Events of great historical significance. Russian history dates

In 1903 Wilbor and Orville Wright built the Flyer airplane. The aircraft was equipped with a gasoline engine, and its maiden flight took place at an altitude of 3m and lasted for 12 seconds. In 1919 the first air line from Paris to London was opened. The maximum number of passengers allowed was, and the flight duration was 4 hours.

Radio broadcast

In 1906, the first radio broadcast went on the air. Canadian Regenald Fessenden played the violin on the radio, and his performance was received on ships thousands of miles away. By the early 1960s. the first battery-operated pocket radios appeared.

World War I

In 1914, which was attended by 38 countries. The Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria) and the Entente bloc (Russia, England, France, Italy, etc.) took part in the hostilities. The conflict took place between Austria and Serbia over the assassination of the Austrian heir to the throne. The war is more than 4 years old, and more than 10 million soldiers died in the battles. The Entente bloc won, but the economies of the countries fell into decay during the hostilities.

Russian Revolution

In 1917, the Great October Revolution began in Russia. The tsarist regime was overthrown and the imperial family of the Romanovs was shot. The tsarist regime and capitalism were replaced by the socialist system, which proposed creating equality for all working people. The dictatorship of the proletariat was established in the country, and class society was liquidated. A new totalitarian state appeared - the Russian Socialist Federal Republic.

TV

In 1926 John Byrd received a television image, and in 1933 Vladimir Zvorykin achieved better reproduction quality. The electronic images were refreshed on the screen 25 times per second, resulting in moving images.

The Second World War

In 1939, the Second World War began, in which 61 states took part. Germany became the initiator of hostilities, which first attacked Poland and later the USSR. The war lasted 6 years and claimed 65 million lives. The greatest losses during the war fell to the lot of the USSR, but thanks to the invincible spirit, the Red Army won a victory over the fascist invaders.

Nuclear weapon

In 1945, it was first used: on the Japanese cities of Herashima and Nagasaki, American armed forces dropped nuclear bombs. Thus, the United States sought to hasten the end of World War II with Japan. Hundreds of thousands of residents were killed and the results of the bombing were disastrous.

Computers and the Internet

In 1945, two American engineers John Eckert and John Mokely created the first electronic computing machine (ECM), which weighed about 30 tons. In 1952, the first display was connected to a computer, and the first personal computer was created by Apple in 1983. In 1969, an Internet system was created to exchange information between scientific centers in the United States, and by the beginning of the 1990s. the Internet has become a worldwide network.

Space flight

In 1961, a Soviet rocket overcame gravity and made its first flight into space with a man on board. The three-stage rocket was built under the direction of Sergei Korolev, and the spacecraft was controlled by Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.

The collapse of the USSR

In 1985, "Perestroika" began in the Soviet Union: a system appeared, and strict censorship was replaced by glasnost and democracy. But many reforms led to an economic crisis and aggravation of national contradictions. In 1991, a coup took place in the Soviet Union, and the USSR disintegrated into 17 separate independent states. The country's territory has shrunk by a quarter, and the United States has become the world's only superpower.

In 11th grade, it is not necessary to know all the dates from the textbook by heart. It is enough to master the mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will come in handy not only in the exam, but also in life.

So, your preparation for the OGE and USE in history must necessarily include memorizing several of the most important dates in Russian history. Stay on top of the most important events in national history- and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by age. Such a simple step will allow you to start navigating history by periods, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, then unconsciously remember everything. In a similar way used by your parents and grandparents, when there were no USE and GIA yet.

We can also advise you to say the most important dates in the history of Russia out loud and record it on a dictaphone. Listen to the resulting recordings several times a day, and best of all - in the morning, when the brain has just woken up and has not yet absorbed the usual daily dose of information.

But in no case do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Take pity on yourself, in a day no one has yet managed to master the whole school curriculum on the history of Russia. The USE and GIA are designed to test how well you know the full course of the subject. So do not even think to somehow cheat the system or hope for the students' favorite "night before the exam", as well as a variety of cheat sheets and "answers to the GIA and USE in history 2015", of which there are so many on the Internet.

It was always strict with the leaves, the last hope of careless schoolchildren, at the state exams, and every year the situation becomes even more complicated. Exams in grades 9 and 11 are held not only under the strict supervision of experienced teachers, but also under the supervision of video cameras, and you know, it is almost impossible to outsmart technology.

So get enough sleep, don't be nervous, develop your memory and memorize 35 most important dates in Russian history. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you in passing the exam and GIA.

862 The beginning of the reign of Rurik
988 Baptism of Rus
1147 First mention of Moscow
1237-1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
1240 Battle of the Neva
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
1480 Standing on the Ugra River. Fall of the Mongol yoke
1547 The wedding of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom
1589 Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia
1598-1613 Time of Troubles
1613 Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom
1654 Pereyaslavl Rada.
1670-1671 Rise of Stepan Razin
1682-1725 Reign of Peter I
1700–1721 North War
1703 Foundation of St. Petersburg
1709 Battle of Poltava
1755 Foundation of Moscow University
1762- 1796 Reign of Catherine II
1773- 1775 Peasant War led by E. Pugachev
1812- 1813 Patriotic War
1812 Battle of Borodino
1825 Decembrist uprising
1861 Abolition of serfdom
1905- 1907 First Russian Revolution
1914 Russia's entry into the first world war
1917 February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy
1917 October Revolution
1918- 1920 Civil War
1922 Formation of the USSR
1941- 1945 Great Patriotic War
1957 Launch of the first artificial satellite Of the earth
1961 Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin into space
1986 Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
1991 Collapse of the USSR

Dates of Russian history

This section presents the most important dates in the history of Russia.

Brief chronology History of Russia.

VI century n. e., from 530 - the Great Migration of the Slavs. The first mention of the people of the Ros / Rus
860 - the first campaign of the Rus to Constantinople
862 - The year to which the "Tale of Bygone Years" refers to the "vocation of the Norman king" Rurik.
911 - Hike Kiev prince Oleg to Constantinople and a treaty with Byzantium.
941 - The campaign of the Kiev prince Igor to Constantinople.
944 - Igor's treaty with Byzantium.
945 - 946 - Submission of the Drevlyans to Kiev
957 - Trip of Princess Olga to Constantinople
964-966 biennium - Hikes of Svyatoslav to the Kama Bulgarians, Khazars, Yases and Kasogs
967-971 biennium - War of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium
988-990 - The beginning of the baptism of Russia
1037 - The foundation stone of the temple of Sophia in Kiev
1043 - Campaign of Prince Vladimir to Byzantium
1045-1050 - Construction of the Temple of Sophia in Novgorod
1054-1073 biennium - Presumably during this period appears "The Truth of the Yaroslavichi"
1056-1057 - "Ostromir Gospel"
1073 - "Izbornik" of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
1097 - The first congress of princes in Lyubech
1100 - Second Congress of Princes in Uvetichi (Vitichev)
1116 - The appearance of the "Tale of Bygone Years" in the edition of Sylvester
1147 - The first chronicle mention of Moscow
1158-1160 biennium - Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma
1169 - The capture of Kiev by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies
1170 February 25 - Victory of the Novgorodians over the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies
1188 - The approximate date of the appearance of the "Lay of Igor's Host"
1202 - Foundation of the Order of the Swordsmen (Livonian Order)
1206 - Proclamation of Temuchin as the "Great Khan" of the Mongols and his adoption of the name of Genghis Khan
1223 May 31 - Battle of Russian princes and Polovtsy on the river. Kalke
1224 - The capture of St. George's (Tartu) by the Germans
1237 - Unification of the Order of the Swordsmen and the Teutonic Order
1237-1238 - Invasion of Batu Khan on North-Eastern Russia
1238 March 4 - Battle on the river. City
1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neve
1240 December 6 (or November 19) - The capture of Kiev by the Mongol-Tatars
1242 April 5 - " Battle on the Ice"On Lake Peipsi
1243 - Formation of the Golden Horde.
1262 - Uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl
1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver
1367 - Construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow
1378 - The first victory of the Russian troops over the Tatars on the river. Vozhe
1380 September 8 - Battle of Kulikovo
1382 - Khan Tokhtamysh's campaign to Moscow
1385 - Union of Kreva between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland
1395 - The defeat of the Golden Horde by Timur (Tamerlane)
1410 July 15 - Battle of Grunwald. Ragrom of the German knights by the Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops
1469-1472 - Journey of Afanasy Nikitin to India
1471 - Hike of Ivan III to Novgorod. Battle on the r. Sheloni
1480 - "Standing" on the river. Eel. End of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
1484-1508 - Construction of the Moscow Kremlin. Construction of cathedrals and the Faceted Chamber
1507-1508, 1512-1522 - Wars of the Moscow state with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Return of Smolensk and Smolensk land
1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow
1547 January 16 - The wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom
1550 - Ivan the Terrible's Code of Law. Creation of the Strelets Troops
1550 October 3 - Decree on the placement of the "chosen thousand" in the districts adjacent to Moscow
1551 - February-May - Hundred-domed Cathedral of the Russian Church
1552 - The capture of Kazan by Russian troops. Accession of the Kazan Khanate
1556 - Accession of Astrakhan to Russia
1558-1583 - Livonian War
1565-1572 - Oprichnina
1569 - Union of Lublin. Formation of the Commonwealth
1582 January 15 - Truce of the Russian state with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Zapolsky Pit
1589 - Establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow
1590-1593 - War of the Russian state with Sweden
1591 May - Death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich
1595 - The conclusion of the Tyavzin peace with Sweden
1598 January 7 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich and the end of the Rurik dynasty
1604 October - Intervention of False Dmitry I into the Russian state
1605 June - The overthrow of the Godunov dynasty in Moscow. Accession of False Dmitry I
1606 - The uprising in Moscow and the assassination of False Dmitry I
1607 - The beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II
1609-1618 - Open Polish-Swedish intervention
1611 March - April - Creation of a militia against the invaders
1611 September-October - Creation of the militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod
1612 October 26 - The capture of the Moscow Kremlin by the militia of Minin and Pozharsky
1613 - February 7-21 - Election of the Zemsky Sobor to the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
1633 - Death of Patriarch Filaret, father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
1648 - Uprising in Moscow - "Salt Riot"
1649 - "Cathedral Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
1649-1652 - Hikes of Erofei Khabarov to the Daurian land along the Amur
1652 - Consecration of Nikon to the patriarch
1653 - Zemsky Sobor in Moscow and the decision to reunite Ukraine with Russia
1654 January 8-9 - Pereyaslavskaya Rada. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia
1654-1667 - The war between Russia and Poland over Ukraine
1667 January 30 - Andrusov armistice
1670-1671 - Peasant War led by S. Razin
1676-1681 - War of Russia with Turkey and Crimea for the Right-Bank Ukraine
1681 January 3 - Armistice of Bakhchisarai
1682 - Abolition of parochialism
1682 May - Strelets uprising in Moscow
1686 - "Eternal Peace" with Poland
1687-1689 - Crimean campaigns of the book. V.V. Golitsyn
1689 August 27 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China
1689 September - The overthrow of Princess Sophia
1695-1696 - Azov campaigns of Peter I
1696 January 29 - the death of Ivan V. The establishment of the autocracy of Peter I
1697-1698 - "Great Embassy" of Peter I to Western Europe
1698 April-June - Riot of the Strelets
1699 December 20 - Decree on the introduction of a new chronology from January 1, 1700.
1700 July 13 - Armistice of Constantinople with Turkey
1700-1721 - Northern war between Russia and Sweden
1700 - Death of Patriarch Adrian. Appointment of Stefan Yavorsky as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne
1700 November 19 - the defeat of the Russian troops near Narva
1703 - The first Russian stock exchange (merchants' assembly) in St. Petersburg
1703 - Publication of the textbook "Arithmetic" by Magnitsky
1707-1708 - Uprising on the Don K. Bulavin
1709 June 27 - The defeat of the Swedish troops at Poltava
1711 - the Prut campaign of Peter I
1712 - Decree on the establishment of commercial and industrial companies
1714 March 23 - Decree on single inheritance
1714 July 27 - Victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish at Gangut
1721 August 30 - Peace of Nishtad between Russia and Sweden
1721 October 22 - Acceptance of the imperial title by Peter I
1722 January 24 - Table of Ranks
1722-1723 - Persian campaign of Peter I
1724 January 28 - Decree on the establishment Russian Academy sciences
1725 January 28 - Death of Peter I
1726 February 8 - Establishment of the Supreme Privy Council
1727 May 6 - death of Catherine I
1730 January 19 - Death of Peter II
1731 - Cancellation of the decree on single inheritance
1732 January 21 - Treaty of Rasht with Persia
1734 - "Treatise on Friendship and Commerce" between Russia and England
1735-1739 - Russian-Turkish war
1736 - Decree on the "eternal fixation" of artisans at factories
1740 from 8 to 9 November - Palace coup, the overthrow of the regent Biron. Announcement of the regent Anna Leopoldovna
1741-1743 - War of Russia with Sweden
1741 November 25 - Palace coup, the enthronement of Elizabeth Petrovna by the guards
1743 June 16 - Abo peace with Sweden
1755 January 12 - Decree on the founding of Moscow University
1756 August 30 - Decree on the establishment of the Russian theater in St. Petersburg (F. Volkov troupe)
1759 1 (12) August - Victory of the Russian troops at Kunnersdorf
1760 September 28 - The capture of Berlin by the Russian troops
1762 February 18 - Manifesto "On the freedom of the nobility"
1762 July 6 - Assassination of Peter III and accession to the throne of Catherine II
1764 - Establishment of the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg
1764 from 4 to 5 July - Attempted coup by V.Ya. Mirovich. The murder of Ivan Antonovich in the Shlisselburg fortress
1766 - Accession to Russia of the Aleutian Islands
1769 - First external loan in Amsterdam
1770 June 24-26 - The defeat of the Turkish fleet in the Chesme Bay
1773-1775 - The first section of the Commonwealth
1773-1775 - Peasant War led by E.I. Pugacheva
1774 July 10 - Peace of Kuchuk-Kainarzhi with Turkey
1783 - The annexation of Crimea to Russia 1785 April 21 - Letters of gratitude to the nobility and cities
1787-1791 - Russian-Turkish war
1788-1790 - Russian-Swedish war of 1791 December 29 - Peace of Yasi with Turkey
1793 - The second section of the Commonwealth
1794 - Polish uprising led by T. Kosciuszko and its suppression
1795 - The third partition of Poland
1796 - Formation of the Little Russian province 1796-1797. - War with Persia
1797 - April 5 - "Institution of the Imperial Family"
1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns of A.V. Suvorov
1799 - Formation of the United Russian-American Company
1801 January 18 - Manifesto on the accession of Georgia to Russia
1801 from 11 to 12 March - Palace coup. The assassination of Paul I. Accession to the throne of Alexander I
1804-1813 - Russian-Iranian war
1805 20 November - Battle of Austerlitz
1806-1812 - War of Russia with Turkey
1807 June 25 - Peace of Tilsit
1808-1809 - Russian-Swedish war
1810 January 1 - Establishment of the Council of State
1812 - Invasion of Napoleon's "Great Army" into Russia. Patriotic War
1812 August 26 - Battle of Borodino
1813 January 1 - Beginning of the Foreign campaign of the Russian army
1813 October 16-19 - "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig
1814 March 19 - Allied forces enter Paris
1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna
1825 December 14 - Decembrist uprising in St. Petersburg
1826-1828 - Russian-Iranian war
1827 October 20 - Battle in Navarino Bay
1828 February 10 - Turkmanchay peace treaty with Iran
1828-1829 - Russian-Turkish war
1829 September 2 - Treaty of Adrianople with Turkey
1835 July 26 - University Charter
1837 October 30 - Opening railroad Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo
1839-1843 - Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kankrina
1853 - Opening of the Free Russian Printing House by A.I. Herzen in London
1853 - the Kokaid campaign of the general. V.A. Perovsky
1853-1856 - Crimean War
1854 September - 1855 August - Defense of Sevastopol
1856 March 18 - Treaty of Paris
1860 May 31 - Establishment of the State Bank
1861 February 19 - Abolition of serfdom
1861 - Establishment of the Council of Ministers
1863 June 18 - University Charter
1864 November 20 - Decree on judicial reform. "New judicial statutes"
1865 - Military judicial reform
1874 January 1 - "Charter on military service"
1874 spring - The first mass "going to the people" of the revolutionary populists
1875 April 25 - Treaty of St. Petersburg between Russia and Japan (on South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
1876-1879 - The second "Earth and Freedom"
1877-1878 - Russian-Turkish war
1879 August - Split of "Land and Freedom" into "Black Redistribution" and "Narodnaya Volya"
1881 March 1 - Murder by the revolutionary populists of Alexander II
1885 January 7-18 - Morozov strike
1892 - Russian-French secret military convention
1896 - The invention of the radiotelegraph by A.S. Popov
1896 May 18 - Khodynskaya tragedy in Moscow during the coronation of Nicholas II
1898 March 1-2 - 1st Congress of the RSDLP
1899 May-July - I Hague Peace Conference
1902 - Formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR)
1904-1905 - Russo-Japanese War
1905 January 9 - " Bloody sunday". The beginning of the first Russian revolution
1905 April - Formation of the Russian Monarchist Party and the "Union of the Russian People".
1905 May 12-June 1 - General strike in Ivanovo-Voskresensk. Formation of the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies
1905 May 14-15 - Battle of Tsushima
1905 June 9-11 - Uprising in Lodz
1905 June 14-24 - Uprising on the battleship Potemkin
1905 23 August - Portsmouth Peace Treaty with Japan
1905 October 7 - The beginning of the All-Russian political strike
1905 October 12-18 - Founding Congress of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
1905 October 13 - Creation of the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies
1905 October 17 - Manifesto of Nicholas II
1905 November - Formation of the "Union of October 17" (Octobrists)
1905 December 9-19 - Moscow armed uprising
1906 April 27-July 8 - I State Duma
1906 November 9 - The beginning of the agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin
1907 February 20 - June 2 - II State Duma
1907 November 1 - 1912 July 9 - III State Duma
1908 - Formation of the reactionary "Union of Michael the Archangel"
1912 November 15 - 1917 February 25 - IV State Duma
1914 July 19 (August 1) - Germany's declaration of war on Russia. The beginning of the first world war
1916 May 22 - July 31 - Brusilov breakthrough
1916 December 17 - Assassination of Rasputin
1917 February 26 - The beginning of the transition of troops to the side of the revolution
1917 February 27 - February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy in Russia
1917, March 3 - Abdication led. book Mikhail Alexandrovich. Declaration of the Provisional Government
1917 June 9-24 - I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
1917 August 12-15 - State meeting in Moscow
1917 August 25-September 1 - Kornilov revolt
1917 September 14-22 - All-Russian Democratic Conference in Petrograd
1917 October 24-25 - Armed Bolshevik coup. Overthrow of the Provisional Government
1917 October 25 - Opening of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
1917 October 26 - Decrees of the Soviets about peace, about land. "Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia"
1917 November 12 - Elections to the Constituent Assembly
1917 December 7 - Decision of the Council of People's Commissars to create the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution (VChK)
1917 December 14 - Decree of the Central Executive Committee on the nationalization of banks
1917 December 18 - Independence of Finland
1918-1922 - Civil war in the territory of the former Russian Empire
1918 January 6 - Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly
1918 January 26 - Decree on the transition to a new calendar style from February I (14)
1918 - March 3 - Conclusion of the Brest Peace
1918 May 25 - The beginning of the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps
1918 July 10 - Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR
1920 January 16 - The blockade is lifted Soviet Russia The Entente
1920 - Soviet-Polish war
1921 February 28-March 18 - Kronstadt uprising
1921 March 8-16 - X Congress of the RCP (b). The decision on the "new economic policy"
1921 March 18 - Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland
1922 April 10-May 19 - Genoa Conference
1922 April 16 - Rappalskiy separate treaty of the RSFSR with Germany
1922 December 27 - Formation of the USSR
1922 December 30 - I Congress of Soviets of the USSR
1924 January 31 - Approval of the Constitution of the USSR
October 1928 - December 1932 - The first five-year plan. The beginning of industrialization in the USSR
1930 - The beginning of complete collectivization
1933-1937 - Second five-year plan
1934 December 1 - Murder of S.M. Kirov. Deployment of mass terror in the USSR
1936 December 5 - Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR
1939 23 August - Soviet-German non-aggression pact
1939 September 1 - Germany attacked Poland. The beginning of the second world war
1939 September 17 - Entering Soviet troops to Poland
1939 September 28 - Soviet-German treaty "on friendship and borders"
1939 November 30 - 1940 March 12 - Soviet-Finnish War
1940 June 28 - Entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia
1940 June-July - Soviet occupation Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia
1941 April 13 - Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Treaty
1941 June 22 - The attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War
1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. USSR victory in the Great Patriotic War
1945 September 2 - Japan's Unconditional Surrender Act
1945 November 20 - 1946 October 1 - Nuremberg Trials
1946-1950 - The fourth five-year plan. Restoration of the destroyed national economy
1948 August - Session of the All-Union Agricultural Academy. The start of the campaign to combat "morganism" and "cosmopolitanism"
1949 January 5-8 - Creation of the CMEA
1949 August 29 - First test atomic bomb in USSR
1954 June 27 - Launch of the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk
1955 14m; 1st - Creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (ATS)
1955 July 18-23 - Meeting of the Heads of Government of the USSR, Great Britain, USA and France in Geneva
1956 February 14-25 - XX Congress of the CPSU
1956 June 30 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union "Determination of the personality cult and its consequences"
1957 July 28-August 11 - VI World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow
1957 October 4 - Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR
1961 April 12 - Yu.A. Gagarin on spaceship"East"
1965 March 18 - Space pilot A.A. Leonov into outer space
1965 - Reform of the economic mechanism of economic management in the USSR
1966 June 6 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the public appeal of youth to the most important construction projects of the five-year plan"
1968 August 21 - Intervention of the ATS countries in Czechoslovakia
1968 - Open letter from Academician A.D. Sakharov to the Soviet leadership
1971, March 30-April 9 - XXIV Congress of the CPSU
1972 May 26 - Signing in Moscow "Fundamentals of relations between the USSR and the United States." The beginning of the "detente" policy
1974 February - A.I. Solzhenitsyn
1975 July 15-21 - Joint Soviet-American experiment under the Soyuz-Apollo program
1975 July 30-August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, USA and Canada
1977 October 7 - Adoption of the Constitution of the "developed socialism" of the USSR
1979 December 24 - The beginning of the intervention of Soviet troops in Afghanistan
1980 January - Link A.D. Sakharov to Gorky
1980 July 19-August 3 - Olympic Games in Moscow
1982 May 24 - Adoption of the Food Program
1985 19-21 November - M.S. Gorbachev and US President R. Reagan in Geneva. Restoration of the Soviet-American political dialogue
1986 April 26 - Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
1987 June-July - The beginning of the policy of "perestroika" in the USSR
1988 June 28-July 1 - XIX Conference of the CPSU. Start political reform in USSR
1989 May 25-June 9. - I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, elected on the basis of amendments to the Constitution of the USSR
1990 March 11 - Adoption of the Act of Independence of Lithuania.
1990 March 12-15 - III Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
1990 May 1-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration on State Sovereignty of Russia
1991 March 17 - Referendum on the preservation of the USSR and the introduction of the post of President of the RSFSR
1991 June 12 - Election of the President of Russia
1991 July 1 - Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Organization in Prague
1991 19-21 August - Attempted coup in the USSR (GKChP Case)
1991 September - Entry of troops into Vilnius. Attempted coup in Lithuania
1991 December 8 - The signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the "Commonwealth of Independent States" and the dissolution of the USSR
1992 January 2 - Liberalization of prices in Russia
1992 February 1 - Declaration by Russia and the United States to End the Cold War
1992 March 13 - Initialing of the Federal Treaty of the Republics within the Russian Federation
1993 March - VIII and IX Congresses of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation
1993 April 25 - All-Russian referendum on confidence in the policy of the President of Russia
1993 June - The work of the constitutional meeting on the preparation of the draft Constitution of Russia
1993 September 21 - Decree of B.N. Yeltsin "On a phased constitutional reform" and the dissolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation
1993 October 3-4 - Demonstrations and armed actions of the pro-communist opposition in Moscow. The storming of the building of the Supreme Council by troops loyal to the President
1993 December 12 - Elections to the State Duma and the Federation Council. Referendum on the draft of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation
1994 January 11 - The State Duma and the Federation Council of the Russian Federation began to work in Moscow

So, your preparation for the OGE and USE in history must necessarily include memorizing several of the most important dates in Russian history. Be aware of the most important events in Russian history - and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by centuries. Such a simple step will allow you to start navigating history by periods, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, then unconsciously remember everything. Your parents and grandparents also used a similar method, when there was not even a trace of the exam and the GIA.

But in no case do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Take pity on yourself, in a day no one has yet managed to master the entire school curriculum on the history of Russia. The USE and GIA are designed to test how well you know the full course of the subject. So do not even think to somehow cheat the system or hope for the students' favorite "night before the exam", as well as a variety of cheat sheets and "answers to the GIA and USE in history 2015", of which there are so many on the Internet.

862 The beginning of the reign of Rurik
988 Baptism of Rus
1147 First mention of Moscow
1237-1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
1240 Battle of the Neva
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
1480 Standing on the Ugra River. Fall of the Mongol yoke
1547 The wedding of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom
1589 Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia
1598-1613 Time of Troubles
1613 Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom
1654 Pereyaslavl Rada.
1670-1671 Rise of Stepan Razin
1682-1725 Reign of Peter I
1700-1721 Northern War
1703 Foundation of St. Petersburg
1709 Battle of Poltava
1755 Foundation of Moscow University
1762- 1796 Reign of Catherine II
1773- 1775 Peasant War led by E. Pugachev
1812- 1813 Patriotic War
1812 Battle of Borodino
1825 Decembrist uprising
1861 Abolition of serfdom
1905- 1907 First Russian Revolution
1914 Russia's entry into the First World War
1917 February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy
1917 October Revolution
1918- 1920 Civil War
1922 Formation of the USSR
1941- 1945 Great Patriotic War
1957 Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite
1961 Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin into space
1986 Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
1991 Collapse of the USSR

The Russian Federation is a state that ranks first in terms of area and ninth in terms of population. This is a country that has gone from scattered principalities to a candidate for superpower. How did this political, economic and military colossus emerge?

In our article, we will consider the main dates of the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mention of it to the end of the twentieth century.

IX - X century

The word "Rus" was first mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Constantinople and the plundering of its environs. Researchers estimate that more than eight thousand people participated in the raid. The Byzantines did not expect an attack from the Black Sea at all, so they could not give a worthy rebuff. “The Rus left with impunity,” the chronicler reports.

The next important date was 862. This is one of the most significant events. According to the "Tale of Bygone Years", it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes were invited to reign Rurik.

The chronicle says that they were tired of constant quarrels and civil strife, which only a new ruler could put an end to.

Like 862, the next year became important in the history of Russia - 863. This year, according to the chroniclers, a Slavic alphabet- Cyrillic. It was from this time that the official written history of Russia began.

In 882, Prince Oleg, Rurik's successor, conquers Kiev and makes it a “capital city”. This ruler did a lot for the state. He began to unite the tribes, went to the Khazars, having recaptured many lands. Now the northerners, Drevlyans, Radimichs pay tribute not to the Kaganate, but to the Kiev prince.

We are considering only the main dates of the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.

So, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Rus into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went to the Pechenegs (920) and to Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated in 965, which significantly strengthened the position of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.

In 970 Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became the prince of Kiev. Together with his uncle Dobrynya, whose image was later reflected in the epic hero, he is assembling a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the tribes of Serbs and Bulgarians on the Danube, as a result of which an alliance was concluded.

However, during the campaigns mentioned, the prince became imbued with Christianity. Earlier, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this belief and was misunderstood by the environment. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.

So, in 988, a number of rituals were held to baptize most of the tribes. Those who refused to voluntarily change their faith were forced to do so.

The last important date in the 10th century is the construction of the Tithe Church. It was with the help of this building that Christianity was finally consolidated at the state level in Kiev.

XI century

The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between the princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, feuds begin.

This devastation continued until 1019, when Prince Yaroslav sits on the throne in Kiev, who was later nicknamed the Wise. He ruled for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign Kievan Rus practically reaches the level of European states.

Since we are talking briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and the period of turmoil (in the second half of the century).

So, from 1019 until his death in 1054, Prince Yaroslav the Wise compiled one of the most famous vaults - "Yaroslav's Truth". This is the oldest part of the "Russian Truth".

For five years, starting in 1030, he erects the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

In the capital, in 1037, the construction of the famous church - St. Sophia of Kiev began. It was completed in 1041.

After the campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.

The death of the Kiev prince marked the beginning of the struggle for the capital between his sons. Izyaslav ruled from 1054 to 1068. Then, with the help of the uprising, he was replaced by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. In epics, he is referred to as Volga.

Due to the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views in matters of faith, he is credited with the properties of a werewolf in folk legends. In epics, he becomes either a wolf or a falcon. V official history he was nicknamed the Wizard.

When listing the main dates in the history of Russia in the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of "Pravda Yaroslavichi" in 1072 and "Izbornik Svyatoslav" in 1073. The latter contains descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.

A more interesting document is Russkaya Pravda. It has two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second - in 1072. This collection contains the norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and inheritance legislation.

The last event worth mentioning in the eleventh century was the princes. He initiated fragmentation Old Russian state... There it was decided that everyone should manage only his own fiefdom.

XII century

Oddly enough, but an important role in the reunion ancient Russian princes played by the Polovtsians. Speaking about the main dates of the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one cannot fail to mention the campaigns against these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that rallied Eastern Slavs and created the prerequisites for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His son Mstislav Vladimirovich became his successor.

During the years of the reign of these princes, the "Tale of Time Years" was finally edited, and there was also an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the political history of Europe and the history of Russia gradually receded. The dates and events of the twelfth century fully confirm this.

While there was a struggle for power, caused by the collapse of the Kiev state, in Western Europe the unification of Spain and several crusades are carried out.

In Russia, the following happened. In 1136, as a result of the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.

In 1147, the chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It was from this time that the gradual rise of the city began, which was later destined to become the capital of the united state.

The end of the twelfth century was marked by an even greater fragmentation of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Russia is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.

Since these events took place in the thirteenth century, we will talk about them later.

XIII century

In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of Batu's campaigns, which is given below, as well as the maps of battles with the Mongols, indicate the failure of many princes in matters of military operations.

Campaigns of Khan Batu

The Council of Mongol Khans decides to start a campaign against Russia, the army was led by Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan	1235
The defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols	1236
Submission of the Polovtsians and the beginning of the campaign against Russia	1237
Siege and capture of Ryazan	December 1237
The fall of Kolomna and Moscow	January 1238
The capture of Vladimir by the Mongols	3-7 February 1238
The defeat of the Russian army on the river City and the death of the Vladimir prince	March 4, 1238
The fall of the city of Torzhok, the return of the Mongols to the steppe	March 1238
The beginning of the siege of Kozelsk	March 25, 1238
Rest of the Mongolian army in the Don steppes	summer 1238
The fall of Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and Gorokhovets	autumn 1238
Batu's invasion of the southern Russian principalities, the fall of Putivl, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov	summer 1239
Siege and capture of Kiev by the Mongol-Tatars	September 5-6, 1240

There are several stories when the inhabitants of the cities were able to give a heroic rebuff to the invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But not a single event is mentioned when the princes defeated the Mongol army.

Concerning Kozelsk, this is just a unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Khan Batu, who from 1237 to 1240 ravaged North-Eastern Russia, was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.

This town was the capital of the principality on the land of the former Vyatichi tribe. According to scientists, the number of its defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols were able to take the fortress only after seven weeks of the siege and the loss of more than four thousand soldiers.

It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without the prince and the governor. At this time in Kozelsk "ruled" the grandson of Mstislav, twelve-year-old Vasily. Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.

After the capture of the fortress by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground, and all the inhabitants were killed. They did not spare either nursing infants or infirm old people.

After this battle, the rest of the important dates in the history of Russia associated with the Mongol invasion concern exclusively the southern principalities.

So, in 1238, a little earlier, a battle took place near the Kolomna River. In 1239 Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240 Kiev fell.

In 1243, the state of the Mongols, the Golden Horde, was formed. Now Russian princes are obliged to take the "label for reign" from the khans.

In the northern lands at this time, a completely different picture takes place. Swedish and German troops are advancing on Russia. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.

In 1240 he defeats the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 utterly defeats the German knights (the so-called Battle of the Ice).

In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive campaigns of the Mongols against Russia took place. They were directed against unwanted princes who did not receive a label to rule. So, in 1252, Khan Dyuden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Russia in 1293.

In view of difficult events and the gradual transfer of control to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kiev to Vladimir.

XIV century

More significant dates in the history of Russia date back to the fourteenth century. In 1325, Ivan Kalita came to power. He begins to collect all the principalities into a single state. So by 1340 some lands were joined to Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita became the Grand Duke.

In 1326, Metropolitan Peter of Vladimir transferred his residence to Moscow as a more promising city.

The plague (“black death”) that began in 1347 in Western Europe reaches Russia in 1352. She destroyed many people.

Mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worth dwelling on the events associated with Moscow. In 1359 Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ascends to the throne. For two years, starting from 1367, the construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow takes place. It was because of this that it was later called "white stone".

By the end of the fourteenth century, Russia finally emerged from the rule of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein important events are the battle near the Vozha River (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). These victories showed the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state was beginning to take shape in the north, which would not be under anyone's rule.

However, the Golden Horde did not want to be so easily deprived of tributaries. In 1382 he gathers a large army and ravages Moscow.

This was the last disaster associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Russia finally freed itself from their yoke only after a century. But during this time, no one else disturbed her borders.

Moreover, in 1395, Tamerlane finally destroys The Golden Horde... But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.

XV century

The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate mainly to the unification of the lands into a single Moscow state.

The first half of the century was marked by civil strife. Over the years, Vasily I and Vasily II Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.

The events of the first half of the fifteenth century are a bit like 1917 in the history of Russia. Followed by the revolution Civil War also revealed many appanage princelings, leaders of gangs, which were later destroyed by Moscow.

The reason for the civil strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Externally political activity interim rulers associated with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes raided. Some princelings were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.

The moral of decades of civil strife was that those who did not rely on external support, but strengthened the country from within, won. Thus, the result was the unification of many small appanage lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now the metropolitans of Kiev and All Russia were proclaimed here. That is, the dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.

In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, the separation of the Moscow metropolis from the Kiev metropolis took place in 1458.

The strife between the princes ended with the accession of John III. In 1471 he defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelon, and in 1478 he finally attached Velikiy Novgorod to the Moscow principality.

In 1480, one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the annals as It is very interesting story, which contemporaries considered "the mystical intercession of the Mother of God." gathered a large army and opposed Ivan III, who was in alliance with the Crimean Khan.

But it didn’t come to a battle. After a long standing of the troops against each other, both armies turned back. Researchers in our time have found that this was caused by the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of sabotage detachments in the rear of Akhmat.

Thus, in 1480, the Moscow principality becomes a completely sovereign state.

The year 1552 became similar in importance in the history of Russia. We will talk about it a little later.

In 1497, the "Code of Laws" was officially adopted and approved, a set of laws for all residents of the state.

XVI century

The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. Join in the years of reign Basil III to Moscow Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521). Also, for the first time in 1517, it is mentioned as a state governing body.

With the death of Vasily III, a slight decline of Muscovy begins. The rules at this time were Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by the Boyar government. But the grown-up son of the deceased prince, Ioann Vasilievich, put an end to arbitrariness.

He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact, until 1565, the prince relied on the Zemsky Cathedrals and boyars. During these eighteen years, he was able to annex many territories.

The year 1552 is remarkable in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and annexes the Khanate to the Moscow state. In addition to him, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.

The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognizes himself as a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, Khan Kuchum, who succeeded him on the throne, severed all relations with Muscovy.

After a decade and a half of conquest Grand Duke draws a glance at the internal situation in the country. In 1565 the oprichnina was established and persecution and terror began. All boyar families who have begun to join the government are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. The executions continued until 1572.

In 1582, Ermak begins his famous campaign to Siberia, which lasted a year.

In 1583, a peace was signed with Sweden, returning to the latter all the lands conquered during the war.

In 1584, Ivan Vasilyevich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. He became a real tsar only in 1598, after the death of Fyodor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1598 the Rurik line was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605) the Time of Troubles and the Seven Boyars began.

17th century

The most important event was 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but the next three hundred years. This year the turmoil ended and Mikhail, the founder of the Romanov dynasty, came to power.

The seventeenth century is characterized by the formation and development of the Moscow kingdom. In foreign policy there are conflicts with Poland (1654), Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine led by Khmelnitsky.

Riots in the Moscow kingdom itself were in 1648 (Salt), 1662 (Copper), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671, the Cossacks revolted under the leadership of Stenka Razin.

In addition to political and economic turmoil, religious turmoil and schism was brewing in the mid-seventeenth century. tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not accepted by the Old Believers. In 1667 he was convicted and sent into exile.

Thus, for seven decades there was a process of formation of a single state, in which different institutions “rubbed in” with each other. It ends with the accession of Peter I.

It turns out that 1613 in the history of Russia was the beginning of the departure from feudalism. And Peter Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.

XVIII century

A century of the most powerful upsurge that only the history of Russia has known - the 18th century. The founding dates of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.

So, in 1703 St. Petersburg was built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 - the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main thing military educational institution country, land gentry corps... In 1755 Moscow University was created. These are just a few of the events that show a powerful cultural growth in the state.

In 1712, the capital was transferred from “old” Moscow to “young” Petersburg. In addition, in 1721 Russia was proclaimed an empire, and Pyotr Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.

The eighteenth century will be of particular interest to those who are military history Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering.

In the nineteenth century, the country entered a powerful empire that defeated Turkey, Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

19th century

If the cultural and military growth of the state became a feature of the previous century, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Stormy economic development and the separation of the government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.

The dates of significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as the attempts of the authorities to create out of lower layers society of thoughtless performers.

The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).

In domestic politics, there are many reforms aimed at further enslaving ordinary people... These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship (1865), and general conscription (1874).

Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still clear that the bureaucratic apparatus is striving for the maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - the Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 - the uprising in Poland. In 1881, the People's Will assassinate Alexander II.

In the wake of general dissatisfaction with the government, the positions of the Social Democrats are gaining strength. The first congress took place in 1898.

XX century

Despite the wars, catastrophes and other horrors discussed above, some dates of the 20th century are especially terrible. The history of Russia until that time did not know such a nightmare that the Bolsheviks staged in the first quarter of the century.

The 1905 revolution and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.

The year 1917 will be remembered for a long time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, his family was captured and executed in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar upheaval and devastation marked as early as 1991 in the history of Russia.

The first years of the new state's existence were marked by social catastrophes of enormous proportions. These are the famine in 1932-1933 and the repression in 1936-1939.

In 1941, the USSR entered World War II. We have this conflict in the historical tradition is called the Great Patriotic War... After the victory in 1945, the restoration and short-term rise of the country began.

1991 was a revolution in the history of Russia. Soviet Union collapsed, leaving under the rubble all the dreams of a "bright future". In fact, people had to learn how to live from scratch in a market economy in the new state.

Thus, you and I, dear friends, briefly walked through the most significant events in the history of Russia.

Good luck, and remember that the answers to the questions of the future are stored in the lessons of the past.