperatures

624.012.35.001.4: 620.179.16 Ultrasonic flaw detection of finished reinforced concrete building structures;

621.785: 669.136 Heat treatment of cast iron

621.923.5: 621.833 Honing of gear wheels

621.793.6: 669.268: 669.36 Diffusion chromium plating of copper

621.923.014.5-185.4: High speed diamond grinding

First of all, this applies, for example, to the concepts of new materials. There are no indices in UDC for building, electrical and radio-technical sound-absorbing materials. Guided by the fact that the main feature of such materials is the manifestation of the effect of sound absorption by them to a greater extent than is characteristic of other building, electrical and radio engineering materials, it is possible to propose composite indices:

621.315.5 / .61: 534.286.2 Electro- and radio-technical sound-absorbing materials

Obviously, by analogy with the above examples, it is possible to create composite indexes for materials with a wide variety of properties. The prospects of such a classification solution are also understandable. Any new material has properties, the manifestations of which as corresponding physical or chemical phenomena were already established in science in due time.

The creation of new materials and theoretical studies of physical and chemical phenomena and properties make it possible to use them widely in the national economy. Therefore, in the overwhelming majority of cases, on the basis of knowledge of the special properties of a new material and the main area of its application, it is possible to obtain a composite index for it using the corresponding divisions of the physics or chemistry subsections of the UDC tables. In a similar way, it is possible to form indices for some new directions in science and technology, for example,

621.35: 621.38 Chemotronic

621.35: 621.382.2 Electrochemical diodes

681.327.5 "12: 535 Optical reading, optical reading devices from carriers with signs applied to the surface (paper, photographic film, etc.)

A composite index can be invested, or, as they say, reversible. This means that the elements of a composite index can be swapped. The specified property, depending on the task and purpose of a particular fund, makes it possible to collect documents in the desired section. So, documents on the topic "Foundry shops" can be indexed in two ways: either 621.74: 658.2, or 658.2: 621.74.

Signed double-colon indexes :: are hard and irreversible. As mentioned earlier, the sign :: is used only in cases where other components of the composite index in a particular fund are undesirable or significantly change its meaning.

5. UDC OF WORKS OF STUDENTS

Data exchange in the book industry requires the use of standard tools for thematic organizing of material. Internationally, one of the most widely used classification tools is the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC). In our country, by order of the Government, it is mandatory for indexing all scientific and technical literature, and with the adoption of the new version of GOST for the output of UDC publications (along with LBC), it became necessary for the design of all printed materials, regardless of the subject matter. Nowadays, modern information technologies, being a necessary component of the information space of the university, allow you to get education using computer technologies and networks. The use of computer technologies in the educational process significantly increases the teacher's capabilities in demonstration teaching material and engages students in learning.

Now all UDC codes can be checked and decrypted using the Internet.

Let's take a look at a few examples.

1) What UDC should be at work "Developmentmotivational and cognitive sphere of students "?

In addition, there is a class there:

37.015.31 Methods for the development of mental, intellectual and creative students' abilities.

And in the section of sociology we find the class:

316.628 Motivation of human behavior.

The combination of all these classes gives the desired index: 37.015.31:005.32:316.628, where 005.32 is "Organizational Behavior. Management Psychology" from section: 005 Management. Management.

In the above combined index, its components, separated by colons, it is advisable to arrange in the order of their importance for describing the article, for example: 37.015.31: 316.628: 005.32 - development of motivation abilities, taking into account psychology of management.

The last component turned out to be superfluous here in my opinion. But there is not enough precise indication of the aspect of cognitive activity. However, one should not involve here the class of the theory of knowledge from the branch of philosophy: the most abstract reasoning belongs there.

2) Distance learning

First, you need to clarify the very concept of distance learning. There is a class in UDC 37.018.43 Distance learning ... In my opinion distance learning it is quite possible to refer to this class. If the modern concept of the term necessarily connects it with the use of information and telecommunication technologies, then the above UDC index can be clarified by the relation to the class of applied information technologies: 37.018.43: 004.9. And in order to reflect that we mean studying at a university, the determinant. 018.43 should be assigned to the class index 378 Higher professional education ... Then we get the index 378.018.43:004.9

How to add an udc to an article. Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)

Concept, essence and brief historical information about the universal decimal classification (UDC). Structure and basic principles of UDC construction, characteristics of its constituent parts. Basic rules for indexing by UDC. Peculiarities of UDC of students' works.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

3.2 Supporting tables

3.3 Index

Similar documents