The concept of speech exposure. Speech impact as an object of study

The main aspects of speech impact 1. Verbal speech impact is an impact with words. The affecting means is the selection of words, intonation, the content of the thought expressed to them. 2. Non-verbal - Impact with the help of incomplete funds that accompany our speech (gestures. Mimic, behavior during speech, the appearance of the speaker, distance to the interlocutor)

Speech exposure factors 1. Factor appearance. 2. Factor compliance with the communicative norm. 3. Contact establishment factor with interlocutor. 4. View factor. 5. Factor of physical behavior during speech. 6. Factor manners (friendliness, sincerity, emotionality, non-monotonicity, inspiration). 7. Placement factor in space. 8. Content factor. 9. Language factor. 10. Factor of the message volume. 11 Facts of the location of facts and arguments, ideas. 12. Time factor. 13. Factor number of participants. 14. Addressee factor.

Methods of speech impact. 1. Proving - the arguments confirming the correctness of any thesis are given. Proving is the logical path of speech exposure. 2. The belief is to unail in the interlocutor confidence that the truth is proved. Logic and emotion are used here. (Believe it, it is!; I know it for sure!) Convinceful, we try to actually impose our point of view to the interlocutor.

Methods of speech impact. 3. Cooking. Contact - this is emotionally encouraged the interlocutor to refuse his point of view. Cutting is always emotionally, personal motives are used. ("Well, please do it for me .., Well, what you stand ... I will be very grateful to you .." In serious matters, persuasion does not usually help.

Example: sign + and - achieving and accrediting target 1). - Please give salt! Information + - please subject + communicative + 2).) .- Pass, please salt! Information + subject - - sorry, there is no salt. Communicative +

Federal state budgetary educational institution Higher professional education

"Tambovsky state University named city Derzhavina

Medical Institute

Public Health and Health Department

on the topic: "Speech impact"

1. Basic conditions for the effectiveness of speech impact

2. Objectives of communication

Methods of speech impact

4. Practical training to speech exposure

Conclusion

Bibliography

1. Basic conditions for the effectiveness of speech impact

The characteristic adoption of the modern development of humanitarian knowledge is currently the intensive formation of a new science - science on speech exposure.

Speech impact is formed as a science that unites, integrating the efforts of representatives of psycholinguistics, the theory of communication, pragmalinguistics, traditional linguistics, conversion linguistics, rhetoric, logic, speech psychology, social psychology and psychology of personality, advertising, management, sociology, public relations, ethnography, conflictology .

The speech effect is formed at the end of the twentieth century as a science of effective communication. The term "speech impact" for the science of effective communication was proposed by us in 1990 in the work "Play of Seminars and methodical instructions According to the courses "Culture of political communication", "Oratoric skills and culture of speech", "Speech impact" (Voronezh, 1990) and are developed in a number of subsequent works of 1993-2002. Basic sciences for the formation of a new scientific discipline - speech science - are psycholinguistics and rhetoric. The formation of speech exposure as science is at the end of the twentieth century due to a number of reasons.

Causes of socio-political nature: The development of freedom, democracy, the emergence of the idea of \u200b\u200bindividual freedom, equality of people demanded a science that would show how to convince equal equal. It is not by chance that in ancient democracies, the speech impact played a prominent role, but there was no one in the Middle Ages, when the totalitarian and religious and dogmatic forms of the Board dominated. Currently, people "below" received certain rights. They stopped tremble before the bosses, since the laws began to defend them; Trade unions, political parties, various societies began to defend people; Human rights become gradually the most important side of the public life of developed states. People began to "negotiate" - the twentieth century became the "age of objections." In the current conditions of people, it became necessary to convince, and all (even children!). At the same time it became necessary to convince a wide range of persons unequal by each other in terms of education, culture, etc., but requiring an equal relationship. To convince became necessary in democratic states in the elections, in the face of pluralism of opinions and political life, in the face of political struggle - politicians it became necessary to learn to convince people in their right. The reasons psychological character: Since the end of the nineteenth century, the concept of a person in society is changing. If it was previously thought that a person is primitive, lazy, he needs a whip and gingerbread, and this can provide his adequate "functioning" in society, now the idea of \u200b\u200ba person changes. The development of culture, literature and art, the emergence of scientific psychology - all of this led to a change in the concept of man. The person turned out to be difficult, versatile psychologically, requiring a differentiated approach - in a word, personality. With this person, as it turned out, is every person, and not only the representatives of the elite, the enlightened part of society, representatives of the dominant classes. In addition, the twentieth century is the person's personification age, that is, the growth of individual uniqueness of the personality, increasingly dissolve each individual person on others (Parygin 1971, 1978). Increasing dislike of people on each other leads to difficulties in communication between them, which necessitates the need for communication science, in teaching communication. There are purely communicative causes of the development of science on speech impact in the twentieth century, that is, the causes associated with the development of human communication itself.

For our time, it is characterized by a sharp expansion of people's communication areas, an increase in the number of situations in which it is necessary to communicate and convince each other - not only in court and on noble collections. The value itself is expanding oral speechShe begins to perform more and more diverse functions, plays an increasingly significant role in society, which leads to the need to look for special techniques in communication, pay more attention to spoken speech.

There are economic reasons that contributed to the development of speech impact: competition, overproduction crises spawned the need for advertising science, "imposing" goods, "conquest" of buyers. It was the commitives that were the first to realize the need for science to convince. In addition, the twentieth century has brought changes in relation to work - people begin to appreciate the interesting ra6ness more, which requires managers and managers to skillfully organize the motivation of subordinates to work: it is necessary to stimulate them, motivate, convince. In modern Western management, the opinion is dominant that the improvement of technology ceases to give the expected economic effect, the greater effect gives the improvement of production management (this is called the "quiet managerial revolution"). All said and led to the occurrence of speech impact as science in modern world. Modern speech exposure science includes rhetoric as a science on effective public speech, business communication as an effective communication science to achieve a subject purpose, advertising as a science on the effective promotion of the goods in the market (in its text, language component).

Modern rhetoric continues certain traditions of classical rhetoric, but the conviction in modern rhetoric is carried out mainly not logical ways, but emotional psychological, taking into account the characteristics of the interlocutor and the audience; At the same time, the task is not so much to form knowledge as to form an opinion. Practical rhetoric (the term proposed in our manual "Practical rhetoric", Voronezh, 1993) is the most important component of speech impact, the most currently developed component of the science of speech impact. Business communication - in the broad sense of the word - this is a type of communication between people, when they are as intended to achieve a subject purpose - to get something or learn.

Business communication is opposed to the fatic (secular), that is, the conversation on common topicsFor time), entertainment, game communication, which do not put objectives, but only suggest communication goals - establishment, renewal, maintenance, development, maintenance of contact. The main purpose of business communication is to achieve an objective goal: to convince the partner to accept your specific proposals, encourage it to take concrete actions in your interests, give you the necessary information, take into account your interests in your actions, etc.

Business communication before the beginning of the twentieth century was practically absent both as science, and as practice. Currently, the science of effective business communication is actively formed, determines its categories, structure, descriptions of descriptions and training.

Business communication is an actively developing component of speech exposure as science. Advertising, undoubtedly, is mainly in the sphere of science on speech exposure - in its aspect that is associated with the text, but advertising includes the technical side - graphics, design, visual agents, etc., has a "economic" component, etc. Advertising before the beginning of the twentieth century was mainly practice, but at the beginning of the century it becomes both science, processing a number of modern sciences - psychology of perception, theory of text, sociology, linguistics, psycholinguistics, etc.

Advertising is also a very actively developing component of speech impact, making major steps forward, especially in recent years. From the history of the development of science on speech impact, the science of speech impact originated, like most modern humanitarian sciences in Ancient Greece and Rome. During the flourishing period of these states, rhetoric flourished, which taught effective public speech, the ability to keep a dispute and win the victory in the dispute. The rhetoric was necessary in ancient democracies as a means of communication equal to equal. The ancient rhetoric was founded mainly on the logic, the rules of logical reasoning and belief, and also contained recommendations on the technique of speech speech. In the Middle Ages, the logical rhetoric began to be considered scholastic science and practically died. She was revived in the twentieth century already on a new one, psychological basis - A modern person is already important not only and not so much logic as psychological, emotional techniques of beliefs.

The first caught, practically developed this trend and put it on the methodological basis American D. Carnegie at the beginning of the twentieth century. Dale Carnegie for the first time systematically described some of the most important rules and techniques for effective communication and began to train these techniques in public speech and business communication. Modern science on speech exposure actually arose on the basis of his ideas, although it was then developed by representatives of the whole conglomerate of sciences. Great practitioner and a spontaneous theorist, Dale Carnegie opened his first school, where he taught communication, in 1912 his contribution to the development of science on speech impact and in the practice of learning effective communication due to the popular nature of his famous books is not sufficiently evaluated by theorists, and modern stage Development, when the science of speech exposure has already actually stood on his feet, many linguists and psychologists have become fashionable to disappear from the ideas of D. Karknegi and expose it by destroying criticism - as a primitive researcher. This is clearly unfair and also unscientific. D. Karknegi is not as simple as his critics would like - just he wrote popularly, for a wide range of readers. D. Carnegie was primarily a practitioner, which is also visited by its main merit, although a number of important and right theoretical ideas can be found in his work. The contribution of D. Carnegie (1888-1955) to the formation of modern science on speech exposure can be generalized to the following:

He showed that people and laws apply in communication.

It showed that some rules, if to follow them, make communication more efficient.

Substantified the principle of tolerance in communication.

Proved that an adult in the process of learning and reflections over his own communication can increase the effectiveness of its communication.

Developed a method for teaching adult speech influences: to tell indicative cases from life and output the rules for effective communication.

It is necessary, however, to keep in mind that not all recommendations are D. Karknegi can be applied in the conditions of other countries - he took into account the psychology and life conditions of Americans and wrote their books for them. But most of the laws and rules allocated to them applies both in our practice. The most important meaning of books D. Karknegi is that he teaches people to think about his communication, improve its communication and shows that the improvement of communication skills and techniques with people in adulthood on the basis of the principle of tolerance and interest in the interlocutor is not only possible, but also leads To success in cases and improving relationships with others.

Further development of speech impact is associated in the second half of the twentieth century with the intensive development of communicative linguistics, the formation of anthropocentric paradigms in linguistics, intensive development of psycholinguistics, linguistic pragmatics, psychology of communication, learning needs to be effective business communication in the conditions of market relations, advertising needs. The formation of science on speech exposure is the bright sign of the modern development of humanitarian scientific knowledge-oriented by the practical needs of society. This science requires effort both theorists and practitioners. The theory of speech exposure to an important theoretical disturbance in the science of speech exposure is to distinguish between speech exposure and manipulation. Speech impact is an impact on a person with speech to encourage him to consciously take our point of view, consciously make a decision on any action, information transfer, etc. Manipulation is an impact on a person in order to encourage information to report information, make an act, change your behavior, etc. Unconsciously or contrary to his own opinion, intention. Science of speech exposure should include both the study of the means of speech impact and means of manipulation. A modern person must have all the skills, because in various communication situations, in various audiences, when communicating with various types, the interlocutor there is a need for both speech exposure and manipulation.

Manipulative impact as a type of speech exposure is not a crucial word or a morally condemned way of exposure to people. What is the subject of science on speech exposure? Speech impact is formed as a science on effective communication. What communication can be considered effective? Apparently, such that leads to the achievement of the target. But here a number of reservations are needed.

Firstly, the effectiveness of communication is determined in relation to each specific participant of communication or all together? It seems that effectiveness should be determined for each communicant separately. At the same time, in the dialogue, communication can only be for one of the participants or for both. At multilateral negotiations, communication may be effective for part of the participants. With regard to speaker speech in front of the audience, the effectiveness of the speech speech and the effectiveness of communicating with him will be different.

Secondly, the very concept of effectiveness will seem to be due to the achievement of the goals that the participant of communication in this communicative situation. Effective speech impact is such that allows the speaking to achieve the goal. However, the goals in communication may be different.

2. Objectives of communication

1. Information. This is a goal - to convey your information to the interlocutor and get confirmation that it is received.

Subject. This is a goal - to know anything, get, change in the behavior of the interlocutor.

Communicative.

This is a goal - to form certain relationships with the interlocutor. You can select such varieties of communicative purposes: install contact, develop contact, maintain contact, resume contact, complete contact. Communicative goals pursue such speech formulas as greeting, congratulations, sympathy, farewell, compliment, etc. Effective speech impact is that which allows the speaker to achieve the goal (or goals) and maintain the balance of relations with the interlocutor (communicative equilibrium), that is, to stay with him in normal relations, do not quarrel. Thus, an effective and efficient speech impact is different things. In other cases, the disadvantage of the subject purpose indicates the ineffectiveness of speech impact: it means that we didn't do something wrong - they were not so asked, not those techniques used, did not take into account some laws of communication, etc. If the interlocutors set themselves purely communicative goals - to support relations and at the same time comply with the canons of secular communication, then such communication (in the absence of violations) is always effective, since in this case the subject goal coincides with the communicative (support relationship).

Thus, communication is effective when we achieved the result and kept or improved relations with the interlocutor; At least - did not worse.

Communicative equilibrium there are two types - horizontal and vertical. Horizontal communicative equilibrium is the implementation in accordance with the rules of the role of equal in society, according to the degree of acquaintance, by age, on official position, by social status, etc. This means to justify role-playing expectations of equal to you, talking with them within the framework of adopted in society Rules of courtesy and respect. Vertical communicative equilibrium is associated with compliance with the norms of communication adopted for persons who are in unequal vertical relations: the head - the subordinate, the eldest is the younger, which occupies a higher official position - occupying a lower official position standing above in a social hierarchy - standing below in social hierarchy. And when horizontal, and with vertical communicative equilibrium, it is important that role-playing norms adopted in society. If equal does not command equal to him, the boss does not humiliate, the son has listened to parents, subordinate respectful, etc., then the communicative equilibrium is observed.

Finally, we can talk about the existence of a number of conditions, which are necessary to achieve the effectiveness of speech impact:

Real achievability of the subject purpose.

Compliance with conflict communication rules

Use of rules and techniques of speech impact.

3. Methods of speech exposure

1. Proving. Prove - this is the arguments confirming the correctness of any thesis. When proofing the arguments are given in the system, thoughtfully, in accordance with the laws of logic. Proving is the logical path of speech impact, appeal to the logic of human thinking

Conviction. To convince is to unail in the interlocutor confidence that the truth is proved that the thesis is installed. In conviction, logic is also used, and necessarily - emotion, emotional pressure.

Correction. To persuade is predominantly emotionally encouraged the interlocutor to refuse his point of view and accept our - just like that, because we really want this. Correction is always carried out very emotionally, intensively, uses personal motives and is usually based on repeated request or suggestions. Cutting effectively in the situation of emotional excitement, when the interlocutor equally can fulfill the request, and may not fulfill. In serious matters, persuasion usually does not help.

Klyanchiy. This is an attempt to achieve the result from the results source by multiple emotional repetition of request

Suggestion. It is impressed - it is to encourage the interlocutor just to believe you, to take on faith what you say to him - without thinking, without critical understanding. The suggestion is based on a strong psychological, emotional pressure, often on the authority of the interlocutor. Strong, volitional, authoritative personalities, "Charismatic types" (like Stalin) could instill people with almost anything.

Forced - it means to make a person do something against his will. Coercion is usually based on a rude nage or directly on the demo force, threats: "Wallet or Life". What of these methods of speech exposure are civilized? The first five. Speech impact as a science of effective and civilized communication teaches to do without coercion.

Thus, the speech impact is the science of choosing a suitable, adequate way of speech impact on a person in a particular communicative situation, about the ability to properly combine various methods of speech impact depending on the interlocutor and the situation of communication to achieve the greatest effect.

Two aspects of speech exposure are distinguished - verbal and non-verbal.

Verbal speech exposure is an impact with words. At verbal exposure, it matters in which speech form we express our idea in which words, in what sequence, how loudly, with what intonation is that when someone say. A non-verbal impact is an impact with the help of incomplete funds that accompany the speech (gestures, facial expressions, behavior during speech, the appearance of the speaker, distance to the interlocutor, etc.). Properly built verbal and non-verbal impact provide us with the effectiveness of communication. The communicative position of the speaker is another important theoretical concept of science on speech impact. Under the communicative position of the speaker means the degree of communicative influence, the authority of the speaker in relation to his interlocutor. This is the relative effectiveness of its potential speech impact on the interlocutor. The communicative position of a person may vary in different situations of communication, as well as in the course of communication in the same communicative situation. The communicative position of the speaker can be strong (the head against the subordinate, senior against the child, etc.) and weak (a child against an adult, subordinate against the chief, etc.).

The communicative position of a person in the process of communication can be strengthened by applying the rules of speech impact, it is possible to protect it, and you can also weaken the communicative position of the interlocutor (also applying speech intake and taking various actions against the interlocutor).

The science of speech exposure is the science of strengthening the communicative position of the individual in the process of communication, the personality of its communicative position and the receptions of the weakening of the communicative position of the interlocutor. The concepts of social and communicative roles are also included in the theoretical arsenal of science on speech impact. Social role is understood as the real social function of a person, and the communicative role adopted for a particular social role is a regulatory behavior. Communicative roles may not correspond to the social role of the speaking - their repertoire is much wider than a set of social roles, and their choice, shift, the ability to play (the staff, helpless, small person, cool, expert, decisive and mn. Dr.) make up one of Parties to the art of speech exposure to a separate personality. Cf. Such masters are fulfilling various communicative roles as chikchiki, Khlestakov, Ostap Bender. Communicative failure is a negative result of communication, such an end to communication when the purpose of communication is not achieved. Communicative failures comprehend us when we incorrectly build our speech impact: we do not choose the methods of speech impact, we do not consider with whom we are talking, we do not withstand the rules of conflictful communication, etc.

Specialists in speech exposure also use such an expression as communicative suicide. Communicative suicide is a rough mistake made in communication, which immediately makes further communication obviously ineffective.

A combination of typical verbal or non-verbal, and sometimes those and other signals affecting the effectiveness of communication, is defined as a factor of communication.

The main factors of speech impact seems to be:

Factor appearance Factor compliance with communicative standards

Contact factor with interlocutor

View factor Factor of physical behavior during speech (movement, gestures, postures)

Factor manners (friendliness, sincerity, emotionality, non-monotonicity, inspiration) factor accommodation in space

Language factor

Message factor

Time factor

Factor number of participants

Address factor

factor of the genre (taking into account the rules for the effectiveness of a certain genre of speech - rally speech, criticism, dispute, comment, order, request, etc.), however, apparently, the factor of the genre is a competent use of all the factors of the speech exposure of factors in a specific communication situation .

Within the framework of factors, the rules of communication are allocated - the submission and recommendations for communication are allocated in this lingvocultural community. Many of them are reflected in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.

Communication rules reflect the idea of \u200b\u200bthe presentation in society about how to communicate in a particular communicative situation, as best to communicate. The rules of communication are developed by society and are supported by the socio-cultural tradition of this society. Communication rules are learned by people by observing and imitating others, as well as by targeted learning. The rules that are well and long have been learned by people are implemented by them in communication almost automatically, without monitoring consciousness. After studying certain rules, you can use those or other of them consciously to achieve a certain goal in communication, and this gives a great advantage in dealing with the one who knows these rules. speech communication conviction suggestion

There are regulatory rules for communicating and speech impact rules. Regulatory rules of communication are responsible for the question "How it is necessary?", "How accepted?" And describe the norms adopted in society and rules of polite, cultural communication, that is, the rules of speech etiquette. Regulatory rules are largely recognized by people, although they usually pay attention only when a certain rule is broken - the interlocutor did not apologize, did not say hello, did not thank it, etc. An adult language carrier can verbally formulate and explain many of the regulatory rules, may indicate the violations allowed. At the same time, the practical application of people of regulatory communication rules in everyday communication in our country is clearly lagging behind the requirements of a civilized society. Rules of speech impact describe ways of impact on the interlocutor and answer the question "How best? How efficient?" (How best to convince? How effective to ask?, etc.). They characterize ways of effective impact on the interlocutor in various communicative situations. Rules of speech exposure to a slight degree are recognized by people, although they are intuitively applied by many. Learning such rules enables students to realize and systematize the rules of effective speech impact, makes their communication noticeably more efficient.

There are also receptions of speech exposure - specific speech recommendations for the implementation of a communicative rule.

Communication laws (communicative laws) describe the communication process, they answer the question "What is happening in the process of communication?". Communicative laws are implemented in communication, regardless of who says, what, for what purpose, in what situation, etc.

Naturally, in relation to communication about the laws, it is possible to speak very conditionally, but it seems impossible to do without a word, since this term easily finds its place in the paradigm. The law is a rule.

Communication laws (communicative laws) are not such laws as laws of physics, chemistry or mathematics. The main differences are as follows.

First, most of the laws of communication are non-fastened, probabilistic. And if, for example, the law of the World Activity cannot be performed on Earth - it will not be possible, it will always show himself, then there is no case regarding the laws of communication, it is often possible to give examples when one or another law due to certain circumstances performed.

Secondly, communicative laws are not transferred to a person at birth, they do not "go inheritance" - they are absorbed by a person in communication, from experience, from communicative practices.

Thirdly, the laws of communication can change over time.

Fourth, the laws of communication partially differ from of different nations. Have a specific national color, although in many respects are universal in nature.

The main communicative laws are as follows. The law of mirroring of communication This law is easily observed in communication. Its essence can be formulated as follows: the interlocutor in the process of communication imitates the style of communication of his interlocutor. This is done by a person automatic, virtually no control of consciousness. The law of the dependences of communication from the volume of communicative efforts this law may be formulated as: the more communicative efforts expended, the higher the effectiveness of communication. If the industry has increased efficiency by reducing costs per unit of production, then in communication - on the contrary.

The law of progressive impatience of listeners This law is formulated as: the longer says the speaker, the greater the listeners show and impatience. The law of incidence of an audience intelligence with an increase in its size this law means: the more people listen to you, the lower the average intelligence of the audience. Sometimes this phenomenon is called the effect of the crowd: when there are a lot of listeners, they begin to "figure out" worse, although personal intelligence of each individual person, of course, is preserved.

The law of primary rejection of the new idea to formulate the law can be as follows: a new, unusual idea reported by the interlocutor, at the first moment they are rejected. In other words, if a person suddenly receives information that contradicts his prevailing this moment Opinion or representation, then the first thought that comes to him in the head - that this information is wrong, who reported it is wrong, this idea is harmful, it is not necessary to take it. The law rhythm of communication This law reflects the ratio of speaking and silence in human communication. He says: the ratio of speaking and silence in the speech of each person is a permanent value. This means that every person needs per day a certain time Speak and certain time to be silent. The law of speech samography

The law says: the verbal expression of the idea or emotion forms this idea or emotion from the speaker. From the practice it has long been known that a verbal expression of some thought allows a person to strengthen in this thoughts, finally understand it for himself. If a person explains the person in his own words, he very much understands the essence of the told.

The law of rejection of public criticism The wording of the law: a person rejects public criticism in his address. Anyone has a high internal self-esteem. We are all internally consider ourselves very smart, knowledgeable and correctly incoming. That is why any receipt, criticism or non-critical advice in the process of communication is perceived by us at least wary - as an attempt on our independence, a demonstrative doubt in our competence and the ability to take independent solutions. In conditions when criticism is carried out in the presence of other people, it is rejected almost 100% of cases. CR trust law simple words The essence of this law, which can still be called the law of communicative simplicity, as follows: the simplest your thoughts and words, the better you understand and believe more.

Easy content and shapes in communication - the key to communicative success. People perceive simple truths better, because these truths are more understandable they are familiar. Many of the simple truths are eternal, and therefore the appeal to them guarantees the interest of the interlocutors and their attention. Interest in the eternal and simple truths in humans is constant. Appeal to simple truths is the basis of populism in politics.

The law of attraction of criticism The wording of the law is: the more you stand out from others, the more you are gloomy and the more people criticize your actions. The distinguished person always becomes an increasing attention and "attracts" to himself criticism. A. Schopenhauer wrote: "The higher you get up over the crowd, the more attention you attract, the more you will be gloomy."

The law of communication comments The wording of the law: if the interlocutor violates some communicative standards in communication, another interlocutor has a desire to make a remark to him, correct it, make it change its communicative behavior.

The law of accelerated dissemination of negative information The essence of this law is well transmitted by the Russian proverb "bad leaders are not lying on the spot." Negative, frightening, able to entail changes in people status information tends to more rapid distribution in groups of communication, rather than positive information. This is due to the increased attention of people to negative facts - due to the fact that the positive quickly accepted by people for the norm and ceases to be discussed.

The law of distortion of information during its transfer ("law of a spoiled phone") The formulation of the law is such: any transmitted information is distorted in the process of its transfer to a degree, directly proportional to the number of persons transmitting it. This means that, than through a larger number of people, one or another information is transmitted, the greater the likelihood of distorting this information.

The law of a detailed discussion of the little things to know this law is especially important when we discuss something collectively. Formulation of the Law: People are more willing focusing on the discussion of minor issues and are ready to pay more time than the discussion of important problems.

The law of speech enhancement of emotions The wording of the Law: Emotional cries of a person strengthen the emotion experienced by them. If a person screams from fear or joy, then the emotion really experienced by him increases. The same thing - when addressing emotional shouts in the face of a partner. The law of speech absorption of emotion The wording of the Law: With a coherent story about the emotion experienced, it is absorbed by speech and disappears. If a person tells the attentive listener about that. That his emotionally agitated and the story is connected, and the listener is attentive to the speaker, then the emotion is "absorbed" by the text of confession and weakens ("cry in a vest").

The law of emotional suppression of logic Emotionally excited man is incoherent, illogical, with speech mistakes, speaks and does not understand the address facing it, paying attention only to separate words The interlocutor is usually the most loudly uttered or concluding a replica.

Mixing messages are also distinguished. Reception is a specific recommendation on language or behavioral implementation of a communicative rule. For example, the rule "approximation to the interlocutor increases the effectiveness of speech impact on it" is implemented in the practice of communication in the form of the following techniques: "Come closer!", "Invarnize the personal space of the interlocutor!", "Touch the interlocutor!"

Conditions of effective speech impact

Knowledge of general laws of communication and following them.

Compliance with the rules of conflictal communication.

Use of rules and techniques of speech impact.

Real achievability of the subject purpose.

Practical learning to speech exposure

Practical training to speech exposure at the present stage in our country is relevant not less, and maybe even more than the development theoretical problems speech exposure. In Russia, there are no traditions of learning effective communication - such, for example, which are in the USA, the UK. At the same time, the relevance of such training is obvious. We have no concept Communicative literacy, which should be as relevant as medical, technical, political literacy. Communicative literacy is human literacy in the field of communication.

Effective communication, culture of communication should be studied as the basics of diplomas, as the ability to read and write. We all admit daily many gross mistakes that make our lives, and no more difficult, even more difficult. We all make comments unfamiliar, give advice to those who do not ask us, criticize people with witnesses and make a lot more such that it is categorically impossible to do according to the rules of communication in a civilized society. All this prevents us from achieving an effective result at work, prevents us from living normally in the family, communicate with children, close and not very close people, leads to increased conflict of communication.

It has been established that our business contacts will be successful in 7 cases out of 10 if we own the rules of business communication. Communicative literacy of a person manifests itself in:

Knows the norms and traditions of communication;

Knows the laws of communication;

Knows the rules and techniques of effective communication;

Adequately applies its communicative knowledge in specific situations of communication.

The latter is extremely important: even if a person knows how to communicate in a matter of or another, he studied the techniques and rules for effective communication, it can still not have the necessary communicative literacy if it does not apply his knowledge in practice or applies ineptly. For example, everyone knows that it should not interrupt the interlocutor, but few people can say about themselves that he never interrupts others.

Conclusion

The rules and techniques of communication should not only know, but also apply.

Communicative literacy for modern man - The necessary condition for its effective activity in a wide variety of spheres. Thus, the formative science of speech impact has the following main features:

It is intergovernmental and uses data and, which is especially important, methods of different sciences.

The basic belonging of speech exposure is psycholinguistics and rhetoric.

It is clearly divided into the theory and practical part, which equally require research.

Speech impact has its own, not yet studied by any other science. effective communicationWhat currently gives all the grounds to consider and develop a speech impact as an independent science, which seems to be an urgent modern scientific task.

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