Bukovina is the historical name of part of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine, called Northern Bukovina, and the region (county) of Suceava in Romania, known as Southern Bukovina.
The name Bukovina, or “beech forest,” is understandable without translation and emphasizes the uniformity of the vegetation cover: in the past, beech forests covered most of its territory.
Geographically, Bukovyna is the foothills of the Southern Carpathian region with heights of more than one and a half kilometers. This is an area of ​​short but fast-moving rivers, whose waters flow down the slopes of the mountains and belong to the Danube basin. In summer, the rivers are low-water, but in the spring they can cause catastrophic floods, filling up after rainfall and melting snow.
The very definition of “Bukovyna”, as well as the designation of this Carpathian region, was first found in written sources in 1392.
The indigenous population of Bukovina in the north were the East Slavic tribes of Tiverts and Ulichs, and in the south - partly Wallachians and Slavs, as well as Thracians, residents of another historical region - Dacia, whose borders intersected with Bukovina.
After long intertribal wars in the 10th-11th centuries. Bukovina became part of Kievan Rus. In the XII-XIII centuries. ancient Russian state collapsed and Bukovina became part of the Galicia-Volyn principality.
The peculiarity of Bukovina was that, despite the common geography, the history of the north and south developed independently.
While Northern Bukovina was under the influence of the Galician-Volyn principality, Southern Bukovina came under the rule of the Moldavian state. The Mongol-Tatar horde burned and plundered the Galicia-Volyn principality, and the Rusyn population of Bukovina took advantage of this, creating at the beginning of the 14th century. their own state - the Shipinsky land, which preferred to pay tribute to the Golden Horde khans, but to have at least nominal independence. The natural features of Bukovina also played a role - the presence of mountains and many mountain rivers that served as an obstacle to the invaders.
When the influence of the khans weakened, the Catholic rulers of Hungary and Poland began to lay claim to these lands, and in the middle of the 14th century. The Bukovinians chose to unite with the Principality of Moldova, but at the beginning of the 16th century it came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
The Bukovynians entered the history of Eastern Europe as fearless fighters for independence from Poland and Turkey, calling themselves Opryshkas and Haidamaks.
During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. Bukovina was liberated by the Russian army, but after its departure the region found itself in the position of a backward colony (although formally called a duchy) under the rule of Austrian Habsburgs, which were saved here serfdom up to 1848
During the First World War, Romania took over all of Bukovina.
In 1940, the USSR, in accordance with the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and with the help of military blackmail, annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which at that time were part of Romania, but during the Second World War it was occupied by the Germans and Romanians. In 1944 Soviet troops Northern Bukovina was returned. In the same year, Southern Bukovina, which made up 60% of Bukovinian lands and was inhabited predominantly by Romanians, was transferred to the Socialist Republic of Romania. Northern Bukovina became part of the USSR and became part of the Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR, now Ukraine.
Bukovyna is a historical and geographical region in the Southern Carpathian region. In our time, it covers parts of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina).
Certain sections of the territory of Bukovina ended up on opposite sides of the border, but this does not prevent local residents from remaining faithful to traditions.
The majority of the population of Northern Bukovina are Ukrainians, followed by Romanians and Moldovans - descendants of the inhabitants of the once united Bukovina, their number is one fifth of the total population of Northern Bukovina.
There is an extremely interesting linguistic picture here: although Ukrainian is the only official language, the majority of the population speaks two or more languages: Ukrainians and Moldovans speak Russian, Poles speak Ukrainian, and older Ukrainians have not forgotten Romanian.
Northern Bukovina is covered with forests dominated by spruce, fir and, of course, beech. Rich preserved animal world: Carpathian deer, roe deer, wild boar, fox.
The rivers of Bukovina have long been known as waterways for rafting timber from the Carpathian Mountains to the plains. The journey was short, but extremely dangerous, the profession of a raftsman in Bukovina was always considered extremely risky, legends and songs were written about these desperate guys. Nowadays, a special type of water tourism has appeared on these rivers - sport mountain rafting on traditional long Bukovinian rafts: the pleasure is not for the faint of heart, since the current here is swift, there are many treacherous rapids, and the bed is extremely winding.
Many local attractions are associated with Ukrainian movement Carpathian opryshks, especially with the name of the rebel leader Oleksa Dovbush (1700-1745). The “Dovbush stones” and “Dovbush rocks” are known, but the most popular and visited is the “Dovbush cave” in the Putivl region.
Bukovinians have many holidays, the most popular are the Ukrainian “Exit to the Poloniny”, “Shovkova Braid” and the holiday of humor and folklore “Zakharetsky Garchik”, as well as the Romanian national holidays “Mertisor”, “Limba noastre chia romine” and “Florile Dalbe”, in which all national and cultural organizations of the region participate.
Chernivtsi - main city Northern Bukovina and the historical center of all Bukovina. The city's prosperity was facilitated by its location at the crossroads of trade routes from northwestern Europe to the Balkans and Turkey. As a result of wars and changes in power, almost all Germans were evicted from Chernivtsi in 1940; during Soviet times, the number of Poles and Romanians sharply decreased. Now the majority of the population in the city are Ukrainians. As for the Jews, who under the Romanians made up almost a third of the city’s population, the majority died during the Second World War in numerous German concentration camps. After the war, most of the survivors fled to Romania.
Southern Bukovina in Romania includes one county, Suceava. Romanians are the majority of the population in Southern Bukovina, followed by the Roma by a wide margin. The capital city of the county is called Suceava, and it contains main value Southern Bukovina - Throne Fortress, the ancient site of the coronation of the Moldavian rulers.

general information

Historical and geographical area.
Location: Eastern Europe, east of the Carpathians, on the border of Romania and Ukraine.
Administrative affiliation: Chernivtsi region (city of Chernivtsi, districts Vyzhnytsky, Glyboksky, Zastavnovsky, Kitsmansky, Putilsky and Storozhynetsky, Ukraine), county (region) Suceava (Romania).

Large settlements : Chernivtsi city (Ukraine) - 262,294 people. (2014), city of Suceava (Romania) - 92,121 people. (2011), the city of Storozhinets - 14,505 people. (2012), Glybokaya village (Ukraine) - 9465 people. (2013), city of Zastavna (Ukraine) - 8097 people. (2012), the city of Kitsman (Ukraine) - 6904 people. (2012), city of Vizhnitsa (Ukraine) - 4230 people. (2012).

Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian.

Ethnic composition: Northern Bukovina (Ukrainians - 75%, Romanians - 12.5%, Moldovans - 7.3%, Russians - 4.1%, others -1.1% (2001); Southern Bukovina (Romanians - 96.3 %, Roma (Gypsies) - 1.33%, Ukrainians - 1.2%, others - 1.17% (2002).

Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Romanian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Baptism, Judaism.

Currency: Ukrainian hryvnia, Romanian leu.

Large rivers: Prut, Siret, Suceava, White Cheremash.

Major airport: Chernivtsi International Airport (Ukraine).

Neighboring countries and territories: in the north - districts of the Chernivtsi region and the region of Ukraine, in the south - counties of Romania.

Numbers

Area: 13,552.6 km2.

Population: 1,271,814 people (2014).

Population density: 93.84 people/km 2 .

Mild winter, warm summer.

Average January temperature: -3°C.

Average temperature in July: from +20°С.

Average annual precipitation: 650 mm.
Relative humidity: 70%.

Economy

Minerals: salt, iron ore, clay, marble, mineral waters.
Industry: wood processing (lumber, furniture), engineering (oil and gas processing equipment, agricultural machinery), food (sugar, flour, alcohol, oil, meat and dairy, fruit and vegetable), light (sewing, knitting, footwear, textile).

Traditional crafts: bedspreads, wood products.
Agriculture: animal husbandry (pasture, meat and dairy, sheep, horse breeding).

Beekeeping.
Service sector: tourism, transport, trade.

Attractions

■ Natural: Vizhnitsa National Natural Park, Mountain Eye Lake, Nemchich Pass, Kamennaya Bogachka rock, or the Sworn Rock, Kaliman Mountains.
■ Cult: wooden church (Selyatin village, 17th century), Greek Catholic Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Storozhinets, 1865), St. Nicholas Church (Putilsky district, 1886).
■ Historical: Throne Fortress (Suceava, Romania, 14th century), cave of Oleksa Dovbush, museum-estate of the Ukrainian literary figure Yuri Fedkovich (village of Putila, 18th century), Memorial House-Museum of the writer Mikhail Sadoveanu (Falticeni, Romania).
■ Architectural: Flonder Palace (Storozhinets, 1880), town hall (Storozhinets, 1905).
■ Chernivtsi city: wooden St. Nicholas Church (1607), cathedral in the style of late classicism (1844-1864), Museum of History and Culture of Bukovina Jews, Chernivtsi National University named after Yuri Fedkovich (former residence of the Orthodox metropolitans of Bukovina and Dalmatia, 1882), Jesuit church in the neo-Gothic style (1893-1894). Museum of Folk Architecture and Life, Museum of the Bukovinian Diaspora, architectural ensemble of Rynok Square (XVIII-XIX centuries). Town Hall (1840s), Theater Square (early 20th century), Chernivtsi Theater (1904-1905).

Curious facts

■ Television of Northern Bukovina (Ukraine) broadcasts news in Ukrainian, but speech in Russian is given without translation, and after the end of the episode the same issue follows, but in Romanian and with a different presenter.
■ The name of the city of Zastavna comes, as local residents say, not from the customs “outpost” that was once located here at the crossing of the Sovitsa River, but from the location of the city behind three ponds: “stav” - in Ukrainian, means “pond”.
■ The Bukovinian folk hero Oleksa Dovbush suffered from muteness as a child, but was cured by Joseph Yavny. People like Yavny were called molfars in Bukovina: they were healers, healers, keepers of ancient knowledge and culture of the Bukovinians. The name “molfar” comes from the word “molfa” - an object on which a spell is cast.
■ In Russian Ryazan in the 1970s. Entuziastov Avenue was renamed Chernovitskaya Street - in honor of the city of Chernivtsi, which is twinned with Ryazan.
■ The name of the center of Southern Bukovina, Suceava, unusual for the ears of a Slav, is believed to have come from the Hungarian word suchshvar, literally translated as “furrier’s castle.” Another version is that the city inherited its name from the river, and the word itself is of Ukrainian origin.
■ The greatest influx of Poles into Bukovina began during Austrian rule, when Bukovina was united with Galicia under the name Chernivtsi District. Many of those who arrived were Gurals - a population living in the mountainous areas of Poland. It was they who became the main distributors of Catholicism in Bukovina.

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The meaning of the word Bukovina

bukovina in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

bukovina

historical name (from the 15th century) of part of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina).

Bukovina

the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR and the Suceava region of the SRR. It got its name from the beech forests that covered most of its territory. Northern Bukovina in the 1st millennium was inhabited East Slavic tribes Tiverts and White Croats. Currently, predominantly Ukrainians and Russians live in Northern Bulgaria. In the 10th-12th centuries. was part of Kievan Rus, in the 13th-1st half of the 14th centuries. ≈ in the Galicia-Volyn principality. In the 14th century went to the Principality of Moldova, from the beginning of the 16th century. until 1774 it was under the rule of the Turks, and then until 1918 it was part of Austria-Hungary. According to the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812, part of Northern Bulgaria went to Russia. Northern Bulgaria was closely connected with Ukraine. Peasants took part in the liberation war of the Ukrainian people in 1648–54 on the side of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the 40s 19th century An uprising took place in Northern Bulgaria under the leadership of L. Kobylitsa. The revolution of 1848 forced the Austrian government to abolish serfdom. But living conditions remained extremely difficult; from 1901 to 1910, about 50 thousand people, mainly Ukrainians, emigrated. Under the influence of the Revolution of 1905–07, revolutionary movement, the influence of the Bolsheviks grew. The Great October Socialist Revolution also swept Northern Bukovina. On November 3, 1918, the Bukovinian People's Assembly decided to reunite Northern Bukovina with Soviet Ukraine, and on the same day a temporary Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bukovina, headed by S. Kanyuk, was elected. In November 1918, Romanian troops occupied Northern Bulgaria. In 1940, by agreement with Romania, Northern Bulgaria was returned to the USSR and reunited with the Ukrainian SSR, and the Chernivtsi region was created on its territory. During the Great Patriotic War On the territory of Northern Bulgaria, underground party and Komsomol organizations and partisan detachments operated. Northern B. was liberated Soviet Army from the Nazi troops in March ≈ April 1944.

Southern Bukovina in ancient times was inhabited by Vlachs and Slavs. Currently, it is inhabited mainly by Romanians. In the 12th-13th centuries. was part of the Galicia-Volyn principality in the 14th century. became the center of formation of the feudal Moldavian principality. From the beginning of the 16th century. under Turkish rule, from 1774 to 1918 as part of the Austrian Empire. In 1918 it became part of Romania, where it was one of the most economically backward lands. With the liberation of Southern Bulgaria by the Soviet Army in 1944 and the establishment of people's power on its territory, it became an industrial-agrarian region of the Socialist Republic of Romania.

Lit.: Kompaniets I. I., Stanovishte i struggle of the working people in Galchini, Bukovina and Transcarpathia on the cob of the XX century. (1900≈1919 rocks), K., 1960: Grigorenko O. S., Bukovina yesterday and today, K., 1967.

Bukovina (football club)

"Bukovyna"- Ukrainian football club from the city of Chernivtsi. Founded in 1958. In Soviet times, the team became the winner of the Ukrainian SSR Championship twice (in 1982 and 1988) and the silver medalist of the Ukrainian SSR Championship three times (in 1968, 1980 and 1989). Twice we reached the quarterfinals of the Ukrainian SSR Cup. During the times of independent Ukraine, the team became the silver medalist of the First League of Ukraine in 1996, and twice the winner of the Second League of Ukraine in 2000 and 2010.

Bukovyna (disambiguation)

Bukovyna:

• Bukovina- region in Eastern Europe.
• Duchy of Bukovina - crown land in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1849-1918)
• "Bukovyna" is a Ukrainian football club from the city of Chernivtsi.
• "Bukovyna" is a stadium in the city of Chernivtsi.
• Bukovina is a village in Slovakia, in the Liptovsky Mikulas region of the Žilina region.
• Bukovina is a village in the Lviv region of Ukraine.
• Bukovina is a World War II ghetto in the Lviv region of Ukraine.
• Bukowina Tatrzanska is a rural commune in Poland, part of Tatrowski County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

Bukovyna (stadium)

Sports and recreational institution "Bukovyna"- stadium in Chernivtsi. Home arena of the Bukovyna football team. Opened in 1967.

Located in the city center, near the Taras Shevchenko Park of Culture and Leisure.

In 2000, plastic seats were installed at the stadium.

On the territory of the SOU "Bukovyna" there are also: a mini-football ground with artificial turf, where amateur competitions take place, in particular, the Chernivtsi mini-football championship, championships of various educational institutions regions; as well as a beach volleyball and tennis court. Construction of the handball court continues.
In 2015, the stadium had a reconstruction of the 15 × 10 electronic tableau and installed a digital information table.

Examples of the use of the word Bukovina in literature.

Bukovina is the last missing part of a united Ukraine and that for this reason the Soviet government attaches importance to resolving this issue simultaneously with the Bessarabian one.

Molotov objected, saying that Bukovina is the last missing part of a united Ukraine and that for this reason the Soviet government attaches importance to resolving this issue simultaneously with the Bessarabian issue. Molotov promised to take into account our economic interests in Romania in the most favorable spirit for us.

Bukovina at Wikimedia Commons

Bukovyna(literally beech country; Ukrainian Bukovina, rum. Bucovina) is a historical region in Eastern Europe. Currently, its northern part (Northern Bukovina) makes up the Chernivtsi region of Ukraine without Khotyn, Kelmenets, Sokiryansky, Novoselitsky and Hertsaevsky districts, and Southern Bukovina is the Suceava county of Romania.

Ethnic communities of the Chernivtsi region according to the 2001 census: Ukrainians (75.0%), Romanians (2.7%), Moldovans (17.3%), Russians (4.1%), Poles (0.3%), Belarusians (0.2%) and Jews (0.2%). Most of Bukovina is covered by spurs of the Carpathian Mountains, reaching heights of 1190-2180 m.

The rivers of Bukovina belong to the Black Sea basin. Some rivers have little water in the summer, but in the spring and after heavy rains they overflow their banks and cause severe devastation. The Prut and, to a lesser extent, the Dniester touch the borders of Bukovina; Siret and Suceava have their origins in it.

The climate is temperate continental. Its location in the zone of steppes and forest-steppes makes it quite arid. The proximity of the mountains, on the one hand (due to the dominance of western transport in these latitudes) acts as an obstacle to the penetration of large amounts of precipitation, on the other hand, it is a factor in a significant decrease in winter temperatures. The soils are chernozems in the flat areas and gray forest, brown and podzolized in the mountains. Agriculture is developed in the flat areas. The upland areas with their meadows are used for pasture.

Etymology

The name officially came into use in 1775, with the annexation of the territory by the Habsburg Empire. The name comes from the Slavic word "beech".

Middle Ages

In Southern Bukovina there is the ancient capital of the Moldavian principality of the 14th - early 16th centuries. - Suceava, Putna monastery with the tombs of princes and a number of other ancient monasteries of Moldova.

As part of Austria-Hungary

coat of arms of the Duchy of Bukovina

In 1849-1918. Bukovina had the status of a duchy within the Cisleithanian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, bordered to the north by Galicia, to the west by Hungary and Transylvania, and to the south and east by Romania and Bessarabia.

Device and control

A Ukrainian nationalist movement emerged in Bukovina, although weaker than in neighboring Galicia. In 1930, the Legion appeared in Chernivtsi Ukrainian nationalists(LUR) led by O. Zubachinsky, in 1932 the group “Avengers of Ukraine” (“Mesniki of Ukraine”) was created. The organizations established contacts with the OUN and from 1934 Zubachinsky became the regional leader of the OUN in Bukovina, Bessarabia and Maramures.

At the end of the 1930s, the Romanianization policy was intensified. The new Constitution of 1938 prohibited naturalized Romanians from acquiring property in rural areas, and only a Romanian in the 3rd generation could become a minister. True, at the same time concessions were made to national minorities, including in Bukovina. In April 1940, teaching was allowed Ukrainian language in schools and the University of Chernivtsi, and the position of inspector was introduced to monitor teaching in the Ukrainian language (he had to be Ukrainian by origin).

Annexation of Northern Bukovina to the USSR

Bukovina

Until 1774, when it was annexed by Austria, Bukovina, after the collapse of Kievan Rus, was under the rule of the Moldavian Gospodars, who were vassals of Turkey. The upper class of Moldova quickly assimilated the upper class of Bukovina, which was facilitated by the unity of faith, and after a few generations every trace of the former boyars of the era of Kievan Rus disappeared - they turned into Moldavian “boyars”, having forgotten their Russian origin and completely disconnected from the broad masses of the people, who remained Russian, not only in their moods, but also in their language and characteristics of life, which were sharply different from the life of the Moldavian peasants.

These Russian masses (peasantry) did not experience any particular pressure in terms of denationalization and assimilation with the Moldovans. The authorities and the “boyars”-landowners were interested in social issues - the possibility of exploitation - and not in the language and way of life of their serfs. And, left to their own devices, the Bukovinian peasantry remained Russian, both during the times of Moldova and under the rule of Austria.

Although, as in an integral part of Austria, in Bukovina official language and the German language was considered, and the Russian (folk) language of the Bukovinian peasantry was not persecuted. With growth public education The Russian language acquires the rights of citizenship and it becomes possible not only to speak freely, but also to study in Russian - in literary Russian, albeit with minor dialectical deviations.

Bukovina did not know about any “Ukrainianism” until the very end of the 19th century, until the “Ukrainianizing” Galicians paid attention to it and began, with the most energetic support of the Government, to “Ukrainize” those who considered themselves “Russians” (with one “ s”), Bukovinians.

Before this, the small Bukovinian intelligentsia consisted mainly of priests and teachers and called and considered themselves “Russian” - this was the official name of the language of the population: not “Ukrainian”, but “Russian”.

The vast majority of it (as well as the population) were Orthodox. The Uniates were only in the cities, but they also considered and called themselves “Russians.” In the capital of Bukovina - Chernivtsi there was a Uniate church, but the population called it the “Russian Church”, and the street on which it was located was called “Russian Street” (in German - “Russische Tasse”).

The Orthodox Church of Bukovina was very rich in vast lands bequeathed by pious Orthodox “boyars” and thanks to this could maintain Orthodox “bursas” (dormitories for students), in which the “Russian” spirit dominated, which was later transferred to the masses when former students of the “bursas” ”became priests and folk teachers.

The language of the intelligentsia, even if it had some dialectical deviations from the literary Russian language, did its best to eliminate them and completely merge with the Russian literary language. The broad masses, of course, had their own dialect, different from the Russian literary language, which they considered “the real Russian language,” expressing this idea with the words: “there (i.e. in Russia) they speak firmly Russian.”

This was the situation until the end of the 19th century, and the Russian literary language in Bukovina it was used, even on official occasions, on a par with the German and Romanian languages. The best proof of this are the marble plaques on the building of the City Duma (Town Hall) of Chernivtsi, erected to commemorate the 25th anniversary (in 1873) and the 40th anniversary (in 1888) of the reign of the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph 2nd. The inscriptions on them are made in three languages: German, Romanian and literary Russian. But already on the third plaque (erected in 1898 in memory of the 50th anniversary of the reign), the inscription in literary Russian was replaced by an inscription in Ukrainian - phonetic spelling. Phonetic spelling was forcibly introduced into Bukovina schools at the end of the 19th century, despite the fact that when all teachers were surveyed on this issue, only two teachers in all of Bukovina were in favor of phonetic spelling, while all the others were categorically and justifiably This was objected to. The introduction of this spelling was in accordance with the general policy of Austria, aimed at introducing into the consciousness of the broad masses the consciousness of their alienation from all-Russian history and culture and the creation of Russo-hating chauvinistic “Ukrainian” sentiments.

An interesting document describing the methods of introducing these sentiments desired by Austria fell into the hands of the Russian occupation authorities when Bukovina was occupied by Russian troops in 1914. In the Austrian archive, a handwritten signature was found - a commitment from the “professor” (teacher) of the “Russian” language, Smal-Stotsky, by which he undertakes, if he is given a place, to teach the “Russian” language and history in the spirit of their separateness and complete alienation from all-Russian history , culture and language. Smal-Stotsky was no exception. All teachers in Bukovina, starting from the end of the 19th century, if they wanted to stay in the service or get one, had to be active propagandists of the Austrian policy aimed at alienating the population of the lands of Western Rus' from all-Russian culture and from Russia.

Corresponding pressure also came from the Orthodox Church. Obtaining the best parishes and priestly places in general depended on, if not views, then statements about the unity of all Rus', its history, culture, language.

In parallel with this, there was intensive economic assistance from the Government to all cultural and economic organizations of Bukovina, standing in the position of “Ukrainianism” and all kinds of infringement of their opponents.

With the involvement of the general public to participate in political life and elections to Parliament, political leaders appeared in Bukovina, acting as representatives of the people and exponents of their sentiments and will, of course, in the spirit of Austrian patriotism and “Ukrainian” chauvinism and Russian-hatred.

Any manifestation of sympathy for the idea of ​​the unity of Russian history and culture was considered as disloyalty towards Austria, with all the ensuing consequences. Those suspected of such sympathies were subjected to all kinds of restrictions and oppression and could not count on not only a career in public service, but even in liberal professions. Being under constant threat of accusations of almost treason, which even led to trials, especially in the pre-war years, supporters of the unity of Rus' could not fight the active “Ukrainians” who had the support of the Government. Therefore, they had no choice but to hide, hide their moods and sympathies, and remain silent in the hope of better times. Some, having lost this hope, wanting to get a better job, joined the ranks of the “Ukrainians,” although they did not share their views; some - the most active and irreconcilable - emigrated to Russia.

“As a result, on behalf of the entire “Russian” population of Bukovina, the leaders of its “Ukrainian” part spoke, which in the years preceding the First World War were the Romanian landowner, von Vasilko, who did not even speak the language of those on whose behalf he spoke, but but he had great connections in the aristocratic circles of Vienna, and the already mentioned “Professor” Smal-Stotsky, a faithful executor of all the wishes of the main leader - von Vasilko and the Government. They headed a small group (5 people) of deputies of Parliament, who acted as representatives of the “Russian” population of Bukovina and acted in full agreement and contact with the deputies - “Ukrainians” from Galicia.

During the World War they fully supported the Government, and in 1918, after the collapse of Austria, together with Galicia, they tried to create the Western Ukrainian People's Republic.

But Romania, which laid claim to all of Moldova, including the Russian part of Bukovina, did not wait until the administrative apparatus of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic was formed in Bukovina and quickly captured it, declaring it annexed to the kingdom of Romania.

Having fallen under the occupation of Romania since the end of 1918, Bukovina subsequently had no participation in the turbulent events of the years Civil War in Ukraine she did not accept any of her own, Bukovinian, history, except for the history of Romanian oppression.

After the 2nd World War, the Russian (Ukrainian) part of Bukovina was taken away from Romania and, by joining the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, reunited with the rest of Russia.

From the book The Unperverted History of Ukraine-Rus. Volume II by Dikiy Andrey

BUKOVINA AND CARPATHIAN Rus' In addition to Russian Galicia, artificially united into one administrative whole with purely Polish lands to create the Austrian “Galicia”, in which the Poles were in a privileged position, Austria-Hungary also included former

From the book The Unperverted History of Ukraine-Rus. Volume II by Dikiy Andrey

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From the book Ukraine: History author Subtelny Orestes

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From the book Life's Work author Vasilevsky Alexander Mikhailovich

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From the book Foreign Rus' author Pogodin Alexander Lvovich

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Fourteenth - nineteenth centuries

Hasidism in Bukovina

Holocaust in Bukovina

In July 1941, Northern Bukovina was occupied by German and Romanian troops, who began exterminating the Jews. Jews were mobilized for forced labor. On October 11, 1941, a ghetto was created in Chernivtsi; 40 thousand Jews from this ghetto, and then another 35 thousand from surrounding areas were sent to camps in Transnistria.

Post-war Bukovina

At the end of World War II, Bukovina was again divided between Romania and the USSR. Romanian authorities allowed Jews to repatriate to Israel from the Romanian-owned southern part of Bukovina, in which only a small number of Jews remained. In 1970, 37,459 Jews lived in the Chernivtsi region. In 1971, limited repatriation of Jews from Soviet Bukovina to Israel began.

In the 1970s–80s. Bukovina is one of the centers of the revival of national Jewish identity and the struggle for the right of repatriation. From here tens of thousands of Jews left for Israel. In 1988, the first Jewish samizdat magazine in Ukraine began to be published in Chernivtsi (see Samizdat. Jewish samizdat; editor I. Zissels (born 1946), later co-chairman of the all-Union Vaad, 1989–92, chairman of the Ukrainian Vaad since 1991. ). Jewish life is being revived, religious communities and cultural societies are being created.

For the Jews of Bukovina after the declaration of independence of Ukraine, see Ukraine. Jews in independent Ukraine (since 1991).

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