Peter the Great and his generals. An old Russian tradition: everyone steals

Many people with disabilities do not understand the need for a re-examination procedure, especially in the case of a disability acquired in childhood or associated with severe irreversible changes in the body. A re-examination is necessary not only to confirm a previously established disability, but also to adjust the rehabilitation program, control the dynamics of changes in the state of health. Re-examination of a child's disability is especially important for organizing optimal conditions for his life and rehabilitation. The developed system of rehabilitation allows to fully integrate into the life of society.

In addition, a disabled person of the 3rd group receives monthly allowances, benefits and other payments, which greatly facilitates the solution of many problems that a sick person faces. For other disability groups, the value state support even more weighty. Therefore, the re-examination procedure is an important moment in the life of a person with disabilities.

The procedure and terms for re-examination of disability

Re-examination is carried out in accordance with the established procedure with a frequency determined depending on the disability groups. At the moment, the following rules apply for this procedure:

A disabled person of the 3rd group is required to undergo a re-examination 1 time during the year.

A disabled person of the 2nd group must come for a re-examination 1 time during the year.

Disabled people of the 1st group must undergo a re-examination 2 times during the year.

Disabled children undergo the procedure once before the end of the period for which disability is determined.

In case of permanent disability, a re-examination can be done by writing an application personally or on behalf of legal representative. In addition, the health care facility may also refer you for a disability re-evaluation procedure when there is a change in the patient's health status.

You can go through the procedure in advance, but to conduct a re-examination earlier than two months before the end of the disability period, you must have a personal application or a referral from a medical organization in which the course of a citizen’s illness is monitored.

The re-examination procedure is also carried out at home. For this, it is necessary that the attending physician make special marks in the direction.

Main and Federal Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise

Re-examination of a disability group is carried out on the basis of a medical and social examination, which is carried out free of charge at the medical and social examination bureau at the place of residence, the main bureau and the Federal Bureau.

The Federal State Institution "Main Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise" (FKU GB ITU) is a regional service for conducting an examination, as well as providing a range of services for rehabilitation and restoration of health.

FKU GB ITU performs the following functions:

Organizes a re-examination in case of filing an application to appeal the conclusion of the expert commission in the bureau at the place of residence.

Conducts ITU in situations where a special medical examination is necessary.

Performs statistical analysis of data on the number and demographic composition citizens with disabilities who applied to the bureau.

Develops measures to prevent and prevent disability.

Supervises the activities of each bureau.

The Federal Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise (FB ITU) is federal Service conducting an examination, as well as providing a range of services for the rehabilitation and restoration of health. In addition, the tasks of the FB ITU include the provision of high-quality prosthetics.

The Federal Bureau organizes control over the activities of other bureaus, can appoint and carry out a re-examination, change or cancel decisions made by employees of other bureaus.

Citizens who do not agree with the conclusions of the commissions of the main bureaus may file a complaint with the Federal Bureau, where a new examination will be appointed. Here, ITU and consultations are carried out on the direction of the main bureaus in situations where it is necessary to obtain its expert opinion or it is necessary to conduct a complex type of medical examination.

Medical and social examination procedure

The examination procedure is organized by the employees of the bureau's expert group. The examination of the person who applied for the examination is carried out, his social, household, psychological and labor characteristics are considered. The medical documentation of the disease is being studied. Based on an assessment of all the data received, a decision is made to establish disability, extend it or change the disability group.

If, as a result of the commission, an improvement in the health, working capacity and social adaptation of a citizen was revealed, then the disability group can be changed. A disabled person of the 2nd group, in case of improvement in indicators of the state of health and living conditions, can receive

The conclusion of the commission is announced to the citizen in the presence of all members of the expert composition and is entered into the act of the examination. A number of information and references are also included in the document, on the basis of which a conclusion was made.

If necessary, additional examinations are scheduled, conducted in a medical organization or the Federal Bureau. In a situation where a citizen refuses from the program of additional examinations, this information is noted in the act, and the decision is made on the basis of the available information.

The examination procedure can be carried out at home if, due to the state of health, a person cannot come to the office. This requires the decision of the relevant bureau or the direction of the medical institution in which the citizen is being monitored, or the hospital where the treatment is carried out.

Conclusion of ITU specialists

The conclusion of the ITU is the result of the work of the expert commission. The composition of the commission's specialists depends on the bureau and its profile. The examination of the main bureau is carried out by four doctors of different profiles, an expert in rehabilitation work, and a psychologist. The staff of the bureau at the place of residence includes the same specialists as the main bureau, but the number of doctors of various profiles is less (three medical workers). The members of the commission make decisions based on a majority vote.

The composition of the expert commission depends on the head of the bureau, who decides on the participation of a particular specialist in the ITU procedure. Also, a citizen sent for examination to the bureau has the right to attract additional experts, but subject to payment for their work. The decision of these panel members will influence the final opinion of the ITU.

ITU specialists draw up a conclusion based on the provided medical documentation, after examining the citizen, having discussed all the information received collectively. After the announcement decision, the experts of the commission give explanations on the conclusion made to the citizen who applied to the bureau.

Appeal against ITU conclusions

In a situation where the decision of the bureau’s expert commission during the re-examination of disability seems unreasonable, you can file an appeal with the bureau at the place of residence where the examination took place. Within three days, the application will be sent to the main bureau, where a conclusion is made based on the results of a new examination. In a situation of disagreement with the conclusion of the main bureau, an appeal is sent to the Federal Bureau. In connection with the appeal, a re-examination will be carried out and a final decision will be determined.

The decision of the federal bureau can only be challenged in court.

To appeal against the conclusion of the bureau, you must write a statement indicating:

The name of the specific bureau for which the application is being sent.

Personal data (last name, first name, patronymic, address of residence, contact information) of the applicant.

Personal data of the representative.

The subject of the complaint against the examination.

Requests for a re-examination procedure.

Application dates.

How to pass the ITU?

Based on the results of the re-examination, disability is extended or removed, the disability group is changed, which entails a change in the IPR, the amount of benefits and benefits.

To successfully pass the examination, it is important not only to collect all the necessary documents and test results, but also to prepare psychologically for the procedure. The decision is made by the members of the expert composition on the basis of an assessment of the disability, while the impression that the citizen makes on the members of the commission plays an important role. Therefore, you can not behave aggressively or be offended by incorrect questions. Answer calmly and accurately. In this case, the reaction of embarrassment to the question will be much better than impatience and anger. Some of the most frequently asked questions to be prepared for include:

Questions about the course of the disease.

Questions about working capacity (availability of work, comfortable working conditions, etc.).

Questions about the ongoing treatment (undergoing IPR procedures, reasons for refusing the recommended types of diagnostics, etc.).

Issues related to the functioning of the body.

Questions about financial condition family members, in order to identify the possibility of the patient's participation in expensive rehabilitation programs that are not subject to state subsidies.

Re-examination of disability, documents required for ITU

To undergo a re-examination of disability, you must have a passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation, a work book, a referral from the examination procedure, an outpatient card, an IPR with instructions on how to complete it. It is also necessary to write and take with you an application to the head of the bureau for re-examination. If during the year before the re-examination procedure consultations were held with specialists or treatment was carried out in a hospital, then the relevant documentation must be provided by a specialist of the expert staff. It is better to make copies of some documents to provide if necessary.

Disabled children undergo a re-examination procedure in almost the same order as the initial examination. List required documents the same, but a certificate of disability and IPR is added. When re-examining a child with a disability, you must have:

Birth certificate of the child or passport (when the child reaches 14 years old).

outpatient card.

Certificates of education received or certificates from where the training takes place.

Conclusions of specialists of a narrow focus, extracts from hospitals.

A document confirming disability;

Extension of disability

Before extending the disability, you must contact the medical institution at the place of residence. It is obligatory to have a passport, a medical insurance policy, an ITU certificate on the establishment of disability, an outpatient card, an extract from the hospital (if there was treatment), IPR. The medical worker will issue a referral for an examination, as well as for the necessary procedures and tests. You need to visit the bureau and sign up for the next date by the end of the disability period for re-examination. After that, it is necessary to contact the attending physician for the underlying disease, who will give an opinion for the expert commission. It is also required to be examined by two narrow specialists, to whom the district therapist will refer. After receiving the test results and consulting all the doctors, you should again come to an appointment with the therapist, who will enter the data into the certificate and write out a referral for passing. Then, with all the certificates and copies of the main documents, you can go to the ITU procedure.

In case of refusal to extend the disability, a certificate is issued, which indicates the result of the examination and the grounds for refusal. The Bureau's decision can be appealed to the Federal Bureau or in court.

Re-examination of child disability

Re-examination of a child's disability takes place in a slightly different order than for adults. One parent must be present. The list of required documents is different. In addition, a disability group cannot be established, since in childhood assigned general category"disabled child".

For the procedure, you need a referral from medical institutions. A re-examination takes place no earlier than two months before the expiration of the disability, but no later than the specified date of the medical and social examination. Stationary supervision for prolongation of disability at the child is not obligatory. The individual rehabilitation program is also of a recommendatory nature, the implementation of all the measures indicated in it is not a prerequisite for re-examination of disability.

Very often, upon reaching the age of 18, upon re-examination, disability is recognized. This is due to the fact that when establishing an adult disability, the main attention is paid not to violations of the functions of the body, but to the assessment of the ability to move independently, self-service, work, etc.

Disability without recertification

There is a list of diseases in which disability is established without specifying the period of re-examination.

Such diseases include:

Diseases of the internal organs.

Neuropsychiatric disorders.

anatomical defects.

Eye diseases.

At the same time, disability without re-examination is established no later than two years after the initial recognition of disability for diseases of this list.

Disability without re-examination can also be established if the expert commission reveals the impossibility of improving the state of health, rehabilitation of a person and reducing the limitations of his life. In this case, no more than four years must elapse after the initial examination of disability.

To establish disability without a re-examination period, there should also be no positive dynamics in the rehabilitation carried out before the appointment of the ITU. Relevant data are indicated in the direction for examination.

In addition, the re-examination procedure is not assigned to women over 55 and men over 60, and an indefinite disability is established.

According to social security experts, it is better to undergo a re-examination even in the case of permanent disability in order to detect deterioration in health or the need to replace the prosthesis in time.

If the federal bureau checks the decisions made by the main bureau, then in case of disability without a re-examination period, the ITU can still be appointed.

Failure to appear for re-examination of disability

In case of failure to appear for the procedure of medical and social examination, the payment of the pension will be suspended for three months. If the disability is confirmed by the services of the medical and social examination within the specified period, pension payments will be resumed from the date of re-recognition of disability.

In a situation where the re-examination was omitted due to good reason, the payment of pensions will be appointed from the date of re-examination of disability, including payments for the missed period. The duration of the period during which pension payments were not made does not matter. Moreover, if the expert commission establishes a different degree of disability, then payments for the missed period will be made according to the previous calculation system.

The resumption of payments is made automatically after the Pension Fund receives the relevant documentation, which is sent by a specialized medical and social examination service and confirms the re-examination procedure.

Peter the Great is known to every Russian as the great reformer who ruled the country from 1689 to 1725. His reforms, carried out in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, according to historians, moved the country two to five centuries forward. For example, M. Shcherbatov believed that without Peter, Russia would have traveled such a path in two hundred years, and Karamzin believed that the tsar had done in twenty-five years what others would not have done in six centuries. At the same time, it is worth noting that neither one nor the other historian had much sympathy for the reign of Peter the Great, but they could not deny him the significance of the reforms carried out and the giant leap in the development of the country.

The king himself formed his retinue

The autocrat, who sat on the Russian throne, was known for his versatile development, which left a significant imprint on what the associates of Peter 1 were like. To please the tsar, one had to be a gifted, intelligent, hard-working person, like the ruler himself. And Peter the Great, it must be said, was lucky to have associates, whom he skillfully chose among the most diverse segments of the population and used their talents for the benefit of the Russian state.

Among the comrades-in-arms of the autocrat were people from courtyards

Some associates of Peter 1, whose list is significant, grew up with the tsar together from an early age. It is known that Alexander Danilovich Menshikov came from a simple family and worked as a pastry maker in his youth, when he accidentally met the then young tsar. Peter liked the lively boy, and Aleksashka (as he was then called) became a soldier in an amusing company and the orderly of the heir to the throne. In 1697, Menshikov was sent abroad to study shipbuilding, where he was inseparable from the tsar. During these years, the boy showed the qualities that the king was looking for in his favorites. He was devoted, zealous, observant. He well adopted the rational way of thinking of his master, had a high capacity for work and did things with full dedication. Menshikov proved himself excellently as the governor of Shlisselburg and military commander during the operation near Noteburg.

Former pie-maker Menshikov successfully commanded regiments

The closest associate of Peter 1 showed himself excellently in other fields as well. It is known that it was he who organized the search for ores for the Baltic Plant, when it was necessary to cast guns. In 1703, together with Peter Menshikov, he developed a plan to clear the mouth of the Neva from the enemy. In 1704, Alexander Danilovich carried out a brilliant operation to capture Narva, and by this time he was no longer a servant, but a comrade and colleague of the great Russian emperor. His merits were noted by the autocrat in 1706, when the former pastry maker received the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. The great prince now, however, remained the same temperamental, assertive, adventurous person and personally participated in some battles. For example, near Perevolognaya, his dragoons captured 16.2 thousand enemy people.

Alexander Menshikov, an associate of Peter 1, actively participated in the construction northern capital, and in 1712 he commanded the Russian troops in Pomerania, where he won another victory. After that, the favorite of the king did not participate in military operations due to unhealthy lungs. In the civil service, he proved to be no less effective, performing the duties of the governor of the capital lands, senator and president of the Military Collegium. In addition, Menshikov carried out numerous personal assignments of the autocrat, including in relation to the children of the king.

An old Russian tradition: everyone steals!

The favorite, who, according to some reports, was illiterate until the end of his days, which did not differ from the rest of the associates of Peter 1, participated in the investigation and personally compiled a list of people who signed the death sentence for the prince. After such cases, Menshikov became especially close with Peter, who did not punish him significantly for embezzlement ( total amount stolen was gigantic - 1,581,519 rubles). Under Peter the Second, Menshikov fell into disgrace, was stripped of all ranks and titles, and sent to Ranienburg, then to Berezov, where he died in 1729, having outlived his king by four years. But before that, from 1725 to 1727, during the reign of Catherine, the wife of the deceased tsar, he was in fact the uncrowned ruler of the richest empire of that time.

From Lithuanian swineherds to the Senate

What other characters do historians attribute to the associates of Peter 1? This list can begin with Prince Romodanovsky. You can also include Prince M. Golitsyn, Counts Golovins, Prince Y. Dolgoruky, Baron P. P. Shafirov, Baron Osterman, B. K. Minikh, Tatishchev, Neplyuev, Lefort, Gordon, T. Streshnev, A. Makarov, Ya. V. Bruce, P. M. Apraksin, B. Sheremetiev, P. Tolstoy. Peter the Great recruited people he liked everywhere and included them in his team. For example, it is believed that the chief of police of St. Petersburg, Devier, was a cabin boy on a Portuguese ship, Yaguzhinsky, as some facts indicate, before the heyday of his career as prosecutor general of the Senate, was a swineherd in Lithuania. Kurbatov, the inventor of stamped paper and vice-governor of Arkhangelsk, came out of the yard people and so on. And all this "motley" company, which was made up of associates of Peter 1, took away the powers of the old boyar nobility.

Conflicts between noble and rootless assistants to the king took place

Although among the assistants of the great autocrat there were people with more than an outstanding pedigree. For example, Boris Petrovich Sheremetev was of a noble family, served as a stolnik, received a boyar title and worked in an embassy under her overthrow, he was forgotten for many years. However, during the Azov campaigns, the tsar needed Sheremetev's talent as a military commander, and Boris Petrovich justified the hopes placed on him. After that, Sheremetev perfectly fulfilled the diplomatic mission in Austria and the Commonwealth and pretty much liked the king for his good and quick training in Western manners in dress and behavior.

Many associates of Peter 1 participated in the military campaigns of their king. This fate did not bypass B. Sheremetev either. His talent as a commander showed up in 1701, when he defeated the Swedes with a group of 21,000 people, while the Russians lost only nine soldiers dead. In 1702, Sheremetev captured Eastern Livonia, in 1703 he took the Oreshek fortress, and that was the end of his victories and proximity to the tsar, since Peter considered Sheremetev too slow, too prudent, but recognizing that he would not send soldiers to death in vain. Sheremetev, as a born aristocrat, was disgusted by the simple behavior of the tsar and the company of the rest, unborn favorites. Therefore, the relationship between the tsar and the field marshal was somewhat official.

A descendant of the English kings in the service of Peter the Great

Special love among the Russian nobility, and among ordinary people, and among foreigners from the royal environment, an associate of Peter 1 who arrived from Scotland deserved. Gordon Patrick (in Russia - Peter Ivanovich) was not simple genus, since in a straight line his genes went back to the king of England, Charles II. He graduated from the Datzig Brausbor College, served in the Swedish troops, was captured by the Poles, from where, noticed by the ambassador in Warsaw Leontiev, he was transferred to serve in Russia, where he showed himself well in the army and received the rank of lieutenant general, was appointed to an administrative position in Kiev.

Then Gordon incurred displeasure and was demoted, but later reinstated in rank and appointed commander of the Butyrsky regiment. In 1687, young Peter the Great held a review of this army unit and was imbued with sympathy for a foreigner, which strengthened in 1689, during the events that led to the removal of Princess Sophia from government. After the Trinity campaign, the general, an associate of Peter 1, Patrick Gordon, became the autocrat's teacher in military affairs. He does not give him a complete theoretical education, but conducts many conversations, supported by practical actions. In 1695-1696. Gordon takes part in the siege of Azov, in 1696, with his help, the uprising of the archers is suppressed. This respected man in his time died in 1699, without finding major reforms in the Russian army. It should be noted that the ranks of Field Marshal under Peter were held by such of his associates as Y. V. Bruce, B. K. Minikh, and B. P. Sheremetev.

He founded the area of ​​modern Moscow

The admiral, an associate of Peter 1, died, like Gordon, in 1699, at the age of 43. He came from a wealthy family and was born in Geneva. He arrived in Russia in 1675, as here he was promised the rank of captain. Lefort's successful career was facilitated by his marriage to the cousin of P. Gordon's first wife. He participated in the wars with the Tatars in Little Russian Ukraine, in both during the reign of Sophia he enjoyed the favor of Prince Golitsyn. Since 1690, Lefort, as a charming, sharp-minded, courageous man, was noticed by Peter the Great and became his good friend, promoting European culture to the Russian environment. In Moscow, he founded Lefortovo Sloboda, accompanied the tsar on trips to the White Sea, Lake Pereyaslavskoe. He also participated in the idea of ​​the Great Embassy from Russia to the European powers, which he headed.

never was an ally of Peter the Great

Some inhabitants believe that the associate of Peter 1, Potemkin Grigory Aleksandrovich, made a great contribution to the development of the Russian state. One can argue about the role of Potemkin in this process for a long time, but it must be taken into account that he could not be an ally of Peter the Great in his deeds, since he was born in 1739, fourteen years after the death of the great autocrat. Therefore, Potemkin's activity falls on the period of the reign of Catherine II, whose favorite was this statesman.

Army of Peter 1- a regular army created by the Russian emperor Peter I on the basis of those who began to appear in Russia during the reign of his father, the so-called. foreign regiments, taking into account the latest European achievements in this area. It replaced the irregular local troops, which were a feudal relic, and the streltsy units that opposed Peter I during the struggle for power and then were repressed by him. The army was recruited on the basis of recruitment (also, until the middle of the 18th century, the compulsory service of the nobles was preserved).

Russian army before Peter

Russian state XVII century was able to put in the field more than 200 thousand people. But this huge army at that time was very heterogeneous in its composition and training. Basically, it consisted of a militia of service people who lived on the land provided to them by the state “for service”. At the call of the government, they had to go on a campaign on horseback and with weapons that corresponded, according to a special painting, to the amount of land given to a serviceman.

The core of the Moscow army was actually a militia and did not at all resemble a regular army. It was a hereditary army. The son of a serviceman was to become a serviceman with age. Each warrior went on a campaign and supported himself in the army at his own expense; this army did not have any training bearing and monotonous weapons.

From the 17th century, service people were settled especially densely on those outskirts of the state, which at that time were especially threatened by enemies - Crimean Tatars and the Commonwealth, that is, service people lived more in the southern and western border states. In the 17th century, wars began with Sweden, and the northwestern border, less densely populated by service people, acquires special significance. Thereby Russian army could not concentrate quickly enough here and therefore often suffered defeat.

The Moscow government was aware of all these shortcomings in the organization of its troops. Even in the early days of the Russian state, to help the equestrian service militia, the government began to start detachments of infantry and artillery that constantly served and trained in their work - these were regiments of archers and detachments of gunners and gunners. The structure of the streltsy army, however, was such that the streltsy, living in peacetime in their settlements and doing crafts and petty trade, looked more like a settled militia than a regular army. In addition, the training of this army was delivered very weakly from a military point of view. When meeting with the better trained regular troops of the Swedes, the Russians, if they were not overwhelming, were forced to retreat.

The Moscow government has since Basil III began to hire entire detachments of foreign infantry. At first, these detachments played only the role of an honorary escort under the sovereign, but since the time of the Time of Troubles, detachments of hired foreign servicemen began to enter the Russian army. The government of Tsar Michael in 1631, expecting a war with Poland, sent Colonel Alexander Leslie to Sweden to recruit 5,000 infantry soldiers.

However, as happened in 1634 in the Russian-Polish war near Smolensk, it was possible for foreign mercenaries to go over to the side of the enemy. Therefore, several foot and cavalry regiments were created, including from free and low-ranking service people who were trained by foreign officers. By the end of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, there were already 63 regiments of such an army numbering 90 thousand people.

Together with the organization of the regiments of the foreign system, a change in the structure of the army of the Russian state was also planned, according to "new in military fictions", for which, under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, a commission was drawn up in 1681 from elected representatives from all service ranks, chaired by Prince V.V. Golitsyn.

The introduction of troops of a foreign system changed the composition of the army: it ceased to be based on estates. In the soldiers' regiments it was impossible to recruit only service people - landowners. Soldiers were required to serve constantly and be constantly trained in military affairs; they could not be allowed to go home in peacetime and called only in wartime. Therefore, soldiers in foreign regiments began to be recruited in the same way as subsequently recruits.

Peter's transformations in military affairs

Thus, Peter inherited an army from his predecessors, if not meeting all the requirements of the then military science, then already adapted for further reorganization due to new requirements. In Moscow there were two "elected" regiments (Butyrsky and Lefortovsky), which were headed by Peter's teachers in military affairs: P. Gordon and F. Lefort.

In his "amusing" villages, Peter arranged two new regiments - Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky - completely according to a foreign model. By 1692 these regiments were finally formed and trained. Colonel Yuri von Mengden was at the head of Preobrazhensky, and Ivan Chambers was appointed colonel of Semenovsky, "originally a Muscovite of the Scottish breed".

Kozhukhovsky maneuvers (1694) showed Peter the advantage of the regiments of the "foreign" system over the archers. The Azov campaigns, in which, along with the archery army and irregular cavalry, four regular regiments (Preobrazhensky, Semyonovsky, Lefortovsky and Butyrsky regiments) participated, finally convinced Peter of the low suitability of the troops of the old organization. Therefore, in 1698, the old army was disbanded, except for 4 old regiments (their total number was 28 thousand people), which became the basis of the new army:

• Pervomoskovsky Regiment (Lefortovsky)
• Butyrsky regiment
• Preobrazhensky Regiment
• Semyonovsky regiment.

Preparing for the war with Sweden, Peter ordered in 1699 to make a general recruitment and begin training recruits according to the model established by the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovites. At the same time, a large number of foreign officers were recruited. This first recruitment gave 25 new infantry regiments and 2 cavalry dragoons. The entire newly recruited army of 35-40 thousand people was divided into three "generalships" (divisions): A. M. Golovin, A. A. Veide and Prince A. I. Repnin.

The war was supposed to start with the siege of Narva, so the main focus was on the organization of the infantry. The operations of the field army were supposed to be provided by the local cavalry (from the "new" cavalry, only two dragoon regiments managed to form). To create all the necessary military structure there just wasn't enough time. There were legends about the impatience of the king, he was eager to enter the war and test his army in action. Management, a combat support service, a strong equipped rear still had to be created.

Back to top Northern war Peter's teachers, Generals P. Gordon and F. Lefort, as well as Generalissimo A. S. Shein, died, so the new army was entrusted to F. A. Golovin, who received the rank of Field Marshal. However, Peter did not dare to entrust the excellent administrator, but not the commander, with his army in a real battle against the Swedes. On the eve of the Battle of Narva, he, together with F. A. Golovin, left the Russian army, and the main command was entrusted to the Saxon Field Marshal Duke de Croix.

The defeat at Narva showed that everything had to be started virtually from the beginning. The appeal of the Swedish king Charles XII against the Saxon elector and the Polish king August II gave Peter time to carry out the necessary transformations. The campaigns of 1701-04 in Ingermanland and Livonia made it possible to give combat experience to the emerging Russian units. Peter I assigned general military administrative orders to the boyar T. N. Streshnev.

In 1705, Peter I introduced a regular recruitment. In the same year, despite many objections, Peter introduced separate command of the infantry and cavalry: the infantry was led by Field Marshal Lieutenant G. B. Ogilvy, the cavalry by Field Marshal B. P. Sheremetev (thus the concept of the Big Regiment ceased to exist) . G. B. Ogilvy introduced brigades of 4 regiments and divisions of 2-3 brigades. In the autumn of 1706, G. B. Ogilvy entered the service of the Saxon elector; after that, the Russian infantry was headed by B.P. Sheremetev, and the cavalry - by Prince A.D. Menshikov.

By the beginning of the campaign of Charles XII against Russia (summer 1708), the infantry of the Russian field army consisted of 32 infantry regiments, 4 grenadier regiments and 2 guards regiments (a total of 57,000 people). The Russian cavalry in 1709 consisted of 3 horse-grenadier, 30 dragoon regiments and three separate squadrons (Menshikov General, Kozlovsky and Domashny B.P. Sheremetev). The Russian army also included garrison infantry regiments and landmilitia units. In addition, the archery regiments existed until the second half of the 18th century: in 1708 there were 14 of them, in 1713 - at least 4.

As a result, during the Northern War of 1700-1721, a new Russian army was created, built on recruitment. It became constant and regular, in which all the people of the Russian state were obliged to serve without distinction of class (except for the inhabitants of a part of the national outskirts). Simultaneously with the creation of the army itself, the management of this military force of the country was also developed, institutions were created that were in charge of the economy of the troops, the combat training of soldiers and officers, uniforms and equipment. By the end of Peter's reign, these functions were transferred to the Military Collegium with subordinate departments, which were headed by: General Proviantmeister, General Krieg Commissar (Chief Military Judge), General Feldzeugmeister (Chief of Artillery, Engineers and Sapper Unit) and the General Staff (General Staff) .

Infantry regiment under Peter I

The infantry regiment of Peter the Great's times consisted of two battalions, with some exceptions: the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment had 4 battalions, the Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment, as well as the Ingermanland and Kiev Infantry Regiments - three each.

Each battalion had four companies, the companies were divided into four plutongs. The captain was at the head of the company. He had to "educate" his company militarily, and for this everything "military orders to be prudent". In addition to the commander, three more officers were supposed to be in the company - a lieutenant, a second lieutenant and an ensign. the lieutenant was an assistant to the company commander and had to “report in detail” about everything to the latter. The lieutenant helped the lieutenant, while the ensign was obliged to carry the banner in the ranks; besides, he had to "to visit the weak all day long" and intercede for the lower ranks "when they fall into punishment".

Among the chiefs from the lower ranks, the first place in the company was occupied by two sergeants, who had "a lot to do in the company"; the lieutenant had as his task to replace the ensign at the banner, the captain was in charge of weapons and ammunition, the corporals commanded the plutongs.

At the head of the regiment was a colonel; according to the charter, he should "like a captain in his company, have the same and even more first respect in his regiment." The lieutenant colonel helped the regiment commander, the prime major commanded one battalion, the second major the other; moreover, the first major was considered older than the second major and, in addition to command, had the duty to take care of “whether the regiment is in good condition both among the soldiers and in their weapons, ammunition and uniform.”

Cavalry

The diverse cavalry of the beginning of Peter's reign (reiter, spearmen, hussars) in Peter's army was replaced by dragoon regiments.

The dragoon (horse-grenadier) regiment consisted of 5 squadrons (2 companies each) and consisted of 1200 people. In the dragoon regiment, 9 companies were fusilier and one grenadier. A separate squadron consisted of 5 companies (600 people). According to the states of 1711, the regiment included headquarters and chief officers - 38 people, non-commissioned officers - 80 people, privates - 920 people, non-combatants - 290 people. The company consisted of 3 chief officers, non-commissioned officers - 8, ordinary dragoons - 92.

Artillery

The artillery of Peter the Great's time consisted of 12-, 8-, 6- and 3-pounder guns (a pound is equal to a cast-iron core with a diameter of 2 English inches (5.08 cm); the weight pound is exceeded by 20 spools (85.32 kg) , one-pound and half-pound howitzers, pound and 6-pound mortars (a pound is equal to 16.38 kg).It was inconvenient for transportation of artillery: a 12-pound gun, for example, weighed 150 pounds with a gun carriage and limber, and was carried by 15 horses. constituted regimental artillery, at first there were two such guns per battalion, and since 1723 they were limited to two per regiment.These regimental guns weighed about 28 pounds (459 kg). - and depended on the caliber of the gun.

From the gunners and grenade men of the past, Peter ordered the formation of a special artillery regiment in 1700, and for the training of artillerymen, schools were established: engineering and navigation in Moscow and engineering in St. Petersburg. Arms factories on Okhta and in Tula, organized by Peter, produced artillery and guns for the army.

Garrison troops

Garrison troops in Russian imperial army intended for garrison service in cities and fortresses in war time. Created by Peter I in 1702 from city archers, soldiers, reiters and others. In 1720, the garrison troops consisted of 80 infantry and 4 dragoon regiments. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, they were transformed into local troops (garrison artillery - into fortress artillery).

Armament and uniforms

The armament of each soldier consisted of a sword with a harness and a fusee. Fuzeya - a gun that weighed about 14 pounds; his bullet weighed 8 spools; the fusil castle was made of flint; planted on the fusee in necessary cases baguette - a five- or eight-pointed trihedral bayonet. The cartridges were placed in leather bags attached to a baldric, to which a horn gunpowder with gunpowder was also attached. Captains and sergeants instead of fusees were armed with halberds - axes on a three-yard shaft.

One of the companies in each regiment was called the grenadier, and a feature of its weapons were match bombs, which were kept by the grenadier in a special bag; the grenadier's fusees were a little lighter and the soldiers, when throwing a bomb, could lay their fusees on a belt behind their backs. The lower ranks of the artillery were armed with swords, pistols, and some with a special "mortar". These "mortars" were something between a fusee and a small cannon attached to a fusee box with a fuze lock; when firing from mortars, they had to be supported by a special halberd; the length of the mortar was 13 inches, but she fired a bomb, equal to a pound core. Each soldier was supposed to have a satchel for carrying things. Dragoons for foot combat were armed with a fusee, and for equestrian combat they were armed with a broadsword and a pistol.

Since 1700, the uniform of a soldier consisted of a small flattened cocked hat, a caftan, an epanchi, a camisole and trousers. The hat was black, the edges of the brim were trimmed with braid, and a copper button was attached to the left side. When listening to orders from the elders, the younger ones took off their hat and held it under their left armpit. The hair was worn by soldiers and officers long to the shoulder and in ceremonial occasions powdered it with flour.

The caftans of the infantrymen were made of green cloth, and those of the dragoons were made of blue, single-breasted, without a collar, with red cuffs. By measure, the caftan was to the knees and was supplied with copper buttons; epancha for cavalry and infantry was built of red cloth and had two collars: it was a narrow cape that reached to the knees and poorly protected from rain and snow; boots - long, with light bells - were worn only on guard duty and during a campaign, and ordinary shoes were stockings and blunt-toed greased heads with a copper buckle; the stockings of the army soldiers were green, and those of the Preobrazhenians and Semyonovites after the Narva defeat were red, according to legend, in memory of the day when the former "amusing" regiments did not flinch, with a general "embarrassment" under the onslaught of Charles XII.

The grenadiers of the guard differed from the fuselers only in their headdress: instead of a triangular hat, they wore leather helmets with an ostrich feather. The cut of the officer's uniform was the same as that of the soldiers, only sheathed along the edges and on the side with gold galloon, the buttons were also gilded, the tie, instead of black cloth, like the soldiers, was white linen. A plume of white and red feathers was attached to the hat. In full dress, officers were required to wear powdered wigs on their heads. The officer was also distinguished from the private by a white-blue-red scarf with silver, and the staff officer had gold tassels, which were worn high on the chest, at the collar. The officers were armed with a sword and in the ranks they also had a protazan, or, in the then-style, “partisan” - a kind of spear on a three-yard shaft. The grenadier officers had a light fusee on a gold belt instead of a protazan.

By the end of Peter's reign, the regular army had in its ranks more than 200 thousand soldiers of all branches of the armed forces and over 100 thousand irregular Cossack cavalry and Kalmyk cavalry. For the 13 million population of Petrine Russia, it was a heavy burden to support and feed such a large army. According to an estimate compiled in 1710, a little more than three million rubles went to the maintenance of the field army, garrisons and fleet, artillery and other military expenses, while the treasury spent only 800 thousand with a little for other needs: the army absorbed 78% of the total budget .

To resolve the issue of financing the army, Peter ordered by decree of November 26, 1718 to count the number of the taxable population of Russia, all landowners, secular and church, were ordered to give accurate information on how many male souls live in their villages, including old people and babies. The information was then checked by special auditors. Then they accurately determined the number of soldiers in the army and calculated how many souls, counted according to the census, are for each soldier. Then they calculated how much the full maintenance of a soldier costs per year. Then it became clear what tax should be imposed on each paying soul in order to cover all the expenses of maintaining the army. According to this calculation, for each taxable soul it was necessary: ​​74 kopecks for the owner (serfs) peasants, 1 ruble 14 kopecks for state peasants and odnodvortsev; 1 ruble 20 kopecks for petty bourgeois.

By decrees on January 10 and February 5, 1722, Peter outlined to the Senate the very method of feeding and maintaining the army, and proposed to “lay out the troops on the ground.” Military and foot regiments were supposed to support them. In the newly conquered regions - Ingria, Karelia, Livonia and Estonia - no census was carried out, and here regiments were to be appointed to stay, the feeding of which was entrusted to separate provinces that did not need constant military protection.

The Military Collegium drew up a list of regiments in the areas, and for the cantonment itself they sent 5 generals, 1 brigadier and 4 colonels - one in each province. Having received from the Senate for layout, and from the Military Collegium, a list of regiments that were to be deployed in a given area, the sent staff officer, having arrived in his district, had to convene the local nobility, announcing the layout rules and inviting them to assist the layouts. The regiments were placed as follows: for each company, a rural district was assigned with such a population that each infantryman had 35 souls, and 50 souls of the male population per equestrian. The instruction instructed the spreader to insist on the resettlement of the regiments in special settlements, so as not to place them in peasant households and thus not cause quarrels between the peasants and the inns. To this end, the spreaders had to persuade the nobles to build huts, one for each non-commissioned officer and one for every two soldiers. Each settlement had to contain at least a corporal and be at such a distance from the other that the horse company was placed no further than 10 miles, and the foot company - no further than 5 miles, the horse regiment - over 100, and the foot - 50 miles . In the middle of the company district, the nobility was ordered to build a company yard with two huts for the company's chief officers and one for the lower servants; in the center of the regiment, the nobles were obliged to build a yard for the regimental headquarters with 8 huts, a hospital and a barn.

Having located the company, the spreader handed over to the company commander a list of villages in which the company was located, indicating the number of households and the number of souls listed in each; another similar list was handed over by the spreader to the landlords of those villages. In the same way, he compiled a list of villages in which an entire regiment was stationed, and handed it over to the regimental commander. The nobles of each province had to jointly take care of the maintenance of the regiments stationed in their area and, for this, elect from their midst a special commissar, who was entrusted with taking care of the timely collection of money for the maintenance of the regiments settled in the given area, and in general to be responsible to the nobility as a clerk and an intermediary of the estate in relations with the military authorities. Since 1723, these elected zemstvo commissars have been given the exclusive right to collect poll tax and arrears.

The regiment, settled in this area, not only lived at the expense of the population that supported it, but, according to Peter's plan, had to become an instrument of local government: in addition to drill exercises, the regiment was assigned many purely police duties. The colonel and officers were obliged to pursue thieves and robbers in their district, that is, the location of the regiment, to keep the peasants of their district from escaping, to catch those who had fled, to watch the fugitives coming into the district from outside, to eradicate innkeepers and smuggling, to help forest overseers in pursuing illegal forest clearings, send their people with officials who are sent to the provinces from the governor, so that these people do not allow officials to ruin the county townsfolk, and help officials to cope with the willfulness of the townsfolk.

According to the instructions, the regimental authorities were supposed to protect the rural population of the county "from all kinds of taxes and insults." V. O. Klyuchevsky writes about this:

In fact, this authorities, even against their will, themselves laid down a heavy tax and resentment on the local population and not only on the peasants, but also on the landowners. Officers and soldiers were forbidden to interfere in the economic orders of the landowners and in peasant work, but the grazing of regimental horses and domestic officer and soldier cattle on common pastures, where both landowners and peasants grazed their cattle, the right of the military authorities to demand in known cases people for regimental work and carts for regimental parcels and, finally, the right to general supervision of order and security in the regimental district - all this was supposed to create constant misunderstandings between the military authorities and the townsfolk.

Obliged to monitor the poll tax payers feeding the regiment, the regimental authorities carried out this supervision in the most inconvenient way for the layman: a peasant, if he wanted to go to work in another district, had to receive a letter of leave from the landowner or parish priest. With this letter, he went to the regimental yard, where this vacation letter was registered in the book by the zemstvo commissar. Instead of a letter, the peasant was given a special ticket signed and stamped by the colonel.

The proposed separate soldier's settlements were not built anywhere, and the ones that had been started were not completed, and the soldiers were placed in the philistine yards. In one decree of 1727, introducing some changes in the collection of the poll tax, the government itself recognized all the harm from such a deployment of soldiers, it recognized that “poor Russian peasants are ruined and run not only from the lack of grain and the poll tax, but also from the disagreement of the officers with the zemstvo rulers, and the soldiers with the peasants”. The fights between the soldiers and the peasants were constant.

The heaviest burden of military standing became during the periods of collection of the poll tax, which was collected by the zemstvo commissars with the military teams assigned to them "for the Anstalt", that is, for order, with an officer at the head. The tax was usually paid in thirds, and three times a year the zemstvo commissars with military people traveled around the villages and villages, collecting fees, levying fines from non-payers, selling off the property of the poor, feeding themselves at the expense of the local population. “Each detour lasted two months: for six months a year, villages and villages lived in panic fear under oppression or in anticipation of armed pickers. The poor peasants are afraid of the entrance and passage of officers and soldiers, commissars and other commanders; there is a shortage of peasant belongings in paying taxes, and the peasants not only sell their livestock and belongings, but also mortgage their children, while others flee separately; commanders, who are often replaced, do not feel such ruin; none of them thinks of anything else, as soon as taking the last thing from the peasant in tribute and currying it, ”says the opinion of Menshikov and other high officials, presented to the Supreme Privy Council in 1726. The Senate in 1725 pointed out that “by paying per capita money, zemstvo commissars and officers oppress so much that the peasants are not only forced to sell their belongings and livestock, but many also give away the grain sown in the land for a pittance and therefore must be forced to run abroad”.

The flight of the peasants reached enormous proportions: in the Kazan province, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsettlement of one infantry regiment, after less than two years of such military and financial management, the regiment did not count 13 thousand souls in its district, which accounted for more than half of the revision souls obliged to support them.

Production to ranks and training

Promotion to the ranks in the Peter's army took place in the order of strict gradualness. Each new vacancy was filled at the choice of the officers of the regiment; the commander of the “generalship”, that is, the corps, the general-in-chief, and the field marshal, up to the colonel, claimed the rank up to the captain. Until 1724, patents for all ranks were issued with the signature of the sovereign himself. Production in the colonel's and general's ranks depended on the sovereign. So that tribal ties, patronage, affection and friendship would not lead people who were not familiar with military affairs among the officers, Peter decreed in 1714: for they did not serve in low ranks, and some served only for appearances for several weeks or months, therefore, such people need a statement of how many such ranks there are since 1709, and henceforth to issue a decree so that they do not write noble breeds and others from outside, which did not serve as soldiers in the guard. Peter often looked through the lists of persons promoted to the ranks himself.

In 1717, Peter demoted Lieutenant Colonel Myakishev "to the Preobrazhensky Regiment in the bombardment company as a soldier because he got that rank by intrigue, and not by service."

The tsar made sure that the nobles who entered the guard regiments as soldiers went through the well-known military education, "decent officers".

In special regimental schools, underage nobles (up to 15 years of age) underwent arithmetic, geometry, artillery, fortification, foreign languages. The training of the officer did not stop even after entering the service.

In the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Peter demanded that the officers know "engineering". For this, in 1721, a special school was established at the regiment.

Having made the guards regiments like schools for studying everything that “a good officer should be in charge of,” the practice of studying abroad continued.

In 1716, the Military Charter was issued, which strictly defined the rights and obligations of the military in their service.

The results of Peter's reforms in the army

As a result of Peter's reforms, Russia received a permanent, regular, centrally supplied modern army, which subsequently for more than a century (up to Crimean War) successfully fought, including with the armies of the leading European powers (Seven Years' War, Patriotic War 1812). Also, the new army served as a tool that allowed Russia to turn the tide of the fight against Ottoman Empire, get access to the Black Sea and spread its influence in the Balkans and Transcaucasia. However, the transformation of the army was part general course to the absolutization of the power of the monarch and the infringement of the rights of various social strata Russian society. In particular, despite the abolition of the local system, the duty of service was not removed from the nobles, but the functioning of the industry necessary for technical equipment army, was provided through the use of serf labor along with civilians.

The sixth book in the series "The Great Generals of Russia", prepared by the Russian Military Historical Society (RVIO) and Komsomolskaya Pravda in collaboration with leading Russian historians, tells about the generals of Peter I. Namely: Sheremetev Boris Petrovich, Bour Rodion Khristianovich, Repnin Nikita Ivanovich , Golitsyn Mikhail Mikhailovich and others.

COMMANDERS OF PETER I
Sheremetev Boris Petrovich
Apraksin Fedor Matveevich
Bour Rodion Khristianovich
Repnin Nikita Ivanovich
Bruce Yakov Willimovich
Menshikov Alexander Danilovich
Golitsyn Mikhail Mikhailovich

Sheremetev Boris Petrovich

Battles and victories

An outstanding Russian commander during the Northern War, diplomat, the first Russian Field Marshal (1701). In 1706 he was also the first to be elevated to count Russian Empire dignity.

In the people's memory, Sheremetev remained one of the main heroes of that era.

Soldiers' songs, where he appears exclusively as a positive character, can serve as evidence.

Many glorious pages from the time of the reign of Emperor Peter the Great (1682-1725) are associated with the name of Sheremetev. The first general field marshal in the history of Russia (1701), count (1706), holder of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, one of the richest landowners, he always, by virtue of his character, remained in a special position with the tsar and his entourage. His views on what was happening often did not coincide with the position of the king and his young associates. He seemed to them a man from the distant past, with whom the supporters of the modernization of Russia according to the Western model fought so fiercely. They, the "thin" ones, did not understand the motivation of this blue-eyed, overweight and unhurried man. However, it was he who was needed by the king in the most difficult years of the Great Northern War.

The Sheremetev family was connected with the reigning dynasty by blood ties. The family of Boris Petrovich was one of the influential boyar families and even had common ancestors with the reigning Romanov dynasty.

By the standards of the middle of the 17th century, his closest relatives were very educated people and did not shy away from talking with foreigners, taking everything positive from them. Boris Petrovich's father, Pyotr Vasilyevich Bolshoi, in 1666–1668, being a Kiev governor, defended the right to exist for the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. Unlike his contemporaries, the governor shaved his beard, which was a terrible nonsense, and wore a Polish dress. However, he was not touched because of his military and administrative talents.

Born on April 25, 1652, Pyotr Vasilievich assigned his son to study at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. There Boris learned to speak Polish, Latin, got an idea about the Greek language and learned a lot of things that were unknown to the vast majority of his compatriots. Already in early youth, Boris Petrovich became addicted to reading books and by the end of his life he had collected a large and well-organized library. Boyarin understood perfectly well that Russia needed progressive reforms, and supported the young Tsar Peter.

However, he began his "sovereign service" in the traditional Moscow style, being at the age of 13 granted to the room steward.

B. P. Sheremetev

The military career of the young nobleman began only in the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich (1676–1682). The tsar appointed him as an assistant to his father, who commanded one of the "regiments" in the Russian-Turkish war (1676-1681). In 1679, he already acted as a "comrade" (deputy) governor in the "big regiment" of Prince Cherkassky. And just two years later, he headed the newly formed Tambov city category, which, in comparison with the modern structure of the armed forces, can be equated with the command of a military district.

In 1682, in connection with the accession to the throne of the new tsars Peter and Ivan, he was granted the title of boyar. The ruler, Princess Sofya Alekseevna, and her favorite, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, remembered Boris Petrovich in 1685. The Russian government was in difficult negotiations with the Commonwealth on the conclusion. "Eternal Peace". This is where the boyar, who knew European etiquette and foreign languages, was required. His diplomatic mission was extremely successful. After lengthy negotiations, they finally managed to conclude an "Eternal Peace" with Poland and achieve legal recognition of the fact that Moscow conquered Kiev 20 years ago. Then, after only a few months, Sheremetev already unanimously headed the embassy sent to Warsaw to ratify the treaty and clarify the details of the anti-Ottoman alliance being created. From there, then I had to call on Vienna, which was also preparing to continue the fight against the Turks.

The diplomatic path better matched the military one with the inclinations and talents of the intelligent but cautious Boris Petrovich. However, masterful Fate decided otherwise and led him through life by no means the most convenient road. Upon returning from Europe to Moscow, the boyar again had to put on a military uniform, which he no longer took off until his death.

"In infantry, Field Marshal Sheremetev can rightfully be called the first of the Russians, from the ancient noble family, tall, with soft features and in all respects similar to a big general "

Swede Ehrenmalm, opponent of Sheremetev

Boris Petrovich commanded the regiments of his Belgorod rank during the unsuccessful second Crimean campaign (1689). His detached position in relation to the events in Moscow in the summer of 1689, when Peter I came to power, played a bad joke on him. The boyar was taken under "suspicion". There was no disgrace, but until 1696 Boris Petrovich would remain on the border with the Crimean Khanate, commanding his "rank".

During the first Azov campaign in 1695, Sheremetev led the army against the Turkish fortresses on the Dnieper. Boris Petrovich turned out to be more successful than the tsar and his associates. In the campaign of 1695, the Russian-Ukrainian army took three fortresses from the Turks (July 30 - Kyzy-Kermen, August 1 - Eski-Tavan, August 3 - Aslan-Kermen). The name of Sheremetev became known throughout Europe. At the same time, Azov was never taken. Allied help was needed. In the summer of 1696, Azov fell, but this success showed that further war with the Ottoman Empire is possible only with the combined efforts of all countries participating in the "Holy League".

Trying to please the tsar, Boris Petrovich of his own free will and at his own expense went on a trip to Europe. The boyar left Moscow three months after Peter himself left for the West and traveled for more than a year and a half, from July 1697 to February 1699, spending 20,500 rubles on this - a huge amount at that time. The true, so to speak, human price of such a sacrifice becomes clear from the description given to Sheremetev by the famous Soviet researcher of the epoch of the 18th century, Nikolai Pavlenko: stealing, then so moderately that the size of the stolen did not cause envy among others. But Sheremetev knew how to beg. He did not miss the opportunity to remind the tsar of his "poverty", and his acquisitions were the fruit of royal awards: he did not seem to buy estates ... "

Having passed through Poland, Sheremetev again visited Vienna. Then he went to Italy, visited Rome, Venice, Sicily, and finally reached Malta (having received audiences during the trip with the Polish king and the Elector of Saxony Augustus, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold, Pope Innocent XII, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo III) . In La Valletta, he was even knighted in the Order of Malta.

Not a single Russian could boast of such a European "train". The very next day after his return, at a feast at Lefort, dressed in a German dress with a Maltese cross on his chest, Sheremetev boldly introduced himself to the tsar and was treated with delight by him.

However, the mercy was short-lived. The suspicious "Herr Peter", according to the "boyar list" soon published, again ordered Boris Petrovich to go away from Moscow and be "near the city of Arkhangelsk." They remembered him again only a year later, with the outbreak of the Northern War (1700–1721). The war began in August with the march of the main forces of the Russian army to Narva. Boyar Sheremetev was appointed commander of the "local cavalry" (equestrian noble militia). In the Narva campaign of 1700, the Sheremetev detachment acted extremely unsuccessfully.