What is the meaning of prefixes in words. Meaning of verb prefixes
For several centuries, adoption has been going on foreign words in Russian. This is due to the conquest and unification with new territories during the Kievan Rus, Russian Empire, Soviet Union etc. As a result of foreign borrowings, along with other words, we got foreign prefixes that have their own meaning. Foreign-language prefixes in Russian are found as often as parts of Russian origin. Most often they come from Greek or Latin.
The following foreign prefixes are often used: extra-, ex-, ultra-, trans-, super-, sub-, proto-, post-, pan-, counter-, infra-, inter-, dis-, dis-, dez- , de-, hypo-, hyper-, archi-, anti-, a-.
For a simpler understanding of these components of the word, it is necessary to establish their scope and meaning.
Prefix extra-
Console extra- has a meaning similar to Russian out- and in excess of- :
extra thin, extra ordinary, extra polishing, extra sense, extra fashionable.
The psychic made the assumption that in this house many ghosts used to offend, which frightened the inhabitants and instilled fear in them.
Prefix ex-
The prefix ex- indicates the predecessor, the past tense:
the ex-spouse, the ex-continent, the ex- chairman, the ex-Prime Minister.
The ex-husband of the TV star made a very loud statement that he did not love his wife and married her because of the money.
prefix ultra-
Console ultra- means further, more, beyond:
ultra sound, ultra revolution, ultra centrifuge, ultra microscopic, ultra violet
Ultrasound is used in an ultrasound machine, which allows you to examine different tissues in the human body and, based on what you see, make an accurate diagnosis.
Prefix trans-
Console trance - has two meanings. The first is to move in space, the second is to be located outside the boundaries of something:
trance agency, trance aggressive, trance probe, trance plantation, trance letter, trance arctic.
The transatlantic alliance is a trade association Western countries led by the United States of America.
prefix super-
Console super- has the meaning over, above, and is used to denote the ultimate quality or parameter:
super position, super aviation, super giant, super fashionable, super intendant, super series.
The Super Series is a significant American football event that is attended by a large number of people.
prefix sub-
Foreign prefixes sub- are used as often as Russian sub-, have the meaning of a non-prevailing feature:
sub stratosphere, sub rent, sub ordination, sub marina.
A sublease is an operation to rent an object that is already in the lease.
Prefix re-
Console re- can be used in two ways. The first is to reproduce, repeat some action:
re vaccination, re fast, re translator.
The second is in contrast:
re adaptation, re gress, re master, re emigrant, re organizational, re innovative.
prefix proto-
Proto- indicates the predecessor, source, highest, main or major degree:
proto star, proto type of, proto story, proto plasma.
A prototype is a kind of layout of a future product, which, after careful study, will be launched into mass production.
Prefix post-
Fast- similar to the Russian part of the word after-:
fast volcanic, fast apocalyptic, fast qualification, fast position, fast modernism.
A post-volcanic island formed in the ocean, on which many trees, shrubs and some representatives of the animal world immediately appeared.
Prefix pro-
Pro- indicates adherence to a certain point of view, involvement in someone's interests:
about Soviet, about American, about rector, about imperialist.
Prefix pan-
Pan- indicates inclusiveness:
pan Americanism, pan Arabism, pan germanist, pan psychism, pan theism, pan thehistorical.
Prefix counter-
Counter- has a synonymous meaning to the Russian particle against-:
counter offensive, counter intelligence service, counter argument, counter- admiral, counter revolution.
A counteroffensive is a retaliatory offensive by troops, which is designed to break the enemy's offensive.
Prefix inter-
Console inter- used instead of the Russian part of speech between- , or used in place of "inside" :
inter nationalism, inter prepared, inter puncture, inter No, inter face, inter position, inter granule.
Prefix dis-, dis-
Console dis- used before consonants dis- - vice versa. They point to the opposite, have a negative meaning:
diz uria, dis harmonious, dis skilled, dis proportional, dis functional.
Prefix de-
Console de- used before consonants, omitted before vowels. Indicates cancellation, annihilation and negation:
de mobilization, de gassing, de qualify, de ratification, de orientation, de information, de organization, de activation.
Prefix infrared
Infra- similar to the Russian part of speech sub-:
infra structure, infra sound, infra microbiology.
Prefix hypo-
Hypo- is the antonym of the foreign prefix hyper- , and denotes a decrease in the norm:
hypo vitaminosis, hypo kinesia, hypo tonia, hypo glossal.
Prefix hyper-
Console hyper- has the same meaning as the Russian prefix in excess of- , which means excessive:
hyper function, hyper secretion, hyper market, hyper trophy.
Hypersonic speed is a speed above the speed of sound, due to which an object can reach the desired point in much less time.
Prefix archi-
Console archi- points to the highest degree adjective or noun, has a qualitative meaning:
archi scammer, archi scientific, archi bishop, archi mandrit.
prefix anti-
Console anti- has a similar meaning of the Russian part of speech counter-, is used to indicate the opposite meaning of the word:
Prefix a-
Console a- designed to give adjectives and nouns a negative meaning, it does not carry a qualitative meaning:
- symmetrical - a symmetric;
- moral - a moral;
- normal - a normal.
Prefix super-
Along with foreign language prefixes, the Russian part is also used. in excess of- , which denotes the highest degree of qualitative assessment of the subject, is used with adjectives and adverbs with a sign of action. It consists of two parts: attachments With- and adverbs top , is an analogue of a foreign language super- :
in excess of smart, in excess of long, in excess of spicy, in excess of private, in excess of power, in excess of exactly in excess of profit, in excess of lesson.
The definition of a prefix in Russian is as follows: a significant part of a word that can both change and supplement the meaning of the word. This definition, although brief, is extremely accurate: the prefix in Russian is indeed very, very significant, and it is subject to a complete change in the meaning of the word. Compare: understand pr e wrong (which means wrong), etc. and gatekeeper (at the gate).
There is an opinion that the poorer and easier language, the more primitive and weaker is the mind of the people who own it. If you believe this opinion, then we can conclude that the Russian people are one of the most developed peoples in the world. What are the morphemes alone worth in our language! It is difficult to count all prefixes in Russian, let alone remember. And from foreign languages everyone comes to Russian and new prefixes come, with their own meaning.
Remembering the correct spelling of the prefix in Russian is quite simple, at least when it comes to native Russian prefixes. They are divided into three groups. The first group is prefixes, the spelling of which does not change under any circumstances. Among them is the prefix s-. It should be remembered that in words beginning with the letters "s" and "z", only the letter "s" can be a prefix, and "z" is included in the root of the word.
The second group is prefixes with changing consonants: -raz - -ras. The following should be remembered about this group: the letter "z" (-raz) is written before voiced consonants (as in the word "run") and vowels (as in the word "dressed up"), the letter "s" (-ras) is written before deaf consonants (dawn).
Prefixes with a changing vowel also belong to this group: -ras - -ros. To know the spelling of these prefixes, you need to remember only one rule: the letter "o" is written under stress (as in the word "draw"), and the letter "a" is written without stress (as in the word "cut").
The third group is the prefixes pre- and pre-. The rules for writing them are also extremely simple. The prefix is pre-written if the meaning is "very", or if it can be replaced by the prefix re- (as in the words "excellent", "interrupt"). The prefix is assigned if it is necessary to indicate the incompleteness of the action (get up), approaching something (running up), joining (sewn), proximity to something (coastal).
The use of a foreign prefix in Russian is somewhat more difficult, since one cannot be guided by any general rules, but it is necessary to memorize the spelling and meaning of each prefix. Here are some examples of the most commonly used foreign prefixes.
So, the prefix of Latin origin a- denotes the absence of a sign (immorality, amenorrhea).
The prefix of Latin origin de- means reverse action, removal, termination (defecation).
The prefixes hypo- and hyper- denote, respectively, a decrease and an overestimation of the norm (hypotension, hyperactivity).
The Greek prefixes anti- and archi- denote, respectively, the opposite and superpower (unsanitary conditions, archbishop).
The French prefix dez means the removal or absence of something (disinfection).
The Latin prefix re- denotes the reverse process (regeneration).
The Latin prefixes ultra- and ex- denote, respectively, extreme, ultimate quality (ultrasound) and movement from within or something former (export, ex-husband).
In addition to the role of prefixes, the history of the prefix bes is also interesting. It is known for certain that initially there was no such prefix in the Russian language, the absence of something was indicated by the prefix "without". However, after 1917, the communists who came to power decided to replace the last letter. What caused such a change - the dissonance of many words (such as dishonesty, dishonor) or a simple mockery of the fears of believers (after all, the devil is called a demon) - is unknown.
One way or another, since then, the prefix has not been used only in words in which the prefix is followed by a vowel or voiced consonant. And words with the prefix demon are still ridiculed by many people to this day: dishonorable, dishonest, heartless ...
The meaning of the prefix co-? Words with what meaning form the prefix co-?
What does the prefix co- mean when forming nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs?
Which lexical meaning brings the prefix co- in the formation of words?
Console "Co" denotes in nouns and adjectives the presence of some relationship and joint action of several objects.
For example, Co + Friendship = Fellowship, Co + Authorship = Co-authorship, Co + Suffering = Compassion.
Regarding the use of the attachment "Co" in verbs, it can mean:
1) The compatibility of several actions, that is, it is shown that the actions of several people or living beings are the same:
With + Experience = Empathize.
So + Feel = Feel.
So + Suffer = Compassion.
2) Complete removal, destruction of something or bringing any action to an end:
Co + Cut = Cut.
So + Take = Collect.
Co + Warm = Warm.
The prefix co (s) is used in word formation in the formation of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs.
The meaning of the prefix co (s) in the formation of nouns, adjectives:
- Interrelation, compatibility, a certain commonality. For example: community, consonance.
- A state or phenomenon that is characterized by the combination of identical objects. For example: inflorescence.
The meaning of the prefix co (s) in the formation of verbs:
- Joint action, help, feelings. For example: compassion.
- Removal from the surface, from the place. For example: cut off, scrape off.
- Connection, rapprochement, bonding of something. For example: connect, touch, compose.
- Bringing the action to some limit. For example: crush.
The value of the prefix co (s) in adverbs, which have the meaning of the manner of action, place, time. For example: jointly, blindly, conscientiously.
Price-list
The prefix co(s) is one of the oldest Slavic prefixes denoting a joint action or an action divided by half between two people or many people. This prefix, as it were, also has an additional philosophical meaning:
co-experience, concord, s-elastic, co-living, co-standing, co-performing, co-suffering, co-cooking, s-death - (the last word is a bit controversial, but shows a state when the day is not perfect died)
What is the meaning of the prefix for-? Examples of words with the prefix for-?
The value of the prefix for-?
Console "Per" has several meanings. It can mean:
1) The beginning of the action: to speak (that is, start talking), to shine (that is, start to shine).
2) Being outside of any object: suburban (located outside the city), sky-high (located behind the clouds).
3) Completion of the action completely: conquer, braid, capture.
4) Completion of the action in advance (that is, the action is aimed at the future tense): prepare (that is, prepare some supplies).
5) An action that is carried out, as it were, along the way: bring it in.
6) Certain development actions, while it is clearly visible when it ends: spend the night (the action takes place only during the night), winter (the action takes place only during the winter period).
Firstly, the presence of this prefix means the completion of some action - to shoot, complete, close. And, then, this prefix denotes the presence of something behind the object - a curtain (behind a canopy), beyond (beyond), etc. Among other things, this prefix (as
and all others), serve to form new words.
The meanings of the invariable prefix for-:
- The beginning of the action is to sing, sing, think, etc.
- Completion of the action - protect, record, etc.
- Finding further than something, behind something, behind (as a rule, in nouns and their derivatives) - district (beyond the river), Zarechensky.
What does the prefix "a" mean, what are the words with the prefix "a-"?
foreign language prefix a- in the morphemic composition of the words of the Russian language expresses negation, the absence of any quality, for example:
moral - a moral;
logical - a logical;
social - a social;
typical - a typical.
The adjective "illogical" has the meaning "contrary to logic", that is, illogical.
Immoral means "devoid of morality", that is, immoral.
As you can see, in terms of meaning, the foreign prefix a- is synonymous with Russian prefixes not-, bez-.
88Summertime88
The prefix "a" is a prefix of foreign origin. Just like the prefixes "super", "hyper", "pseudo", "des" and many others.
The meaning of the prefix is: "absence".
A synonymous prefix is the prefix "not".
For example:
symmetrical - asymmetric, this is the same as asymmetric.
moral - immoral,
logical - illogical (illogical).
Another point: the prefix "a" is used only in borrowed words.
Z v e n k a
The foreign prefix "a-" is called a derivational prefix. What does it mean? The fact is that if there is any word without a prefix, but to the left add the prefix " a-", you get a completely different word, often with the opposite meaning.
Thus, if you get creative with the terms, then you can call "a-" an "antonymous prefix". This prefix, appearing in words, begins to deny a certain quality or indicate the absence of this quality, which is present in the semantics of the original word.
For example:
One has only to add "a-" to the adjective "synchronous", and the result is "asynchronous" (that is, not possessing synchronicity).
Jar-ohty
The prefix a- means negation in Greek, as well as in some other Indo-European languages (in particular, in Sanskrit). In the same meaning, it was borrowed into the Russian language (the Greek language served as the source) and is usually used in words with Greek roots, but this rule is often violated in the process of language play. Before vowels, it has the form en-.
Examples of words are anarchy, apathy, illogical.
-Irinka-
In our rich language, sometimes there may be "borrowed" from other peoples foreign prefixes. As a rule, they are of Greek and Latin origin.
These attachments include prefix "a-".
What is the meaning of this prefix?
Using the prefix "a–" - words are formed that have negative meaning as well as the lack of quality. The prefix a- in Greek means negation.
Examples are:
- social - asocial;
- logical - illogical;
- moral - immoral.
The prefix "A" is borrowed, according to most linguists, from the Greek language.
It is used to form words with the meanings of negation, the absence of any properties or characteristics.
For example, Symmetrical -> lack of this quality: A + Symmetrical.
Another example: lack of involvement in politics: A+Political.
Magicluxor
All prefixes of the Russian language on A - Greek origin.
A very archaic Slavic prefix a- (in Russian - i-, for example, sycamore). Possible etymology - from the prefix o-, which began to be pronounced as a- under the influence of the prefix za-, because. a similar meaning was transmitted (hypothetically): wrap - wrap - turn around, go in - get around - go.
A- is a union that has grown together with other words and therefore has become, as it were, a prefix: see the words anyhow, ife.
International prefixes actively used in Russian:
A- / an- - of Greek origin (conveys negation). An analogue of Russian prefixes "not-", "without-".
Anti - Greek origin (gr. "against"). An analogue of the Russian root prefix "anti-". It can also be attached to Russian roots.
In Russian, verbs are formed mainly in a prefixal way. In total, there are 26 verbal prefixes in Russian. The same prefix can appear in several phonetic variants. For example, the prefix o- (ob-, obo-): to color, bypass, bypass.
Each verb prefix has several meanings. For example, the prefix has 9 meanings. Here are some of them: 1) movement through an object (jump over a puddle); 2) repeated action (reread the book again); 3) division of the object into parts (cut the log in half); 4) excessive fullness of action (salt food); 5) spreading the action to all objects (reread all books); 6) mutual action (with the postfix sya-) (correspond with parents); 7) achieving victory, winning (outwitting everyone).
Some prefixes, joining the verb, do not add additional shades of the meaning of the word, but change the imperfect form of the verb to the perfect: do - do, bake - bake, write - write.
Prefixed verbs are often used in figurative meaning: enter into a position, endure an illness, take a look, retire.
Verbs with the prefix v-/v-
Verbs with the prefix v- have the following meanings:
6. movement inside: enter, drive in, bring in, write in, paste in, break in, etc.
7. upward movement: climb (on a tree), drag (up a ladder);
8. deepening into action (verbs of perception): to listen, to ponder, to peer.
Verb matching:
Verb + v + vp.: enter the house, intervene in the conversation, bring furniture into the room, listen to the conversation, carefully peer into the photograph;
Verb + on + Vp.: climb a tree, drive up a mountain, carry a suitcase to the fifth floor.
Portable use:
Enter / enter history, tradition, habit, position, up to date
mislead / mislead
Contribute / Contribute
Invest / invest meaning, knowledge, strength
Exercises
- Read. Determine the meaning of the prefix v- in verbs. Find cases of using verbs with the prefix в- in a figurative sense.
1) We have about was a tradition every 5 years e chat with one about classmates. 2) Difficult to drive in a nail d into a concrete wall. 3) The boys hardly rode up the mountain on bicycles. 4) M about the boss brought a good specialist up to date, and colleagues help about gali advice.5) The opera must be perceived by listening to every sound. 6) From about captivity was turned on in mid-October.
2. Read by inserting the correct verbs. Determine the meaning of the prefix in these verbs.
1) A young family .... to a new apartment. 2) Children should not ... into adult conversations. 3) The girl took pity on the kitten and ... him in the house. 4) Grandmother ... framed a photograph of her granddaughter. 5) It is necessary ... TV: they will broadcast now last news. 6) The teacher ... in the position of a student and allowed him to take the exam ahead of schedule. 7) The name of Yuri Gagarin entered the history of astronautics.
For reference: enter / enter, enter / enter, intervene / interfere, insert / insert, let in / let in, turn on / turn on
3. Think of situations where you can use expressions to mislead, to contribute, to become a habit.
Verbs with the prefix you-
Basic values:
1. movement from the inside: take it out of the house, throw it away (garbage), let it out (the bird from the cage), pour it out (sugar from the bag);
2. exhaustion of action: cry out, listen, get enough sleep, speak out.
Compatibility:
Verb + from + R.p.: leave the store, move out of the apartment;
Verb + in, on + Vp: run out into the street, leave Minsk for Moscow;
Verb + V.p. + from + R.p.: write out words from the text, pull your hands out of your pockets;
Verb + on + P.p., Verb + s + T.p.: to speak at a conference, at a meeting, to make a report, a speech, a proposal.
Portable use
Exit / go out of print (about the book), go out / go on screens (about the film)
Go out/fail (go bad, need repair)
Endure / endure heat, cold, difficulties, overload
Looking good, bad, sick, tired
Get out / get married
Get out / get out
Exercises
1. Read. Determine the meaning of the prefix you- in verbs.
1) The Tretyakov Gallery exhibits works by famous artists. 2) Students dream of having a good night's sleep after the session. 3) During protection thesis students should give a short presentation about their research. 4) When leaving, turn off the light. 5) Coming soon tutorial by word formation. 6) After summer holidays everyone looked happy, tanned, rested. 7) The washing machine is out of order - you need to call the master. 8) How much grief people endured during the war: hunger, cold, suffering and death of loved ones. 9) When you read new text Write down unfamiliar words and check their meaning in a dictionary. 10) You look very bad - do not go out and call a doctor at home. 11) When talking, take your hands out of your pockets.
2. Read the phrases. Match them with opposites in meaning. Indicate prefixes in verbs. Determine the meaning of prefixes.
Sample: climb into the hatch - howl e zti from the hatch
Vv about bring currency into the country - ..., let spectators into the hall - ..., wb e press into the audience - ..., t a shield the suitcase in the compartment - ..., pour water into the kettle - ..., pour sugar into the sugar bowl - ..., turn on the vacuum cleaner - ..., drive into the garage - ..., vk a tit to about caress in the entrance of the house - ... .
Explain the spelling of the underlined letters.
3. Read by inserting appropriate prefixes.
1) You can’t drive this car: it ... was out of order. 2) This film ... went on the screens a year ago and ... immediately ... was among the most popular films. 3) You must first get an education, and then ... get married. 4) A sensitive person is one who ... walks into the position of other people, a resourceful person is one who knows how ... to get out of a difficult situation. 5) Every morning I ... go out of the house at eight o'clock, and at half past eight already ... I go to the university building. 6) We ... breathe oxygen, and ... breathe carbon dioxide. 7) When it rained, passers-by ... ran to the shops, underground passages to hide from the rain, but still ... wet to the skin.
Write out sentences in which verbs are used in a figurative sense.
Verbs with prefix vz-/sun-
Basic values:
1. rise up: fly up into the sky, fly up, float to the surface of the water;
2. violation of the state: explode, boil, dig up, beat.
Compatibility:
Verb + on + C.p. : run up to the second floor, climb a mountain, fly up into the sky;
Verb + Vp: boil tea, loosen the ground, dig up a garden bed, beat the cream.
Portable use
Rise / ascend (about crops, about the sun). The rye has started to rise. The sun will rise soon.
Float/float. At the end of the meeting, another question suddenly surfaced.
Exercises
1. Read. Insert the prefixes in-, you-, vz- / sun-.
1) In early spring, we ... dug beds, ... planted tulip bulbs in the ground. Very soon, our tulips .. went. They... fired green arrows. Then sharp red petals looked out of the buds. If you look carefully at these flowers, you will see how much fresh beauty they have.
2) ... the sun was going down. ... a bee flew for honey. Here comes the first butterfly. She ... fluttered over the flower and began to drink sweet juice. ..hard-working ants ran to work.
Explain the meaning of prefixes.
2. Complete the statements using the words in brackets.
1) The work of sappers is very dangerous, because ... (explode / explode).
2) Today we will bake a cake, help me ... .. (beat / beat).
3) The instructions say that before using this medicine ... (shake / shake) /
4) To make tea, you must first ... (boil).
Verbs with the prefix do-
Basic values:
- bringing the action to the end, to a certain border: drive (to the house), finish writing (letter);
- achieving a result, despite the difficulties: call, agree, wait, think;
Compatibility:
Verb + do + R.p.: before live before old age, before swim before shores;
Verb + C.p. + to + R.p.: before listen to the song before middle, before read a book before end;
Verb + C.p.: before call for Xia children, before wake up Xia son (with difficulty);
Verb + D.p. (+ to + D.p.; + to + R.p.): before call Xia girlfriend to girlfriend before girlfriends;
Verb + c + Etc. (o + p.p.) before talk from girlfriend about meeting, before guess Xia o reason (why?)
Portable use
Reach / reach, bring / bring, convey / convey to the viewer, reader.
Bring / bring to the attention, to the end
Exercises
- Read. Select the prefixes in the verbs, determine their meaning.
1) You will never guess who came to us! 2) Spaceship flew to the moon. 3) The children are so carried away by the game that the mother does not get them to have lunch. 4) My hands do not reach to write you a letter. 5) The director managed to convey to the audience the idea of the all-conquering power of love. 6) The young man helped the neighbor to bring a heavy bag to the apartment. 7) The children couldn't wait for the New Year. 8) It's amazing how birds manage to fly to the other side without rest. 9) We were in such a hurry that we didn’t even finish our tea.
2. Rebuild the statements using the verbs with the prefix do-, formed from the highlighted verbs.
1) My grandfather lived very long and died at the age of 96. 2) I told you the whole evening yesterday called but no one answered the phone. 3) To the university I food exactly 30 minutes. 4) Mother long woke up son, but he did not want to wake up. 5) You need more work over this abstract. 6) I can’t donate this book to the library yet, because I’m still continuing read her.
3. Make sentences using expressions: to finish, to reach with difficulty, to run to the finish line, to wait for a meeting.
Verbs with the prefix for-
Basic values:
- moving deeper or behind an object: go around the corner of the house, throw the ball into the net, put your hands in your pockets;
- incidental action: go to the store on the way, call for a friend;
- spreading the action over the entire surface: sew up a hole, splatter clothes with paint, plant the area with flowers;
- excessive action: stay up at a party, read until the morning;
- start of action: cry, scream, bloom
- taking an action in advance: purchase groceries, plan a trip;
- bringing the action to the end: write down the phone, fry the meat;
Compatibility:
Verb + for + Vp: throw over the fence, go behind the tree;
Verb + C.p. + Etc.: cover the ground with snow, populate the house with tenants
Portable use:
Start / start a watch, a car, a motor, a dog, a fish
to enter / to enter (of the sun)
Abandon/abandon studies, classes, sports, work
Exercises
- Read. Determine the meaning of prefixes in verbs with prefixes.
1) First artificial satellite land was launched in 1957 in the Soviet Union. 2) The writer decided to write historical novel about the war of 1812. 3) Come to me at least for a while to arrange a trip. 4) I like to watch the sun rise and set. 5) If you have a dog, it becomes a member of your family. 6) He successfully finished his studies until the third year, but then he suddenly abandoned classes. 9) During the night, snow covered the ground and roofs of houses. 10) Figure skating captured the children so much that they themselves filled the rink in the yard. When the water froze over, they started skating. 11) Hearing the steps of the owner, the dog jumped and barked joyfully.
2. Read, inserting appropriate prefixes.
1) All guests ... see about rubbed at the beautiful bride, ... admired her white wedding dress. 2) From fear to about calf ... climbed onto the roof and could not follow h get off her. 3) Travelers decided ... n about Chevat in l e su. 4) Thrifty squirrels ... prepared dry mushrooms, berries, nuts for the winter.
4) Spring p e ka spilled and about drank coastal meadows. 5) On the way to the university, I ... followed a friend and we went together. 6) The volleyball player threw the ball into the net. 7) The sun ... ch I zero through the window, on the floor ... sunbeams jumped. 8) We ... led the cat, but we want to ... lead the fish. 9) When ... color e the lilac is melting, its sweetness is spreading throughout the city d cue flavor. 10) Everything is expensive and ki and paths ... mela m e Tel.
Explain the spelling of the underlined letters.
Any word consists of parts, which in linguistics are called morphemes. The most important of these is the root. It contains the main meaning. It is like a house on a foundation, to which various premises are attached in the form of suffixes (affixes) and prefixes (prefixes), and, when possible, an ending is attached. And each time after such construction work, the purpose of the house can change significantly. It is worth taking a closer look at the facade, and for this you need to know: what kind of prefixes are there, what new things they give the meaning of the word and whether they are fraught with any danger.
What are prefixes for?
What comes before the root, at the beginning of the word, is the prefix. The prefix refers to significant morphemes because its main function is education. that a word can have more than one prefix (two, three), they are all written together. But you can do this without errors, only knowing certain rules.
In modern Russian, there are more than 70 prefixes. Of course, not all of them have spelling rules. What are the consoles for these features, you can find out by considering three main groups:
Uniform spelling. These are prefixes that do not have a consonant pair. For example, v- or o- (after all, there are no prefixes f- or a-). This also includes: for-, co-, pa-, po-, su-, y- and so on;
Features of writing prefixes ending in "z" or "s". These are prefixes such as race- (raz-), nis- (bottom-), bes- (without-). If there is a voiced consonant after the prefix, then you need to write “z” at the end, if it is deaf, then “s”;
Prefix pre- and her sister pre-. The correct use of these prefixes depends on a correct understanding of the meaning they bring to the word.
What are the prefixes by origin
Prefixes are divided into native Russian and foreign. The first ones include:
By-, in-, from-, on-, without-, over, at-, that is, prefixes that can also be prepositions;
Pa- and great- are obsolete, but still found in such words as stepdaughter, flood, great-grandfather;
Inter-, after-, outside-, near-, counter-, once these prefixes were adverbial prepositions, but over time they became part of the word.
Foreign in origin are:
Prefixes with the letter "a" (Greek): anti-people, immoral, archival;
Counter-, de-, dis-, re-, ultra-, ex-, trans-, extra- (Latin): counteroffensive, demobilization, disqualification, regression, ultrafilter, ex-champion;
Eu-, ev- (ev-) - prefixes of Greek origin with the meaning "real". For example, ev-angelia (true news), eu-bacteria (correct bacteria);
Des- (French): disorganization, misinformation.
Both mushrooms and shards have the prefix o-
Very often we do not think about what prefixes are in words. And how they change the original value. For example, everyone knows what a "stump" is. Let's add the prefix o- and the suffix -ok. As a result, we get the word "mushroom". Do not think that this is a mushroom growing on a stump. The real understanding of this word is given precisely by the prefix o-, which denotes the spread of action around something. So mushrooms are not located on the stump, but around it.
If we recall an error, a typo, a typo or an oversight, it is immediately clear that the prefix o- has one more meaning - an indication of an incorrect, reckless action. And if you pay attention to the words: a fragment, a cigarette butt, a cinder, a stub, it becomes obvious new meaning of the same prefix - a particle of the object, resulting from some kind of impact on it.
What is the difference between pre- and at-
For the correct spelling of these prefixes, you need to clearly know the meaning of the words in which they are used. For comparison and better memory need to make a table
| Prefix pre-. Meaning: | Prefix at-. Meaning: |
The highest degree of quality. It is possible to replace the prefix with the words “very” or “very”: unpleasant, wise; Sign, action: prepobedno, overjoyed; Exceeding the measure: surpass, exalt; Meaning close to block, convert. | Approximation, attachment, addition or spatial proximity: school, come, stick, add; The incompleteness of the action or its commission on short term: sit down, get up, lie down, sit down; Bringing the plan to the end: nail, attach, come up with; To commit in someone's interests: hide, save; An additional action to the main one: sentence, jump, dance. |
Similar in sound but different in writing
There are words where the prefix pre- (pri-) carries the main semantic load, and here it is important not to make a mistake, otherwise the meaning will completely change. You can only arrive somewhere and on something, but to stay means to be already somewhere. For example, to arrive by train to the station, but to stay carefree in the car.
There are many similar-sounding pairs in Russian. To understand their correct spelling, you can only know the Russian language: what are the prefixes in such and such a meaning, and which ones in another. And then the verbs “contemplate” (shelter) and “despise” (neglect, ignore) will not be confused in the head.
It is worth remembering once and for all that the receiver is what he accepts, and the successor takes over someone's experience, position. You can bow something to the wall, but you should bow only before what is worthy of respect. If the product is recommended to be shaped, then only a friend, dreams, ideals will be betrayed. It will be possible to pretend only a window or a door, but dreams and ideas come true.
More about spelling
In our language, there are prefixes that are separated from the word by a hyphen. There are only three of them: in-, in- (in-) and some-. For adverbs in -ski, -tski, -i, -him, -om - this is a prefix in -: foolishly, in your own way, in the Volga, in a hare. For pronouns without a preposition, something is written with a hyphen: some, some, somehow. Introductory words are made out as follows: “thirdly”, “secondly”, “apparently”.
There is another rule associated with prefixes and which is very often forgotten to apply in writing, guided by only one pronunciation. This is the choice of the vowels "i" or "s" following the prefix. AT this case spelling is not related to what prefixes are, but with which letter to start the root. This applies to all words with “and”: play, search, history, integral, idea, etc.
If a prefix appears in them, at the end of which there is a consonant, then “s” is written after it. for example: play, find, background, unprincipled. This rule has exceptions:
Compound words: sports equipment, pedagogical institute;
charge;
Prefixes super- and inter-: superinteresting, inter-institutional;
Foreign language prefixes: counterplay, sub-inspector, post-impressionism.
We tried to dwell on the main points of the life of prefixes, concerning their meanings and spellings, because this little morpheme carries a lot of meaning.
E.A. Makovey, teacher of the Russian language, secondary school No. 1 in Adygeysk,
A.I. Arkhipova, Professor of the Kuban State University
§ 2. Spelling prefixes
Console, prefix (from lat. praefixus"attached in front") - part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open-open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (roadless - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the brows - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: a in the meaning of "not", anti - "against", archi - "very", counter - "against", pan - "all", sub - "under", trans - "through" and etc.
2.1. Spelling of invariable prefixes
Most of the prefixes in Russian are invariable, i.e. regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written in the same way. The spelling of such prefixes should be memorized. See the list of invariable prefixes in the table:
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called out, stop, sediment, go numb |
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reach, reach, guess |
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belief, courtyard, cut, rely |
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boil, gap, trick, grow |
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In a special sense: (meaning of kinship) great-grandmother, proto-language |
||
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attack, cover, overtake |
||
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ask, prisoner, pick up, score |
||
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OVER- (OVER-) |
bite, crack, inscribe, tear |
|
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POD- (POD-) |
melt, undermine, suggest, wait |
|
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OT- (OTO-) |
give away, rest, push back, open |
|
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OB-(OBO-) |
cut off, grind off, wipe off, bypass |
|
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B- (VO-) |
relish, sew, cling to, involve |
|
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PREV- |
chairman, predecessor, predetermine |
|
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RE- |
humus, overflow, skew |
|
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C- (CO-) |
move
|
No prefix in words: |
2.2. Spelling of prefixes on ... s - ... s
In Russian, there are prefixes in which letters alternate W
and FROM
:
WITHOUT- / WITHOUT-, TIME- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), FROM- / IS-, BOTTOM- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / CHES-)
In .. click; along .. walking; ..do; ra.. burn.
The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:
2.3. Spelling prefixes PRE- and PRI-
Words starting with pre- and at-, have different origins in Russian.
Some came from Latin. In these words, the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, reward, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with a root starting with at (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their book character.
Finally, many words pre- and at- are of Russian origin.
It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is clearly guessed.
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Let's remember some cases: |
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shape, shine
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betray a friend, dreams
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2.4. Spelling of vowels in prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.
Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: doing nothing, worthless, worthless, worthless, in a draw.
2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of the prefix and the root.
Retelling + tale = retelling (-s-)
race + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)
Remember:calculation (race + even), but: calculate (race + count);
countless (dev + s + even).
In words tear apart, tear apart, ruin write one 3.
