Who are the Evenks where they live. There are such people - Evenki
The article is devoted to the organization of the audience of an informing bureau with the General Directorate for Press MIA Russian Empire (1906-1917), whose main task was to maintain official press bodies and officials with reliable information relating to the activities of government and administrative individuals and institutions.
Keywords: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, General Directorate for Printing, Aquestion Bureau, Censorship, Information Agencies
Introduction
Despite the fact that the tradition of a focused impact on public opinion in order to move in society of those or other ideas and the formation of a certain image of power has deep roots in domestic history, in the second half of the XIX century. She has undergone known changes. An important role in the propaganda and popularization of reforms carried out in the reign of Emperor Alexander II was assigned to the press. It is no coincidence that therefore, one of the important innovations was the reform of the press. She abolished the traditional preliminary censorship for our country, replacing it to the judicial responsibility of publishers in case of violation of the requirements established by the laws of the Russian Empire. By decree of April 6, 1865, "On the gift of some relief and convenience of domestic press", monitoring the printing authorities released from preliminary censorship, from the General Directorate of Censorship of the Ministry of National Education was transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. To implement this function, the Main Directorate of Print Affairs is created in the MIA system.
Organization and work of the Main Directorate for Print Affairs
An instruction specifically published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs concretized the procedure for the work of this body. All publications released from preliminary censorship, after printing the circulation were supposed to be provided to the General Directorate for printing and could freely spread only on the third day after that. During these days, the publication looked through the censor, which, discovering a violation of the censorship rules, was a report about it, and it was then transmitted to the Main Printing Board. At the same time, an order was made to suspend the release of this publication or about the arrest of the circulation. The validity of the censor was monitored by the "observant" member of the General Directorate Council. He also amounted to general reports on the direction of a publication. With a systematic violation of the censorship rules, the specified member of the Council was obliged to notify the Council in writing, who made the decision to suspend or stop the publication, informing the censorship instance. The Board of the General Directorate for Print Affairs also supervised the activities of local censorship committees and individual censors, disassembled complaints about their actions, collected information on all the printing houses in force on the territory of the Empire and in compliance with the censorship rules 1. The staff of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs was determined in 16 people who held their positions from the censor to the column. In addition, 10 officials were seconded to management from among the full-time positions in special instructions 2.
The tasks of this department also included the preparation of periodic reviews of Russian press for Emperor Alexander II (GRINCHENKO, Patrushev, 2008: 187). Reviews were compiled by two special officials of the Main Governance and delivered to the king daily. On average, as a rule, these were two or three sheets of short annotations of general coverage of coverage in the press of socially significant issues with the application of cutting from newspapers and magazines. Materials for them served exclusively timeless editions, which were published in Russia. This innovation is obviously evidenced by the growth of the meaning that began to be attached to the authorities to his image in public opinion from the second halves XIX. in.
However, this interest before the time was materialized in passive forms. By the beginning of the twentieth century The range of recipients of such analytical notes has been expanded. In addition to the Emperor's person, the ministers and leaders of a number of the most important departments of the Empire were their readers. For the sake of fair, it should be noted that the criticism of these analytical notes was often heard, and starting from the 70s. XIX century Repeated attempts have been made to improve the work of the Main Directorate for Print Affairs in terms of improving analytical work with domestic newspapers and magazines. However, before the practical embodiment of these plans, it did not reach 3.
The situation has changed with the publication of Manifesto on October 17, 1905 "On the improvement of state order", which, among other things, and freedom of printing. This contributed to the unprecedented revival of public political life. The number of published newspapers and magazines has increased significantly, many of them were quite opposition to the actions of the government. A characteristic feature of that time was the increase in satirical newspapers and magazines containing political satire and revolutionary propaganda.
Department of Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and many other interested departments seriously considered the activities of many newspapers and magazines as an important cause of growth revolutionary movement In the country 4 and attempted administrative measures to influence the nature of the materials published in them. In the Police Department, for example, in the functions of the fourth office workshop, the preparation of responses and information on the requests of the Main Print Office on the Targets of certain editors and founders of new printing bodies 5 are included. In addition to this, on September 1, 1906 by the Chairman of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Minister of Internal Affairs P.A. Stolypin, with the main management of printing, a special informative bureau was formed.
It is noteworthy that P.A. Stolypin identified the main task of the Bureau as providing "official, private time-based pressing authorities with reliable, subject to the announcement of information relating to the assumptions and actions of government, government and administrative individuals and institutions." Materials for transmission to the means of printing was "information obtained in the Bureau directly from officials and institutions." At the employees of the Bureau, the duty of "checking rumors and print messages" was entrusted with 6. In a letter dated March 13, 1910, under the vulture of "Secret", the head of the Main Directorate for Print Affairs A.V. Belo-Gard brings to the attention of employees of the auction bureaus that in all their actions should be strictly guided by all the general requirements for persons consisting on public service. Their obligations are: 1) in facilitating all possible ways to deliver a challenge bureau to government agencies of information and communications that will be recognized by these institutions subject to publication; 2) in delivered to these institutions from the informing bureau of tenderloin from St. Petersburg newspapers with information that relate to these institutions and in its content may require refutation or appropriate explanation through the informing bureau "7.
Thus, if earlier the functions of censors were determined by preventing the publication of a certain variety of information, which journalists produced through their sources, as well as informing the emperor and leaders of the most important state institutions The empires about the views expressed in the press on one or another issues of public life, now the third: the third: providing media reports that reflect the official point of view on certain socially significant events or processes in the country and the actions of the government. This circumstance has significantly changed the entire further practice of interaction between the government and the media.
According to the management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in the context of the legalization of political parties, public organizations, elections to the State Duma, the government had the urgent need to distribute "true, actual data on all the most important issues and events, in view of the appearance of lately The masses of metropolitan and provincial newspapers, distributing false information about events in Russia, and to avoid incorrect or tendentious interpretation by the government to the State Duma of the bills "8.
The tasks set in this way were determined by the staffing and organizational structure of the newly created department, as well as the regulation of its work. The Inquiry Bureau with the General Directorate for PRESENTS was included in the printing department, the department serving the departments and the duty-technical part. The working day of the seal survey department was supposed to start no later than 7 am. The number of employees was determined by the amount of metropolitan newspapers and the "amount of time for this".
Early in the morning the department provided clippings from the metropolitan newspapers Chairman of the Council of Ministers, the Minister of Internal Affairs and the Chief of the Main Directorate for Print Affairs. At 10 am, the information hoped from the print was delivered in the form of systematized clippings and comments to them. At 12 o'clock in the day, this information with certain additions was delivered to all ministers and mining, their deputy, directors of departments and managers of departments.
Early morning staff looked through and analyzed the leading metropolitan socio-political newspapers: "New Time", "Speech", "Day", "Russian Solva", " Modern word"," Citizen "," Russian word"," Morning of Russia "," Zemstience "- only 50 metropolitan and 137 provincial newspapers, and the latter were divided into publications of the first and second meaning. The purpose of this "survey" was to identify major trends in newspaper policies in relation to state authorities. Naturally, first of all, the bureau officials were interested in the so-called attacks on government structures and interpretation of their activities (Kelner, 2011: 239-243).
The official instruction defined the task of the department. He acted to compile reports to the government; informing departments; extracting materials to be examined by the department servicing department; For accounting for the value and influence of the press itself - compiling the characteristics of its groups (political and rock) and each newspapers (taenkov, 1973: 80-88).
The number of newspapers surveyed over time was supposed to bring to three hundred. Judging by the documents, the work was built as follows. Employees searched the received newspapers and made appropriate records on them. It was a whole system of 25 characters. For example, in the printed bodies of the Party of Constitutional Democrats - the main opposition force in relation to power - the "Speech" newspaper for January 17, 1913 was made 105 marks, of which 87 on departments and 18 reviews (Ambrosyev, 2011: 34).
The second department, serving agency, was responsible for drawing up a letter of paper cut from periodic printing. The archive was divided into two parts - the official, in which the materials relating to the activities of the authorities and management, and the unofficial, in which the information was followed, which in the future could provide social and political interest. The direction of materials to the official part of the archive was within the competence of the head of the audience, and in the unofficial part they fell by order of the secretary of this unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The duty of the duty-technical part included receiving requests and issuance of certificates, registry, correspondence, making clippings, printing of reviews and ballots. Employees of the Bureau were supplied with "appropriate certificates" by signing the head of the Bureau. The awareness bureaus also provided government agencies with cuts from newspapers on subscription to those declared them. Two times a day, special bulletins were produced to inform periodic publications about government activities and about the desired coverage of various socio-political events, which were sent by subscription (GRINCHENKO, Patrushev, 2008: 203).
In 1914, the number of deployment of subscribers to receive the newsletters of the informing bureau was 71. The most authoritative of them were the State Council, the Office of the Council of Ministers, the Office of the Governor of His Majesty in the Caucasus, the Alekseevsky Chief Committee, the Special Committee for Fleet Strengthening, Morning , Day and Night Commissions of the State Duma, Committee for the Celebration of the 300th anniversary of the safe reign of the House of Romanov, its own imperial Majesty Office, the 1st and 2nd Departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and many others.
An informational bureau served as high-ranking officials. Twice a day (at 8 am and in 12 nights) were sent a bulletkets for the chairman of the Council of Ministers, the head of the Main Directorate for the Press Affairs, members of the Council of Ministers and others. Once a day, bulletins were delivered specifically for the Minister of the Imperial Court, Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, who manages the cases of the Council of Ministers and many others. At night, the nightlet line was produced. In addition, in case of emergency release, one of the employees duty to three o'clock in the night (Lethenkov, 1982: 154-157).
Similar bulletins were printed and distributed in the editorial board of newspapers and regulations on a subscription for a fee of 30 rubles. per month for minor and in 50 rubles. - For multi-port newspapers. Bulletin data consisted of two parts: the first part contained the information that the Bureau was officially recommended by the editions for publication, and the second included the refutation and clarification of the information already passed in the press.
It should be noted that, regardless of the political and genre or genre, most of the major central and regional press bodies were subscribed to these newsletters. In addition, bulletins were sent to all the governors, and through them were transmitted to those who began to arise in different cities with the assistance of the government to the right of the press or at least printed in the "provincial news" 9. Thus, the Bureau of the Main Directorate for the Print Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs became an important tool in the "information struggle", which was led by the government with opposition sentiments in society and levolyiberal seal in the absence of preliminary censorship.
Quite interesting and generally a poorly studied aspect of the activities of the institution we studied by us is the placement of refutation in the Government Bulletin about certain messages published in newspapers that did not correspond to reality. Since 1907, in the evening release of this newspaper, the Bureau published messages that were summarized in the following headings: clarifying the Governing Senate, Administrative News, Army and Fleet, Church and clergy, Trade and Industry, Paths of Messages, Fate News, Food, Finance and Loans , resettlement, agriculture, prison case, educational, different news. Analysis of these refutations can be an excellent actual material for the anthology of rumors about the activities of the official authorities of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century.
The awareness bureau competed with other organizations, also designed to provide information with mass periodic printing: St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency, Bureau of Russian journalists, St. Petersburg Literary Information Bureau E. Petzgold, a number of departmental institutions. Which also produced daily bulletins about government activities. A priori, due to their proximity to the authorities, a challenge bureau was attached to a certain primary character in this, the emerging system of Russian news agencies. Indeed, it is often precisely precisely the materials of the informing bureau served as sources for newsletters of listed organizations. True, over time, a number of features of information and analytical coverage of government activities were transmitted to "competing" organizations. Thus, the publication of reports on the meetings of the State Council and the State Duma, entrusted initially to the informing bureau, from January 1, 1913 was transferred to the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency.
During its existence, the awareness bureau has changed its structure more than once, adjusting to the requests of time. But, of course, the most cardinal changes occurred in connection with the entry of Russia in the first world War. The next day, after the start of the war, the "Temporary Regulations on Military Censorship" was made public, a pre-developed general headquarters for war times. It acted in mandatory in places of hostilities, areas declared in martial law, as well as to solve the military authorities could be arbitrarily introduced in other localities. Where military censorship was introduced, military censorship commissions were created. At the headquarters of the front, the posts of military censors appeared. These censors were listed in a military department, which, for obvious reasons, did not want to share their powers with the Ministry of the Interior. Special censor was appointed in the Supreme Command rate. His main task was to ensure the connection of the highest command with the press. Requirements of the management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs internal politician, including for mobilization, also changed and increased. Under these conditions, the role of an informing bureau was to change with the General Directorate for the Printing MIA (Zhirkov, 2001: 219-220).
On September 15, 1914, an order regulating the challenged changes appeared signed by the head of the informing bureau. An important and characteristic comment in this order was that "the center of gravity of the print review, including provincial, had to be postponed to a part of political at the expense of business" (Lethenkov, 1982: 245). This obviously meant that in the conditions of a patriotic rise that covered the country in the first weeks of the war, an illusion was finally achieved by the "Union of Power and the People". The opposition in the State Duma, with the exception of the Social Democratic faction, has ceased to criticize power in the press. Nevertheless, the Government needed to constantly examine public sentiment. The order suggested immediately "enter a careful reading system (and not a viewing, as prescribed the documents of peacetime. - D.G.) of local newspapers, under the continuous observation of the department of the department."
At a meeting in the Ministry of Internal Affairs on October 8, 1914, in the presence of representatives of almost all ministries, the following procedure for informing the press of the informative bureau was established: "First, by free official newsletters and, secondly, through too free inspirition (accreditation. - D.G .) Individual press representatives in the walls of the Assignment Bureau "(Polyanskaya, 1935: 603). In 1915, the informative bureau was transformed into the Print Bureau. Compilation of printing reviews and maintenance of cleaners remained his duty on previous grounds, informing the presses began to occur not only through ballots, but also by directly reporting information to representatives of newspapers. In fact, it was precisely then in the practice of Russian journalism a press conference appeared in a modern understanding of this word.
Conclusion
It is important to note that institutions similar to the informative bureau existed not only in Russia. Similar institutions for similar circumstances arose in other European countries. As A.V. rightly notes. Ambrosyev, "In Germany, for example, there was a special government office that informed printing on various socio-political issues. Considerable money was spent on its content, obviously, the role of this unit was high. It consisted of representatives of all ministries "(Ambrosov, 2011: 37).
In general, it can be said that the creation and functioning of the awareness of the Main Printing Department under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire was a regular and logical step in the development of the Russian censorship system towards more flexible and comprehensive information support for government policies, dictated by the transformation of Russian autocracy to the external forms of the bourgeois monarchy . And in this sense, the activities of an informing bureau to some extent laid the foundations of the modern practice of interaction between the government and the media. Russia's accession to the First World War made their obvious adjustments to this process, but it did not interrupt it.
However, after the February Revolution of 1917, the proclaimed independence and freedom of the press, the General Directorate for the Print Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was liquidated, and with it, the Print Bureau. As you know, the need for the revival of censorship quite quickly was already aware of the Soviet authorities after the October Revolution, refusing the ideological and political reasons for the use of experience and personnel of the former royal censorship, its heirs essentially archaised new censorship practices. As is known, on June 6, 1922, one of the first decrees of the established Soviet power There was a chief institution - the state body, which, in fact, restored the tradition of preliminary control over Russian periodic printing in much more traditionalist, repressive forms, rather than this was done in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Notes
1 RGIA. F. 776. OP. 4. D. 195. L. 89-91.
2 RGIA. F. 776. OP. 20. D. 1441 OB.
3 Read more about these projects: (Patrusheva, 2011: 147-151).
4 See about this: (Reudova, 2000: 78-83).
5 is there. P. 54.
6 cyt. By: (Ambrosov, 2011: 32).
7 is there. P. 33.
8 RGIA. F. 776. OP. 34. D. 18. L. 19.
9 See: Belgard. Memories. M., 2009. P. 299.
Bibliography
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Belgard A.V. Memories. M., 2009.
Grynchenko N.A., Patrusheva N.G. Central agencies of the Cancer Office (1808-1917) // Book business in Russia in the XIX - early XX century: Collection scientific Labors. Vol. 14. SPb., 2008.
Zhirkov G. The history of censorship in Russia of the XIX-XX century. M., 2001.
Kelner V.E. Creation and activities of a challenge from the General Directorate for Printing: 1906-1917. // Censorship in Russia: history and modernity: a collection of scientific papers. Vol. 5. SPb., 2011.
Lethenkov E.V. To the history of government information centers in Russia // Vestn. Leningr. un-ta. Ser. "History, language, literature." 1973. Vol. 4. No. 20.
Lethenkov E.V. Printing and capitalism in Russia end XIX. - Starts of the twentieth century: Economic and social aspects of capitalization of printing: DISS. . Dokt. East. science L., 1982.
Patrusheva N.G. Main Directorate for Press Affairs (1865-1917) and projects for its reform // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice. Tambov, 2011. № 8 (14). Part 3.
Reality Z.V. Political Sust of Russia 1880-1917. M., 2000.
Polyanskaya L.I. Archive Fund of the Main Directorate for Print Affairs: Review // Lit. inheritance. M., 1935. T. 22-24.
Foundation number:
Name
Main Directorate for Printing MIA
Essed on April 6, 1865 for institutions of censorship and printing. In the establishment in its function it was: monitoring the actions of local community entrepreneurship committees, and inspectors for printing, censors of dramatic writings, as well as the establishment of foreign censorship; resolution of misunderstandings and questions; Consideration of complaints, monitoring the works of the press and a message about the initiation of prosecution; conducting cases of discovering printing houses, lithographs, metallography and institutions that produced and selling stamping accessories; Supervision of these institutions and for book trading.
Initially, the distribution of classes between officials was conducted by the head of the Main Directorate for Print Affairs.
After the abolition of the preliminary censorship timeless (November 21, 1905, March 18, 1906) and unable to print (April 26, 1906), the functions of the Main Directorate for Print Affairs were distributed between the 5th branches: 1 e branch was the case in periodic printing authorities and on the books that came out in St. Petersburg and Moscow in the district of St. Petersburg Judicial Chamber; as well as office work on all government publications; 2 b The department has listed on newspapers and books on the districts of Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, Kharkiv and Novocherkassk court chambers; The branch was engaged in the affairs of the periodicals of the press and on the books that came out in the districts of Saratov, Kazan, Tiflis, Tashkent, Irkutsk and Omsk judicial chambers; 4 E branch has developed a press legislation; constituted circular explanations; led the case on foreign censorship; cases of books and newspapers in the districts of Warsaw and Vilense judicial chambers; 5 E branch was headed by the personal management and censorship institutions; accounting part; library; Cases on printing houses, lithographs, metallography and book trading. The economic committee (from October 30, 1908) considered all proposals concerning the economic part of the department and the reporting part; I kept the articles of the Interior MIA and the editors of the newspaper "Government Bulletin" and "Rural Bulletin". An awareness bureau (from August 26, 1906, from 1915 - Print Bureau) - served official and private time-based press bodies with reliable, subject to announcement, information related to the assumptions of actions and activities of the Government, government and administrative persons and institutions; as well as the "most important facts of social political life of Russia and abroad." At the bureau employees, hence the audit of rumors and print messages was imposed. Department of foreign and "foreign" printing (transferred from the Police Department in August 1906). The department of service department and information made a selection of newspaper clippings for reports to ministers, ministerial, directors of departments and managers of departments; compiled projects of communications, clarification and refutation; and also engaged in the creation of a "reference manual and information" archive; The technical part is on duty, the issue of ballots, receiving requests and issuing certificates; And also made the entry, cigarette, paper cut, printed reviews and bulletins, telephone service. Military censorship (from July 20, 1914) ensured that military information presented military secrecy in the printing. Military censors were subordinate to the Petrograd Print Committee, performed the tasks of the main Military Censored Commission with the General Directorate of the General Staff and local military censorship commissions at military district headquarters.
A special commission on the elimination of the Main Directorate for Print Affairs has existed from April 27 to September 16, 1917. After the abolition of the Main Printing Department, a new central control authority was established - the Book Chamber. The exercise of censorship in the field was rented on the provincial and county commissioners. On November 30, 1917, the Book Chamber was included in the addict on the Enlightenment.
After June 1, 1918, the Foundation entered the EGAF.
annotation
Reports of the Minister of Internal Affairs on the Main Department for 1865-1917. (OP. 1).
Magazines meetings of the Council of the General Administration for 1865-1905. (OP. 2).
Reports on the Main Department; cases of consideration of books and manuscripts, resolving and prohibiting manuscripts to the press and distribution of books, arrest of publications, prohibiting the reprints; about the consideration of foreign publications, notes and reproductions of paintings; about the publication of newspapers and magazines, observation of them and various censorship repressions against them; About editors and publishers; On opening bookstores, printing houses, lithographs and supervision for them; On the opening of libraries and reader and supervision for them for 1868-1870. (OP. 4).
Affairs on the publication of newspapers and magazines in Russia (since 1878 only in St. Petersburg and Moscow), observing them and various censorship repressions against them; About editors and publishers - materials I branches for 1871-1875. (OP. 5), 1876-1880. (OP. 6).
Reports of the Main Department, Censored Committees and Selected Censors - Materials II of Departments for 1871-1879. (OP. 11).
Cases of consideration of books and manuscripts, resolution and prohibit manuscripts for the press and distribution of books; arrest of publications; exclusion and change in manuscripts of the text of the text, the destruction of publications, reviewing foreign publications; about the publication of newspapers and magazines (from 1878) in different cities (with the exception of St. Petersburg and Moscow), observation of them and various censorship repressions against them; About editors and publishers; The opening of libraries and reader, book shops, printing houses, lithographs and supervision of them - materials II of separation for 1871-1879. (OP. 11), 1880-1897. (OP. 12), 1898-1900. (OP. 13), 1901-1904. (OP. 14), 1905 (OP. 15); materials III Departments for 1878-1895. (OP. 20), for 1896-1905. (Since 1898 - with the exception of reports and cases of libraries, reading houses, book-selling, printing houses) (OP. 21, part 1).
Reports of censorship committees and individual censors - materials III branches for 1878-1895. (OP. 20), for 1896-1905. (Since 1898 - with the exception of reports and cases of libraries, reading houses, book-selling, printing houses) (OP. 21, part 1).
Cases of consideration of books and manuscripts and initiating prosecution against authors, publishers, owners of printing houses; imposing arrest on books, destroy them; at the request of various institutions on the permission to disseminate publications; about the publication of newspapers and magazines, observation of them and various censorship repressions against them; About editors and publishers; Reports on periodic and non-periodic seals - materials of the I-III branches: in the district of the St. Petersburg Judicial Chamber for 1906-1911. (OP. 9), 1912-1917. (OP. 10); According to the districts of Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, Kharkov and Novocherkassk court chambers for 1906-1908. (OP. 16, part 1), 1909-1910. (OP. 16, part 2), 1911-1917. (OP. 17); According to the districts of Saratov, Kazan, Tiflis and Tashkent, Irkutsk and Omskom for 1906-1917. (OP. 21, Part 2), Vilen and Warsaw court chambers for 1898-1917. (OP. 22).
Cases of consideration of foreign publications - materials of the IV department for 1898-1917. (OP. 22);
Cases on the opening of libraries, readable, book shops, printing houses, lithographs and photographs and supervision for them - materials II branches for 1871-1879. (OP. 11), 1880-1897. (OP. 12), 1898-1900. (OP. 13), 1901-1904. (OP. 14), 1905 (OP. 15); Materials of the III branches for 1878-1895. (OP. 20), for 1896-1898 (OP. 21, part 1); Materials IV and V departments for 1898-1917. (OP. 22, 23).
Cases of censors for 1865-1867. (OP. 3), 1868-1870. (OP 4), for 1871-1879. (OP. 11), 1878-1895 (OP. 20), 1880-1897 (OP. 12), 1898-1900. (OP. 13), 1901-1904. (OP. 14), 1905 (OP. 15), 1896-1905 (OP. 21, part 2, 22), for 1906-1917 .. (OP. 23)
Cases of countingly financial branch for 1909-1917. (OP. 24).
Affairs on dramatic censorship: about consideration of dramatic essays and libretto operas; resolution and prohibit submission of them on the stage, exclusion and change of the text of the text; about folk and provincial theaters, entertainment institutions for 1865-1917. (OP. 25).
Reports of censors about the considered plays and libretto operas; Alphabetical lists of dramatic writings; Circulars on dramatic censorship for 1865-1917. (OP. 26).
Manuscripts of dramatic essays for 1884-1912. (OP. 27).
Materials of the Commission for revising the current provisions on censorship and press for 1868-1871. (OP. 28).
Reports of inspectors of printing houses and other printing establishments on the state of these institutions; reports of inspectors on the status of book trade, public libraries and reader; Finds of property printing houses for 1865-1915. (OP. 29).
Materials of the library of unhappy publications: Correspondence on obtaining the main management and sending to the relevant institutions of mandatory copies of non-periodic publications; Lists of non-periodic publications submitted to the General Directorate for 1822-1916. (OP. 30).
Materials of the library of time-based publications: correspondence on the organization of the library, about delivering periodic publications from different provinces; Accounting cards of periodicals containing information about the issuance of certificates for the permission of the publication, about the date of the first issue, the name of the editor and the publisher and the repression in relation to the publication for 1906-1916. (OP. 31).
Materials of the Assignment Bureau and the Department of Foreign and foreign Print for 1901-1917. (OP. 32).
Cases of government periodicals: "Moscow Vedomosti", "Petersburg Vedomosti", "Governmental Bulletin", about periodicals who received government subsidies, on costs for a challenge bureau and personnel Its for 1881-1917. (OP. 33).
Cuts from the newspaper "Government Bulletin" with information and orders for printing; Circulars on print issues for 1879-1916. (OP. 34).
Desktop registries for 1881-1917. (OP. 36).
Magazines of incoming and outgoing papers for 1865-1917. (OP. 37).
Materials of a special commission on the elimination of the General Directorate for Press Press for 1917 (OP. 38).
Municipal general education institution Daurgy secondary school
MESSAGE
On the history of Transbaikalia
ON THE TOPIC:
People of Transbaikalia: Evenks
(classes, life, beliefs)
Performed: student 7 a class
Zhambalov Ilya
Checked: history teacher
Lobova Yu.P.
Dauria, 2014
People of Transbaikalia: Evenks
(classes, life, beliefs)
The indigenous ethnicity of Transbaikalia is Evenks. For a long time they were called tungs. According to researchers, the ancestor of Evenkov was the people of Ran. Resurances were a small tribal group and together with Mohe and Zhurchzhenia, the people of Hie - the ancestors of Manchur were the people.
By the time of resettlement throughout Siberia, Tungusov has developedthe main signs of the ethnographic complex:
tight swing clothing in combination with a bib,
portable conical chum
light frame boat (leather and bark),
supreme and Welcome Saddle,
sumy sum
children's cradle
active hunting
elements of shamanism and animistic worldview.
Thanks to the extensive resettlement of Evenkov, they formed various economic and cultural types. They corresponded to various groups of the population. Along with the so-called Stray Eveners, who were engaged in hunting and fisheries, there were events of cattle breeders. Among the latter, horse breeders and reindeer breeders were distinguished. They were engaged in breeding horses and sheep and experienced a significant influence of the Mongolian tribes. Evenki-reindeer breeders, or ocoquins, settled in the Northern Taiga zone. Deer mainly served as a vehicle.
In the XVII century Evenks occupied almost the entire territory of the region, while they depended on the stronger mongony-language tribes. From the middle of the XVII century. The transition of Evenki tribes in the citizency of Russia began. Heading with Prince Gankimur Tungus adopted Russian citizenship.
The principle of the smallest intervention in the internal affairs of Evenkov Russian authorities by the XIX century. It was based on the system of self-government developed for indigenous peoples. In accordance with it, Evenka East Transbaikalia were merged into the Urulgine Steppe Duma with the center in the village of Urulga. The dynasty of the princes of Gantimururov according to the tradition began to carry out the function of heads of management of the Evenki Duma.
The Urulgine Steppe Duma was a public meeting and made economic issues. In its competence there were features such as population census, layout of fees, accounting amounts and assets and other. In administratively, the Duma was represented by six (later than seven) foreign workers, which were divided into parish, and parish parieties or uluses.
Evenkov existed a division into three different groups.
Southern Evenks - Hamnigans (from the Bur. "Hamnigan" - Evenk. A. B.) - experienced the influence of Mongols and Buryat.
Northeast (r. Olekma) for Amur Eveners.
Northwest (Tungocy, Vitimsky, Charskie), which were influenced by the Bounty Eveners, were influenced by Yakuts.
Despite all the efforts of the state aimed at supporting the Evenkov, the territory of their settlement was gradually narrowed, and the number was steadily fell. As a result, Evenks began to live only in the northern regions of the region, where they managed to engage traditional forms economic activity.
__ Traditional life of Evenkov
Life of Evenkov
Life of Evenks is as far as possible to the conditions of nomadic life. Basic vehicle are deer. Along with the world-up transport, winter harnesses using NART. Also for the carriage of goods used light boats. Among the boats in Evenkov were spread of shovels of various designs. For crossing the rivers, rafts made of several logs were used.
Housing
As a housing, a portable conical chum was used - an indispensable dwelling under the conditions of nomadic life and extreme natural conditions. Due to the streamlined form, it is not subjected to snow drifts and resistant to strong winds. Outdoor Evenkov's casing was called Urikit, permanent overhead - Maneen.
clothing
The most widespread clothes was the park. They wore her both men and women. Fur park did not have any decorations. By blocking parks (short with straight converging floors) made clothes and riddugi and cloth. Clothes from Sukna were decorated with appliques in the form of strips of fabric and rows of copper buttons. In addition to the park, female outerwear was common, having a view of an on-cut caftana in front, with converging floors, with a back, chroken in the waist. Clothing of equestrian events in their own way and cutting coincided with clothes Buryat. The main headdress was a capor. He was worn by men, women. They differed only in the number of decorations.
Religious views
Religious views Evenkov connected by S.animism and shamanism . According to their ideas, the soul consisted of three components. Khanyan - Soul-Shadow, Been - Body Soul, Main - Fate Soul. When man's death, Been leaves him and goes to the lower world (dead) on the generic river. Khanyan is inside a person or near him, she is able to leave a man in a dream and travel. Main is in the upper world and has a connection with the person himself. This connection can be converted and then a person is dying. Supreme Deity (Spirit), living in the Upper World (Yeah Buga), - Amaka - holds the thread of the life of people, animals and plants. AMAKA - an old man in fur clothes, having herds and labases.
The functions of the header, the conductor in the lower world, the gadel, the defender from evil people and perfumes performed the shaman. He provided good luck in hunting and reindeer herding. Shaman had its own attributes.
Shamansky caftan (Org) was a one-piece skin with sewn sleeves. From the back there was a band (Irgine) - a peculiar tail, consisting of the Bunchy fringe. Bunches of the rowing strips were attached on the blades, belt, shoulders and podol. An experienced shaman had a metal plate with the image of the horns, which was sewn at the level of the blades. Of particular importance in shamanic practice - Kamlany - had a tambourine. The tambourine was almost a round form relatively small, the width of the shell did not exceed eight centimeters. On the shell were stretched or glued with horse or deer. Evenks especially read the rocks with drawings and considered them the inhabitants of the hosts of the Taiga and Rivers. Also, they had a bear cult. Evenks believed that earlier the bear was man, and endowed him the ability to understand human speech. He was called grandfather, father, uncle.
The views of Evenkov on the environment world appear through the prism of shamanism. The heavenly arch appeared to the skin with holes, the land was considered flat. Equestrian Evenkov had a myth that the Earth was created by a frog.
Literature:
Ivanov V.N. Russian scientists about the peoples of the northeast of Asia. - Yakutsk, 1978. - 319 p.
Konstantinov A. V., Konstantinova N. N. The history of Transbaikalia (from ancient times until 1917). - Chita, 2002. - 247 p.
Kuznetsov O. V. Evenki Transbaikalia: history and modern ethnosocial problems // Social anthropology of Transbaikalia. - Chita, 2001. - P. 53-68.
Rowoznyuk O. A., St. Petersburg E. V. Material culture and lifestyle of the North of Transbaikalia // Soc. Anthropology Transbaikalia. - Chita, 2001. - P. 161-189.
