The abbreviation to which we want to devote this material denotes a rather convenient universal classifier. In addition, it has other meanings, which we also hasten to introduce you to. Let's figure out what it is - UDC. Let's start with deciphering the abbreviation.

UDC - what is it?

The letter combination, depending on the context, can mean the following:

• universal decimal classification;
• universal landing ships;
• devices for compressors used on submarines.

Now let's move on to the most popular value of interest to us.

Decimal Universal Classification

What is this - UDC? One of the information classification structures that is quite widely used in the world community for systematizing scientific works, art, literature, periodicals, various kinds of documentation, as well as organizing card files.

The central part of the UDC are tables that cover the entire system of human knowledge in a hierarchical order. The transition from general to more specific using decimal codes is widely used.

What is the UDC index? This is a numeric code assigned to a specific topic, section, subsection, or work.

History of the creation of UDC tables

Having figured out what it is - UDC, let's talk a little about its history. It was created in 1895. The authors were bibliographers A. Lafontaine and P. Otlet. They are the founders of the International Bibliographic Institute. The UDC was first published in 1897.

It was based on another classification - the Dewey Decimal. Its creator, M. Dewey, developed his brainchild in 1876 specifically for the United States. It must be said that his principle of the decimal classification of concepts and knowledge was also used in the a priori language project, authored by J. Delormel, a French lawyer and philologist. This project was presented in 1894 before the French National Convention.

As for M. Dewey, he completely disinterestedly granted the rights to his invention to the future creators of the UDC: they could use and modify the system in any way they wanted in order to create the most complete catalog of all knowledge ever published. The work was carried out for many years, resulting in the premiere edition of the complete UDC tables in French in 1905.

Today, the Universal Decimal Classification is the property of the international UDC Consortium, which unites the main creators of tables on different languages. It should be noted that VINITI has the exclusive authority to dispose of classifier lists in Russian ( All-Russian Institute scientific and technical information). It is he who publishes and distributes book and electronic versions of UDC tables in the Russian Federation for a fee.

VINITI today has a special official consulting website, where specialists help all those who apply to use the classifier correctly in the form of a dialogue. Therefore, if you are interested in how to get the UDC index, you need to turn to this resource.

Classifier structure

All tables of the decimal universal classifier necessarily consist of the following sections:

• Explanation of the structure, principle, properties of the UDC.
• Guidelines to help you use the tables.
• A number of APU - alphabetical subject indexes to the main sections.
• Actually, auxiliary tables of the classifier.
• APU compiled for auxiliary UDC tables.

Basic tables

Let's get acquainted with the fundamental sections of the UDC:

• General (0). Knowledge and science. Documentation. Information Technology. Institutions. Organization. Publications, etc.
• Psychology and philosophy (1). Metaphysics. Main questions of philosophy. Ethics. Psychology. Morality. Philosophical concepts, etc.
• Theology and religion (2). Prehistoric beliefs. Christianity. Buddhism. Islam. Modern religions and so on.
• Social Sciences (3). Sociology. Economy. State. Insurance. Warfare. Trade. Folklore. Education, etc.
• Free section left for future use (4).
• Natural Sciences and mathematics (5). Zoology. Chemistry. Physics. Planet Earth Sciences. Astrology. Biological Sciences. Botany and so on.
• Applied Science, Technology and Medicine (6). Household. Biotechnology. Engineering. Construction. Agriculture. Industry and crafts. Housekeeping. Chemical industry, etc.
• Arts, sports, spectacle and entertainment (7). Architecture. Music. Photo. Painting. Layout. Plastic art. Graphic arts. Drawing. Games etc.
• Language, literature, linguistics and linguistics (8). Rhetoric. Prosody. Versification. Foreign languages. Literary studies, etc.
• Geography, biographies, history (9). General history. Archeology. Heraldry. Geography. Flags. Nobility, etc.

Search examples

It is easy to determine the location of a particular topic or individual work using the UDC classifier.

For example, the nobility. Refers to section No. 9 (biography, history). Let's go to section 92. There is only one subsection - "Biographical studies and the like." In topic 929.7, among the titles of nobility and nobility, we will find the desired nobility.

Now you are familiar with the UDC and its main tables. And also other meanings of the abbreviation, except for the universal decimal classifier.

UDC is a universal decimal classification. With the help of UDC they carry out:

• Systematization of information;
• Searching for necessary information on specific topics;
• Group new articles, publications, books by section topic.

N p/p	UDC code	UDC name, UDC table
1.	0	General section
2.	00	General issues of science and culture
3.	001	Science and knowledge in general. Organization of mental work
4.	001.1	General ideas about science
5.	002.2	Relationship between different branches of science
6.	002.3	The meaning of science
7.	002.4	Special terminology. Scientific nomenclature
8.	002.5	Scientific theories. Hypotheses. Systems
9.	002.6	Laws of Science
10.	002.8	Methodology
11.	002.9	Dissemination of knowledge and pseudo-knowledge
12.	002	Documentation. Books. Writing. Authorship
13.	003	Writing and writing systems
14.	004	Computer Science and Technology. Computer Application
15.	004.2	Computer architecture
16.	004.3	Computer hardware
17.	004.4	Software
18.	004.5	Human-computer interaction. User Interface
19.	004.6	Data
20.	004.7	Computer networks
21.	004.8	Artificial intelligence
22.	004.9	Applied technology, which is based on computer systems. Applied information systems
23.	006	Standardization and standards
24.	008	Civilization. Culture. Progress
25.	01	Bibliography and bibliographic indexes. Catalogs
26.	011	Universal and general bibliographies
27.	012	Bibliographies of works by individual authors and individual works by unknown authors
28.	013	Bibliographies of certain groups (teams) of authors
29.	014	Bibliography of works with specific features
30.	014	(anonymous works, works under a pseudonym, etc.)
31.	015	Bibliographies by place of publication
32.	016	Industry bibliographies
33.	017	Directories in general. Real catalogs
34.	018	Directories are formal
35.	019	Dictionary or cross directories
36.	02	Librarianship
37.	021	Functions, meanings, value, development of libraries
38.	022	Library premises, building and surrounding areas. Equipment
39.	023	Organization of library work. Personnel. Library staff
40.	024	Relations with readers (service). Regulation of library use
41.	025	Administrative departments of the library (formation of collections, reference and bibliographic work, book publishing)
42.	026	Branch and special libraries
43.	027	Universal libraries
44.	028	Reading (psychology of reading, methods and techniques of reading)
45.	030	General reference publications (encyclopedias, dictionaries)
46.	050	Serial publications. Periodicals (yearbooks, almanacs, calendars)
47.	06	Organization and other types of association (cooperation)
48.	070	Newspapers. Press
49.	08	Edition of mixed content. Proceedings. Collections
50.	087.5	Non-fiction literature for children
51.	09	Manuscripts. Rarities and rare editions
52.	091	Manuscripts
53.	092	Woodcut books
54.	093	Incunabula
55.	094	Other publications printed in a special, original way
56.	095	Books with unusual bindings
57.	096	Books with outstanding illustrations or valuable materials used
58.	097	Books with owners' marks
59.	098	Liquid types of books with noteworthy characteristics
60.	099	Other books with outstanding external features. Rare, antique books

N p/p	UDC code	UDC name, UDC table
61.	1	Philosophy. Psychology
62.	101	The essence and role of philosophy
63.	11	Metaphysics
64.	12	Selected problems and categories of philosophy
65.	13	Philosophy of mind and spirit. Metaphysics of spiritual life
66.	14	Philosophical systems and views
67.	155.9	Psychology
68.	16	Logics. Epistemology. Theory of knowledge. Methodology of logic
69.	17	Moral philosophy. Ethics. Practical philosophy
70.	2	Religion. Theology (theology)
71.	21	Natural Theology. Theodicy. God. Rational theology. Religious philosophy
72.	22	Bible. Holy letter
73.	23	Dogmatic theology
74.	24	Practical Theology
75.	25	Pastoral theology (theology)
76.	26	Christian Church in General
77.	27	General History of the Christian Church
78.	28	Christian churches, sects, denominations
79.	29	Non-Christian religions

N p/p	UDC code	UDC name, UDC table
80.	3	Social Sciences
81.	30	Theory, methodology and methods of social sciences. Sociography
82.	31	Demography, sociology, statistics
83.	311	Statistics as a science. Theory of statistics
84.	314	Demography. Population study
85.	316	Sociology
86.	32	Policy
87.	321	Forms political organization. The state as political power
88.	322	Relations between church and state. Politics regarding religion. Church politics
89.	323	Internal affairs. Domestic policy
90.	324	Elections. Plebiscites. Referendums. Election campaigns. Corruption, abuse during elections. Election results
91.	325	Discovery of new territories. Colonization
92.	326	Slavery
93.	327	International connections. Global politics. International affairs. Foreign policy
94.	328	Parliaments. Representation of the people. Governments
95.	329	Political parties and movements
96.	33	Economy. Economic science
97.	330	Economy as a whole
98.	331	Work. Employment. Job. Labor Economics. Labour Organization
99.	332	Regional economy. Territorial economy. Economics of the earth. Housing Economics
100.	334	Forms of organization and cooperation in the economy
101.	336	Finance
102.	338	Economic situation. Economic policy. Management and planning in economics. Production. Services. Prices
103.	339	Trade. International economic relations. World economy
104.	339.1	General trade issues. Market
105.	339.3	Domestic trade
106.	339.5	International trade. international trade
107.	339.7	International finance
108.	339.9	International economy as a whole. International economic connections. World economy
109.	34	Right. Jurisprudence
110.	340	Law in general. Propaedeutics. Methods and auxiliary legislative sciences
111.	341	International law
112.	342	State law. Constitutional law. Administrative law
113.	343	Criminal law. Criminal violations
114.	344	Special types of criminal law. Military, naval, air force law
115.	346	Economic law. Legal basis of state regulation of the economy
116.	347	Civil law. Judicial structure
117.	349.2	Labor law
118.	349.3	Social Security Law
119.	349.4	Land law. Right to plan human settlements
120.	349.6	Legal problems of environmental protection
121.	349.7	Atomic law
122.	35	State administrative management. Warfare
123.	351	Directions of activity of state administrative bodies
124.	352	Lower level of controls. Local authorities. Municipal administration. Local authorities
125.	353	Average level of controls. Regional, provincial government. Regional bodies
126.	354	Higher, highest level governing bodies. Central, state administration
127.	355	Military affairs in general
128.	356	Infantry
129.	357	Cavalry. Mounted troops. Motorized troops. Military transport units
130.	358	Artillery. Armored troops. Corps of Engineers. Military aviation. Various technical services and their functions
131.	359	Naval forces. Navy. Personnel, organization
132.	36	Providing spiritual and material needs of life
133.	364	Social problems that give rise to the need to provide social assistance. Types of social assistance
134.	365	The need for housing and its pleasure. Housing
135.	366	Cosumerism. Movement to protect the interests and rights of consumers
136.	368	Insurance. Social provision through mutual risk sharing
137.	369	Social insurance
138.	37	Education. Upbringing. Studies. Leisure
139.	37.0	Basic types and principles of education
140.	371	Organization of the education and upbringing system. School organization
141.	372	Content and form of activity in preschool education and primary education. Subjects of all levels of study and types of schools (methodology)
142.	373	Types of secondary schools
143.	374	Out-of-school education and training. Further education (self-education)
144.	376	Education, training, training of special groups of people. Special schools
145.	377	Specialized studies. Vocational and technical studies. Vocational colleges. Polytechnic education
146.	378	Higher education. Universities. Training of scientific personnel
147.	379.8	Leisure
148.	39	Ethnology. Ethnography. Customs. Traditions. Lifestyle. Folklore
149.	391	Folk clothing. Folk costumes. National clothes. Folk decorations. Fashion
150.	392	Customs and traditions in personal life
151.	393	Death. Treatment of the dead. Burial. Rituals associated with burials
152.	394	Public life. People's life
153.	395	Ceremonial. Etiquette. Behavior rules. Social steps. Rank. Titles
154.	396	Feminism. Woman and society. Woman's position
155.	397	Primitive peoples. Individual races, tribes from the point of view of their customs
156.	398	Folklore in a narrow sense

To publish a work (article, book, dissertation), the author must indicate the thematic section (index) of existing classifications to which this work belongs, and the author's mark.

The classification indices of the publication are the indices UDC, BBK and SRNTI.

UDC – Universal Decimal Classification – information classification system. UDC is widely used all over the world to systematize works of science, literature and art, periodicals, various types documents. Using the UDC, you can understand the type, type of literature without reading it. The UDC index is a mandatory element of the publication’s output information. In accordance with GOST R 7.0.4–2006 “Publications. Imprint" the UDC index must be placed in the upper left corner of the back. title page. Many scientific journals require a UDC index for an article for its publication.

To independently determine UDC indices, you can use an online classifier (free access), for example: UDC Handbook - http://teacode.com/online/udc/ ;

Universal decimal classification // Scientific journals. Conferences. Monographs: graduate student. – http://www.naukapro.ru/metod.htm.

BBK – Library and Bibliographic Classification – a system of domestic library classification of publications. BBK is intended for organizing library collections, catalogs and card files. GOST R 7.0.4–2006 “Publications. Imprint" requires putting the BBK index on the back of the title page in the upper left corner under the UDC index (in a separate line) and in the layout of the annotated index card. To independently determine LBC indices, you can use the Electronic Catalog directory Scientific library MPGU “Thesaurus (headings)” (free access): http://ecat.lib.mpgu.info/Opac/index.php?url=/matieres.

The BBK index will be reflected in the column “see. Also".

GRNTI - State Rubricator of Scientific and Technical Information (formerly called GASNTI Rubricator) is a universal hierarchical classification of fields of knowledge adopted to systematize the entire flow of scientific and technical information. Based on the Rubricator, a system of local (industry, thematic, problem) rubricators in scientific and technical information bodies was built. To independently determine the GRNTI index, go to the website: http://grnti.ru/

To obtain UDC, BBK and SRNTI indexes of his work, the author can contact the information and bibliographic department of the library: http://library.old.mpgu.org/o-biblioteke/struktura/funkcionalnye-otdely

or leave a request on the Virtual Help Desk website:

Providing an ISBN number from the Typograph Publishing Agency – 1,500 rubles
Publishing agency Typograph pays special attention to the rules and regulations for the design of book products. Correct design output data, bibliographic classifiers, availability of ISBN and barcode for any book is good tone. Assignment of UDC, BBK, and copyright codes is included in the Layout service; the ISBN number is assigned at the request of the customer on a paid basis.

For beginners

Let's try to answer the questions:

What is an ISBN, where can I get an ISBN?
What is UDC, BBK, copyright mark?
Where can I get BBK, UDC?
How to properly format the output of a book?
Why is there a barcode on the cover and how to make a barcode?

The illustration below shows the main elements of the output and their location in the book. Having familiarized ourselves with them clearly, we will give definitions.

International Standard Book Number ISBN(English: International Standard Book Number) a unique number of a book publication.
The standard was developed in the UK in 1966 based on the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code by Gordon Foster. In 1970, with minor changes, it was adopted as an international standard by ISO 2108. Introduced on January 1, 2007 new standard ISBN - 13-digit, matching the barcode. There is also a similar ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) standard for periodicals. ISBN has been used in Russia since 1987
Identifiers for publications are assigned by national agencies in the field of international standard book numbering. In Russia this is the Russian Book Chamber.
Let's look at an example of what the numbers in the ISBN code mean.
ISBN 978-5-16-564215-
In book editions, the ISBN must be printed in the lower left corner of the title page of the publication in accordance with GOST 7.4, and can also be listed at the bottom of the last page of the cover or the back side of the binding. At the same time, GOST 7.53-2001 classifies the following publications as publications subject to such numbering: a) books and brochures; b) albums and atlases; c) complete editions; d) audio and video publications; e) electronic publications; f) publications on micromedia; g) publications for the blind in Braille.
The number consists of the ISBN abbreviation followed by a space of ten Arabic digits (the tenth, the check digit can also be a Roman numeral X), separated by hyphens into four groups: 1) group identifier (indicates a country or language area; for Russia the number is set to 5); 2) identifier of the publishing house (publishing organization), which in Russia is established by the Russian Book Chamber (RKP), which is a national. ISBN agency in Russia (can be individual, i.e., only for a given publishing house, or collective, i.e., common for different publishing organizations that do not regularly publish books); the number of digits in the publisher's identifier varies depending on the number of books produced by the publisher: the more books are published, the shorter it is (a place is reserved for the book number in the publication's issue); 3) serial identifier of the book (book number in the publication’s issue), which can contain 1-6 digits; publishing houses to which the ind. publishing house identifier, set the serial number themselves, and publishing organizations that have been assigned a collective identifier receive a full ISBN from the RKP; 4) a check digit, which serves to check the correct spelling of the digital part of the ISBN.
In repeated editions of the book without any changes in content and design - the ISBN is the same as in the previous edition; with changes in content and (or) design, the ISBN must be its own. When part of the circulation of one book is released in one design (for example, in binding), and another in another (for example, in a cover), each part of the circulation is assigned its own ISBN.

Why do you need an ISBN?

First of all, for the publication to be registered with the Russian Book Chamber and registered in the state bibliography system "Book Chronicle" (a special edition of the state bibliography). You will need ISBN if you want to join the Writers' Union or other literary organizations, you will need to have several books with an assigned ISBN number. Also, if you are defending doctoral and master's work, you may be required to have the ISBN number assigned to your work.
Also, many retail chains use ISBN and barcode to add your book to their sales database and may refuse to accept your book for sale due to the lack of ISBN and barcode on the cover.
Not every printing company that undertakes to print your book can assign an ISBN to your book. But only one that is registered with the Book Chamber of the country as a publishing house, which pays certain money for this registration and buys these ISBNs at the Book Chamber, as well as the publishing house providing the ISBN number, is obliged to send 12 copies of books to the Russian Book Chamber, which is why the ISBN costs money.
The output contains background information about the printed publication, identify and classify it. Depending on the nature of the publication, they are located on the cover, binding, title page, combined title page, first page, last page, end page of the publication. The imprint facilitates the arrangement of publications and reader search in libraries and bookstores.
In the USSR, the latest format for output information was established by GOST 7.4-77 and its updated version - GOST 7.4-86. In Russia, this format was first defined in GOST 7.4-95, and currently - GOST 7.04-2006.

UDC – Universal Decimal Classification- a system for classifying information, widely used throughout the world to systematize works of science, literature and art, periodicals, various types of documents and organize card files.

The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) was created at the beginning of the 20th century by Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri Lafontaine. The basis was the Decimal Classification developed by the American bibliographer Melvil Dewey for the US Library of Congress in 1876. M. Dewey unselfishly granted P. Otlet and A. Lafontaine the rights to use and modify his system to create a comprehensive catalog of published knowledge. For many years this work was carried out within the framework of the International Federation for Information and Documentation. The first edition of the complete UDC tables was published in French in 1905. The structure of the UDC over time has deviated from M. Dewey's original scheme, but in a number of sections the class indices of these systems almost coincide.
The central part of the UDC is the main tables, covering the entire body of knowledge and built on the hierarchical principle of division from general to specific using a digital decimal code.
The main series of UDC classes:
0. General department
1. Philosophical sciences. Philosophy
2. Religion. Atheism
3. Social Sciences
4. (Free since 1961)
5. Mathematics. Natural Sciences
6. Applied sciences. Medicine. Technique
7. Art. Decorative and applied arts. Photo. Music. Games. Sport
8. Linguistics. Philology. Fiction. Literary criticism
9. Geography. Biographies. Story
The UDC index is a mandatory element of the publication's output information. GOST 7.4-95 requires it to be placed in the upper left corner of the title. l. Simply put, using the UDC index, you can determine what type of literature a book can be classified as without reading it

BBK – Library and Bibliographic Classification- Combination system of library classification of publications, designed for organizing library collections, systematic catalogs and card files. ( in simple words this is a combination of numbers and figures indicating which section a given publication can be attributed to, and with the help of a special table, workers of libraries and specialized institutions can, without reading the book, determine which department to transfer the book to)
In accordance with GOST 7.4-95, BBK indices are recognized as the main elements of output information, i.e. they are mandatory and must be placed on the back of the title page of publications at the top left under the UDC index (in a separate line) and in the layout of the annotated catalog card.
Book "Library and bibliographic classification: Worksheets for public libraries." are the source of LBC indices.

BBK examples

* orthographic dictionary Russian language, published by the Russian Language publishing house in 1978, has the BBK index 81.2Р-4, indicated in the upper left corner on the lapel of the title page. We consistently find from the tables: 81 - “Linguistics”, 81.2 - “Private linguistics. Languages ​​of the world", 81.2Р - "Russian language", 81.2Р-4 - "Russian language. Dictionaries".

Author's sign- one of the main elements of the output information of a printed publication, introduced by the famous librarianship specialist Lyubov Borisovna Khavkina in 1916. Sometimes incorrectly called "Ketter's sign". Consists of a letter and two numbers. Letter - the first letter of the author's surname or the title of the book. The numbers are determined using special tables in which each sequence of the first few letters of the author’s last name or the title of the book (if the book’s authors are more than three people or there are no authors) is associated with a two-digit number. The 24th edition of L. B. Khavkina’s tables “Author’s tables: Two-digit” was published by the Kniga publishing house in 1986.
The location of the copyright mark in the printed publication is determined by GOST 7.4-95. For book editions, this is the upper left corner of the title page - immediately below the BBK index, as well as on the left side of the annotated catalog card layout opposite the second line of the bibliographic description.
In the American book classification there are “Ketter tables” with elements of the same structure, but the letter and two-digit number in them indicate the heading, the category to which the book belongs, and not the author/title

Output- one of the main elements of the output information of a printed publication. Consists of the place of issue of the publication; the name of the publisher or the name of the publishing house or publishing organization; year of publication. The location of the output data in the printed publication in the USSR was determined according to GOST 7.4-77 and GOST 7.4-86, and in Russia it is determined by GOST 7.04-2006. For book editions, this is the lower part of the title page. The output is also part of the bibliographic description that is part of the annotated index card layout.
copyright icon ©, The symbol is the Latin letter C (the first letter of the word “copyright”), placed in the center of the circle. (In fonts where the symbol is absent, use the letter C in parentheses - “(c).”)
The copyright symbol is used with the name of an individual or legal entity, which owns the copyright. The subject of copyright protection may also be indicated. The year of publication or date range is indicated.
A copyright symbol does not create additional rights. It only notifies that the copyright belongs to the named person or entity.
The absence of a mark does not mean that the work is not protected by copyright, since copyright arises at the time of creation of the work and protection of copyright does not require registration of the work or compliance with any other formalities.
The presence or absence of a copyright symbol does not affect the licensing of the work.

ANNOTATED INDEX CARD LAYOUT- printed in publications according to the established standard form (GOST 7.51-1998) on the back tit. l. or on the end page of the publication a sample of an annotated catalog card with bibliogr. a recording of this publication in his language.
The entry consists of a title, bibliogr. descriptions, annotations, indexes UDC, BBK and authors. sign.
Bibliography title GOST 7.51-98 requires records to be placed on a separate line in the Layout of the annotated index card. The layout is needed by libraries as an original for copying onto a card inserted into a card catalog. GOST 7.4-95 is provided as one of the additional requirements. output information.
In certain cases, it is advisable to state in the annotation:
1) information about changes in author. team and (or) title of the re-edition;
2) the name of the country to which the author of the translated book belongs;
3) the year of release of the 1st volume in all subsequent volumes of a multi-volume edition (if the year of release of the 1st volume with a hanging dash is not printed on the counter-title in the imprint of the entire multi-volume edition).
Mandatory Appendix 1 to the previous standard (GOST 7.4-86) sets out how the card layout should be designed. Layout layout and dimensions for a publication format of 60?901/16 and larger and a typesetting format of at least 6 square meters. are:
1) set format 6 sq.;
2) dial auto from the left edge. sign (in 2nd line);
3) basic the text of the card is indented 1/2 square, the title of the bibliogr. records from the line of this indentation, and bibliogr. description with paragraph indentation in 11/2 point (15 points) in kg font. 10, also ISBN;
4) the annotation is typed in kg font. 8 per format 51/2 sq. with paragraph indentation in such a volume that the total height of the layout does not exceed 31/4 square meters, or 16 lines;
5) the indices UDC and BBK are placed at the bottom right, typed in kg. 8 bold style. Auto. The sign is typed in 10 pt fonts. light outline.
Approximate dimensions of the card layout for an edition format of 84×108 in 1/32 share with a set format of 51/2 sq.: the general format of the card set is 51/2 sq., indentation for the main. card text 1/2 square, paragraph indent for main. card text 15 p., total height of card set 3 sq.

RELEASE DATA- part of the output information in which production and technical specifications are given. characteristics of the publication, dates of its production, name and address of the publishing house and printing house.
Composition of V. books, periodicals. (except for newspapers) and continuing publications, as well as sheet text and graphic (except for postcards) publications in accordance with GOST 7.4-95:
1) date of submission to typesetting according to the form: Submitted to typesetting 04/03/94 (when submitted to the printing house, the original layout signed for printing is omitted);
2) date of signing for seal according to the form: Signed for seal 06/08/94;
3) publication format according to the form: 84?1081/32 or 84?108/32;
4) type and number of paper according to the form: Offset paper No. 1; Coated paper; Printing paper No. 2;
5) font typeface for the main text: Bodoni typeface;
6) basic printing method: Offset printing;
7) volume of publication in conventional printing. and accounting-ed. l.:
Conditional oven l. 25.32. Academic ed. l. 28.3;
8) circulation: Circulation 300,000 copies. (2nd plant 100,001-200,000 copies);
9) order number of the printing company in the form: Order No. 215;
10) name (name) and full postal address of the publishing house (publisher);
11) the name and full postal address of the polygraph enterprise or several polygraph enterprises, indicating the type of work performed by each.
In newspapers, V.D. include: 1) license number for the publication. activity and date of issue (not required since 2003); 2) volume of publication in print. l., reduced to the format of two strips of A2 format (420×595 mm); 3) circulation; 4) full postal address and telephone number of the editorial office; 5) order number of the printing company; 6) name and full postal address of the printing company. Eg:
Volume 8 pcs. l. Circulation 30,368 copies. Editorial address 129272 Moscow, Sushchevsky Val, 64. Tel. 281-62-66. Order No. 1669. IPK "Moskovskaya Pravda". Moscow, st. 1905, no. 7.
In V.D. postcards, only the order number of the printing company and the circulation are indicated, placing them on the reverse (address - for postcards) side.
The place of V.D. of book editions is on the end page of the publication or, if it is occupied, on the back title. l. over international standard number and vehicle security sign. rights, and if the turnover is tit. l. edition is busy, then on the front or back cover.
In periodic and continuing editions, V.D. are placed on one of the pages listed above or on the back of the front or the front (back) of the back cover.
V. d. newspapers are placed at the bottom of the end strip.

The indexing methodology is understood as a set of techniques and rules for the formation of search images of documents (SID) or queries (SID), i.e. techniques and rules for the formation of UDC indexes for concepts reflecting the content of a document or query.

The main objective of the indexing methodology is to ensure uniformity of approaches to creating search images of documents.

Uniformity of indexing allows for fast, complete and fairly accurate search for most queries typical for a given fund, and contributes to the correct organization of funds.

Subject general methodology is the development of techniques and rules for indexing, selection of concepts in AML, arising from the features of the classification scheme as a whole. The specificity of individual thematic sections of tables, reflecting the peculiarities of the distribution of concepts in these areas of knowledge, requires the introduction of special rules and techniques for indexing documents on the subjects of these sections. Consideration of such indexing features, typical of individual sections or subsections of the classification scheme, is the subject of industry methodologies.

Since the ultimate goal of indexing is to improve the efficiency of information retrieval, the main criterion for evaluating indexing is expressed in search efficiency. Indexing is always an attempt to more or less adequately reflect objective reality. Therefore, the measure of discrepancy with objective reality can be a measure of the quality of indexing. This measure gives an idea only of the capabilities of a given programming language and is usually expressed by the parameters of noise, completeness, accuracy, and relevance of the information system implemented using this programming language.

Let's move on to consider the rules of the general methodology for indexing documents by UDC, which are based primarily on the structure of the classification scheme itself.

Rule one. UDC is a single integrated system, and not a sum of industry, private, local schemes. The entire sum of human knowledge and practice is considered in the UDC as a certain community of interrelated, interdependent concepts, which is divided according to a single principle into classes, sections, subsections, etc., according to the principle of their most frequent application in human practical activity.

From the principle of the integrity of the system, the rule follows: in the UDC there are no “own” or “foreign” sections and subsections. All sections, all parts of the scheme are equal in rights and should be equally used for indexing, regardless of their “proximity” or “distance” from the section relevant for a given fund.

The assignment of a particular concept to a particular subsection of the UDC is conditional, just as any classification scheme is conditional. In practice, this means that it makes no sense to first index all documents selected for your fund in your industry, and then, through a relation sign, attach an index reflecting the main content (main subject) of the document. It should be immediately indexed by the main content of the document. For example, a device for measuring electric current - an ammeter - should receive the index 621.317.714 Ammeters in any industry.

Rule two. The principle of UDC integrity entails the multiplicity of localization of concepts in the UDC tables, i.e. repetition of the same concept in different sections depending on the aspect in which this concept is considered. Thus, the concept “copper” is found in the sections inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, minerals, mining, metallurgy, etc. In these sections, accordingly, copper is considered as chemical element, as a mineral, from the point of view of its deposit, its extraction, metallurgy, etc.

The multiplicity of localization of concepts is revealed in the alphabetical subject index (ASU) to the UDC tables. As mentioned earlier, in the APU, when a concept appears several times, the aspect of its consideration, sections, etc. are indicated.

The rule follows from the multiplicity of localization: when indexing a document, it is necessary to clearly define the aspect in which the given subject is considered, in order to select an index in the UDC table according to this aspect.

This means that it is not enough to find the index of a given concept in the table; you should immediately find out what branch of knowledge it belongs to, in what aspect this concept is considered.

Rule three. All general qualifiers can never be used as main indexes, while special qualifiers can, in combination with a main table index, be used as main indexes, especially in cases where the concept is not present in the main index tables.

In practice, this means that a document describing the production of television sets, for example, cannot be indexed only by the general point of view qualifier.002 Manufacturing, technology, manufacture, etc. The main index 621.397.4 Television receivers must be used first. Televisions, then the above general point of view qualifier should be attached to it. Only after this the complex index 621.397.4.002 TV production will be correct for this document.

With special qualifiers the situation is different. If, for example, it is necessary to index a work devoted to mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, then the special determinant -192 Reliability from section 62 Technology must be used as the main index, adding to it through the relation sign the main index 5 1 Mathematics. As a result, we obtain a composite index 62-192:51 Mathematical problems of reliability of technical devices, in which the special determinant 62-192 plays the role of an index of the main table.

At the same time, when indexing a document devoted to problems of reliability of diesel engines, for example, this same special qualifier plays its main role as a special qualifier with a hyphen from section 62 Technology. The index of the document “Diesel Reliability” will be 621.436-192, i.e. again a complex index composed of the main index 621.436 Diesels and a special qualifier 62-192 Reliability. Special qualifiers 62-592 are also used as main ones, since there are no indexes for the concept “Brakes” in the main tables.

Rule four. A number of preferred uses of UDC indices.

"1/"9 (special qualifiers with apostrophe);

01/.09 (special qualifiers with point zero);

1/-9 (special qualifiers with a hyphen);

001/.009; -03; -05 (general qualifiers).

This means that when starting indexing any concept, you should first of all turn to the main tables of UDC 0/9. The indexed concept can be found there either completely, or partially, or not found at all. In the first case, there is no need for further search. In other cases, the search for indices should be continued in the second position of the row, in tables of special determinants with the apostrophe “1/”9. In the second position there are again the same three possibilities: the indexed concept is found either completely, or partially, or not found at all. If found, then no further search is necessary. In other cases, you should continue the search in the third position of the series, in tables of special qualifiers with a dot zero, then in the fourth position, in tables of special qualifiers with a hyphen, for example from section 62. In these four positions, the indexed concept must be found.

However, it should be remembered that this can be either the indexed concept itself or a parent concept that includes it. The necessary detailing of the indexed concept, the main index for which was found in the first four positions of the series, can be achieved through the fifth position of the series, through the general qualifiers of point of view.001/.009 and further through all other types of general qualifiers. Thus, the concept “theory of electrical machines” can be indexed in two ways: 621.313.01 and 621.313.001. The question arises, which indexing option is correct? A number of preferential use of UDC indexes makes it possible to resolve this issue clearly in favor of the first option 621.313.01, since after the index for the basic concept “electrical machines” 621.313 was found in the first position, i.e. in the main tables, in the third position found the missing detail of the indexed concept "theory" in electrical engineering 621.3.01, which could be reflected using the general point of view qualifier.001 Theory. But the third position should be given preference over the fifth.

Rule five. The presence in UDC tables of various indices for similar concepts often complicates the work of the systematizer and is a source of ambiguous indexing of the same document different people. Indeed, if you look at the tables for examples, it is easy to see that most machine parts have two or more indices; the same applies to some technological processes, etc., for example,

• 621.822 Bearings - main index
• 62-233.2 Bearings - special. determinant
• 62-233.27 Ball bearings - special. determinant
• 621.822.7 Ball bearings - main index
• 62-72 Lubricating devices - special. determinant
• 621.896 Lubrication devices - main index

UDC tables are divided into main and auxiliary. This division is based on differences in the semantic role of concepts. Since the UDC, like any library and bibliographic classification, is a tool for increasing search efficiency through targeted systematization of documents within a specific collection, the use of different indices for the same concept is a reflection of the different semantic roles of the same concepts.

In the above cases, it is also a matter of reflecting various concepts that have only a similar verbal formulation.

Thus, the concept of “bearings”, which is the main subject of content in the indexed document, which describes the features, for example, of the production of bearings, is the main one and should be reflected by the main index UDC 621.822. In another case, when, for example, the operational characteristics of a bearing, which is a part of a screw press, are described, the indexed concept “bearing” is a recurring feature for technical devices and machines. In this sense, it is an auxiliary, informationally ambiguous (non-informative) concept, which must be reflected by a special qualifier 62-233. 2. It will receive informational unambiguity (information content) only as a result of combination with the main, informationally unambiguous concept (in our example, “screw press”), which is reflected as a combination of the main index 621.979.15 Screw presses and a special qualifier 62-233.2 Bearings in the index 621.979 .15-233.2 Bearings for screw presses.

This reflection of the indexed concept allows you to concentrate documents about the machine and its parts in one place in the catalog (file cabinet) and separate these documents from those that address the problems of the part itself, regardless of the specific machine or device where it is used. Such a division is not only legitimate, but also necessary. Specialists in screw presses are, as a rule, only interested in the issue of using bearings in these presses, while specialists, for example, in a bearing factory, consider bearings as production objects.

Rule five can be formulated as follows:

In the event that a concept in the UDC is represented by both an index and a qualifier, the main informative concepts of the subspecific, species, generic, supergeneric and higher levels (for example, polar bear, bears, canines, mammals, animals) are indexed primarily by main indices or special qualifiers used as main indices. Auxiliary, repeating concepts, usually reflecting a part, detail, block, component, organ, one of the characteristics, etc., are indexed primarily by qualifiers that are attached to the index of the main concept.

Rule six . Formation of complex indexes.

A complex index is understood as an index formed by combining a main index with a general or special determinant, as well as indices formed using an apostrophe and a slash.

The order of adding determinants, in other words, the order of elements of a complex index corresponds to the semantic relationships between the concepts of the main content of the document and therefore cannot be strictly regulated by indexing rules. The main criterion for the correctness of the elements of a complex index is the correspondence of the meaning of the index to the meaning of the content of the document, subject to the general rules of indexing according to the UDC.

Experience shows that in most cases it is possible to adhere to the following sequence of attaching qualifiers to the main index or a special qualifier used as the main index: "1"9; .01/.09; -1/-9; .00...; -03 or -05; (0...); (...); ". . ."; =...; (=...). That is, in the first place after the signs of the main index, a special qualifier with an apostrophe is placed, then with a dot zero.01/.09 (if alphanumeric detailing of the main index in a given fund is not used), then a special qualifier with a hyphen -1/- 9.

Of the general determinants, those closest to the main index are the general determinants of point of view.00..., then - the determinants of form (0...), place (...), time "...", language =... Ethnic qualifiers (=...) close the sequence, for example, 621.313.2.047.5-182.8.001.24(088.83)(493)"1972"=40 Belgian patent 1972 on a method for calculating replaceable brush holders for DC electric machines, where

• 621.313.2 Direct current electrical machines
• 621.3 .047.5 Brush holders (special identifier with a dot

62-182.8 removable, replaceable, interchangeable (special

qualifier with a hyphen)

001.24 Calculation (general point of view qualifier)

• (088.83) Patent (general form determinant)
• (493) Belgium (general place identifier)

"1972" 1972 (general time identifier)

40 French (general language guide)

The given example should be understood only as an illustration of the recommended sequence of joining elements of a complex index, but not as an example of indexing patents by UDC. It is easy to see that the recommended sequence is mainly based on a number of preferable uses of UDC indices (rule four) and on the recommended sequence of detailing concepts using UDC.

However, it should be emphasized that if the content of the document requires it, the recommended sequence of joining elements of a complex index may be violated. For example, the topic of the document “Reliability of miniature radios” is indicated by the index 621.396.62-181.4.019.3, where

• 621.396.62 Radio receivers, radio receivers
• 62-181.4 Miniature
• 621.3.019.3 Reliability

; If the determinants are swapped, then the resulting index will not correspond to the meaning of the document, because it will mean “miniature reliability of radio receivers.”

Deviation from the general rules is possible if it is necessary to separate certain types of documents from the general fund - such as directories, patents, standards, etc. in order to create specialized file cabinets. It's about Thus, on the selection of certain types of documents from the general flow of documents entering a given fund and on the creation of specialized file cabinets (funds) of these types, which is necessary to provide answers to the bulk of requests in the conditions of this particular enterprise or organization.

In these cases, general qualifiers that characterize the type of document, nationality, language, etc., are placed in first place. Examples:

• (03)621.313 Card file of reference publications (by
• (03)621.315.5/.61 various questions)
• (03)621.317.7
• (03)691
• (083.74/.75)62 1.313 Card file of normative and technical
• (083.74/.75)621.315.5/.61 documentation (GOST, OST,
• (083.74/.75)621.317.7 normals, etc.)
• (083.74/.75)691
• (085)621.313 Card file of branded materials
• (085)621.315.5/.61
• (085)621.317.7
• (085)691
• (088.83)621.313 Patent file (for various
• (088.83)621.315.5/.61 questions)
• (088.83)621.317.7
• (088.83)691

Obviously, if place qualifiers come first, then the card indexes (fund) can be organized by country. If you put other determinants in first place, then you can get a different organization of file cabinets (funds) each time, the most convenient for the conditions and requests in a given organization (enterprise). Even greater opportunities open up when using several determinants and variations of their places in a complex UDC index, for example,

• (088.83)621.313(44) Patents for electrical machines in France
• (088.83)621.313(450) Patents for electrical machines in Italy
• (088.83)621.313(73) US Electrical Machinery Patents

This organization of patent materials is convenient for obtaining patent reviews various countries for a specific product, product, etc., especially if abstract express reviews are required, which are widely used in systems of direct management service, selective service, etc. The same form of organizing patent files (funds) is convenient for searching when checking for a patent cleanliness

Another example:

• (08 8.83)(44)621.313 French patents for electrical machines
• (088.83)(44)621.313.2 French Patents for DC Electrical Machines
• (088.83)(44)621.314.21/.23 French patents for transformers
• (088.83)(44)621.3 15.2/.3 French patents for wires and cables
• (088.83)(44)778.148 French patents for microphotocopy reading apparatus
• (088.83)(450)621.313 Italian Patents for Electrical Machines
• (088.83)(450)621.313.2 Italian Patents for DC Electrical Machines
• (088.83)(450)621.314.21/.23 Italian patents for transformers
• (088.83)(450)621.315.2/.3 Italian patents for wires and cables
• (088.83)(450)778.148 Italian patents for microphotocopy reading devices

In addition, such an organization of patent funds is convenient for comparing the level of patent activity in different countries, identifying trends and thematic areas of patenting in them. Thus, based on the results of the analysis of requests served by this fund, this file cabinet can change the place of the identifier in the complex index for organizing the fund in a special context.

Intercolation of general determinants is also possible in the UDC, i.e., inclusion of general determinants in the main index, if this is required by the rational construction of the fund. So, if any organization constantly has a large number of requests for organizing the production of ballistic missiles in the United States, then the complex index that is customary in its construction does not make it possible to collect together all the materials specifically on the United States. Intercolation of the US common place qualifier (73) allows this to be done, e.g.

658(73).153.001.24:629.762.2 Calculation of working capital

production enterprises

ballistic missiles in the USA

658(73).26:629.762.2 Power supply of enterprises by

production of ballistic missiles in the USA

658(73).284:629.762.2 Communication and signaling facilities on

production enterprises

ballistic missiles in the USA

658(73).52.011.56:629.762.2 Automation of production at

production enterprises

ballistic missiles in the USA

658(73).7:629.762.2 Logistics

production enterprises

ballistic missiles in the USA, etc.

It is advisable to use the intercolation method in specialized card indexes on a narrow topic in cases where the organization of the material should allow for the quick issuance of all documents available in the collection on a given narrow thematic area (request). At the same time, setting queries allows us to highlight one feature that mainly limits the selection of materials into a specialized card index. The country (in our example, the USA) is reflected in the UDC as a common qualifier. Intercolation of special qualifiers is not used.

Complex indices formed using the spread sign / (slash) can be obtained by the systematizer only when the sequence of indexed concepts coincides with the sequence of the same concepts in the UDC tables. A complex index formed using the spread sign / (slash) is irreversible, e.g.

621.37 /.39 Radio electronics,

where 621.37 Radio engineering, electromagnetic oscillation technology

• 621.38 Electronics. Photo electronics. Electronic tubes, tubes. X-ray technology
• 621.39 Telecommunications. Telecommunications Engineering

Complex indexes using slashes are broader in meaning than their original components. In principle, the / sign can be replaced with a + sign, for example, the index 621.37+621.38+621.39 can be replaced with the index 621.37/.39.

The use of determinants with an apostrophe for the formation of complex indices is limited to strictly defined subsections of the UDC tables and is specified in methodological guidelines to each of them. The technical role of the sign "(apostrophe) is often to replace the repeating part of the attached index with it. Complex indexes formed using these determinants are irreversible even in the value of the original components. The rules for creating complex indexes using determinants with an apostrophe are specific to each of the subsections of the tables, where their use is permitted. They are set out in sufficient detail for practice in auxiliary table II and in the relevant sections of the UDC. Using these determinants, one can designate concepts “synthesized” by attaching designations of components, properties and other characteristics, for example,

• 546.763 "32"226 Chromium-potassium alum
• 629.735.33.022 "412 Airplanes with a double fuselage, with a double body
• 669.35 "24"28 Copper-nickel-molybdenum alloy
• 681.327.45 "17 Punch card controllers

Thus, the wide possibilities for creating complex UDC indexes make it possible to disclose documentary funds in accordance with the requirements of information consumers, but the implementation of these opportunities depends entirely on the experience, knowledge and initiative of employees of NTI bodies and libraries and is based primarily on a systematic analysis of queries.

Rule seven. Formation of composite UDC indices.

Composite indices in UDC are indices formed from two or more simple or complex indices using relation signs: and::. Since composite indexes are mainly created by systematizers themselves, this is where the greatest variability in indexing is observed in practice.

P. Otlet, when introducing the relation sign into the UDC, formulated a general rule for the formation of composite indexes: in the first place of the composite index is placed an index reflecting the main subject of the document. Components (indices) attached using a colon only clarify and detail the main concept reflected in the first index. The composite index must be able to further develop (detail) the indexed topic (subject) due to the detail of the second index. From this general rule A number of practical conclusions emerge.

The value of a composite index is always narrower than the value of its individual components, for example,

• 621.794.62:669.1 Phosphating of ferrous metals
• 624.21:624.19 Tunnel bridges
• 624.21:625.1 Railway bridges

An index attached with a relation sign clarifies and details the meaning of the concept reflected by the first index,

For example,

• 621.317.715:621.385 Tube galvanometers
• 621.317.725:621.385 Lamp voltmeters
• 621.74:669.2/.8 Casting of non-ferrous metals
• 621.873.3:629.35 Truck cranes

The properties of materials, products and their tests are indicated by attaching indices of the corresponding properties with a sign of relation to the index of the given material, product, machine, device, etc., for example,

• 669.295.017:539.4 Strength of titanium
• 621.822.5:539.538 Wear resistance of plain bearings
• 621.67:539.433 Vibration resistance of centrifugal pumps
• 678.01:536.2 Thermal conductivity of high-molecular substances
• 621.436.4.001 .4:620.178.53 Testing of pre-chamber diesel engines for vibration resistance
• 669.295.017:620.178.37 Titanium fatigue test at low temperatures
• 624.012.35.001 .4:620.179.16 Ultrasonic flaw detection of finished reinforced concrete building structures;

Issues of technology (production, fabrication, receipt, assembly, processing, etc.) of specific materials, machines, devices, etc. are reflected by technology indices, to which the indices of materials, machines, devices, etc. are added with a relation sign. , For example,

• 621.785:669.136 Heat treatment of cast iron
• 621.923.5:621.833 Honing of gears
• 621.793.6:669.268:669.36 Diffusion chromium plating of copper

If the document deals with issues of technology and process equipment, in the composite index the index denoting technology is placed first, and the index of process equipment is appended to it after the relation sign, for example,

621.923.014.5 -185.4: High-speed grinding with diamond stones

Concepts that are formally absent from the UDC tables can be denoted by composite indices. The index of the most essential concept is added to the index of the main, basic concept using a relation sign. distinctive feature this concept. This is possible in cases where the indexed concept in its essence is in one way or another a modification, one of the types, the result of a transformation or interaction of concepts already reflected in the UDC tables.

First of all, this applies, for example, to the concepts of new materials. The UDC does not contain indices for construction, electrical and radio engineering sound-absorbing materials. Guided by the fact that the main feature of such materials is that they exhibit a sound absorption effect to a greater extent than is typical for other construction, electrical and radio engineering materials, we can propose composite indices:

621.315.5 /.61:534.286.2 Electrical and radio sound-absorbing materials

It is obvious that, by analogy with the examples given, it is possible to create composite indices for materials with a wide variety of properties. The prospects of such a classification solution are also clear. Any new material has properties, the manifestations of which as corresponding physical or chemical phenomena have already been established in science at one time.

Creation of new materials and theoretical research physical and chemical phenomena and properties make it possible for their widespread use in national economy. Therefore, in the vast majority of cases, based on knowledge of the special properties of a new material and the main area of ​​its application, it is possible to obtain a composite index for it using the corresponding divisions of the subsections of physics or chemistry of the UDC tables. In a similar way, it is possible to form indices for some new directions in science and technology, for example,

• 621.35:621.38 Chemotronics
• 621.35:621.382.2 Electrochemical diodes
• 681.327.5 "12:535 Optical reading, optical reading devices from media with signs printed on the surface (papers, photographic films, etc.)

Composite indices for new directions in science and technology should always be considered as a temporary solution. With the further development of a new direction, if a sufficiently extensive literature on this issue appears, it usually receives an independent main index over time.

A composite index can be invested, or is said to be invertible. This means that the elements of a composite index can be swapped. This property, depending on the task and purpose of a particular fund, makes it possible to collect documents in the desired section. Thus, documents on the topic “Foundries” can be indexed in two ways: either 621.74:658.2, or 658.2:621.74.

Double-colon indexes:: are a rigid, irreversible construct. As stated earlier, the sign:: is used only in cases where the inversion of the components of a composite index in a particular fund is undesirable or significantly changes its meaning.