Effect of personality on the development of history. Identity value in history
# History #Srasia # story # Society # personality # Sociology # science
The story is a complex process of interaction of a huge number of people in some kind historical time on a certain geographical space. Therefore, the story is not a faceless process, but a complex and controversial phenomenon, in which not only large masses of people take part, but also separate outstanding personalities that have influenced the course of history due to their brightness and individuality.
Based on this, one of the most important aspects Studying history is the disclosure of the role of personality, its character and influence on the course of the historical process. The problem of the role of a person in history is revealed in the works of French sociologists of the XIX century G. Lebrone and Tard.
Both researchers studied the psychology of the masses and the essence of the leader in the crowd. According to Lebrone, the crowds are not capable of intellectual creativity, to the historical initiative, that is, are not a driving force of history. Hence, was concluded that the crowd leads certain personalities - leaders, religious figures, politicians who stand at the origins of historical change.
Both sociologists recognized the existence of the leader of the crowd, but unlike the city of Lebon, the city of Tard, the role of the leader is more significant. If the first leader has a strong will, courage and low intellectual abilities, then in Tartu, the leader is capable of original and extraordinary acts that will attract the crowd to him. The leader is the inventor, over which the idea gives the idea that gives him superiority over the rest. The Lebohod suggests that the main type of influence of the leader is charm, and the city of Tard distinguishes four types of influence: Iron Will; Eagle of the severity of the gaze and severe faith; Mighty imagination and indomitable pride. In general, which unites these theories is to understand that the leader affects the crowds and the most characteristic feature of the leader is the "madness of faith".
Thus, the leader is the owner of the crowd, and the owner's master is an insane faith in a certain fantastic idea. The successor of the ideas of Tarta in the question of the role of a person in history was N. K. Mikhailovsky. In his work, "heroes and crowd" it formulates new theory And it shows that under the personality can be understood by any personality, which will be the case of the case in a certain situation at the head of the mass. Meaning of ideas N.K. Mikhailovsky is that the personality regardless of its qualities at certain points can sharply increase their emotional or other actions by the crowd, why all actions acquire special strength.
In a word, the role of personality depends on how much its psychological impact is intensified by the perception of the masses. From the idea of \u200b\u200bthe theory of heroes and crowd N.K. Mikhailovsky proceeded by N.I. Kareeva on the problem of personality interaction and social environment. Their relationship was characterized by sociologist in a certain sense as a confrontation, in which the personality sought to self-determination, and the medium to its assimilation. Personality, by N.I. Kareyev, are creators of culture, and if a person depended only on the environment, people would never be able to get out of the enchanted circle of the established habits and traditions.
The greatness of an outstanding personality, pointed out a sociologist, is, first of all, that it understands how to move the masses in the right direction, to give the necessary acceleration and the strength of their actions. He argued that the society of "Persons, which create and distribute new ideas and combines the strength of society to move", expressing urgent needs. So, personality is managed by society, which means that they influence the course of the historical process. In Tarta and G. Leboon, the power of influence on society depends on the personal qualities. Astating is the opinion of N.K. Mikhailovsky, who claims that, regardless of the personal qualities, its role in history is the more significant, the wider the perception of the masses to psychological impacts by the personality.
General is the understanding that individuals occupy a significant role in history. What factors affect the formation of a person? In the scientific literature, there are three factors affecting the formation of a person: heredity, environment and education, while heredity and upbringing play the role of "random" factors for history. Out of relations with society there is no personality, so the social environment plays a decisive role in the formation of the personality and its qualities.
Social environment in a broad sense is a socio-economic system as a whole - productive forces, aggregate public relations and institutes, public consciousness, society culture at this stage historical Development; In a narrow sense, it includes the direct social environment of a person (family, labor collective, training team, etc.). All this complex social medium system gradually forms a certain type of personality: it represents its own norms, values \u200b\u200band traditions, and also controls his behavior. Due to the social inclusion and assimilation of the values \u200b\u200bof the Environment, the individual is able to become a distinctive subject of history, the creative strength of the historical process.
People never live isolated from each other, they are always interconnected. The result of the process of their interaction is various public relations that play a primary role in the formation of a person as a person. Personality and society are not opposed to each other, but are interrelated entities. As K. Marx rightly noted, "... as a society itself produces a person as a person, it also produces society."
Personality acts not only as a product of society, but is an active person of history (as a subject of society). Social environment, society have a significant impact on the formation of a person, its role in history. Also the role of personality depends on the complexity of the flow historical processes. Many researchers allocate revolutionary and evolutionary forms in the development of history. Revolutionary way Development assumes a sharp, jump-shaped transition to a new socio-political device. The society has complex tasks of determining the path of social development, the choice of funds to achieve the goals. The gradation, the scale of problems arising from society requires the same extraordinary solutions and fruitful activities by the personality.
Therefore, it is this form of historical development that represents the opportunity to expand the person widely, to pronounce oneself. With the evolutionary form of the historical process, the Company does not undergo social upheavals, developing gradually. The main characteristic of this development is that during this period of historical time, leading social community interacts harmonically with each other. The role of personality is associated with the resolution of the less acute problems of social development. The difference between these forms of the historical process lies in the fact that each of them requires a certain type of person, which will have to resolve the established public problems. Evolutionary and revolutionary forms put forward a different kind and type of task, while the possibility of the impact of the historical figure on the course of events is the greater, the more correctly, it understands the conditions necessary for their permission. It follows that the personality plays an active role in history, being its subject.
Separately, it is worth tuping the question of the role of an outstanding personality in history. To resolve the problems of social development, the need for leaders arises, leaders who are designed to lead the movement of the people's masses and solve existing problems. Not everyone can satisfy such a public need, but only the one who has special social qualities that distinguish it from other people. An outstanding personality must have a talent, genius, special talent. The historical person imposes a certain imprint on public progress, which is standing. Outstanding personality influenced the course of historical development.
It should be noted that activity outstanding personalities It can not always be estimated unequivocally - positively or negatively. Most often, the person's course of history accelerate on the same stages, and on others - inhibit. The role of a person in history can be considered in various formats, in particular, with sociological and pedagogical points of view.
A sociological view of the problem is based on the understanding of the relationship of an objective historical process and human individual as a subject of this process. At the same time, the emergence of outstanding personalities is determined by historical conditions, their activities do not violate the patterns of the historical process, and the self is subordinated to this pattern. The historical process can be interpreted as the result of the activities of each individual, the totality of all individuals.
Knowledge of "real people" of each era helps to understand both the era itself and the role of man in it. Studying history helps to realize not only the historical process itself, but also the possibility of a subject of social reality. At the same time, we note that the awareness of the role of a person in history is not an end in itself, but a means of forming historical consciousness. Understanding the role of a person as a subject of history is associated not only with respect for the activities of other individuals in the past and present, but also with self-perception against the background of social reality. The disclosure of the role of a person is a way to aware of the historical mission of a person, his place in the world. A retrospective study of a person inevitably leads to an understanding of the prospects. The wider the boundaries of the retrospection, the more deeply penetration into the essence of social development.
Historical consciousness is connected not only with the past, but also with modernity, and with the future. Communication with modernity manifests itself in two ways: on the one hand, it determines the views on modernity, serves as a weapon of knowledge, and on the other - the very modern, the problems of various social groups and individuals determine the nature of their historical consciousness. This is due to the fact that people perceive historical facts selectively, pushing away from the general mindside and from social interests. For example, during the Great Patriotic War, the study of such personalities as Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry Donskoy was popular. They saw them through the prism of the events then, and it was precisely the circumstances of wartime time to make interest in these historical figures.
Of the foregoing, the need for changes in the method of learning history, in the content historical Education The question of the role of personality in history, functions and capabilities of the subject of the historical process. The study of historical personalities in history lessons is the most important condition for understanding the stroke of the historical process, the lessons need to show a historical character as a representative of his time, emphasize the historical conditions that played a decisive role in the formation of his views and personal qualities.
Personality occupies a significant place in the historical process and plays an active role in it. Therefore, the study of her life and activity should be an integral part of the school educational process. When studying the person, the main thing is to a comprehensive assessment of its life and activities with the examination of the analysis of internal and external traits. In order for working with personalities to be fruitful, it should be optimally organized and methodically a variety of activities of students, taking into account their age characteristics.
Literature
1. Vagin, A.A. Methods of learning history in school / A.A. Vagin. - M.: Enlightenment, 1972. - 351 p.
3. Lerner I.Ya. About the role of man in history / I.Ya. Lerner // Teaching history in school. - 1990. - № 2. - C. 138-142.
4. Lobanova E.A. Preschool pedagogy: teaching manual / E.A. Lobanova. - Balashov: Nikolaev, 2005. - 76 p.
5. Loginov V.E. Personality role in history: analysis of philosophical concepts / V.E. Logins // Metamorphosis of history. - 1997. - No. 1. - C. 197-207.
6. Marx K., Engels F. from early works. / K. Marx, F. Engels. - M.: State Publishing House political literature, 1956. - 699 p.
Loud names attract views and, it seems, only thanks to them countries become strong and rich. But a number of scientists believe that the role of these personalities is very exaggerated. They could not do anything, do not predecessor or a certain public opinion forming.For instance. Philipp II Macedonsky built a strong army (Macedonian phalanx), united Greece, created the strongest economy and was already preparing for the invasion of the Persian Empire. Death from the hired murderer prevented him to carry out this invasion. Destroy the Persian Empire managed only to his son Alexander Macedonsky.
Perhaps Philip would limit himself only by the seizure of the Mediterranean coast, leaving all the other Earth of Persia. If so, there would be a steady political configuration, tested by subsequent time: Roman Empire, Byzantium and Ottoman Empire Stabilized their borders with the Iranian states by these territories. And Alexander Macedonian Empire broke up immediately after the death of the founder, once again proving the incolment of such an association. In general, it is possible to judge that even taking into account the commander of Alexander Macedonsky, the foundations of the success of Macedonia laid exactly Filipp II.
Julia Caesar's successes contributed to the general focus foreign Policy Roman Republic for conquest, Military reform of Maria and political reform Sulla. The Great French Revolution and the emergence of the new type army influenced Napoleon's career. Such examples can be given a set in many parts of the world in different times: The appearance of people "long will" is the success of Genghis Khan, contact with Western firearms and an already existing expansion - the Empire Chuck, a whole pleiad of poets and a dramatic desire to seize trading paths - the success of Mohammed and Islam.
Nearby examples can also be given when no genius can change anything in the state degradation. The most striking example is the "last Roman" auction. Neither Tokhtamysh, nor the unit could prevent the decay of the Golden Horde. Examples of this plan are much smaller, because the loser history does not write.
People who changed the world, a lot. These are the famous doctors who invented medicines from diseases and learned how to make complex operations; politicians who started wars and conquered the countries; Cosmonauts who first had the land in orbit and set foot on the moon and so on. There are thousands of them, and it is impossible to tell about everything. Today about Russian and Russian personalities who changed the course of history.Alexander Suvorov
The Great Communion, who lived in the XVIII century, became a cult man. He is a person, which influenced the course of history with its skill of the strategy and skillful planning of the tactics of war. His name is gold letters inscribed in the chronicle of Russian history, he remembers him as a tireless brilliant military commander.
All his life, Alexander Suvorov dedicated battles and battles. He is a member of seven military, headed 60 battles, not knowing defeats. His literary talent manifested itself in the book "Science to win", in which he teaches a young generation of the art of warfare, shares his experience and knowledge. In this area, Suvorov was ahead of his epoch for many years ahead.
His merit is primarily that he has improved the trends of war, developed new ways of occurrence and attacks. All of his science was based on three whales: onslaught, speed and eyes. This principle developed by the soldiers a purposefulness, the development of the initiative and a sense of mutual assistance in relation to its colleagues. In battles, he always walked ahead of ordinary military, showing them an example of courage and heroism.
Catherine II
This is a woman phenomenon. Like all other personalities, which influenced the course of history, she was charismatic, strong and smart. Born in Germany, but in 1744 he arrived in Russia as a bride for the Son of Empress - the Grand Duke Peter Third. Her husband was uninteresting and apathetic, they almost did not communicate. Everything free time Catherine spent on reading legal and economic work, she seized the idea of \u200b\u200benlightenment. Finding his like-minded people at the courtyard, she easily overtook her husband from the throne and became a full-fledged master of Rus. 
The period of its reign is called "gold" for the nobility. The government reformed the Senate, took the church lands to the state treasury, which enriched the power and facilitated the life of ordinary peasants. In this case, the influence of the personality on the course of history implies the adoption of the mass of new legislation.
In the account of Catherine: the provincial reform, empowerment of the nobility, the creation of classes in the example of the Western European society and the restoration of the authority of Russia throughout the world.
Peter the First
Another ruler of Russia, who lived a hundred years before Catherine, also played a huge role in the development of the state. He is not just a person who influenced the course of history. Peter 1 became a national genius. He was announced by the enlightener, the "light epoch", the Savior of Russia, a man who discovered the eyes of a simple people to the European Lifestyle and Board. 
Remember the phrase "window to Europe"? So, it was Petr a great "burned" him called all the envious.
Tsar Peter became a great reformer, his changes in state immortals first scared the nobility, and then caused admiration. This person, which influenced the course of history by the fact that in the "hungry and unwasy" Russia, thanks to him, progressive discoveries and achievements of Western countries were introduced.
Petr first managed to expand the economic and cultural boundaries of his empire, won new lands. Russia recognized the Great Power and rated her role in the international arena.
Alexander Best
After Peter the Great, it was the only king, which began to carry out so large-scale reforms. His innovations completely updated the appearance of Russia. Like other famous personality, which changed the course of history, this ruler deserved respect and recognition. 
The period of his rule falls in the XIX century. The main achievement of the king was the abolition of serfdom in Russia, which slowed down the economic and cultural development countries. Of course, about the liquidation of the system, very similar to slavery, and the predecessors of Alexander Second - Catherine Great and Nikolai first. But none of them decided to turn the state of the state upside down. So fundamental changes occurred rather late, as the Bunch of the Unhappy People was already called in the country.
In addition, in the 1880s, reforms were suspended, which caused anger of revolutionary youth. The reformer king became the target of their terror, which led to the end of the transformations and completely influenced Russia's development in the future.
Lenin (Ulyanov)
Vladimir Ilyich, a famous revolutionary, personality that influenced the course of history. Lenin headed the riot in Russia against autocracy. He led the revolutionaries on the barricades, as a result of which King Nikolai second was overthrown and the communists came to power, whose rule covered the whole century and led to essential, fundamental changes in the lives of ordinary people. 
Studying the works of Engels and Marx, Lenin performed for equality and condemned capitalism in every way. The theory is good, but in fact it was hard to implement, as the representatives of the top lived, swimming in luxury, and simple workers and peasants work around the clock around the clock. But it was later, at the time of Lenin, at first glance, everything was evolved as he wanted it.
For the period of the reign of Lenin such important eventslike the first world War, Civil War In Russia, cruel and ridiculous execution of the whole royal familyThe transfer of the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow, the foundation of the Red Army, the full establishment of the Soviet power and the adoption of its first constitution.
Stalin (Jugashvili)
People who have changed the course of history ... The name of Joseph Vissarionovich is burning with brightly aluminum letters. He became a "terrorist" of his time. The base of the mesh camps, the reference of millions there is nothing in any kind of obey, execution of entire families for dissent, artificial hunger - all this in the root changed the lives of people. Some considered Stalin the devil, others by God, because he was at that time solved the fate of every citizen Soviet Union. No one, neither, of course, was not different.
The intimidated people himself erected him to the pedestal. The cult of personality was created on the universal fear of innocent victims of the era. 
Stalin, distinguished not only by mass terror. Of course, his contribution to the history of Russia has a positive side. It was during his reign that the state made a powerful economic jerk, scientific institutions and culture began to develop. It was he who stood at the head of the army that defeated Hitler and saved the whole of Europe from fascism.
Nikita Khrushchev
This is a very contradictory person, which influenced the course of history. Its versatile nature demonstrates the tombstone monument built him well, simultaneously made of white and black stone. Khrushchev, on the one hand, was a man Stalin, and on the other hand, the leader who tried to hurt the cult of personality. He began the cardinal reforms that had to completely change the bloody system, released millions of innocently convicts from the camps, pardon hundreds of thousands of sentenced to shooting. 
This period even called "thaw", as the persecution and terror ceased. But Khrushchev did not know how to bring big things to the end, so his reforms can be called half. The lack of education made it a near person, but excellent intuition, natural sanity and political sense helped him stay so long in the highest echelons of power and find a way out in critical situations.
It was thanks to Khrushchev who managed to avoid a nuclear war during Caribbean crisisAnd also turn the very bloody page in the history of Russia.
Dmitry Mendeleev
Russia gave rise to many great universal, which improved different spheres of science. But Mendeleev should be allocated, as its contribution to its development is invaluable. Chemistry, physics, geology, economy, sociology - all time time to study Mendeleev and discover new horizons in these industries. He was also a famous shipbuilder, aeronautics and an encyclopedist. 
Mendeleev, opened periodic law, allowing to predict the emergence of new chemical elements, the opening of which occurs in our day. His table is the basis of chemistry lessons at school and at the university. Among its achievements, there is also a complete study of gas dynamics, experiments that helped derive the state equation.
In addition, the scientist actively studied the properties of oil, developed a policy of infringement of investment in the economy and offered to optimize the customs service. His invaluable advice used many ministers of royal power.
Ivan Pavlov
He was a very smart man, possessed a wide range of and inner intuition. Ivan Pavlov actively used animals in his experiments, trying to allocate general traits of the vital activity of complex organisms, including a person. Pavlov managed to prove the diverse activity of nerve endings in the cardiovascular system. It showed how a wandering nerve can adjust blood pressure. 
And also became the opener of the trophic nervous function, which is the effect of nerves on the process of regeneration and formation of tissues. Later he took up the physiology of the digestive tract, as a result of which he received in 1904 Nobel Prize.
Mikhail Lomonosov
He lived and worked during the reign of Peter the Great. Then the focus on the development of education and enlightenment was made, and the first Academy of Sciences was created in Russia, in which Lomonosov spent a lot of their days. He, a simple peasant, was able to rise to incredible heights, bother on the social staircase and turn into a scientist, whose fame loaf stretches to this day. 
He was interested in everything related to physics and chemistry. He dreamed of free from the influence of medicine and pharmaceuticals. It is thanks to him modern physical chemistry Born like science and began to actively develop. In addition, he was a famous encyclopedist, studied history and wrote the annulary. Peter the first he considered the ideal ruler, a key figure in the formation of the state. In their scientific works He described it as a sample of the mind that changed the story and turned the idea of \u200b\u200bthe management system.
The efforts of Lomonosov in Russia was founded by the first university - Moscow. From this time began to develop higher education.
Yuri Gagarin
People who influenced the course of history ... Their list is difficult to imagine without the name of Yuri Gagarin, a man who conquered space. Starry space attracted people for many centuries, but only in the last century, humanity began to master it. At that time, it was already well developed technical base For such flights. The cosmic era passed under the sign of competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. The leaders of the giant countries tried to show their power and superiority, and the cosmos was one of the best options to demonstrate. 
In the middle of the 20th century, rivalry began for the one who will faster will send a person to orbit. In this race won the USSR. We all know a bannyy date from school: April 12 In 1961, the first cosmonaut flew into orbit, where he spent 108 minutes. This hero was called Yuri Gagarin. The day after his journey into space, he woken up famous for the whole world. Although, paradoxically, he never considered himself great. Gagarin often said that for those one and a half hours did not even even understand what the sensations were happening to him.
Alexander Pushkin
It is called the "sun of Russian poetry." He has become a long time national symbol Russia, his poems, poems and prose are highly appreciated and revered. And not only in the countries of the former Soviet Union, but also throughout the world. Almost every city of Russia has a street, Square or Area, named after Alexander Pushkin. Children study at school his work, devoting to him not only school time, and extracurricular in the form of thematic literary evenings. 
This man created so harmonious poetry that there is no one in the world. It was from his work that the development of new literature began and all her genres - from poems to theatrical plays. Pushkin is read in one breath. It is inherent in accuracy, ritmatic lines, they are quickly remembered and easily declared.
If you take into account the enlightenment of this person, its intensity of character and deep inner rod, then it can be argued that he is truly a person who influenced the course of history. He taught the people in Russian in its modern interpretation.
Other historical personalities
There are so many of them that they will not succeed in the same article. There are examples of a small part of Russian figures that have changed history. And how many others have? This is Gogol, and Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy. Eisenstein and Tarkovsky, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov and Shostakovich, Kurchatov and Sakharov ... If you analyze foreign personalities, you can not not be noted Caesar, Macedonian, Napoleon, - the greatest commander of its time; long philosophers: Aristotle and Plato; Artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Picasso, Monet; Geographers and land openers: Magellan and Columbus; scientists: Galilee, Newton and Einstein; Politicians: Tatcher, Kennedy and Hitler; Inventors: Bella and Edison.
All these people were able to completely turn the world from the legs on the head, create their own laws and scientific discoveries. Some of them made the world better, and someone almost destroyed him. In any case, their names know every person on the planet Earth and understands that without these personalities, our life would be completely different. Reading the biographies of famous people, we often find yourself idols, from which you want to take an example and equal in all your affairs and actions.
The question of the role of the personality in history appeared a long time ago, but still interested in both professional historians and philosophers in their scientific research and ordinary people in everyday life.
Many scientists tried to solve the question of the role of personality in history. Often there were completely opposite judgments. As Georgy Plekhanov wrote: "If some subjectivists, seeking to take out the personality as wide as possible in the history, refused to recognize the historical movement of humanity by the lawy-shaped process, then some of their newest opponents, striving for how best to annoy the law-based character of this movement, invisible, were ready Forget that the story is made by people and that therefore the activities of personalities cannot have no meaning in it. "
For most people, these questions, on the household level, is expressed like this: "Can I change my life?", "Can I change the world?", "Does I do what I do?"
When analyzing the impact of the personality on society, you need to pay attention to some points:
The patterns of the development of society - this is not a "track", on which the story goes, it is rather "rules of the game", mandatory for everyone;
Do not try to find out for all personalities and historical facts the universal ratio of objective and subjective. For each historical fact and every person, this ratio is different and due to both this fact and this person;
The will of a person, his actions do not appear nowhere, they are also historically due to.
If you consider a superficial question about the role of personality in history, then in a generalized form it can be solved about this: a person is born and operates in specific historical conditions, in a certain socio-economic environment. Therefore, in general, think and acts in accordance with them. A person can affect the course of history, contribute to the acceleration or slowing down of historical patterns, but cannot cancel their action.
But if we consider this question in specific historical facts, then such a generalized explanation cannot fully characterize what is happening, reflect the action of subjective and objective forces.
What depends on the role of personality: from her the most, historical situation, historical laws, accidents or from everything immediately, in which combination and how easy it is. Yes, and the answer itself depends on the aspect, angle and point of view, the period under review by us and other relativistic and methodological aspects.
T. K. The role of personality is manifested in specific historical events, phenomena and processes, it is necessary to evaluate it relative to these historical facts. In addition, it should be borne in mind that no personalities are able to create great epochs if there are no accumulated conditions for this in society.
To analyze this topic, it is possible to divide it into parts:
1) Is the historical fact objective or subjective.
2) if the historical fact is subjective, i.e. it is generated by human actions, then under the influence of objective processes or subjective factors, the actions of the person himself were generated.
The question of the role of personality in concrete historical conditions is closely intertwined with the question of the role of the case in history. What was caused by objective patterns, and what happened because of the circumstances not related to each other?
Therefore, this question cannot be bypass. In the scientific literature, there are three factors affecting the formation of the personality: heredity, environment and upbringing. That is, in general, the formation of a person is causally conditioned and natural. However, people are born in various socio-economic conditions. For example, in monarchical strict heredity and education of future monarchs often plays a significant role
Personal qualities can have a significant impact on the course of the historical process. For example, as if ended the Great Patriotic WarIf Nazi Germany before the end of the war created an atomic bomb?
At the same time, it is not necessary to project a person's personality, even a significant and outstanding one, equally for all events, anyway associated with it, because historical patterns, causal relations, the class worldview do not cease to act
Speaking about the influence of the "great" personalities on the story, it should be noted that their actions are due to the problems that are facing society. So, no one thought about the abolition of serfdom in Russia, until it became the brake development of the country. But the "great" personalities do not just perform historical missions. Personality can go to any actions or not. And each personality will act in its own way, although in accordance with those conditions in which this person is located.
Personality is not equally affected by events, phenomena and processes. Personality has the greatest impact on events - can radically change them, create and stop. The personnel of the person may give features, such as legislation, define the tax collection system. The impact on the processes is manifested in acceleration, slowing their action, giving the specifics to this process.
The personality affects the various spheres of life in different ways. So, if this influence is minimal about the socio-economic development, it is already on a political device that depends on the socio-economic conditions is more significantly affected. But the personality has the greatest influence on the spiritual sphere of life, on the mood and ideology of the masses. Given that all these areas are interrelated, influence each other (with the determining role of socio-economic development), the personality affects all areas of life not only directly, but also indirectly through others.
The degree of personality influence on historical facts depends on the one hand on the nature of these facts themselves, and on the other hand, on the possibilities of the individual, to influence society, its position in this society.
Who can influence the course of the historical process? Krapyvensky C. E. Under the Personality influencing the historical process "of each individual who occupies an active life position and contributes to the struggle, theoretical searches, etc. A certain contribution to the development of one or another sphere of public life, and through it in the historical process as a whole. " In our opinion, the influence has an individual not only active, but also passive, since inaction is also an action.
The society as a whole consists of the interaction of all personalities. Therefore, every personality can influence historical facts even by the smallest affairs. And the more individuals will act and think equally, the more significant it will be influence. Its degree will definitely depend on the social status of these people. But in general, quantitative changes will go into high-quality, the amount of actions of various people will lead to qualitative changes in society.
The actions of a separate personality affect the one hand to society as a whole, and on the other hand, on other, specific people. So, for example, if one person gets quality education - it will increase on one side, albeit a bit, an indicator of education in society, and on the other hand, it will affect the environment of this person: they will interest others in education, will increase their level of knowledge.
As you know, the manifestation of any, even the most common, the laws of history is diverse and multivariate. The role of the most outstanding personality is always the alloy of the preceding development, the mass of random and non-random events and its own characteristics. There are a lot of ways to organize a society, and therefore there will be a lot of personality options, and their amplitude can be huge.
Consequently, depending on the most various conditions And circumstances, taking into account the characteristics of the place under study, time and individual features of the personality, its historical role can fluctuate from the most imperceptible to the threat. Sometimes personality plays a decisive role.
Indeed, the people himself consists of personalities, and the role of each of them is not zero. One pushes the chariot of the story forward, the other pulls back, etc. In the first case, this role with a plus sign, in the second - with a minus sign.
But we are now interested not to ordinary people, but outstanding historical personality. What is their role?
It is not that such a person in its arbitrariness is able to stop or change the natural course of things. A truly outstanding personality is not only not trying to "cancel" the laws of history, but, on the contrary, as G.V. Plekhanov, he sees further others and wants stronger than others. great person solves the task, put in the queue by the previous move mental Development Societies, it indicates new public needs created by the previous development of public relations, he takes the reconciliation of the satisfaction of these needs. This is the power and purpose of the Great Man, and the strength is colossal.
He, if you want, aperture history, he is an expressant of the aspirations of class, mass, often only vaguely realized by them. His power is power public Movementwhich stands for his back.
In that fundamental difference In assessing the role of personality in dialectic and materialistic philosophy and its opponents. Materialistic social philosophy goes in assessing the role of a personality from the masses to personality, and not vice versa, he sees her role in the fact that she serves her talent for the masses, helps them to hide the way to achieve intended goals, accelerate the decision of the crowned historical tasks.
At the same time, firstly, the influence of the personality on the course of history depends on how numerous the mass, which goes after it, and on which it relies through the party, through a class. Therefore, an outstanding personality should have not only a special individual talent, but also the ability to organize and lead people. Secondly, anarchist installations are definitely erroneous: no authorities. The whole course of history shows that no social force, no class in history reached the domination, if he did not put forward his political leaders, his advanced representatives capable of organizing movement and lead them.
Of course, an outstanding personality should have non-ordinary abilities to a certain type or a number of activities. But this is not enough. It is necessary that in society in the course of its development the agenda of the task, for the decision of which the personality was needed precisely with such (military, political, etc.).
By chance here, what exactly this particular person took this place, by chance in the sense that this place could take someone else, since the replacement of this place was necessary.
World-Historical Persons are not only practical and politicians, but also thinking people, spiritual leaders understanding what you need and that in a timely manner, and leading others. These people, let intuitively, feel, understand the historical necessity, and therefore, it would seem, should be in this sense free in their actions and actions.
But the tragedy of world-historical personalities is that "they do not belong to themselves, that they, like ordinary individuals, the essence of only the weapons of the world spirit, although the great gun." Fate, as a rule, develops unfortunately for them.
The people, according to I.A.Ilina, there is a great separate and scattered set. And meanwhile his force, the energy of his being and self-affirmation require unity. The unity of the people requires an obvious spiritual and volitional incarnation - a single center, a person, an outstanding mind and experience of a person expressing the legal will and the state spirit of the people. The people need a wise leader, like dry land in a good rain.
In the entire history of mankind, there was a huge variety of events, and they were always sent differently in their moral appearance and intelligence personalities: ingenious or stupid, talented or mediocre, volitional or brightest, progressive or reactionary. Becoming the will of the case or by virtue of the need at the head of state, the army, the people's movement, the political party, the personality can have a different effect on the course and the outcome of historical events: a positive, negative or, as it often happens, both. Therefore, society is far from indifferent, in whose hands the political, state and general administrative power is concentrated.
The nomination of the individual is also due to the needs of society, and personal qualities of people. " Distinctive trait Genuine statesmen in that it is to be able to be able to benefit from each need, and sometimes even the fatal coincidence of the circumstances to turn to the state. "
The very fact of nomination on the role of a historical person of this person -- it is an accident. The need for this nomination is determined by the historically established need of society in order to make the identity of this kind of dominant place. N.M. Kakarasin said so about Peter the first: "The people gathered in a campaign, waited by the leader and the leader appeared!" That this person is born in this country in a certain time- Net randomness. But if we eliminate this person, then the demand for its replacement appears, and such a replacement is found.
Often, due to historical conditions, a very prominent role has to play simply capable people and even mediocre. The Mudro said about this by Democritus: what "less worthy of bad citizens of honorable positions that have received by them are, especially since they become careless and fulfilled with nonsense and arrogance." In this regard, a warning is fair: "Beware to occupy thanks to the chance of post, which you are not on shoulder, so as not to seem what you are in fact."
In the process of historical activities with special sharpness and bulge, strong, and weaknesses of personality are revealed. Both also acquires a huge social sense and influences the fate of the nation, the people, and sometimes even humanity.
Since in history, the decisive and decisive principle is not an individual, but the people, personality always depend on the people like a tree from the soil on which it grows. If the strength of the legendary antea was to communicate with the Earth, the social strength of the personality is in her connection with the people. But thinly "listening" of the people's thoughts is capable of only genius.
As if he was ingenious, a historical personality would be, she was determined in his actions determined the established combination of public events. If the identity begins to create arbitrariness and erect his whims into the law, it becomes a brake and, ultimately, from the position of the Crewer's Crewer's position inevitably falls under his merciless wheels.
The activities of the political leader involves the ability of deep theoretical generalization of the internal and international situation, social practice, the achievements of science and culture as a whole, the ability to preserve the simplicity and clarity of thought in incredibly difficult conditions of social reality and fulfill the planned plans, the program. Wise statesman I knows how to challenge not only for the overall line of development of events, but also for many private "trifles" - at the same time see both the forest and trees. He must notice a change in the ratio of social forces in time, before others understand what way to choose how the ureranny historical ability to turn into reality.
As Confucius said, a man who does not look far away, are certainly waiting for close misfortunes. High power carries, however, severe responsibilities. The Bible says: "And from anyone who has given a lot, it will be necessary." With any form state Device The level of the head of state is put forward by one personality, which is intended to play an extremely responsible role in the life and development of this society. Very much depends on the head of the state, but, of course, not all. Much depends on how society it was chosen, what the strength he was taken to the level of the head of state.
Thus, the appearance on the historical arena of outstanding personalities is prepared by objective circumstances, aging certain social needs. Such needs appear, as a rule, in turning periods in the development of countries and peoples, when large-scale socio-economic and political tasks are in the agenda. Of all the above, earlier directly and directly implies the conclusion about incompatibility with the spirit and the essence of the dialectical and materialistic social philosophy of the theory of personality cult. The cult of personality in modern manifestations is to impose the people of adventure to the carriers of power, in attributing the personality of the ability to create history at its discretion and arbitrariness, in transferring to the identity of what is the case and merit of the people.
The cult of personality (this clearly discovered the cult of the personality of Stalin), is fraught with great dangers and serious consequences. Attempts alone to solve complex questions of theory and practices lead to mistakes and misses not only in theory, but also in practice (the problem of collectivization rate, the conclusion about the exacerbation of the class struggle as socialism succeeds, etc.). The cult of personality feeds and reinforces dogmatism in theory, since the right to truth is recognized only after one person.
The cult of personality is especially dangerous in that he entails the destruction of the legality and the substitution of its arbitrariness, which leads to mass repressions. Finally, neglecting the interests of ordinary people, covered by imaginary concern about the public interest, has their consequence the progressive attenuation of the initiative and social creativity from the bottom on the principle: we, comrades, think Necha, be thought of leaders.
The people are not uniform and not the same formed force, and on which groups of the population found themselves in most elections, with what measure of understanding they carried out their civil debt, the fate of the country may depend on. One can only say: What are the people, such and their chosen personality.
And now OT global problems Turn to the story. More precisely - to historosophy. Having become acquainted with the concept of Gumilyov, the reader can ask a question. So, if ethnogenesis is a natural process, and everything "comes itself," nothing depends on us? Hurry up to calm the reader. Depends on But not much, as it seems. And not at any time. Sometimes you need to wait until the wind of the story fits in the right direction ...
We will not give examples of "independence" the will of the people from those political and not political decisions, which were taken in our country in recent decades (starting from the smuggle coup 1985/1991. And ending with today's democratic elections, which most people simply do not go) . This is well known. Let's go on the other side. Imagine that in the "Liche" of the 1990s. Among the leadership of our country, Comrade Stalin suddenly appeared. Real leader. Iron hand. So what could he do in that situation? I could not do anything! Gigant Stalin was necessary and natural in a specific historical setting (and it took him 15 years preparatory workBefore he was able to resolutely change the course in 1937), as was natural in another historical setting of Pigmele Gorbachev. Both walked up with history. Each at one time: one - during a passing burst (bottom), the other - during the period of passing depression (and on top, and below).
Another example is Don Quixote. From the point of view of ethnology, the tragedy of this noble knight was that he simply fell out of history, i.e. from the current phase of ethnogenesis. Therefore, I was declared crazy. Don Quixote is nostalgia idealist passionaries about forever the heroic overheating phase in Europe. In the bourgeois phase of civilization, noble knights were not needed. What feats?! What is the honor?! No need fanaticism! Need money to do ...
The theory of the hero and the crowd from the point of view of ethnogenesis is erroneous. One hero passionary will not be able to achieve anything if he does not have enough passionary assistants. All together - be it the ruling elite or opposition - they constitute that avant-garde, which leads to all other - harmonious and weak-reasonary people. But that this avant-garde is replenished with active people need high level Passionardity of the entire ethnos (super ethnos). In other words, both the Russian nobility elite and the Soviet ruling class were embarned from one source - the thick of the people. Suvorov, Lomonosov, and Stalin's addresses, and the victory marshals of 1945 came from there. But if the passionary tension in the Russian ethnic group (Russian superethnos) was zero, then no one would have come out of it. It is in this sense that the people and affects the course of their history - he is her moves.
We give such an example. After the revolutionary shocks of 1917, burned the country into chaos and ruin, many "observers" seemed to be that - all: "Russia ended, Russia is no longer!". Western bankers who financed three Russian revolutions were satisfied - their plans worked! What remains from Russian Empire You can take our bare hands. But ... But they did not come out! The fact is that Western bankers did not know the laws of ethnogenesis. They did not take into account that the most hitromed plans and volitional efforts of the leaders cannot cancel the natural property of passionation. As a poplar, cut almost to the ground, continues to grow and the people who did not lose their passionary kernel continue to revive, no matter what. That is why after twenty years A new superpower was created at the site of the fallen colossus of the Russian Empire - the USSR. And the globalization began so Boyko was detained for many decades. (And, add, will still be detained ...)
But, of course, all of the above does not cancel the subjective factor. If we talk about influence individual personalities and small groups of people in history, then it should be recognized that the human will play a certain role in the historical process. But mainly - at the level of tactics, not strategy. This means that the volitional efforts of individual people are always limited to a certain "corridor of opportunities." (As Comrade said, Stalin said: "There is a logic of intentions and there is a logic of circumstances, and the logic of circumstances is stronger than the logic of intentions."
Gumilev wrote: "It would be ridiculous to deny that human ideas and human hands affect the history, and sometimes very strongly, creating unforeseen violations - zigzags - in the course of historical processes. But the measure of the influence of a person on the story is not at all so great as it is customary to think, Ibon population level The story is regulated by non-social impulses of consciousness, but by biosphere impulses of passionation.
Figuratively speaking, we can move the arrows on the clock's clock, but we are deprived of the opportunity to start the clock. We have the role of arrogant children fulfill politicians. They mostly translate the arrows of the clock from 3 o'clock in the afternoon for 12 nights, and then scary surprised: "Why didn't the night come and why the working people do not go to bed?" (Or in other words, - why we have been introducing a market economy for 20 years and democracy "how they" enter, and they are not introduced in any way? .. Probably the country is wrong, the backward some kind of country!) "Thus, - continues Gumilyov, - those who make decisions do not take into account natural nature processes running in the ethnic sphere. And knowing the passionary theory of ethnogenesis, they are not surprised by the fact that in the country "everything is bad." Surprise that we still exist. " This Gumilyover wrote about the times of Gorbachev and the beginning of the Board of Yeltsin ...
We will add from yourself that the similar ("restraint") historical zigzags are still not accidental and have their reasons. But, repeat, - at the level of a speed, tactical, but not strategic. Historical practice shows that if the supply of passionality in the ethnicity is not exhausted, and the ethnic tradition is not lost, then such zigzags sooner or later straighten with history and everything returns to natural patterns of ethnogenesis. That is, continues to go as it should go. Well, a subjective factor (political leadership) to this movement of history is simply attached. Therefore, paraphrasing a well-known expression can be said that each people deserves such a ruler, which corresponds to the level of passionary voltage and the vector of the development of this ethnic system.
As for freedom of choice by each person of a particular direction of action in the specific phase of ethnogenesis, in this connection, the very interesting idea of \u200b\u200bKonstantin Leontiev is consisted of the relationship between conservative and progressive elements in the state.
He puts the question like this: "When is the right progressors, and when conservatives?
Before the times of Caesar, Pericla, Louis Xiv. etc. (i.e., before the times of flowering, before the blooming era), progressors are right. At this time, they lead the state to flowering and growth. But after the blooming and complex era, when the process of secondary mixing and simplification begins (by Gumilevo - Doma, inertia, obscuration - aut.) All progressors are not right in the theory, although they often triumph in practice; thinking to correct, they only destroy. Conservatives in this era are quite right: they want to treat and strengthen the state organism, they rarely triumph, but how many can, slow down, returning a nation, sometimes violently, to the cult of created statehood.
Before the day of flowering ... it is better to be a sail or a steam boiler, after this non-returnable day more than to be anchor or brake for peoples, seeking, often fun, to their death. "
To the point! .. and what is relevant in our "funny" time ...
